automobile lubricants

7/29/2019 automobile lubricants

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Desirable properties of lubricant and oil additives to enhance the

properties

Lubricant

A lubricant is a substance introduced to reducefrictionbetween moving surfaces. It may

also have the function of transporting foreign particles. The property of reducing friction is

known aslubricity.

A good lubricant possesses the following characteristics:

High boiling point.

Low freezing point.

Highviscosity index.

Thermal stability.

Corrosion prevention.

High resistance tooxidation

Keep moving parts apart

Lubricants are typically used to separatemoving partsin a system. This has the benefit of

reducing friction and surface fatigue, together with reduced heat generation, operating noise

and vibrations. Lubricants achieve this by several ways. The most common is by forming a

physical barrier i.e., a thin layer of lubricant separates the moving parts. This is analogous to

hydroplaning, the loss of friction observed when a car tire is separated from the road surface

by moving through standing water. This is termed hydrodynamic lubrication. In cases of high

surface pressures or temperatures, the fluid film is much thinner and some of the forces are

transmitted between the surfaces through the lubricant.

Reduce friction

Typically the lubricant-to-surfacefrictionis much less than surface-to-surface friction in a

system without any lubrication. Thus use of a lubricant reduces the overall system friction.

Reduced friction has the benefit of reducing heat generation and reduced formation of wear

particles as well as improved efficiency. Lubricants may containadditivesknown as friction

modifiers that chemically bind to metal surfaces to reduce surface friction even when there is

insufficient bulk lubricant present for hydrodynamic lubrication, e.g. protecting the valve

train in a car engine at startup.

Transfer heat
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Both gas and liquid lubricants can transfer heat. However, liquid lubricants are much more

effective on account of their high specificheat capacity. Typically the liquid lubricant is

constantly circulated to and from a cooler part of the system, although lubricants may be used

to warm as well as to cool when a regulated temperature is required. This circulating flow

also determines the amount of heat that is carried away in any given unit of time. High flow

systems can carry away a lot of heat and have the additional benefit of reducing the thermalstress on the lubricant. Thus lower cost liquid lubricants may be used. The primary drawback

is that high flows typically require larger sumps and bigger cooling units. A secondary

drawback is that a high flow system that relies on the flow rate to protect the lubricant from

thermal stress is susceptible to catastrophic failure during sudden system shut downs. An

automotive oil-cooledturbochargeris a typical example. Turbochargers get red hot during

operation and the oil that is cooling them only survives as its residence time in the system is

very short i.e. high flow rate. If the system is shut down suddenly (pulling into a service area

after a high speed drive and stopping the engine) the oil that is in the turbo charger

immediately oxidizes and will clog the oil ways with deposits. Over time these deposits can

completely block the oil ways, reducing the cooling with the result that the turbo charger

experiences total failure typically with seizedbearings. Non-flowing lubricants such asgreases & pastes are not effective at heat transfer although they do contribute by reducing the

generation of heat in the first place.

Carry away contaminants and debris

Lubricant circulation systems have the benefit of carrying away internally generated debris

and external contaminants that get introduced into the system to a filter where they can be

removed. Lubricants for machines that regularly generate debris or contaminants such as

automotive engines typically contain detergent and dispersant additives to assist in debris and

contaminant transport to the filter and removal. Over time the filter will get clogged andrequire cleaning or replacement, hence the recommendation to change a car's oil filter at the

same time as changing the oil. In closed systems such as gear boxes the filter may be

supplemented by a magnet to attract any iron fines that get created.

It is apparent that in a circulatory system the oil will only be as clean as the filter can make it,

thus it is unfortunate that there are no industry standards by which consumers can readily

assess the filtering ability of various automotive filters. Poor filtration significantly reduces

the life of the machine (engine) as well as making the system inefficient.

Transmit power

Main article:Hydraulics

Lubricants known ashydraulic fluidare used as theworking fluidin hydrostatic power

transmission. Hydraulic fluids comprise a large portion of all lubricants produced in the

world. Theautomatic transmission'storque converteris another important application for

power transmission with lubricants.

Protect against wear

Lubricants prevent wear by keeping the moving parts apart. Lubricants may also contain anti-

wear or extreme pressure additives to boost their performance against wear and fatigue.
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Prevent corrosion

Good quality lubricants are typically formulated with additives that form chemical bonds

with surfaces, or exclude moisture, to prevent corrosion and rust....

Seal for gases

Lubricants will occupy the clearance between moving parts through the capillary force, thus

sealing the clearance. This effect can be used to seal pistons and shafts.

An additive is an extraneous substance that is added to a substance in very small quantities to

enhance the existing properties of the substance, to impart some desirable properties to the

substance, or to supress certain properties.

Lubricant Properties and the Role of Additives:

Some of the most important properties necessary for satisfactory lubricantperformance are:

1. Low volatility under operating conditions. Volatility characteristics are essentially

inherent in the choice of base oil for a particular type of service and cannot be

improved by the use of additive materials.

2. Satisfactory flow characteristics in the temperature range of use. Flowcharacteristics largely depend on the choice of base oil; however, they can beimproved modifiers. The former improve low-temperature flow properties, while thelatter enhance high-temperature viscosity characteristics.

3. Superior stability or ability to maintain desirable characteristics for a reasonableperiod of use. While these characteristics depend to some extent on the basematerials, which enhance base fluid properties in this area. Lubricant stability is

affected by the environment in which it operates. Such factors as temperature,oxidation potential and contamination with water, unburned fuel fragments, and

corrosive acids limit the useful life of a lubricant. This is the area where additiveshave made a major contribution in improving the performance characteristics andextending the useful life of lubricants.

4. Compatibility with other materials in the system. Compatibility of lubricants withseals, bearings, clutch plates, etc., may also be partially associated with the baseoil. However, additive chemistry can have a major influence on such characteristics.Additives can be classified as materials that impart new properties to or enhance

existing properties of the lubricant or fuel into which they are incorporated.(Lubrizol)


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Additives are substances formulated for improvement of the anti-friction,chemical and physical properties of base oils(mineral,synthetic,vegetableoranimal), which results inenhancing the lubricant performance and extending the equipment life

Friction modifiersFriction modifiers reduce coefficient of friction, resulting in less fuel consumption.

Crystal structure of most of friction modifiers consists of molecular platelets (layers),

which may easily slide over each other.

The followingSolid lubricantsare used as friction modifiers:

Graphite;

Molybdenum disulfide;

Boron nitride (BN);

Tungsten disulfide (WS2);

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

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Anti-wear additivesAnti-wear additives prevent direct metal-to-metal contact between the machine parts

when the oil film is broken down.

Use of anti-wear additives results in longer machine life due to higher wear and score

resistance of the components.The mechanism of anti-wear additives: the additive reacts with the metal on the part

surface and forms a film, which may slide over thefriction surface.

The following materials are used as anti-wear additives:

Zinc dithiophosphate (ZDP);

Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP);

Tricresylphosphate (TCP).

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Extreme pressure (EP) additivesExtreme pressure (EP) additives prevent seizure conditions caused by direct metal-to-

metal contact between the parts under high loads.

The mechanism of EP additives is similar to that of anti-wear additive: the additive

substance form a coating on the part surface. This coating protects the part surface from

a direct contact with other part, decreasing wear and scoring.

The following materials are used as extra pressure (EP) additives:

Chlorinated paraffins;

Sulphurized fats;

Esters;

Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP);

Molybdenum disulfide;
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Rust and corrosion inhibitorsRust andCorrosion inhibitors, which form a barrier film on the substrate surface

reducing thecorrosionrate. The inhibitors also absorb on themetal surface forming a

film protecting the part from the attack of oxygen, water and other chemically active

substances.

The following materials are used as rust and corrosion inhibitors:

Alkaline compounds;

Organic acids;

Esters;

Amino-acid derivatives.

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Anti-oxidants

Mineral oils react with oxygen of air forming organic acids. The oxidation reaction

products cause increase of the oil viscosity, formation ofsludge and varnish,

corrosion of metallic parts and foaming.

Anti-oxidants inhibit the oxidation process of oils.

Most of lubricants contain anti-oxidants.

The following materials are used as anti-oxidants:

Zinc dithiophosphate (ZDP);

Alkyl sulfides;

Aromatic sulfides;

Aromatic amines;

Hindered phenols.

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DetergentsDetergents neutralize strong acids present in the lubricant (for example

sulfuric and nitric acid produced in internal combustion engines as a result of combustion

process) and remove the neutralization products from the metal surface. Detergents also

form a film on the part surface preventing high temperature

deposition of sludge and varnish.

Detergents are commonly added toEngine oils.

Phenolates, sulphonates and phosphonates of alkaline and alkaline-earth elements, such

as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) or Ba (barium), are used as detergents

in lubricants.

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DispersantsDispersants keep the foreign particles present in a lubricant in a dispersed form (finely

divided and uniformly dispersed throughout the oil).

The foreign particles are sludge and varnish, dirt, products of oxidation, water etc.

Long chain hydrocarbons succinimides, such as polyisobutylene succinimides are used as
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dispersants in lubricants.

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Pour point depressantsPour point is the lowest temperature, at which the oil may flow.

Wax crystals formed in mineral oils at low temperatures reduce their fluidity.

Pour point depressant inhibit formation and agglomeration of wax particles

keeping the lubricant fluid at low temperatures.

Co-polymers of polyalkyl methacrylates are used as pour point depressant in lubricants.

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Viscosity index improversViscosity of oils sharply decreases at high temperatures. Low viscosity causes

decrease of the oil lubrication ability.

Viscosity index improvers keep the viscosity at acceptable levels, which providestable oil film even at increased temperatures.

Viscosity improvers are widely used inmultigrade oils, viscosity of which is specified at

both high and low temperature.

Acrylate polymers are used as viscosity index improvers in lubricants.

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Anti-foaming agentsAgitation and aeration of a lubricating oil occurring at certain applications

(Engine oils,Gear oils,Compressor oils) may result in formation ofair bubbles in the oil -foaming. Foaming not only enhances oil oxidation but also decreases lubrication effect

causing oil starvation.

Dimethylsilicones (dimethylsiloxanes) is commonly used as anti-foaming agent

in lubricants.

Properties of Engine Oil Additive1. Reduces abrasion and wearThe nanoparticles in the additive form a self-renewing protection layer on the piston ring andreduce

frictional wear on the contact surfaces

2. Excellent detergent-dispersal properties

Ultrafine nanoparticles (100nm to 200nm) will not clog up the filters as shown in
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Utilization

Increase margins of operational safety

Increase availability by decreasing downtime

Increase overall component lifespan

Control standby equipment and replacement part requirements

Decrease fuel and oil consumption

automobile lubricants

Documents