Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System

Neural Control of Involuntary Neural Control of Involuntary EffectorsEffectors

ANSANS Innervates organs not usually under Innervates organs not usually under

voluntary controlvoluntary control Effectors include cardiac and smooth Effectors include cardiac and smooth

muscles and glandsmuscles and glands Effectors are part of visceral organs and Effectors are part of visceral organs and

blood vesselsblood vessels

EffectorsEffectors

The effectors of the

SNS are skeletalMuscles

The effectors of theANS are cardiacmuscle smoothmuscle and glands

Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons

2 neurons in the effector pathway2 neurons in the effector pathway 11stst neuron has its cell body in gray neuron has its cell body in gray

matter of brain or spinal cordmatter of brain or spinal cordndash Preganglionic neuronPreganglionic neuron

Synapses with 2Synapses with 2ndnd neuron within an neuron within an autonomic ganglion which extends autonomic ganglion which extends to synapse with effector organto synapse with effector organndash Postganglionic neuronPostganglionic neuron

Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons

Autonomic ganglia are located in Autonomic ganglia are located in the head neck and abdomen the head neck and abdomen

Presynaptic neuron myelinated and Presynaptic neuron myelinated and postsynaptic neuron unmyelinatedpostsynaptic neuron unmyelinated

Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS

Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS

Parasympathicus

bull Ganglia close to innervated organs

bull Myelinated axons

Sympathicus

bull Ganglia close to spinal cord

bull Preganglionic axons myelinated

bull Postganglionic non-myelinated

bull ЗабСоматичната нервна система няма ганглии

Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system

Sympathetic Division

Also known as The Thoracolumbar Division10487071048707 T1 through L2More complexConsists of a Chain of ganglia

Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division

Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels

Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch

to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron

receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers

Sympathetic Chain Ganglion

Located on either side of spinal cord

Extends from base of skull to coccyx

23 arranged segmentally in each trunk

10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and

1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach

chain to spinal

Sympathetic Division

ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations

ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases

Parasympathetic Division

Also known as Craniosacral Division

Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high

Inhibitory effect

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated

Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood

vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain

preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long

postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus

ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles

Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary

Cranial Outflow

Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Neural Control of Involuntary Neural Control of Involuntary EffectorsEffectors

ANSANS Innervates organs not usually under Innervates organs not usually under

voluntary controlvoluntary control Effectors include cardiac and smooth Effectors include cardiac and smooth

muscles and glandsmuscles and glands Effectors are part of visceral organs and Effectors are part of visceral organs and

blood vesselsblood vessels

EffectorsEffectors

The effectors of the

SNS are skeletalMuscles

The effectors of theANS are cardiacmuscle smoothmuscle and glands

Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons

2 neurons in the effector pathway2 neurons in the effector pathway 11stst neuron has its cell body in gray neuron has its cell body in gray

matter of brain or spinal cordmatter of brain or spinal cordndash Preganglionic neuronPreganglionic neuron

Synapses with 2Synapses with 2ndnd neuron within an neuron within an autonomic ganglion which extends autonomic ganglion which extends to synapse with effector organto synapse with effector organndash Postganglionic neuronPostganglionic neuron

Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons

Autonomic ganglia are located in Autonomic ganglia are located in the head neck and abdomen the head neck and abdomen

Presynaptic neuron myelinated and Presynaptic neuron myelinated and postsynaptic neuron unmyelinatedpostsynaptic neuron unmyelinated

Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS

Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS

Parasympathicus

bull Ganglia close to innervated organs

bull Myelinated axons

Sympathicus

bull Ganglia close to spinal cord

bull Preganglionic axons myelinated

bull Postganglionic non-myelinated

bull ЗабСоматичната нервна система няма ганглии

Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system

Sympathetic Division

Also known as The Thoracolumbar Division10487071048707 T1 through L2More complexConsists of a Chain of ganglia

Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division

Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels

Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch

to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron

receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers

Sympathetic Chain Ganglion

Located on either side of spinal cord

Extends from base of skull to coccyx

23 arranged segmentally in each trunk

10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and

1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach

chain to spinal

Sympathetic Division

ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations

ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases

Parasympathetic Division

Also known as Craniosacral Division

Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high

Inhibitory effect

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated

Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood

vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain

preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long

postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus

ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles

Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary

Cranial Outflow

Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

EffectorsEffectors

The effectors of the

SNS are skeletalMuscles

The effectors of theANS are cardiacmuscle smoothmuscle and glands

Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons

2 neurons in the effector pathway2 neurons in the effector pathway 11stst neuron has its cell body in gray neuron has its cell body in gray

matter of brain or spinal cordmatter of brain or spinal cordndash Preganglionic neuronPreganglionic neuron

Synapses with 2Synapses with 2ndnd neuron within an neuron within an autonomic ganglion which extends autonomic ganglion which extends to synapse with effector organto synapse with effector organndash Postganglionic neuronPostganglionic neuron

Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons

Autonomic ganglia are located in Autonomic ganglia are located in the head neck and abdomen the head neck and abdomen

Presynaptic neuron myelinated and Presynaptic neuron myelinated and postsynaptic neuron unmyelinatedpostsynaptic neuron unmyelinated

Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS

Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS

Parasympathicus

bull Ganglia close to innervated organs

bull Myelinated axons

Sympathicus

bull Ganglia close to spinal cord

bull Preganglionic axons myelinated

bull Postganglionic non-myelinated

bull ЗабСоматичната нервна система няма ганглии

Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system

Sympathetic Division

Also known as The Thoracolumbar Division10487071048707 T1 through L2More complexConsists of a Chain of ganglia

Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division

Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels

Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch

to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron

receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers

Sympathetic Chain Ganglion

Located on either side of spinal cord

Extends from base of skull to coccyx

23 arranged segmentally in each trunk

10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and

1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach

chain to spinal

Sympathetic Division

ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations

ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases

Parasympathetic Division

Also known as Craniosacral Division

Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high

Inhibitory effect

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated

Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood

vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain

preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long

postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus

ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles

Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary

Cranial Outflow

Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons

2 neurons in the effector pathway2 neurons in the effector pathway 11stst neuron has its cell body in gray neuron has its cell body in gray

matter of brain or spinal cordmatter of brain or spinal cordndash Preganglionic neuronPreganglionic neuron

Synapses with 2Synapses with 2ndnd neuron within an neuron within an autonomic ganglion which extends autonomic ganglion which extends to synapse with effector organto synapse with effector organndash Postganglionic neuronPostganglionic neuron

Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons

Autonomic ganglia are located in Autonomic ganglia are located in the head neck and abdomen the head neck and abdomen

Presynaptic neuron myelinated and Presynaptic neuron myelinated and postsynaptic neuron unmyelinatedpostsynaptic neuron unmyelinated

Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS

Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS

Parasympathicus

bull Ganglia close to innervated organs

bull Myelinated axons

Sympathicus

bull Ganglia close to spinal cord

bull Preganglionic axons myelinated

bull Postganglionic non-myelinated

bull ЗабСоматичната нервна система няма ганглии

Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system

Sympathetic Division

Also known as The Thoracolumbar Division10487071048707 T1 through L2More complexConsists of a Chain of ganglia

Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division

Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels

Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch

to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron

receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers

Sympathetic Chain Ganglion

Located on either side of spinal cord

Extends from base of skull to coccyx

23 arranged segmentally in each trunk

10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and

1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach

chain to spinal

Sympathetic Division

ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations

ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases

Parasympathetic Division

Also known as Craniosacral Division

Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high

Inhibitory effect

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated

Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood

vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain

preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long

postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus

ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles

Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary

Cranial Outflow

Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons

Autonomic ganglia are located in Autonomic ganglia are located in the head neck and abdomen the head neck and abdomen

Presynaptic neuron myelinated and Presynaptic neuron myelinated and postsynaptic neuron unmyelinatedpostsynaptic neuron unmyelinated

Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS

Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS

Parasympathicus

bull Ganglia close to innervated organs

bull Myelinated axons

Sympathicus

bull Ganglia close to spinal cord

bull Preganglionic axons myelinated

bull Postganglionic non-myelinated

bull ЗабСоматичната нервна система няма ганглии

Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system

Sympathetic Division

Also known as The Thoracolumbar Division10487071048707 T1 through L2More complexConsists of a Chain of ganglia

Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division

Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels

Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch

to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron

receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers

Sympathetic Chain Ganglion

Located on either side of spinal cord

Extends from base of skull to coccyx

23 arranged segmentally in each trunk

10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and

1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach

chain to spinal

Sympathetic Division

ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations

ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases

Parasympathetic Division

Also known as Craniosacral Division

Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high

Inhibitory effect

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated

Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood

vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain

preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long

postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus

ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles

Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary

Cranial Outflow

Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS

Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS

Parasympathicus

bull Ganglia close to innervated organs

bull Myelinated axons

Sympathicus

bull Ganglia close to spinal cord

bull Preganglionic axons myelinated

bull Postganglionic non-myelinated

bull ЗабСоматичната нервна система няма ганглии

Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system

Sympathetic Division

Also known as The Thoracolumbar Division10487071048707 T1 through L2More complexConsists of a Chain of ganglia

Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division

Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels

Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch

to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron

receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers

Sympathetic Chain Ganglion

Located on either side of spinal cord

Extends from base of skull to coccyx

23 arranged segmentally in each trunk

10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and

1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach

chain to spinal

Sympathetic Division

ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations

ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases

Parasympathetic Division

Also known as Craniosacral Division

Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high

Inhibitory effect

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated

Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood

vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain

preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long

postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus

ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles

Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary

Cranial Outflow

Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Parasympathicus

bull Ganglia close to innervated organs

bull Myelinated axons

Sympathicus

bull Ganglia close to spinal cord

bull Preganglionic axons myelinated

bull Postganglionic non-myelinated

bull ЗабСоматичната нервна система няма ганглии

Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system

Sympathetic Division

Also known as The Thoracolumbar Division10487071048707 T1 through L2More complexConsists of a Chain of ganglia

Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division

Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels

Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch

to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron

receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers

Sympathetic Chain Ganglion

Located on either side of spinal cord

Extends from base of skull to coccyx

23 arranged segmentally in each trunk

10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and

1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach

chain to spinal

Sympathetic Division

ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations

ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases

Parasympathetic Division

Also known as Craniosacral Division

Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high

Inhibitory effect

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated

Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood

vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain

preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long

postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus

ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles

Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary

Cranial Outflow

Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Sympathetic Division

Also known as The Thoracolumbar Division10487071048707 T1 through L2More complexConsists of a Chain of ganglia

Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division

Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels

Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch

to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron

receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers

Sympathetic Chain Ganglion

Located on either side of spinal cord

Extends from base of skull to coccyx

23 arranged segmentally in each trunk

10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and

1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach

chain to spinal

Sympathetic Division

ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations

ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases

Parasympathetic Division

Also known as Craniosacral Division

Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high

Inhibitory effect

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated

Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood

vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain

preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long

postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus

ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles

Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary

Cranial Outflow

Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division

Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels

Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch

to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons

ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron

receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers

Sympathetic Chain Ganglion

Located on either side of spinal cord

Extends from base of skull to coccyx

23 arranged segmentally in each trunk

10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and

1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach

chain to spinal

Sympathetic Division

ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations

ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases

Parasympathetic Division

Also known as Craniosacral Division

Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high

Inhibitory effect

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated

Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood

vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain

preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long

postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus

ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles

Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary

Cranial Outflow

Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Sympathetic Chain Ganglion

Located on either side of spinal cord

Extends from base of skull to coccyx

23 arranged segmentally in each trunk

10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and

1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach

chain to spinal

Sympathetic Division

ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations

ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases

Parasympathetic Division

Also known as Craniosacral Division

Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high

Inhibitory effect

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated

Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood

vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain

preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long

postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus

ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles

Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary

Cranial Outflow

Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Sympathetic Division

ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations

ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases

Parasympathetic Division

Also known as Craniosacral Division

Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high

Inhibitory effect

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated

Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood

vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain

preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long

postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus

ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles

Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary

Cranial Outflow

Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Parasympathetic Division

Also known as Craniosacral Division

Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high

Inhibitory effect

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated

Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood

vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain

preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long

postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus

ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles

Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary

Cranial Outflow

Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord

Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated

Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood

vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain

preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long

postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus

ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles

Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary

Cranial Outflow

Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain

preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long

postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus

ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles

Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary

Cranial Outflow

Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Parasympathetic Division

Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles

Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary

Cranial Outflow

Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Cranial Outflow

Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Parasympathetic Division

Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of

largeintestine bladder ureters

andthe reproductive organs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves

Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects

ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALIVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stresshormones

ADRENALGLANDS

Decrease secretionof stress hormones

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)

Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other

Heart rateHeart rate

ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects

Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion

CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect

MicturitionMicturition

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system

DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological

and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990

The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in

the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected

gangliaganglia

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

StructureStructure

PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle

layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal

ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus

PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from

the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus

GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Enteral divisionEnteral division

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

FunctionFunction

Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in

three waysthree ways

1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis

2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines

3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands

Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic

parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral

system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from

the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters

Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information

Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons

MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic

systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus

ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system

ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation

Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects

Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of

contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation

Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to

chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel

Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the

heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs

Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs

Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO

• Slide 1
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
• Effectors
• Autonomic Neurons
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Autonomic nervous system
• Slide 9
• Sympathetic Division
• Slide 11
• Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
• Slide 13
• Parasympathetic Division
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Cranial Outflow
• Slide 19
• Parasympathetic Effects
• Slide 21
• Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
• Slide 23
• Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Organs with Dual Innervation
• Enteral nervous system
• Structure
• Slide 28
• Function
• Slide 30
• Control by Higher Brain Centers
• Slide 32
• Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
• Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
• Other Autonomic NTs