TMS=

SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

avNAMfC qbpqp lN qeobb ibAc pqlNb MAplNov BrfiafNd Mlabi Bbclob ANa Acqbo fNqbosbNqflNp Mçuzakis ChKNI sintzileçu bKOI Adami ChK-bKPI haraéitta iK4 ABpqoACq =tithin= the= framework= of= the= kfhbo= projectI= the= seismic= behaviour= of= threeJleaf= stone= masonry=building=models=Escale=NWOF=before=C=after=strengthening=is=investigatedK=fn=this=paperI=the=results=of=the=experimental= campaign=carried= out= on=a= twoJstorey= masonry=building=are=presented= and=commented=uponK =fn =detailI =the =model =is =subjected =to =dynamic =tests =in =the =facility =of =ibbLkqrAK =mrior =to =the =performance= of= the= shaking= table= testsI= the= dynamic= characteristics= of= the= specimen= are= estimatedK=pubsequentlyI=biaxial=tests=are=executed=with=the=base=acceleration=increased=stepJwise=until=repairable=damages= occurK= AfterwardsI= the=building= is= strengthened=aF=by=means= of=grouting=of=masonry=using=a=natural=hydraulic= lime=based=grout= and=bF=by=enhancing= the=diaphragm=action=of= the=floors= and=reJtestedK= qhe= comparison= of= the= performance= of= the= model= under= dynamic= actions= before= C= after=strengthening= shows= that= the= selected= intervention= techniques= modify= the=dynamic= characteristics= of=the=modelK=joreoverI= the=abovementioned=techniques=seem=able=to=significantly=improve=the=seismic=behaviour=of=the=structureK==

=heywçrdsW peismic behaviçurI phaking table testsI qhree-leaf stçne masçnryI drçutI aiaéhragm actiçn NK fNqolarCqflN =tithin=the=framework=of=the=project=kfhboI=testing=of=subassembliesI=as=well=as=of=scaled=buildings=is=envisagedK=jore=specificallyI=two=OJstorey=buildings=Escale=NWOF=are=tested=on=the=earthquake=simulator=of=the=iaboratory=of=barthquake=bngineeringI=kqrAK=qhe=two=buildings=are=made=of=three=leaf=rubble=stone= masonryK= qhe= difference=between= the= two=buildings= is= that= in= the= first= oneI= masonry= is= plainI=whereas=in=the=second=oneI=timber=ties=are=provided=at=various=levels=along=the=height=of=the=structureK=fn =both =buildingsI =timber =floors =are =providedK =qhe =models =are =first =tested =asJbuiltI =until =they =are =damagedK= pubsequentlyI= they= are= strengthened= Egrouting= of= masonry= and= enhancement= of= the=diaphragm=action=of=the=floorsF=and=retestedI=with=the=aim=to=assess=the=efficiency=of=the=interventionsK=fn=parallelI= the=behaviour= of= the=buildings= is=being=modeled=using=cbj=xNzI=with= the=aim=to=predict=their=pathologyI=as=well=as=the=efficiency=of=the=intervention=techniquesK=fn=this=paperI=the=experimental=results=related=to=the=plain=masonry=model=are=briefly=presented=and=commented=uponK====

================================================N=Assistant=mrofessor=I=kational=qechnical=rniversity=of=AthensI=caculty=of=Civil=bngineeringI=iaboratory=of=

barthquake=bngineeringI=harrismo]centralKntuaKgr=O=mrofessorI= kational= qechnical= rniversity=of= AthensI= caculty= of= Civil= bngineeringI= iaboratory= of= oeinforced=

ConcreteI=elvintz]centralKntuaKgr=P=arK= Civil= bngineerI= kational= qechnical= rniversity= of= AthensI= caculty= of= Civil= bngineeringI= iaboratory= of=

oeinforced=ConcreteI=adamis]centralKntuaKgr=4=arK= Civil= bngineerI= kational= qechnical= rniversity= of= AthensI= caculty= of= Civil= bngineeringI= iaboratory= of=

barthquake=bngineeringI=klucia]centralKntuaKgr=

TMT=

OK bumbofMbNqAi moldoAMMb OKNK aescription of the building model qhe=specimen= is= a= NWO= scale=model=of= a=prototype=buildingK=aetails=of= the=geometry=of= the=building=model=are=shown=in=cigure=NK=fn=detailI=the=plan=of=the=typical=floor=of=the=specimen=is=PKSR=×=OKPM=mOK=qhe= height= of= each= floor= is= NKSM= mI= whereas= the= total= height= of= the= specimen= is= equal= to= PKOM=mK=qhe=thickness=of=the=walls=equals=MKOR=mK=

=

===== ==

= aF= bF=

cigK N=aF=qypical=planX=bF=qhe=two=storey=building=model=on=the=shaking=table==

jasonry=walls=consist=of=three=Eapproximately=equal=in=thicknessF= leavesK=cor= the=construction=of=the=exterior= leavesI= stones= Elimestone= from=maramythiaJbpirusF=with= thickness= not= exceeding=UMJVM=mm=were=usedK=qhe=mean=compressive=strength=of=the=limestone=is=approximately=equal=to=NMM=jmaK=qhe=mortar= is= a= limeJpozzolan= one= with= a= mixed=aggregate=matrix= composed= of= siliceous= river= sand=and=limestone= gravelsK= fts= composition= and= main= mechanical= properties= Emeasured=according= to= xOzF= are=presented=in=qable=NK=qhe=inner=part=of=the=walls=consists=of=small=stones=and=mortar=in=a=proportion=of=OLNK=qhe=aim=was= to=reach=a= filling=material=with=a=percentage=of=voids=of=approximately=4MBK=qhusI=the=abovementioned=mix=was=positioned=without=any=compactionK=ft=is=noted=that= there=are=no=header=stones=connecting=the=two=exterior=leaves=of=masonryK===

qable N=Composition=and=mechanical=properties=of=mortar==

Composition=xBJwtz=

jechanical=properties==age=

xdaysz=fmIcGGG= fmIflGGGG=

iime=putty= mG= AGG= water= xjmaz= xjmaz=

OM= OM= SM= MKRM=

OU= PKRM= MKTM=

SM= 4KUM= MKUM=

VM= 4KSM= MKSM==

===============GmozzolanI=GG=AggregatesI=GGGCompressive=strengthI=GGGG=clexural=strength===cigure=O=shows=the=typical=floor=constructionW=qimber=beams=ESM=×=NMM=mmOF=are=placed=every=P4M=mm=EcigK=OaFK=qhey=are=supported=by=masonry=through=a=collector=beam=EcigK=OcFK=qimber=pavementI=made=of=NMM=×=NM=mmO=timber=planks=Enailed=on=the=timber=beamsF=is=provided=EcigK=ObFK=qimber=lintels=are=provided= at= the= top= of= all= openings= EcigK= OdFK= All= timber= elements= were= made= of= coniferous= wood=Estrength=class=COOFK=

TMU=

== aF= bF= cF= dF=

cigK O ptructural=details=of=the=wooden=floor =OKOK qest setup qhe=tests=were=carried=out=on=the=shaking=table=facility=of=the=ibbLkqrAK=qhe=specimen=was=securely=fastened=on=the=shaking=table=through=a=rigid=steel=baseK=qhe=instrumentation=used=in=the=shaking=table=experiments= was= designed= to= measure= the= accelerations= and=absolute= displacements= along= u= and= v=directions=at=both=levels=during=each=testX=their=locations=are=shown=in=cigure=PK=qhe=self=weight=of=the=model= was= approximately= equal= to=N4KR=jgrK= Additional=masses= ETKR=jgrF= were=placed=on= the=two=floorsI=namelyI=4KR=jgr=and=Pj=gr=on=the=floor=of=the=Nst=and=Ond=level=respectivelyK===

=========================================================aF=====================================================================bF=

cigK P=jeasurement=points=of=aF=acceleration=and=bF=displacement==

==

= aF= bF=

cigK 4=Base=acceleration=time=histories=along=u=C=v=direction=for=aF=halamata=earthquake=and=bF=frpinia=earthquake=

TMV=

OKPK qest procedureK peismic input and test protocol qhe=specimen=was= tested=on=the=shaking= table=under= excitation=along=two=horizontal=axes= Eu=and=v=directionsI= long= and= short= side= of= the= modelI= respectivelyFK= qhe= as= built= model= was= subjected= to=a=sequence= of= the= halamata= Epouth= meloponneseF= signals= EpeptK= NPthI= NVUS= earthquakeI= js= Z= SKOI=cigK=4aFI=as=shown=in=qable=OK=qhe=same=sequence=was=followed=also=in=the=case=of=the=strengthened=modelI=reaching=however=higher=maximum=accelerations=Eup=to=NSMB=halamata=earthquakeI=qabK=PFK=aue=to=the=fact=that=the=model=after=strengthening=was=significantly=stiffer=than=in=its=asJbuilt=stateI=it=became= obvious= that= another= seismic= input= Ewith= smaller= predominant= periodF= would= be= neededI= in=order= to= significantly= damage= the= modelK= qhusI= as= shown= in= qable= PI= a= sequence= of= the= frpinia=earthquake=signals=Ekovember=OPrdI =NVUMI=Calitri=recordI=js=Z=SKVI=cigK=4bF=was=also=imposed=to=the=strengthened=modelK==

=qable O=AsJbuilt=model=EBpFK=qest=protocol=

=qable P=ptrengthened=model=EApFK=qest=protocol=

koK=of=

test====

bxcitation=airection=of=

excitation=

pcale=of=original=record=

Base=acceleration=

xgz=u= v=

NBp= pine= u= J= –= –=OBp= pine= v= J= –= –=PBp= halamata= uCv= NRB= MKM4= MKMPT=4Bp= halamata= uCv= PMB= MKNM= MKMV=RBp= halamata= uCv= 4RB= MKN4= MKNP=SBp= halamata= uCv= SMB= MKNU= MKNS=TBp= halamata= uCv= TRB= MKOO= MKON=UBp= halamata= uCv= VMB= MKOV= MKO4=

=

koK=of=

test==

bxcitation= airection=of=

excitation=

pcale=of=original=record=

Base=acceleration=

xgz=u= v=

NAp= pine= u= J= –= –=OAp= pine== v= J= –= –=PAp= halamata= uCv= NRB= MKM4= MKM4=4Ap= halamata= uCv= PMB= MKNM= MKMV=RAp= halamata= uCv= 4RB= MKN4= MKNP=SAp= halamata= uCv= SMB= MKNV= MKNT=TAp= halamata= uCv= TRB= MKOP= MKOM=UAp= halamata= uCv= VMB= MKOV= MKOR=VAp= halamata= uCv= NMMB= MKPP= MKOT=

NMAp= halamata= uCv= NOMB= MK4M= MKPO=NNAp= halamata= uCv= N4MB= MK4V= MKPT=NOAp= halamata= uCv= NSMB= MKRR= MKPV=NPAp= frpinia= uCv= NMMB= MKNS= MKNS=N4Ap= frpinia= uCv= OMMB= MKP4= MKOV=NRAp= frpinia= uCv= PMMB= MK4U= MK4P=NSAp= frpinia= uCv= 4MMB= MKSO= MKTO=NTAp= frpinia= uCv= 4MMBo=MKR4= MKSS=

=

=keedless=to=say=that=the=seismic=signals=were=adequately=scaledK=Before=the=application=of=the=selected=seismic=inputsI=the=dynamic=properties=of=the=specimen=were=measured=through=sine=logarithmic=sweep=excitation= of= low= amplitude= EMKMOgFK= pine= sweep= tests= were= performed= separately= along= u= and= v=directionsK= pubsequentlyI= the= as= built= model= was= subjected= to= a= series= of= scaled= motions= with=increasing=maximum=accelerationI=until=significantly=damagedK=qhe=model=was=then=removed=from=the=shaking=tableI=it=was=strengthened=and=retested=Efollowing=the=sequence=of=qable=PF=until=failureK===OK4K ptrengthening techniques After= the= completion= of= the= asJbuilt= model= EBpF= testingI= the= model= was= strengthened= EApFK= qhe=perimeter= masonry= walls= were= groutedK= cor= this= purposeI= a= natural= hydraulic= lime= grout= made= with=VMB=pure=pt=Astier=kei=R=and=NMB=superfine=natural=pozzolan=was=used=xPzK=cor=the=preparation=of=the=groutI=an=ultrasound=dispersion=mixer=assisted=by=a=mechanical=device=of=low=turbulence=was=used=x4I=RzK=fn=order= to=check=the=penetrability=and=the=fluidity=of=the=groutI= the=standardized=sand=column=test= method= xSz= was= appliedK=curthermoreI= the= fluidity=and= the= stability=of= the= grout=were=measured=according=to=the=crench=standards=xTzK=qable=4=summarizes=the=main=data=related=to=the=grout=that=was=applied= to= the= modelK= qhe= grouts= were= applied= to= the= masonry= following= the=procedure= established=within=the=eellenic=jinistry=of=Culture=xUz=used=also=by=xTzK==qhe= total= volume= of= the= grout= injected= in= the= model= was= equal= to=VRRltK= qhe=consumption= of=grout=shows=that=the=achieved=percentage=of=voids=of=the=filling=material=was=approximately=equal=to=POBK=puch=a=percentage=of=voids=is=representative=of=three=leaf=stone=masonriesK==curthermoreI= the= diaphragm= action= of= the= floors= was= enhanced= EcigK= S= and= TFK= cor= this= purposeI=a=second=pavement=was=placedJon=top=of=the=existing=oneJwith=the=planks=arranged=at=an=angle=of=4R°=with =respect =to =the =initial =ones =xVzK =qhe =new=pavement =was =connected =through =the =initial =one =to =the =timber =beamsI =using =nails =EcigK =SbFK =qhe =stiffened =floors =were =connected =to =the =perimeter =wallsI =as =

TNM=

shown =in =cigK =TK =qhe =connection =was =designed =to =resist =a =shear =force =three =times =as =high =as =the =maximum=one=recorded=on=the=asJbuilt=model=during=its=testingK====

qable 4=jain=mechanical=and=injectability=characteristics=of=grout==

Composition=xBJwtz=

jechanical=properties=age=

xdaysz=fgrIcGGG=

xjmaz=fgrIflGGGG=

xjmaz=keiR= mG= pmGG= water=VM= NM= MKTM= UOKR= OU= NKTM= MKSM=

VM= OKVM= MKSM=fnjectability=characteristics=

qPS=pand=column=NKORLOKMM=mm=

xsz=

jarsch=Cone=tdZ4KT=mm=

xsz=

Bleeding=xBz=

NSKPV= ORKPM= O==

===============G=mozzolanI=GG=puperplasticizerI=GGGCompressive=strengthI=GGGG=clexural=strength====

======== ==

= aF= bF=

cigK R=drouting=of=threeJleaf=masonry=walls==

== ======== ===

= aF= bF=

cigK S ptrengthened=model=aF=general=view=and=bF=view=from=the=top==

=

cigK T Construction=detail=of=the=wallJtoJtimber=floor=connection=

TNN=

PK qbpq obpriqp =PKNK lbserved damages After=each=step=of=testingI=the=model=was=carefully=inspected=and=the=observed=damages=were=reported=on=drawingsK==cigures=U=and=V=show=the=damage=pattern=of=two=walls=of=the=modelI=namelyI=one=long=and= one= short= wall= Efor= definition= see= cigK= PF= before= and= after= the= application= of= the= strengthening=techniquesK=qhese=damages= occurred=after= reaching=the=maximum=acceleration=of= each=series= of= testsI=iKeK=after=completion=of=qest=UBp=EVMB=halamata=earthquakeI=tabK=OF=and=qest=NTAp=E4MMBo=of=frpinia=earthquakeI=tabK=PF=for=the=asJbuilt=and=the=strengthened=specimen=respectivelyK==

=

= aF= bF=

cigK U=As=built=specimenK=lbserved=damages=at=aF=the=long=wall=N=EitNF=and=bF=the=short=wall=O=EptOFX=at=VMB=of=halamata=earthquake=

=

==

= aF= bF=

cigK V=ptrengthened=modelK=lbserved=damages=at=aF=the=long=wall=N=EitNF=and=bF=the=short=wall=O=EptOFX=at=4MMBo=of=frpinia=earthquakeF=

=fn=the=asJbuilt= model=EcigK=UFI= the=short= and=the= long=walls=presented=significant=differences= in= their=crack= patternK= ActuallyI= the= short= wallsI= having= smaller= aspect= ratio= than= the= long= ones= and= being=connected=with=the=floorsI=were=more=vulnerable=to=shearK=eoweverI=due=to=the=insufficient=diaphragm=action= of= the= floorsI= vertical= cracks= Edue= to= outJofJplane= bendingF= were= also= recorded= close= to= the=corners =of =the =modelI =as =well =as =at =midJlength =of =the =short =walls =close =to =their =topK =bxpectedlyI =the =opening= of= those= cracks= decreases= from= the= top= to= the= base= of= the= buildingK= After= qestUBp= EVMB=halamata=earthquakeI=tabK=OFI=the=crack=width=at=the=top=of=the=model=is=approxK=equal=to=UmmK=At=the=level=of=the=lintels=of=the=top=floorI= it=decreases=to=SKRJT=mmI=while=at= the=bottom=of=the=windowI=the=total=width=of=the=cracks=is=approxK=equal=to=RKMmmK=qhe=long=walls=of=the=model=are=characterized=by=outJofJplane=flexural=behaviourK=Although=there=are=shear= cracks=at= the=corners=of= the=openings=EcigK=UaFI=the=main=cracks=are=the=vertical=ones=tending=to=separate=the=long=from=the=short=wallsK=joreoverI=the= tests= on= the= asJbuilt= model= have= proven= the= vulnerability= of= the= threeJleaf= masonryK= ActuallyI=pronounced=detachment=of=the=leaves= is=apparent=at=all=elements=of=the=as=built=model=EcigK=NMFK=qhis=separation==was=initiated=in=the=long=wallsI=at=a=mdA=of=MKNOg=to=MKNSgI=it=is=more=pronounced=close=to=the=corners=of=the=buildingI=whereas=it=is=apparent=also=in=the=regions=of=openingsK= =

TNO=

=

cigK NM=As=built=specimenK=lbserved=damages=at=the=level=of=the=roof=and=at=the=level=of=openingsX=at=VMB==of=halamata=earthquake=

=qhe= strengthened= model= exhibited= a= significantly= improved= behaviourI= in= terms= of= maximum=accelerationK=joreoverI= the=improved=bond=between=masonry=leaves=Edue=to=groutingF=andJmainlyJthe=enhancement=of=the=diaphragm=action=of=the=floors=and=their=connection=with=the=perimeter=walls=have=led= to= a= significant= modification= of= the=behaviour= of= the=buildingK= qhusI= EaF= the= model= was= free=of=damages= after= the=completion=of=qestNOAp=ENSMB=halamata=earthquakeFI= EbF=no=separation=between=the=leaves=of=masonry=was=observedI=even=after=the=application=of=the=strongest=motionI=and=EcF=due=to=the= enhanced= boxJaction= of= the=buildingI= its= vulnerability= to= outJofJplane= bending= was= significantly=reducedK=Although=vertical=cracks=Edue=to=outJofJplane=bending=were=recorded=close=to=failure=EcigK=VFI=the=major=failure=mechanism=of=the=model=is=characterized=by=shear=Eunder=the=frpinia=earthquakeFK==As=the= seismic= input= increased= to= 4MMB= of= of= frpinia= earthquake= Eqest= NSApFI= combined= rocking= and=sliding=mechanisms=were=formed=and=large=deformations=occurredI=without=significant=forceJresponse=degradation=thoughK=qhe=building=proved=to=be=relatively=resilient= to=earthquake=excitationI=although=extensive=cracking=occurredK=tith=the=repetition=of=the=same=seismic=input=Eqest=NTApFI=cracking=was=generalized=in=the=specimenI=and=the=cracks=that=were=initially=formed=at=the=corners=of=the=openings=extended=towards=the=floorsI=leading=to=the=formation=of=horizontal=cracks=at=the=level=of=the=enhanced=diaphragmsK==PKOK aynamic properties katural=frequencies=and=damping=ratios=were=calculated=from=the=response=of=the=tested=model=during=sine=logarithmic=sweep=excitationsK=qhe=damping=ratio=was=calculated=using=the=halfJpower=bandwidth=method= xNMzK= qhe= resonance= frequency= Efirst= modeF= and= the= corresponding= damping= ratio= of= each=structure=are=given=in=qable=RK==

=qable R=aynamic=properties=

=

koK=of==test= crequency=xezz=

aamping=xBz=

= u= v= u= v=Bp= SKNM= 4KPR= 4KSO= TKMN=Ap= NMK4M= VKUS= SKSP= SKMT=

=ft=may=be=observed=that=for=the=model=in=its=asJbuilt=stateI=there=is=a=significant=difference=in=dynamic=properties= along= the= two= main= axesK= qhise= differences= disappear= at= the= strengthened= state= of= the=buildingI=mainly=thanks=to=the=diaphragm=action=of=the=floors=that=enhance=the=box=action=of=the=modelK=curthermoreI= the= interventions=have= led= to= increased= stiffnessI= as= shown=by= the= increased= frequency=values=Eqable=RFK==ln=the=other=handI=along=u=direction=the=damping=after=strengthening=is=higher=Eby=approxK= 4MBF= than= that= determined= for= the= unstrengthened= buildingI= whereas= along= v= direction= it=slightly= decreases= Eby= approxK= NRBFK= fn= cigure= NNaI= the= transfer= functions= EqocF= between= base=acceleration=and=response=acceleration=at=midlength=of=the=short=wall=EA4uF=and=accelerations=close=to=the=corners=EAPuI=ARuF=are=shown=for=sine=sweep=test=in=uJdirection=for=Bp=buildingK=qhe=difference=in=the=response=is=due=to=the=bending=of=the=walls=along=v=axisI=which=were=not=connected=to=the=timber=floorK=qhis=feature=is=not=present=for=Ap=building=as=shown=in=cigure=NNbK=

TNP=

M.M NM.M 2M.M 3M.M 4M.M RM.Mcrequency (ezF

M.MM

R.MM

NM.MM

NR.MM

Mag

nitu

de

Accelerometer ARuAccelerometer A4uAccelerometer A3u

==M.M NM.M 2M.M 3M.M 4M.M RM.M

crequency (ezF

M.MM

R.MM

NM.MM

NR.MM

Mag

nitu

de

Accelerometer ARuAccelerometer A4uAccelerometer A3u

==

= aF= bF=

cigK NN=Comparison=of=qransfer=functions=at=points=APuI=A4u=and=ARuW=aF=before=strengtheningX==bF=after=strengthening=

=PKPK oecorded accelerations and relative displacements cigure=NOa=shows= the=values=of=the=maximum=accelerations=recorded=along=the=top=floor= in=u=and=v=direction=of=the=as=built=model=EBpF=and=the=strengthened=model=EApF=at=VMB=of=halamata=earthquakeK=ft= is= apparent= that= the=acceleration=values= recorded=at= the=corners= and=at= midJlength=of=all=walls= are=closer=for=the=Ap=specimenI=as=compared=to=those=recorded=for=the=Bp=specimenK=qhis=effect=is=due=to=the=enhanced=diaphragm=action=of=the=floor=which=was=connected=to=the=walls=along=its=entire=perimeter=of=the=Ap=buildingK=curthermoreI=it=is=proven=that=for=Ap=building=the=selected=techniques=resulted=in=a=reduction=of= the=mean=values=of= the=maximum=accelerations= along=v=direction=Erecorded=at= the= top=floorF= of= the= order= of= PMBK= joreoverI= as= shown= in= cigure= NObI= for= Bp= buildingI= the= maximum=horizontal=top=acceleration=attained=for=qest=UBp=EVMB=of=halamata=earthquakeF=and=was=of=the=order=of=MKRM=gK=cor= Ap=buildingI= the=maximum=horizontal= top=acceleration=that=was=recorded=was=around=MKVM=g=and=it=occurred=for=frpinia=earthquake=scaled=to=4MMB=of=original=recordsK=

=

= aF= bF=

cigK NO=jaximum =accelerations =recorded =along =the =top =floor =in =u =and =v =direction =of =the =as =built =and =of =the =strengthened= modelsI= at= aF= VMB= of= halamata= earthquakeX= bF= maximum= mdA= EBp= modelW= VMB= of= halamata= =========================================earthquakeI=Ap=modelW=4MMB=of=frpinia=earthquakeF= cigure=NP=presents=the=relative=to=the=base=maximum=displacement=measured=along=u=and=v=directions=of=the=building=model=before=EBpF=and=after=interventions=EApF=for=halamata=earthquake=scaled=to=VMB=of= original= recordK= qhese= values= were= recorded= at= midJlength= of= the= walls= at= both= levels= of= the=specimenK= cor= the= Bp= buildingI= significantly= higher= values= of= the= relative= to= the= base= maximum=displacement= are=measured=at= the= long=walls=of= the=top= floor= EapproxK=O4=mmFI= as= compared=to= that=measured= at= the= short= walls= of= the= top= floor= EapproxK= N4= mmFI= due= to= the= pronounced= outJofJplane=bending= of= the= long= wallsK= After= strengthening= EApFI= the= relative= to= base= displacements= are=significantly= reduced= Esee=cigK= NMF= and= the= structure=behaves= more= like=a= shear= building=along=both=horizontal=directionsK=qhis= is= apparent= also= in= the= results= of= qest= NSAp= Efrpinia= earthquake= scaled= to= 4MMB= of= original=recordsF= presented= in= cigure= N4K= qhusI= it= seems= that= after= strengthening= a= boxJtype= response= of= the=building= was= ensuredK= joreoverI= the= values= of= the= relative= to= the= base= maximum= displacements=measured=at=the=top=floor=for=the=Ap=building=are=lower=to=those=recorded=for=Bp=specimen=during=qest=UBp=EVMB=of=halamata=earthquakeFK==

TN4=

==

= aF= bF=

cigK NP=jaximum=displacement=along=aF=u=and=bF=v=direction=of=the=as=built=and=strengthened=modelsX=at=VMB==of=halamata=earthquake=

=

==

= aF= bF=

cigK N4=jaximum=displacement=along=aF=u=and=bF=v=direction=of=the=as=built=model=Eat=VMB=of=halamata=earthquakeF=and=strengthened=model=Eat=4MMB=of=frpinia=earthquakeF=

=PK4K eysteretic response fn= cigure= NR= the= diagrams= of= the= base= shear= in= u= direction= against= relative= top= displacement= are=presented=for= Ap=building=and=for= the=frpinia=base=motionK=qhe=base=shear= was= calculated=from= the=acceleration= record= at= points= A4u= Esecond= storeyF= and= ANMu= Efirst= storeyF= using= the=corresponding=effective=mass=of=each=floorK=qhe=computed=maximum=base=shear=was=around=NPMkk=and=was=attained=for =qest =NSApI=for =a =base=motion=scaled=to=4MMB=of=the=frpinia =original =recordK =qhe=deterioration=of =strength= and= stiffness= is= more= evident= in= repetition= of= base= acceleration= scaled= to= 4MMB= Efor= test=sequence=see=tabK=PFK====

=

-NR -NM -R M R NM NRoelative top displacement (mmF

-NRM.MM

-NMM.MM

-RM.MM

M.MM

RM.MM

NMM.MM

NRM.MM

Bas

ep

hear

(kk

F

Biaxial uv - Irpinia earthqaukeqest ko.NT(4MMBFqest ko.NS(4MMBFqest ko.NR(3MMBFqest ko.N4(2MMBFqest ko.N3(NMMBF

===

cigK NR phear=force=versus=top=relative=displacement=for=Ap=building=subjected=to=frpinia=earthquake=for=stepwise=increasing=mdA=

=4K ClNCirpflNp =qhe=work=presented=in=this=paper=allows=for=the=following=conclusions=to=be=drawnW=

NK qesting=of=the=asJbuilt=two=storey=model=on=the=earthquake=simulator=has=proven=the=vulnerability=of=typical=historical=buildings= to=seismic=actionsK=qheir=vulnerability= is= due=both=to=the=defective=connection= between= the= leaves= of= masonry= and= to= the= pronounced= effect= of= the= outJofJplane=bending=of=walls=Edue=to=the=flexible=floorsFK=

TNR=

OK qhe= strengthening= techniques= applied= to= the= modelI= namely= groutingI= enhancement= of= the=diaphragm= action= of= the= floors= and= connection= thereof= with= the= perimeter= wallsI= have= led= to=a=significant= improvement= of= the= behaviour= of= the= model= both= in= terms= of= maximum= imposed=acceleration=and=in=terms=of=reduction=of=their=vulnerability=to=separation=of=the=leaves=and=to=outJofJplane=bendingK=

PK qhe= repair= and= strengthening= of= the= damaged= Bp= buildingI= resulted= to= an= increase= of= the=frequenciesI=whereas=the=damping=ratios=were=decreasedK=qhis=reduction=was=of=the=order=of=SMB=as=compared=to=the=values=recorded=for=the=asJbuilt=specimenK=

=AChNltibadbMbNqp =qhis=research=is=funded=by=the=br=cmTJbksJOMMVJNI=Contract=koK=O44NOP=EwebsiteW=httpWLLwwwKnikerKeuLFK= obcbobNCbp xNz harapitta=iKI=jouzakis=eKI= Adami=ChKJbKI=sintzileou= bK=EOMNOF=kon=linear= seismic=response=of=

threeJleaf= masonry= structures= with= timber= tiesI= submitted= to= the fnternatiçnal Cçnference ptructural Analysis çf eistçrical Cçnstructiçns pAeC 2M12I=troclawI=molandK

xOz bk=NVSWNWNWOMM4=EOMM4F=jethods=of=testing=cementK=aetermination=of=strengthK=xPz Badogiannis= bKI= halagri= AKI= fpsilanti= bKI= aedeloudis= CKI= sintzileou= bK= EOMNOF= jix= design= and=

performance=evaluation=of=grouts=with=superfine=natural=pozzolanI=submitted=to=the fnternatiçnal Cçnference ptructural Analysis çf eistçrical Cçnstructiçns pAeC 2M12I=troclawI=molandK

x4z jiltiadouI= AK= ENVVMF= btude des cçulis hydrauliques éçur la rééaratiçn et le renfçrcement des structures et des mçnuments histçriques en maççnerieI=mea=qhesisI=cranceW=bkmC=mubK=

xRz sintzileouI= bKI= jiltiadouJcezans= AK= EOMMUF= jechanical= properties= of= threeJleaf= stone= masonry=grouted=with=ternary=or=hydraulic=limeJbased=groutsK=bngineering ptructures=PM=EUFW=OOSRJOOTSK=

xSz korme= crancaise= mNUJUVN= ENVVOF= mroduits= speciaux= destines= aux= constructions= en= beton=hydrauliqueJmroduits=a=base=de=resines=synthetiques=ou=deliants=hydrauliques=pour=injections=dans=des= structures= en=betonJbssai= d’injectabilite= a= la= colonne= de= sable= en= milieu= sec= etLou= humideK=marisI=cranceI=NO=pK=

xTz kormes=crancaises=mNUJPRU=C=mNUJPRV=ENVURFK=Adjuvant=pour=betonsI=mortiers= et=coulisJCoulis=courants=d’injection=pour=precontrainteJjesure=de=la=fluidite=et=de=la=reduction=deau=–=jesure=de=l’exsudationI=marisI=cranceI=Up=H=4=pK=

xUz jiltiadouJcezans= AKI= mapakonstantinou= bKI= wambas= hKI= manou= AKI= crantzikinaki= hK= EOMMRFK=aesign=and=application=of=hydraulic=grouts=of= high=injectability=for= structural= restoration=of= the=column= drums= of= the= marthenon= lpisthodomosK= fnW= mrçcK= ptructural studiesI reéairs and maintenance çf architectural heritage pqobMAe fu=CI jaltaI=pouthamptonW=tfq=pressK==

xVz salluzzi= jKJoKI= darbin= bKI= aalla= Benetta= jKI= jodena= CK= EOMNMF= fnJmlane= ptrengthening= of=qimber=cloors=for=the=peismic=fmprovement=of=jasonry=BuildingK=fnW mrçcK tçrld Cçnference çf timber engineering qrentinoI=ftalyK=

xNMz CloughI=oKtKI=menzienI=bK=gK=ENVTRF=aynamics çf ptructuresI=kew=vorkW=jcdraw=eillK=