„viability of synthetic tryptophan, · ross broiler handbook (2014) age 20 –40 d 0 –18 d 0 -...

Malte Lohoelter_Viability of synthetic tryptophan, valine and arginine as feed additives

„Viability of synthetic tryptophan,

valine and arginine as feed additives“

Dr. Malte Lohoelter

1


Structure of presentation

1. Introduction

2. Market and applications: L-Tryptophan

3. L-Valine in pig and broiler nutrition

4. L-Arginine: Main applications

2


Population growth & distribution

3

Desouzart (2015)

89% of population growth up to 2050 in Africa & Asia !


Global food production

4

Desouzart (2015)

Global projections: Food production vs. population growth 2014-2024 – Δ%



5

OD Consulting (2015)

Global projections of ALL meats (production/consumption) - in 1000 mt



6

OD Consulting (2015)

World meat production projections per segment - in 1000 mt

Malte Lohoelter_Viability of synthetic tryptophan, valine and arginine as feed additives7

L-Tryptophan:

Market and applications


L-Tryptophan: Global market

8

Global market 2014: ≈ 22,000 mt

Regional Demand

Demand L-Tryptophan

Africa & Europe 7.4 kmt

North America 4.2 kmt

South America 2.7 kmt

China 5.4 kmt

Asia 2.3 kmt

GLOBAL 22 kmt

CJ market share: ≈ 50 %

Africa &

Europe

34 %

North America

19 %

South

America

12 %

China

25 %

Asia

10 %


L-Tryptophan in feed

Isolated in 1901 by F. Hopkins from casein

Essential / Indispensable AA

Has to be supplied from the diet!

Diverse metabolic fates

Main application:

4th limiting AA in pig diets

9

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L-Tryptophan_-_L-Tryptophan.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L-Tryptophan_-_L-Tryptophan.svg


„Functional AA beyond body protein accretion“

L-Tryptophan

Appetite

regulation

Hormone

precursor

Animal

Health

Niacin

precursor

Multifactorial effects on

Pig performance

Sleep-wake

rhythm



Trp Val, Ile, Leu

Phe, TyrActive Transport

Blood

Blood Brain

Barrier

Brain

Same carrier for L-Trp and LNAA

Receptor

L-Trp

oxidation

Serotonin

Synthesis

Stimulation

Feed intake

„BCAA“

„Aromatic

AA“

LNAA

Correlation between feed CP level and feed intake

Low protein diets stimulate feed intake through higher L-Trp/LNAA ratio



Experimental Data (Pigs)

L-TRP trial (Giessen University, 2012):

Objective of the study:

“Evaluation of effects of graded levels of L-Tryptophan on zootechnical

performance and muscle protein turnover of growing pigs”

Experimental design:

- 48 male pigs: 25.4 ± 0.16 kg (Danzucht x Pietrain)

- 4 dietary treatments: Basal diet + graded L-TRP supplementation

Parameters: ADWG, ADFI, FCR, Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) genes

Treatment 1 2 3 4

TRP:LYS

% SID11.7 16.1 19.4 22.7

Dietary treatments:



Hochstrasser (2009)

Ubiquitin proteasome system

L-TRP trial (Giessen University, 2012):


Low TRP supply leads to increased protein catabolism in skeletal muscles

Gene2

Tryptophan/lysine

ratio

11.6:100

Tryptophan/lysine

ratio

16.1:100

Tryptophan/lysine

ratio

19.4:100

Tryptophan/lysine

ratio

22.7:100

M. longissimus

dorsi

Atrogin-1 1.00 ± 0.12a 0.78 ± 0.19a 0.79 ± 0.17b 0.71 ± 0.22b

MuRF-1 1.00 ± 0.34a 0.72 ± 0.24a 0.60 ± 0.31b 0.54 ± 0.32b

Ubiquitin 1.00 ± 0.21a 0.84 ± 0.12b 0.82 ± 0.16b 0.81 ± 0.28b

E214K 1.00 ± 0.11a 0.85 ± 0.10b 0.85 ± 0.10b 0.79 ± 0.23b

Psma1 1.00 ± 0.16a 0.96 ± 0.24b 0.78 ± 0.27b 0.62 ± 0.28b

Psmb1 1.00 ± 0.17a 0.79 ± 0.11b 0.81 ± 0.17b 0.78 ± 0.23b


L-TRP trial: Results


Trp/Lys (SID)

Ave

rag

edaily

ga

in (

g/d

)


L-TRP trial: Results


Conclusions L-Tryptophan

16

L-Tryptophan is the 4th limiting AA in pig diets

enabling robust CP reductions

Importance of L-Tryptophan for feed intake

regulation and performance

Increasing knowledge of additional metabolic

roles of L-Tryptophan


L-Valine:

Applications in pig and

broiler nutrition


L-Valine in feed


Has to be supplied from the diet!

Branched-chain AA (BCAA)

Common catabolism with Isoleucine and Leucine

BCAA account for > 30 % of muscle essential AA

BCAA not filtered in liver, metabolized in muscles

Min. VAL requirements in cereal based diets

4th limiting AA for poultry

5th limiting AA for pigs

18


VAL LEU ILE

KIC

+++

BCAA Amino-Transaminase (BCAT) (reversible downgrade)

KIV + KMV +

Amino Acid Pool for

Body Protein- /

Product Synthesis

α-Keto-acids

AA - Diet

BCKDH* (irreversible downgrade)

*Branched-chain α-ketoacid-dehydrogenase

Step 1:

Skeletal

muscles

Step 2:

Liver

19

L-Valine metabolism


L-Valine trial (IRTA, 2013): Design

20

Experimental Data (Piglets)

Objective of the study:

“Evaluation of the effects of different doses of dietary L-Valine

supplementation on performance of weaned piglets”

Experimental design:

- 200 weaned piglets ({Duroc x Landrace} x Pietrain): 8.7 ± 1.1 kg

- 5 dietary treatments: Basal diet + graded L-Valine supplementation

Parameters: ADWG, ADFI, FCR

Treatment 1 2 3 4 5

Pre-Starter 59 63 67 71 75

Starter 57 62 66 70 75

Val:Lys % (SID)

http://images4.fanpop.com/image/photos/19800000/piglets-baby-animals-19892030-640-426.jpg

http://images4.fanpop.com/image/photos/19800000/piglets-baby-animals-19892030-640-426.jpg


Ingredients* Pre-starter Starter

Maize 47.35 48.28

Wheat 15.00 20.00

Wheat midlings - 2.00

Soyabean meal 48% CP 22.69 16.51

Peas - 8.00

Sweet milk whey 10.00 -

Starch 0.20 / 0.15 / 0.10 / 0.05 / 0 0.20 / 0.15 / 0.10 / 0.05 / 0

L-Lysine-HCl 0.55 0.57

L-Threonine 0.22 0.24

DL-Methionine 0.22 0.21

L-Tryptophan 0.08 0.08

L-Valine 0 / 0.05 / 0.10 / 0.15 / 0.20 0 / 0.05 / 0.10 / 0.15 / 0.20

Dicalcium phosphate 1.81 2.18

Vit-Min complex 0.25 0.25


L-Valine trial (IRTA, 2013): Diets

*Main components



140%

145%

150%

155%

160%

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

0.57 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.75

SID VAL:LYS

Fin

al

bo

dyw

eig

ht

(kg

)F

CR

1.60

1.55

1.50

1.45

1.40

Final bodyweight FCR

Trial conclusion: Piglet requirement at 70 % Val:Lys (SID)

L-Valine trial (IRTA, 2013): Results


Experimental Data (Broiler):

Abstract different authors – modified

23


80% SID VAL:LYS Ratio

Improvements:

ADG +9%

FCR by 3-6%

LYSINE 100

Sulfur-AA 75 - 78

Threonine 65 - 68

Valine 80

Isoleucine 67

Arginine 108-110

Tryptophan 17

Histidine 40

Leucine 105

Phenylala. + Tyrosine 105

Recommendations: different authors

24



Conclusions L-Valine

25

L-Valine is the 5th limiting AA in pig diets enabling

further CP reductions

Increasing application of L-Valine in broiler diets

(4th limiting AA)

L-Valine market: Dynamic growth due to multi-

species applications


L-Arginine:

Main applications


L-Arginine in feed

Isolated in 1886 by Ernst Schulze from a lupine


For young chicks / Conditions of requirement

Finfish species including Atlantic Salmon

Conditionally limiting in humans and other mammals

Role in immunity and key metabolic pathways – pigs

Chemical properties

- Strong alkaline amino acid

- Protonated under neutral conditions

27


L-Arginine in feed

Application of L-Arginine

- Poultry

- Hyperprolific sows & perinatal piglet nutrition

- Reduced fishmeal inclusion in aqua feeds

- Reduction of CP / Minimization of N-excretion in poultry

Limiting amino acid

- 5th limiting AA in broiler

- Conditions of increased requirements in pigs (e.g.

insufficient sow milk production / stress etc.)

28


Food + drink application: L-Arginine

29

Promax

Maximuscle (UK)Pump Up

Maximuscle (UK)Niteworks-

Herbalife(USA)

Argimax - woman

GNC (USA)Red Bull - Energy Drink

(USA, France)

Kirin Arginine V Powerful Energy -

Functional Drink (Japan)


Other applications: L-Arginine

30

Blue Diamond – Male

Sexual Enhancement (USA)

Smoothie King -

Libido Boost (USA)

Very Greatest - Sexual

Performance Enhancer (USA)

Cardioprotegen (USA) Proargin-9 (USA) Cardio Max (USA)

https://formula.4tgl.com/pr_megacardio.asp

https://formula.4tgl.com/pr_megacardio.asp

http://synergy-worldwide-review.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/ProArgi-9-Heart.jpg

http://synergy-worldwide-review.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/ProArgi-9-Heart.jpg



Main effects of L-ARG on tissue deposition:

Adapted from Fouad et al. (2012)

L-Arginine

Diet

Nitric oxide

Lipogenesis

Fatty acid synthase

Adipocyte diameter

Body fat deposition

Glutamate

Glutamine

Protein synthesisRNA and DNA synthesis

ProlineCreatineOrnithine

Polyamines

Ornithine

decarboxylase

RNA polymerase

DNA polymerase


Reference Mack et al.

(1999)

Corzo

(2012)

Baker and Han

(1994)

Ross Broiler

Handbook (2014)

Age 20 – 40 d 0 – 18 d 0 - 21 0 – 42 d

Breed Ross 208 Ross x Ross 708 New Hampshire x

Columbian

Ross

Main

ingredients

Ideal ratio

ARG:LYS

Corn

SBM

112:100

Corn

SBM

Sorghum

106–114:100

Corn

SBM

105:100

Diverse

Min. 107-108:100

32


-> Higher optimal ARG:LYS ratio in recent literature

-> Max. Performance partially measured at ARG:LYS > 110:100


Sow nutrition:

Low milk ARG content compared to piglet requirements

Mammary blood flow and angiogenesis via nitric oxide

ARG supplementation to sow diets improved piglets

weaning weight (Mateo et al., 2008)

Piglet nutrition:

Limited ARG synthesis in young piglets

ARG shown to increase piglets weight gain (Kim et al., 2004)

33

L-Arginine in pig nutrition


Experimental Data (Sow)

90

95

100

105

110

115

BW (kg) +ARG BW (kg) DWG (g/d) +ARG DWG (g/d)

Re

lati

ve p

erf

orm

an

ce

(%

)

*

*

+7 %+11 %

Mateo et al. (2007)

ARG supplementation to sow diets improved piglets performance:



Zhan et al. (2008); Kim et al. (2010)

Vascular endothelial growth factor

ARG enhanced blood flow and angiogenesis:



Kim et al., 2004

Dietary supplementation of 0.2 and 0.4% ARG (7- to 21-d-old piglets):

ARG synthesis is limited in the gut of piglets


Conclusions L-Arginine

37

Strong response of high-yielding poultry to adequate

L-Arginine levels

L-Arginine is the 5th limiting AA in broiler diets

enabling further CP reductions

Increasing knowledge about benefits of L-Arginine

in sow and piglet nutrition


Thank you very much !

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„viability of synthetic tryptophan, · ross broiler handbook (2014) age 20 –40 d 0 –18 d 0 -...

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