POSTSCRIPT

AVENUES FOR FURTHER COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

The arguments that have been presented as the conclusions to the research in the earlier sections of this book may be rounded off by an assessment of the kind of further research that could be conducted in the field of comparative planning.' This will also allow a brief reconsideration of some of the theoretical issues raised at the start of the project, which may be viewed now from the perspective of the research that has been completed.

Although it was possible to carry out a comparison of local planning and avoid some of the pitfalls highlighted in one of the early research papers (Faludi and Hamnett, 1975), at times the task of explaining our findings was found to be pro­blematic. This was due to the difficulty of constructing an adequate framework for comparison in the early stages of the research, before empirical work on plan making and control had been completed. For, despite the obvious differences in the legal and administrative characteristics of the Dutch and English planning systems, there was a tendency to assume initially that there was an overriding similarity in the types of plan produced and in the relationship between plans and operational decisions. However, as the research progressed it became evident that the two planning systems had a different emphasis. In the light of these dif­ferences, an attempt to compare the two systems from the starting point of plan making would inevitably have led to difficulties.

It was decided, therefore, to examine the Dutch and English planning systems by comparing particular cases of development involving promotion and control. However, it became clear that the links between plan making and control can be widely different. For example, practical guidance in making the operational deci­sions necessary in the response to development proposals in England may not be found in the policies expressed in the plan. This contrasts with the firm relation of operational decisions to development projects in the Netherlands, where ac­tion is intended to be strictly predetermined by the law.

Fortunately, the approach which had he~n taken, i.e. to look at projects and how they had come about first and to investigate the role of plans from the point of view of their influence on implementation only afterwards, provided a firm basis for resolving this difficulty. This emphasis on how the two systems

262

responded to development initiatives was extremely helpful in focusing on the commitments arising from plans. It also led us to confirm that a satisfactory comparison of planning systems should begin by examining first the processes for regulating developments in order to understand the role of plans.

From this viewpoint, a number of areas of research are apparent. It would be helpful to extend the study to examine the planning systems of other countries us­ing the above approach.' In particular, it would be valuable to explore their dif­ferent purposes, to see which follow the Dutch or the English models and what problems they have in balancing certainty and flexibility. The concept of minimal planning discussed earlier requires further elaboration. For example, how is the decision reached that a plan is necessary and what are the consequences of regulating development when there is no plan? What is the relationship of plann­ing control to other aspects of societal regulation and what is the relative impact of these in various countries?

A third area of research would be to compare how substantive issues are dealt with in the Netherlands and England. For example it would be useful to examine different approaches to urban renewal, social housing or financial appraisal. These might, of course, be carried out as a single project or as a number of pro­jects. As a final point, it is useful to consider an aspect to which the approach outlined in this book may make a contribution, namely the development of plan­ning theory.

These are some of the items on an agenda of research in comparative planning. It is hoped that this study has made some contribution to encouraging research in these areas.

NOTES

1. As to suggestions for further inquiries in the field of planning theory generally, these are contain­ed in Chapter 10.

2. Of course, further research concerning England and the Netherlands would be useful also, in par­ticular since we concentrated on the local level. The important regional and national levels were left out of consideration.

REFERENCES

A.K. Faludi and S.L. Hamnett, "The Study of Comparative Planning", Centre for Environmental Studies Con!. Paper 13 (CES, London, 1975). A.K. Faludi and S.L. Hamnett, "Towards an Empirical Planning Theory", Bestuurswetenschappen August 1975, pp. 3S9-364.

GLOSSARY OF DUTCH WORDS

AROB (Administratieve Rechtspraak Overheidsbeschikkingen) - Adminis­trative Tribunals on the Decisions of Public Authorities.

Besluit op de Ruimtelijke Ordening - a ministerial order or decree concerned with the form and content of local plans which accompanies the Physical Plann­ing Act.

Bestemmingsplan - land allocation plan. Bouwverbod - building regulations. Burgemeester - a mayor. Burgemeester en Wethouders - mayor and aldermen forming the municipal

executive. College van Burgemeester en Wethouders - municipal executive responsible

for the day to day administration of the municipality. Exploitatie-opzet - financial statement submitted with a bestemmingsplan to

the provincial executive. Facet plan - national policies for specific topics produced by the Govern-

ment. Gedecentraliseerde Eenheidstaat - a decentralised unitary state. Gedeputeerde Staten - provincial executive. Globaal Bestemmingsplan - generalised land allocation plan. Komplan - detailed plan and regulations for an existing built-up area. Model Bouwverordening - model building bye-laws. Nederlandse Staatscourant - official gazette. Nederlandse Waterschapsbank - Bank of the Dutch Water Authorities. Planvoorschriften - quasi-legal plan regulations accompanying a bestem-

mingsplan. Provinciale Planologische Dienst - Provincial Planning Agency. Provinciale Staten - Provincial Council. Provinciale Planologische Commissie - Provincial Advisory Committee, on

matters of town-planning. Premie - the housing sector lying between unsubsidised free market housing

and subsidised social housing; premie housing receives an intermediate level of

264

subsidy and spans rented and less expensive privately owned housing. Raad van Advies voor de Ruimtelijke Ordening - Advisory Physical Planning

Council. Raad voor de Ruimtelijke Ordening - cabinet committee for physical plann-

ing. Rechtsstaat - a state based on the rule of law. Rijksplanologische Dienst - National Physical Planning Agency. Rijksplanologische Commissie - National Physical Planning Committee. Struktuurplan - framework plan. Streekplan - provincial structure plan. Uitbreidingsplan - extension plan. Uitbreidingsplan in hoofdzaken - global extension plan. Verzuiling - the fragmentation of Dutch society into different social group­

ings or pillars. Vereeniging van Nederlandse Gemeenten - Netherlands Association of Local

Authorities. Voorbereidingsbesluit - preparatory decision to prepare a new plan which has

the effect of allowing municipalities to stop development which might adversely affect the plan.

Welstandscommissie - Aesthetic Commission. Wethouder - alderman in municipal executive. Woningwet - dwellings for rent for lower income groups subsidised under the

Housing Act.

INDEX

abduction, XX, XXIIIn Administratieve Rechtspraak Overheidsbeschik­

kingen (ARaB), 54, 263 use in Leiden case studies, 151,263

Aesthetic Commission in the Netherlands, 48 - 9

in Leiden case studies, 142,213 appeals in England, 53 - 4

in the Netherlands, 53-4

Community Land Act (1975) in England, 63-5,218

Comprehensive Development Area (CDA) in Cowley Centre, 172, 175

Congres International d' Architecture Moderne (ClAM), 94,llln

constitution in England, 7, 8 in the Netherlands, 6, 7, 8

applications for planning and building permits. County Councils in England. See local See planning control in England and the authorities in England Netherlands control. See planning control

Article 19 procedures, 44, 119, 123,228-9, 244,253 - 4 development, XXI, 32

Besluit op de Ruimtelijke Ordening, 38, 263 bestemmingsplan. See local plans in the Nether­

lands Blackbird Leys. See Oxford, Blackbird Leys building bye-laws in the Netherlands, 28, 31,46,

47,229,254,263 building regulations in England, 28,45,215 Burgemeester en Wethouders. See local

authorities in the Netherlands

case studies choice of, XXI, XXIIIn, 79 in Leiden, 79, 112 - 53 in Oxford, 79, 154 - 205

Centre for Environmental Studies, XII Civil Law in the Netherlands, 6 commitment in planning, XIX, XXII, 244- 8,

250-1,258 Common Law in England, 6

development control. See planning control definition in England, 44 development patterns in England, 60-7 development patterns in the Netherlands,

61 - 2, 67 -74, 222 development pressures in Leiden. See Leiden development pressures in Oxford. See Oxford development orientation of local authorities in

England and the Netherlands, 74 - 6 development plan in England, 35, 198 development plan scheme, 35 development process, XXI, 211- 3, 215 - 8,

222 - 6, 258 development tensions with planning, 257 - 8 development without a bestemmingsplan,

140-52 District Councils in England. See local

authorities in England

East Oxford local plan. See Oxford, East Oxford

266

local plan

education for planning, 259, 260 enforcement. See planning control Environment, Department of, 36-7,41,105

and Harefield case study, 197 Secretary of State for, 36

Esher, Lord, 182, 183 Expioitatie-opzet, 69, 253, 263

Facet plan in the Netherlands, 39, 263 finance of local government in England,

13-21 capital finance, 20 comparison with the Netherlands, 24 - 5 current expenditure, 15 - 20 grants, 16-19 Layfield Committee of Enquiry, 13, 14 rates, 19, 20 rents, 15-6

finance of local government in the Netherlands, 14,21-4

comparison with England, 24 - 5 grants, 22 - 3 local taxes, 21 - 2 rents, 22 Provincial approval, 23 - 4

flexibility in planning, XIX, XXII, 213 - 5, 219,225-30,235,239-40,245,251-2, 256- 8

General Improvement Areas in England (GIAs). See Housing Act (1969) in England

Government in England, 8, II, 12-13 in the Netherlands, 8, 9 - 11 provincial government, 10 regional councils, 10-1

Granpre Moliere, 88 - 9

Harefield. See Oxford, Harefield Herengracht - Zijlsingel. See Leiden, Heren­

gracht - Zijlsingel Het Veerhuis. See Leiden, Het Veerhuis history

of building control in England and the Nether­lands, 28, 31

of local planning in Leiden and Oxford, 81- III

of planning in England, 28 - 32

of planning in the Netherlands, 28 - 35 of planning control in England and the Nether­

lands, 28-9,31-2 Housing, Minister of Housing and Physical

Planning in the Netherlands, 33 Housing Act (1969) in England, 165

GIAs used in Jericho, Oxford, 165 Housing, Ministry of Housing and Local

Government, 39 and Development Plan Manual (1970), 39

hypotheses, 219, 239, 244, 246-7

Industrial Development Certificate, 109, 203 - 55

Kompian. See local plans in the Netherlands

land values in England, 63 - 4 in the Netherlands, 69 -70

Layfield Committee of Enquiry, 13-5 Leiden

Bakery case study, 147-52 Basis plan, 96, 136 choice of case studies in, XXI, 79 development pressures in, 59, 71 development without a bestemmingsplan,

140- 52 expansion schemes, 112-34 furniture showroom case study, 142 - 5 Herengracht - Zijlsingel case study, 98, 135 Het Veerhuis case study, 141 - 2 history of planning in, 81-111 inner town, 94-9,134-52 Merenwijk case study, 93 - 4, 110, 124 - 34,

222-7,229-30 Morskwartier case study, 93, 94, 120 - 4 Municipal Council, 88-9, 92, 97, 116-7,

123, 126, 128 and Merenwijk, 124 - 34 and Morskwartier, 120-4 and the Inner Town, 135 - 52 and South-West Leiden, 112-20

practitioners in, XXII role of local plan in Leiden and Oxford,

108 - II South-West case study, 93, 94, 110,

112-20,224,227-9 Uitbreidingsplan for, 108, 114 - 5, 121- 2

University, 81, 93 local authorities in England, 7, 11 - 3, 208

councillors in, 12 - 3 County Councils, 9-13 development orientation, 74 - 6 District Councils, 11- 3 and development, 62 - 7 finance, 13 -21,65-7 Parish Councils, 11 planning permission, 217 - 8

local authorities in the Netherlands, 7 - II, 208 Burgemeester en Wethouders, 10 -I, 40, 42,

213, 264. See a/so Leiden case studies, 112 - 53 passim

and development, 67-74,222-4 development orientation, 74 - 6 finance, 72 - 4 municipal councils, 10-3, 32, 34, 42. See

also Leiden case studies, 112 - 53 Wethouders. See Burgemeester en Wethou­

ders Local Government Act (1972) in England,

11, 35, 107 Local Government, Planning and Land Act

(1980) in England, Xll, 35, 41, 42 local planning

comparative analysis, 239 - 47 complexity in, 247 - 8 future research in, 261 - 2 stress between local planning and implementa­

tion, 245-7 uncertainty management in, 246

local planning in England annual reviews, 258 critique, 232 - 8 complaints about, 256 - 7, 259 delay in, 236 departmental reorganisation in, 259 history, 28 - 32 intelligence role of, 258 more flexible, 240 recommendations for, 249, 252, 255 - 60 stress in, 245 - 7 uncertainty in, 235-7 and third parties, 40 - 2, 242 - 3

local planning in the Netherlands critique, 221- 31

history of, 28 - 35 more positive, 239 - 40 problems of, 222 - 6 recommendations for, 249 - 5S stress in, 245 - 7

local plans in England, 35 - 43 Action Area Plans, 39 altering, 42 case study in Oxford, 154-63 consultations on, 41 - 2

District Plans, 39 flexibility in use of, 43

267

points of comparison with the Netherlands, 108-11,211-5

procedures for, 40 - 1

recommendations for, 250-9 Subject Plans, 39

local plans in the Netherlands, 38 - 41 altering, 42 Bestemmingsplan, 32-5, 38, 40, 42,

112-40,211,215,222-3,226-8,263 consultation on, 41 case studies in Leiden, 112 - 40 financial approval for, 38 flexibility in use of, 43 - 4 Globaal Bestemmingsplan, 38, 43 infrastructure and, 68 Komplan, 29, 136, 263 points of comparison with England,

108-11,211-5 procedures for, 40-1 recommendations for, 252 - 5 Struktuurplan, 33, 38, 40, 42, 255 Uitbreidingsplan, 29,114-5,121-2

Merenwijk. See Leiden, Merenwijk Morris ,William, 85 Morskwartier. See Leiden, Morskwartier Municipal Council in the Netherlands. See local

authorities in the Netherlands Ministers' powers in England and the Nether­

lands, 8, 33-7

National Physical Planning Agency in the Netherlands, 33, 264

National Physical Planning Committee in the Netherlands, 33, 264

concerned with town expansion, 112 - 34, Nederlandse Staatscourant, 41, 264 241 North Bailey House. See Oxford, North Bailey

House

268

Office Development Permit in England, 201-2,204-5

operational decisions, 211, 216 Oxford

Armer report, 103, 105 Balanced Transport Policy, 105, 107 Blackbird Leys case study, 102, 109-10,

168-72,232 City Engineer's plan for, 99 -100, 102 Cowley, 100-2 Cowley Centre case study, 102, 109,

172-80,232,234 development plan for, 99 -III East Oxford local plan case study, 109,

154-63, 168 Harefield case study, 187-97,233-4 history of planning in, 81- III Jericho case study, 107,163-8,232 local plan programme, 107 North Bailey House, 197 -205,233-4 policies, 109 - 10 Regional Town Planning Scheme, 87 role of local plans, 108 - 11 St. Ebbes, 103, 105 Thomas Rayson's plan for, 100 Thomas Sharp's plan for, 100, 102 Townmaker proposals for, 103 use of informal plans, 163 - 8 use of projects, 168-180 Walton Manor, 182-3 Wilson and Womersley Report, lOS Wyndham Flats case study, 180-7,233-4

Oxford City Council, 87, 90, 103, 107 in relation to case studies, 154 - 205

Oxford Polytechnic, 59 Oxfordshire County Council, 85,102-3,107

County Structure Plan, 107, 109, 157 Oxford University, 59,81,84-5

Parliament in England, in the Netherlands,

Physical Planning Act (1962) in the Netherlands, 31-3,38,43,44

Plans, 217-8, 239, 245. See a/so local plans in England and the Netherlands

Planning Advisory Group (pAG), 109, 232, 256

planning control in England

appeals, 53 - 4 applications, 51

agreements, 53, 6S comparison with the Netherlands, 56 -7,

211-5 compensation, 30 -1, 64 critique, 232 - 7 decisions, 52, 53 development control scheme, 35 enforcement, 55 - 6 General Development Orders 45 history of planning control, 28 - 32 operational decisions, 211, 216 permits, 44-5,49-53 Use Classes Orders, 44

planning control in the Netherlands appeals, 53 - 4 applications, 47 - 9 comparison with England, 56 -7, 211- 5 compensation, 30 - 1

critique, 221- 31 decisions, 49 enforcement, 55 history of planning control, 28 - 9, 31- 2 operational decisions, 211, 216 permits, 47 - 9

planning policy, 217, 218, 239, 245-7, 250-1,258

planning profession, 209 planning process, 1,211,217-8,239-43 planning systems

in England, 35 - 8, 232, 245. 258. 261 - 2 in the Netherlands, 33 - 5, 245, 261 - 2 comparison, 47,211-2,261

political culture, 3 - 5 procedural uncertainty, 224-5.245 Provinces in the Netherlands

provincial government, 10 Provincial Planning Agency, 33 - 5 Provincial Executive, 33 - 4, 72 - 3 Provincial Advisory Body, 33-4 provincial structure plan, 33-4

Raad van Advies voor de Ruimtelijke Ordening, 33, 264

Raad voor de Ruimtelijke Ordening, 33, 264 Randstad, 81,91,94 regional plans

in England, 36, 37 in the Netherlands, 10, 11, 34, 90

regulations, 217 - 8, 239, 245 research in comparative planning, XX, 261- 2 reticulism, 230-1,245,251 Rijksplanoiogische Dienst, 33, 264 Rijkspianoiogische Commissie, 33, 264 Royal Town Planning Institute, 209

Section 52 Agreements, 202, 204 South-West Leiden. See Leiden, South-West

case study Streekplan, 33 - 5, 94, 255 structure plan in England, 35 -7. 66 Struktuurplan in the Netherlands. See local

plans in the Netherlands

Theory, XXIII, 243-7, 262 Town and Country Planning Act (1947) in

England, 32, 44, 100 Town and Country Planning Act (1968) in

269

England, 39, 41, 109 Town and Country Planning Act (1971) in

England, 35, 42, 44, 55, 157 Transport, Ministry of, 187-97 passim

Uitbreidingsplan. See local plans in the Nether­lands

Uitbreidingsplan in hoofdzaken, 29, 264

Van Gunsteren, 5, 6, 254 verzuiling, 3, 264 Voorbereidingsbesluit, 29, 40, 115, 264

Welstandscommissie, 48 - 9 in Leiden case studies, 142, 213

Wethouders. See local authorities in the Nether­lands

Wyndham Flats. See Oxford, Wyndham Flats case study