Index

A

Absorbing coating 222 Absorption 63, 156

thin fIlm 124 Absorption coefficient 62, 66,

222 Absorptivity 67, 106, 131, 161 Acoustic mirror 301 Acoustic nozzle 305 Adaptive control 293 Adaptive temperature control

315 Aerospace materials 134, 182 Air knife 106 Alignment 35, 114 Al-Li alloys 175 Alumina 118, 135 Aluminium 104, 153, 161,

175-7, 182,245 Aluminium alloys 134 Analytic Technique 46 Anemometry 39, 42 Angle of incidence 70, 71, 234 Angular fault 89 Aperture 25 Arc augmented laser cutting

139 Arc augmented laser welding

178 Arc radius 178

Arrhenius equation 256 Atomic fusion 54 Austenite 229 Autogenous 167 Automatic machinery 293 Automation 104, 234, 237, 331

principles 293 Aveo 6,25

B

Back tempering 232 Bandgap 29-30 Bar codes 45 Beam diameter 76,84,87,88,

299,300 Beam distortion 18 Beam dump 105, 297 Beam guidance 294 Beampath 93 Beam poSition 303 Beam properties 120, 156 Beam quality 79, 82 Beam size 303 Beam spectral purity 332 Beam stability 303 Beam waist 84, 85 Beam wander 300 Beer Lambert's law 62,67,210 Bell Laboratories 6 Bending 220,256

336

Bernoulli's equation 109 Bessel functions 158,205,208 Bikes 138 Black body 153 Blackbody calorimeter 297 Blind cuts 104 Blink reflex 324 Blowout 169 BOC Ltd. 133 Bohr 59 Boiler tubes 181 Boiling point 210 Boltzmann distribution 15 Boron-epoxy 134 Brass 175 Bremsstrahlung effect 62 Brewster angle 70, 71, 222 Brittleness 131 Buckingham's theorem 191 Burning rate 131, 142

c CAD 272,274 Calorimeter 105,297,298 Capital cost 29 Car 40

floor carpets 133 halogen lamps 96 mufflers 181 transmission welding 181 wing mirrors 118

Carbon diffusion 229 Carbon dioxide 15, 16, 17 Carbon monoxide 6 Cartons 133 Cast iron 231, 236, 245 Cathode jet 139 Cauchy equation 73 Cavity 303

elliptical 25 flexible mirror 13 length 13, 23 mirror

cadmium telluride 13

Laser Material Processing

fused silica glass 13 gallium arsenide 13 ZnSe 13

square 24, 25 stable 12 unstable 12

CD player 46 Cementite plates 230 Char tendency 131 Chemical stripping 260 Chlorine 141 Cigarette paper 135 Clad bond condition sensor 314 Cladding rates 249 Clapeyron-Clausius equation

173 Class 4 safety arrangements

326 Clerk Maxwell 74 Closed loop control 295,314 Cloth cutting 133 CO2 imaging radar 37 Coaxial jet 105 CoeffiCient of thermal expansion

131, 167 Coherence 75, 76, 331

length 35 Coherent 6,7 Coinage 246 Cold cutting 7, 118 Collimator 93

Galilean 93 Keplerian 93

Communications 49 Conduction limited weld 153,

161 Contraction 167 Control laser 7 Controlled fracture 116 Convection 23, 114 Cooker hobs 181 Cooling rate 196, 201 Copper 104 Cornea 323 Cornering 131

Index

Costs 183 Coupling coefficient 110 Crack sensitivity 175 Cracking 238 Crank Nicholson method 209 Cut depth 104 Cut quality 104

dross adhesion 104 edge burr 104 edges 104 heat affected zone 104

Cutting 103 applications 132 clamping 104 cost 138 direction 104 future 140 gas 119 glass 118 methods of 106 mirrors 122 models 119 noise 104 speed 110 stack 104 tool changes 104 tool wear 104 vaporisation 106

Cutting front 113 Cylinder functions 205 Cylindrical source 119

D

Density gradient field 127 Denysik hologram 43 Depolariser 79, 92 Depth of focus 91, 165 Depth of hardness 202, 203,

212,315 Design

cavity 12, 25 overall 11

Diamond 331 Die board cutting 133

Dielectric boards 135 Differential Absorption LIDAR

(DIAL) 39

337

Differential element 193 Diffraction 75, 79,89 Diffractive optical element 95 Diffusion 229 Diffusion bonding 246 Dilution 246 Dilution monitoring 313 Dimensional analysis 191 Dimpled power distribution 227 Dissimilar metals 175, 177 Distortion 149,222,233,251 Divergence 35, 75 Domain control 220,259 Doppler 39 Doppler effects 75 Doppler shift 42 Drag 114, 141 Drilling 132, 136, 160

pressure 109 Drop out 157, 167 Dross adheSion 311 DTM (Desk Top Manufacturing)

283 Dual wavelength optical

sensor 309

E

Edge burning 131 Einstein 2, 15,54,58 Electric arc 139 Electric discharge machining

137 Electric field 62 Electric vector 79 Electrical hazards 328 Electrochemical machining 136 Electron beam 137, 173, 178 Electron beam welding 149 Electron gas 67 Electronic applications 136 Electronic manufacturer 119

338

End discontinuity 131 Endoscope 50, 52 Energy sources 140 Enhanced coupling 180 Enhanced electroplating 246,

255 Environmental disturbance

295 Equipment developments 332 erflu) 195 EUREKA programmes 140 Extended surface heat input

195 Extinction coefficient 68 Eye

F

cornea 323 damage 323 ocular fluid 323 retina 324 see also Medical

F Number 92, 120, 165 Fatigue 233 Feeler devices 309 Fermat 58 Ferrite 229 Ferrostatic head 163, 169 Fibre

bundle 18 coupling 99 materials 99

Fibre glass 134 Fick's 2nd Law 242 Filler 173 Fingerprints 45, 46 Finite difference models 208 Finite element models 208 Flatness 94 Flexible manufacturing 294 Flexible mirrors 160 Flexographic print rolls 135 Flow models 214 fluidity 141

Laser Material Processing

Fluorescence 62, 64, 65 Focallength 141 Focal position 124, 155, 165,

307 capacitance devices 308 feeler devices 309 inductance devices 308 monitoring 307 optical height sensors 309 skid devices 308

Focal spot size 79,82,88 Focus 79, 123 Focussing optic 105 Forge bonding 246, 248-50 Fourier, J .B.J., Baron 193 Fourier number 109, 191,212 Fourier transformation 42 Fourier's 1st law 193 Fourier's 2nd law 208 Fourier's laws 62 Fraunhofer Diffraction Pattern

75,79,81 Frequency related events 332 Fresnel absorption 113, 156,

161,207 Fresneldiffraction 75 Fresnel number 13-14, 19.23.

76. 77 Fume 135 Fume extraction 133 Fume hazards 328 Functional trimming 136 Furniture 135 Fusion bonding 246 Fusion cutting 109 FUSion zone 149 Fuzzy logic 316

G

GaAlAs 30, 48 GaAlAsP 48 GaAs 30, 105 Gain 19 Gap width 167

Index

Gas. composition 17. 303 Gas jet 106. 109. 110. 114

angle 127 composition 128. 141 plasma disruption jet 173 side 173 velocity 124

Gas mixture 302 Gas pressure 173 Gas properties 120. 124 Gaussian beam 82. 83. 103.

124. 165 Gaussian mode 141, 331 Geometric focus 89 Goggles 325.327 Gravity 141. 178 Gyroscope 40-1

H

Hard automation 294 Hardness 232

carbon content 232 hot 238

Hazard notices 327 Heat affected zone (HAZ) 76.

104. 124. 149. 175. 185 Heat flow 227

theory 190 Heat sensitive components 149 Heat source 50

continuous point source 199 cylindrical source 207 disc source 200 Gaussian source 200 hypersurface line source 202 instantaneous point 198 line source 200 moving Gaussian source 202 moving line source 204 moving point source 200 moving point-line source 207

Heat transfer coefficient 114 Heisenberg 59 Hermetic sealing 181

339

Hermite polynomial 77 High reflectivity material 152.

153 Hole drilling 136 Holobeam 7 Holographic interferometry 45 Holographic memory 49 Holographic mirrors 331 Holography 42 Hot machining 139 Humps 165 Huygens 58 Hydrogven potential 177

I

ierfc(u) 195 Induction hardening 232 Infrared red scanning

pyrometers 311 InGaAs 30 In-process control 296 In-process diagnostics 295 In-process sensing 298 Inspection 45 Intelligent control 296 Intelligent in-process control

315 Intelligent machines 293 Intelligent processing 313. 314.

331 Interference 74 Interference coupling 68 Interferometer 35. 36 Inverse Bremsstrahlung 62. 161 Inverted population 302 Investment casting 288 Ionisation potential 172 Iron powder 141 Irrigation pipes 135 Isotope separation 54

J

Japan 103 JK Laser 7

340

Job shops 132 Joining efficiency 147, 149,

160 Joint geometries 166 Joule Thomson cooling 25 Just in Time (JIT) 132

K

Kaleidoscope 227 Kerf 104, 110, 113, 115, 123,

128 Kerr effect 47, 66 Kevlar 134 Keyhole 106, 147, 153, 154,

L

161,178,210 monitoring 312 neck 155 twin vortices 153 welding 153

Laguerre polynomial 77 Laguerre-Gaussian distribution

function 76 Laminated object manufacturing

284 Laser

applications 34 Argon 51 cavity 76 CLIO 25 CO 17, 25, 161 CO2 6, 11, 20, 49, 105, 122, 123, 136, 149, 161 comparison 32 diode 18,29 diode pumped solid state 28 dye 52 excimer 7, 19,31,53, 105, 136, 161, 180, 332 face pumped 28 fast axial flow 6, 17,23,77 HeINe 11,35 high-powered 140

Laser Material Processing

iodine 11 Nd-Glass 7, 19 Nd:YAG 6, 8, 11, 18, 25, 28,

97, 105, 109, 120, 123, 136, 149,161,181,182,259, 263,264,332

phase matched diode, arrays 332

plate laser 332 slab 28 slowflow 6,17,20,77 solid state 25 TEA 6 transverse flow 6, 17,24,

26,77 triangular 37 waveguide 6

Laser beam analyser 298, 302 Laser cavity 141 Laser chemical vapour

deposition 246, 256 Laser cladding 213,219,243,

246,313,315 blown powder 248 operating window 250 preplaced powder 248

Laser classification 326 Laser cleaning 260 Laser direct casting 219,251,

280,289 Laser Doppler anemometer 42,

255 Laser Doppler velocimeter 39 Laser dulled sheets 74, 252 Laser Ecosse 14, 24, 138, 157,

160 Laser engraving 54, 135 Laser enhanced electroplating

255 Laser guidance 35 Laser induced electroless

deposition 256 Laser light show 35 Laser machining 137 Laser marking 220, 263

Index

Laser physical vapour deposition 246. 256

Laser pOinters 35 Laser power 120.297 Laser printers 53 Laser punch press 137 Laser radar 37 Laser safety

limits 323 risks 327 standards 321

Laser safety officer 322-3. 327

Laser soldering 181 Laser surfacing

advantages 218 heat treatment 222 surface melting 234

Laser theodolite 35 Laser tuning 303 Latent heat 158. 209 Layered manufacturing 276 LEMA (Laser Engineering for

Manufacturing Applications) 309

Lens 79 aspheric 92 CdTe 105 cylindrical 95 doublet 92 GaAs 105 holographic 95

kinoforms 95 plano convex 89 quartz 105 shape 89 spherical 89 thermal 89 ZnSe 105

Levelling 35 LIDAR 38-9.46.65 Light emitting diode (LED) 30 Line source 119. 158. 204 Liquation cracking 177 LISATEK 39

Lithium niobate 66 Lumonics 7. 18 Lumped heat capacity 106.

110. 158

M

M2 concept 82

341

Mach shock disc 127 Magnesium alloys 175 Magnetic domain control 220.

259 Magnetic field 62 Maiman 2 Manual metal arc welding 185 Marangoni flow 214 Marangoni type forces 153 Market 54 Marquetry 135 Martensite. non-homogeneous

229 Master oscillator/power amplifier

(MOPA) 31 Material properties 120. 129.

156.175 Maximum permissible exposure

levels 324 Maximum welding speed 158 Measurement of length 35 Mechanisation 293 Medical

AIDS 53 applications 50. 119 blocked arteries 51 cytometry 52 eye surgery 50

detached retina 50 glaucoma 50

photodynamic therapy 51 surgery 50

kidney and gall stones 51 ulcer 50

see also Eye Melt pool, flow 242 Melting point 131

342

Metal optics 93. 94 rotating polygon 96

Metallic glasses 235 Metastable alloys 244 Microlithography 136 Micromachining 220.262 Microstructure 192.228 Mirror

cleaning 94 parabolic 94 plane 93

Mode 14. 15. 75. 77. 79. 120. 123. 160

burst 19 control 25 power distribution 23 pulse 20 structure 158.300

MRPII 132 Multiphoton events 332 Multiple reflections 106. 153

N

Nailhead 173 Napoleon 193 Navier Stokes equation 214.242 Neura110gic 304.316 Newton 58 Nitrogen 16 Nominal hazard zone 325. 327 Non Fourier conduction 64 Non linear effects 64 Nozzle 105

alignment 128 "clean cut" 128 design 114 high pressure 127 multiple 127

Nuemann functions 205

o Occlusion time 37 One dimensional heat flow 196 Open loop control 295

Laser Material Processing

Operating cost 32 Operating efficiency 16-18 Optical components 92 Optical fibre 96. 331

damage threshold 97 graded or stepped silica 98 insertion 96

Optical height sensors 309 Oscillator-amplifier 18. 54 Overall heat balance 163 Overlap 158 Oxygen 115. 129

p

Paint stripping 220.260 Panic button 328 Paraxial point 89 Particle injection 252 Patel. C.K.N. 6. 16 Pearlite 230 Peclet number 191, 205. 227 Penetration 142. 157. 158. 165.

166.173.207.331 Phase conjugated mirrors

(PCM) 66 Phase plates 95 Phase transformation 229 Phonon 62. 68 Phonon frequency 65 Photodynamic therapy 51 Photoelectric effect 58 Photolysis 256 Photon 59. 118.302.332

energy 59.60 momentum 59 pressure 53. 61. 301 velocity 61

Pierce hole 131 Piezo electric detector 301 Pinch effect 165 Planck 59 Plasma 16. 63. 77. 153. 155.

161.306 blocking 155. 172

Index

Plasma absorption 113.207. 212

Plasma charge sensor 305. 312

Plasma density 173 Plasma processes 151 Plasma reradiation 155 Plasma torch 120 Plastics 182 Plating 220 Polarisation 70. 75. 79. 92.

110. 122. 123. 141. 155. 160.167.222

Pollution detection 38. 46 Polymers 182 Population inversion 16 Porosity 153. 155. 175 Powder fllier 173 Power 28. 299

continuous 157 pulsed 158

Power control 315 Power density 147 Power intensity 331 Power requirement 141 Power shaping 331 Power supply. DC or RF 11 Power transmission 331 Powerful light 35 Preheat 175 Printing 53 Probability matrix 316 Production volumes 293 Proflle cutting 133 Prototype car production

134 Pulse rate 175. 177 Pulse repetition frequency

158 Pulse shape 109 Pulsed beam 115 Pulsing 201 Punching 137 Pyrolysis 256 Pyrometer 311

Q Q switch 25.27. 121. 263 Quality of a hole 106 Quanta-Ray 7 Quantronix 7 Quantum efficiency 17 Quantum theory 58. 59 Quartz 153 Quartz tubes 133 Quench rates 201

R

Radiation coherent 45 diffraction 59 electromagnetic 58. 62 emission 306 X-rays 63

Radioactive materials 135 Railcars 138 Raman spectrum 38 Range 37 Rapid protyping 272

applications 289 manufacturing technologies

287 range of processes 273 tooling 289

343

Rapid solidification 177. 234 Rate of penetration 106. 108 Rates of solidification 192 Rayleigh Range 84 Rayliegh scattering law 73 Reactive fusion cutting 115 Recording 46 Reflection 58. 66 Reflection coefficient 67 Reflective dome 235 Reflectivity 68. 94. 129. 222.

234.301 surface fllm 68 temperature 68 wavelength 68

344

Refraction 58. 61. 71. 89 Refractive index 67.71.73.98 Relaxation 209 Repetition rates 19 Residual stress 233.237 Resistance trimming 7.27.

136 Resistance welding 149 Resonance radiation 65 Retained austenite 231.237 Reynolds number 127. 191 Rimming steel 175. 177 Robotically guided lasers 134 Robots 294 Rosenthal models 204 Rotating beam 180 Roughness 45.71

s Saha equation 63 Sand casting 289 Saw blades 181 Scabbing 219.262 Scanning 37. 45. 95

cells 53 Scattering 73. 332

Brillouin 65.97 bulk 74 Mie 74 Raman 65.97 Rayleigh 73. 97 stimulated BrillOUin 65 stimulated Raman 65

Schrodinger 59 Scrap recovery 137 Scribing 118 Seam following 310 Second harmonic generators 65 See through mirror 312 Segmented mirror 227 Selective laser sintering 282 Semi-quantitative models 210 Severance energy 113 Shaving blades 181

Laser Material Processing

Sheet metal 182 Ship building 137 Shock hardening 109.220.

264 Shock waves 108. 127 Shroud 152. 165. 175. 235

composition 155. 170 design 173 gas properties 156

Side blown jet 173 Silicon 232 Silicon chips 118 Silicon nitride 134 Silicone rubber moulding 288 Single point diamond machining

94 Sizing 39 Skin damage 325 Snell's law 70.71 Solidification

constitutional supercooling 238

scale 242 style 238

Solidification rate 196 Spark discharge 313 Spatial light modulator

(SLM) 48 Specific energy 147.227 Speckle interferometry 44. 45 Spectra-physics 6 Spectral line single 7 Speed 125 Spherical aberration 89.92 Spontaneous emission. amplified

20 Spot size 79. 85. 120. 160. 165.

177.235 Stainless steel 134. 237. 245 Stair stepping 277 Steels 229.232.245 Stereolithography 220. 278 Stimulated absorption 71. 129 Stimulated emission 11. 15.

17.76.79

Index

Stokes shift 65 Strategic materials 218 Stress models 214 Striation 127. 311

critical droplet size 114 sideways burning theory

114 step theory 114

Sumitomo 7 Surface

rums 129 plasma 129 shape 129 temperature 108

Surface alloying 219.243 applications 243

Surface rum 172. 234 Surface melting 219 Surface plasma 235 Surface roughening 220. 260 Surface tension 153. 165.

242 Surface texturing 220.252 Surface treatment 219

T

Tailored blanks 183 Temperature 311

gas 17 Temperature control 315 Thermal gradient 192. 196 Thermallensing 89 Thermal properties 131 Thermal shock 259 Thermal stress 106. 109.214.

304 Thickness 120. 158. 277 Thorn EMI 133 Three Dimensional Printing

283 TIG welding 149.311 Time of flight 36 Tin plate 113 Titanium 238. 244

Titanium alloys 134 Titanium coated aluminium honey-comb 134

Tool and special steels 238 Toyota 184

345

Transformation hardening 202. 219.222.233.234.311. 315

Transformer laminates 181 Transformer steel 259 Transport properties 120. 124.

156 Transverse electromagnetic

mode 14.77.82 Traverse speed 120. 124 Triangulation 37 Tribology 233 Trumpf 24. 178 Tubular structures 138 Turbulence 42 1V colour screen 46 1Vtubes 181

u Ultrasonic vibration 141 Ultraviolet 119 Undercut 163 UTRC United Technology 25

V

Vaporisation rate 109 Vapour velocity 108 Velocity Measurement 39 Velocity of light 61. 71

W

Wall plug efficiency 16. 17 Wave theory 59 Wavefront radius 84 WavegUides 100 Wavelength 13. 15. 16. 32. 59.

60. 75. 123. 141, 161 reflectivity 68

Wear 222.229.231, 233. 237

346

Weld butt 167 characteristics 149 flare 167. 181 lap 168.170 strip 182 tee 167

Weld bead. geometry 155 Weld pool 214

flow 153. 163 length 165 shape 163 waves 155. 173. 178

Welding 147 applications 181 speed 163 twin beam 178 walking beams 180

Wells. H.G. 2 WetabiUty 113 Width of a wire 37 Wind velocity 37 Work table 307

Laser Material Processing

Workpiece monitoring 311 Write Once Optical Storage

(WORM) 47

x X-rays 63

y

Young's fringes 42 Yttrium Aluminium Garnet

(yAG) 7. 25. 28 Yttrium Aluminium Phosphate

28 Yttrium Aluminium Phosphide

7 Yttrium Lanthanum Fluoride 7 Yttrium Lithium fluoride 28

z Zinc coated steel 160. 168-70.

175