Maarten Oonk MSc. Joakim SvenssonSr. Market Manager TNO

[ Automation in Road Transport Past, Present & Future

Date: 7th of March 2013

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[ Agenda

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[ Automation throughout the years

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[ Patent development

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[ Automation in the 21st century

[Challenges• Structure the huge complexity of the domain, the different

possible angles to look at the problems and make optimum use of past efforts;

• Increase participation of specific stakeholders like road authorities, traffic industry and service providers;

• Align our work with established expert groups on relevant topics for development of automation (internationally);

• Translate the roadmap for automation into a working program that will be recognized and accepted by the ITS community

• Look for options and/or alternatives to overcome apparent problems and obstacles for deployment;

[Process

AUTOMATIONIN ROAD TRANSPORT

Highway

Rural

Urban

Dedicated

Scenario’sScenario’s

9

Use case definition “Intersection assistance”Scenario: Urban Environment

Function: Intersection assistance

Automation level Driver assistance

Description: This function enables drivers at intersections to get direction specific or direction dependent warnings (based on the combination of position at the intersection, the indicator use, the destination (based on travnav info) etc.) for potential conflicts with other cars or users (pedestrians, cyclists) and can also control the vehicle(s) with the objective of collision avoidance if necessary.

Benefits: Increased safety and comfort for the drivers, specifically at complex and unknown intersections with lot’s of potential conflicts;

Increased safety for VRU’s Possibilities of reducing the safety margins for intersection control with the benefit of higher efficiencies Options for more adaptive traffic control based on real-time intersection specific OD information.

Value proposition: • Reduction in societal costs of traffic casualties;

• Less waiting times for drivers and smoother traffic flows  

Topic Issues & research area’s Maturity level [1-5]

Legal aspects    

Technical developments 

Reliable and real-time perception (incl. VRU detection) V2X communication Accurate digital maps Data fusion among sensors, maps and V2X communication Reliable and accurate positioning (lane level) Control/x-by-wire

3

C2C WIFI-p secure communication layer 1

Cognition & human factors User – center design (applicable for all automation levels) Management of the interaction between the driver and the vehicle (interaction strategies) Maintain the driver’s workload in an optimal level (automation has dual effects on mental workload and may lead to both underload / overload situations) – definition of the optimal level &

measurement procedure Over-reliance as a result of adaptation / trust Driver in the loop (applicable even in highly automation level cases), situation awareness & response time Human – machine dynamic balance for any automation level

 

Traffic management 

Crowded and congested intersection detection, collection, processing and distribution service to other cars 1

This could be a useful function for more efficient signal control at intersections due to more precise real-time information. 2

   Modeling & simulation 

I don’t see any resulting driving behaviour change that would be amenable to a new model.  

   

stakeholders 

Car industry 2

   

Development proces    

Deployment issues 

Would the drivers really bother to receive such warnings at each and every intersection?  

   

Verification & certification    

Standardization    

security 

Major research topic, as car’s my be hijacked 1

   

[ EXAMPLE USE CASE

[Mapping of functions -IAutomated vehicles

Automated intersection

Urban platooning

Traffic jam assistance

Automated emergency stop

Dynamic speed adaptation

Automated Emergency Braking system

Cruise control

Lane keeping assistance

Collision Avoidance - Braking and Steering

Highway pilot

Energy Efficiency Intersection Control

Overtake assistance

platooning

automated mode translation

Driver only

Driver assistance

Partial automation

High automation

Full automation

Levels of

Automation*)

Urban area rural area Highway area

Scenario’s

*) Based on the definitions of BASt

Level of

au

tom

ati

on

Scenario’s

Urban platoonin

g

Automatedintersection

Intersection

assistance

Automated mode

translation

Dynamic speed

enforcement

Tech

nic

al d

evelo

pm

ents

Hum

an f

act

ors

& c

og

nit

ion

Leg

al asp

ect

s

Dedicated urban rural inter-urban

[ Mapping of functions - II

12

[ State of the Art and beyond…

• Technical developments

• Perception

• Cognition & human factors

• Traffic Management

• Modeling & simulation

6 meetings in 2012 resulting in

Draft roadmap document

[ Results

• Reliable object recognition and tracking

• Situational awareness

• State estimation & prediction

• Accurate road representation

• Detection of free space

• Classification of objects

• Plug and Play concepts

[ Perception (vehicles & road operator)

• Open in-vehicle platform for I2V communication and functions

• Arbitration (negotiation between driver, on-board automation and TM

centre)

• Distributed traffic management & self organizing concepts (lane

assignment, smart ramp metering)

• Determine and advise on the level of automation that is applicable

• Supervision of automation by traffic management centres

• Development of smart logistics corridors with advanced transport

management

 

[ Traffic & transport

management

• Effects of automated driving over a long period of time

• Interaction with automation in own vehicle and other road users

• Mode transitions & Mode confusion

• Take-over ability & Controllability

• Integration of functions

• Merging of autonomous (vehicle based) sensors with cooperative

data acquisition and validation

• Human Machine Interaction strategies and concepts

 

[Cognition and Human factors

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030

Pilot or large Scale demonstrator

R&

D A

rea

- Perception

- Cognition and Human

Factors

- Sensors & Actuators

Activity

Industralisation

Regulation Standard

Interconnected trafficUrban Automated traffic

Cooperative transport systems for smart

Networked traffic

Full Automation

Milestone 3

CooperativeDynamic Speed

Cooperative Systems for energy efficient and sustainable mobility

HAVEit

Queue Assist

CW-EB

Milestone 1 Milestone 2

Urban platooning

Dynamic Speed enforcment

Full Automation

CM-EB

Full Automation

Automated Intersection

Energy Efficiency Intersection Control

Full VRUSafety

Co-operative mobility -Supervised Automated

Driving

Collaborative Automation Roadmap

Recommendation of Research & Innovation activities

[Draft roadmap

[Future

•  • Personalised

?• Connected?• Pseudo-

modal?• Professional

drivers only?

[Thanks for your attention

[ DefinitionsDefinition Description Key FunctionDriver Only Human driver executes manual driving task Warning

Driver Assistance The driver permanently controls either longitudinal or lateral control. The other task can be automated to a certain extent by the assistance system.

ACC, Crash mitigation, EBS, LKCooperative ACC (CACC)Active Blind Spot Detection / Active Lane Change AssistantAutomated lane keepingCooperative Merge Assistant

Partial automation The system takes over longitudinal and lateral control, the driver shall permanently monitor the system and shall be prepared to take over control at any time.

Queue assistCooperative Traffic Jam Assistant Road Work Assistant

High Automation The system takes over longitudinal and lateral control; the driver must no longer permanently monitor the system. In case of a take-over request, the driver must take-over control with a certain time buffer.

Emergency Stop AssistantCollision AvoidanceCooperative Overtake AssistantPlatooning by CACCHighway ―Chauffeur

Full AutomationThe system takes over longitudinal and lateral control completely and permanently. In case of a take-over request that is not carried out, the system will return to the minimal risk condition by itself.(Note this paper is does not deal with full automation, the definition is included merely for the clarity of the reader)

Automated corridor

More awareness with road authorities;

Statement on options for developing suitable legal framework;

Develop applicable models for simulating changing traffic

dynamics;

HMI & human factors

Implementation plan for technical feasible cooperative

applications in real life;

Make sure there is a clear business case and a prime

stakeholder;

[ Recommendations

[StakeholdersWho are involved…. That is changing!

Now Future

This is our past and future;We now a lot about it;We only need time to discover it all