automatic water level controller using n

8/19/2019 Automatic Water Level Controller Using n

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A

PROJECT BASED LAB REPORT

On

AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER AND

INDICATOR

Submitted in partial ulilment ! t"e

Re#uirement$ !r t"e a%ard ! t"e De&ree !

Ba'"el!r ! Te'"n!l!&(

IN

Ele'tr!ni'$ ) C!mputer S'ien'e En&ineerin&

Under t"e e$teemed &uidan'e !

Mr* ANJI REDD+

(Associate prof.)

ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER EN,INEERIN, DEPARTMENT

In t"e a'ademi' (ear- ./01-./02

3 L Uni4er$it(

DEPARTMENT O5 ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE

EN,INEERIN,


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3 L UNIVERSIT+

,reen 5ield$6 Vadde$%aram

Department ! Ele'tr!ni'$ ) C!mputer En&ineerin&

This is to certify that this project based lab report entitled 7AUTOMATION O5

WATER LEVEL INDICATOR AND CONTROLLER8 is a bonafide work done by

B*9ARI3RIS9NA-0://2/22 in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree in

BAC9ELOR O5 TEC9NOLO,+ in Ele'tr!ni'$ and C!mputer S'ien'e En&ineerin&

during the academic year !"#$!"%.

Le'turer IN C"ar&e 9ead ! t"e Department

ANJI REDD+ Dr* D* SUMAN

CERTIFICA


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3 L Uni4er$it(

DEPARTMENT O5 ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE

EN,INEERIN,

&e hereby declare that this project based lab report entitled 7AUTOMATION O5 WATER

LEVEL CONTROLLER AND INDICATOR8 has been prepared by us in partial fulfilment of the

requirement for the award of degree 'BAC9ELOR O5 TEC9NOLO,+ in ELECTRONICS AND

COMPUTER SCIENCE EN,INEERIN, during the academic year !"#$!"%.

I also declare that this project based lab report is of our own effort and it has not been submitted

to any other uniersity for the award of any degree.

Date;

Pla'e; VADDESWARAM

BE


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AC3NOWLED,EMENTS

*y sincere thanks to ANJI REDD+ in the +ab for their outstanding support throughout the

project for the successful completion of the work

&e e,press our gratitude to Dr* SUMAN6 -ead of the epartment for /lectronics and 0omputer

1cience /ngineering for proiding us with adequate facilities2 ways and means by which we are

able to complete this term paper work.

&e would like to place on record the deep sense of gratitude to the honourable 3ice 0hancellor2

4 + 5niersity for proiding the necessary facilities to carry the concluded term paper work.

+ast but not the least2 we thank all Teaching and Non$Teaching 1taff of our department and

especially my classmates and my friends for their support in the completion of our term paper

work.

&/ 6/17/0T AN T-AN4 895 9N/ *96/ TI*/ :96 ;I3IN; T-I1 /


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ABSTRACT

This is used for controlling the water level of any tank by switching the pump motorON and O! depending upon the relevant levels of water in the tank and the

position of the immersed sensor points"

USE: #utomatic water level controller cum indicator saves water and protects

motor and reduces electricity bill"

This is the circuit diagram and description for water level indicator"

# constant 5v power supply is given to the microcontroller and rest of the circuit

from a battery"

The tank has $ conductive type sensors %other types of sensors have been

mentioned earlier but in our pro&ect only conductive type are used' embedded into

it and ( wires of sensors out of $ are connected to transistors and the $th is

connected to 5v) supply"

The use of transistor is it acts as inverter %i"e" in on state gives low voltage at

output and in a non*conducting state gives high voltage at its output'! all transistors

outputs are connected to 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! +! ,! ( pins %-O.T/' of microcontroller"

0even segment display is connected to pin no" 33 to 4 %-O.T#'" t is connected in

common cathode fashion"

The Output for the ,th level is not only shown in seven segment display but also

indicated with a discontinuous buer sound"

Output for the (th level %i"e" tank full condition' is not only shown in seven segment

display but also indicated with a continuous buer sound"


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CONTENTS

TITLE PA, NO

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INTRODUCTION

The &ater +eel Indicator employs a simple mechanism to detect and indicate the water leel in an

oerhead tank or any other water container. The sensing is done by using a set of nine probes which are

placed at nine different leels on the tank walls (with probe> to probe" placed in increasing order of height2 common probe (i.e. a supply carrying probe) is placed at the base of the tank). The leel >

represents the 'tank full condition while leel " represents the 'tank empty condition.

&hen the water$leel is below the minimum detectable leel (*+)2 the seen segment displays is

arranged to show the digit "2 indicating that the tank is empty2 &hen the water reaches leel" (but is

below leel) the connection between the probes gets completed (through the conducting medium B

water) and the base oltage of transistor increases. This causes the base$emitter junction of transistor to

get forward biased2 this switches transistor from cut$off to conduction mode thus 7IN (C!) of

microcontroller is pulled to ground hence2 the corresponding digit displayed by the seen segment display

is .

The similar mechanism applies to the detection of all the other leels. &hen the tank is full2 all inputs tomicrocontroller become low and all its outputs go high. This causes the display shows a > also in this case

a buDDer sound is gien2 thereby indicating a 'tank full condition.

*ost water leel indicators are equipped to indicate and detect only a single leel. The &ater +eel

Indicator implemented here can indicate up to nine such leels and the microcontroller displays the leel

number on a seen segment display. 1o2 not only is the circuit capable of cautioning a person that the

water tank has been filled up to a certain leel2 it also indicates that the water leel has fallen below the

minimum detectable leel. This circuit is important in appliances such as the water cooler where there is a

danger of motor$burnout when there is no water in the radiator used up also it can be used in fuel leel

indication. In this project we show the water leel indicator using eight transistors which conducts as

leel rises2 a buDDer is also added which will automatically start as the water leel becomes full2 auto

buDDer start with the help of microcontroller &ith the help of this project we not only show the leel of water with the help of seen segment display but also a buDDer.

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION;

NAND ,ATE;

In digital electronics2 a NAN gate (negatie$AN) is a logic gate which produces an output that is false

only if all its inputs are trueE thus its output is complement to that of the AN gate. A +9& (!) output

results only if both the inputs to the gate are -I;- (")E if one or both inputs are +9& (!)2 a -I;- (")

output results. It is made using transistors. Cy e *organFs theorem2 ACGAHC2 a NAN gate is

equialent to inerters followed by an 96 gate.

The NAN gate is significant because any Coolean function can be implemented by using a combination

of NAN gates. This property is called functional completeness.

igital systems employing certain logic circuits take adantage of NANFs functional completeness.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AND_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgan's_theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter_(logic_gate)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter_(logic_gate)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_completenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_completenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AND_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgan's_theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter_(logic_gate)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_completenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_electronics


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"."$nand gate

The @#!! series of transistorBtransistor logic (TT+) integrated circuits are the most popular family of TT+

integrated circuit logic.JJKuickly replacing diodeBtransistor logic2 it was used to build the mini andmainframe computers of the ">?!s and ">@!s. 1eeral generations of pin$compatible descendants of the

original family hae since become de facto standard electronic components.

The @#!! series contains hundreds of deices that proide eerything from basic logic gates2 flip$flops2 and

counters2 to special purpose bus transceiers and arithmetic logic units (A+5). 1pecific functions are described

in a list of @#!! series integrated circuits.

WATER PUMP;

• Now suppose the water inside the tank starts filling and reaches point C2 it connects point 0

and C2 input of gate N" becomes high making the output of N also high.

• -oweer due to the presence of "2 the positie from the output of N does not make any

difference to the preceding circuit.

• Now when the water reaches point A2 input of N becomes high and so does the output of N#.

Nand N# gets latched due to the feedback resistor across the output of N# and input of N. The

high output from N# switches 9N the relay and the pump starts emptying the tank.

• As the tank gets acated2 the position of water at some point of time goes below point A2 howeer

this does not affect N and N# as they are latched2 and the motor keeps running.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7400_series#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7400_series#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7400_series#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7400_series#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode%E2%80%93transistor_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin-compatibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_7400_series_integrated_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7400_series#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7400_series#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode%E2%80%93transistor_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin-compatibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_7400_series_integrated_circuits


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• -oweer once the water leel reaches below point C2 point 0 and the input of N" reerts to logic

low2 output of N also becomes low.

• -ere the diode gets forward biased and pulls the input of N also to logic low2 which in turn

makes the output of N# low2 subsequently switching 9:: the relay and the pump motor.

• 7arts +ist for the aboe simple automatic water leel controller circuit

• :ollowing parts are required for making this automatic water leel controller circuit.

RELA+;

A relay is an electrically operated switch. *any relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate a

switch2 but other operating principles are also used2 such as solid$state relays. 6elays are used where it is

necessary to control a circuit by a low$power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control

and controlled circuits)2 or where seeral circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were

used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiersL they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit

and re$transmitted it on another circuit. 6elays were used e,tensiely in telephone e,changes and early

computers to perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other loads

is called a contactor . 1olid$state relays control power circuits with no moing parts2 instead using a

semiconductor deice to perform switching. 6elays with calibrated operating characteristics and

sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from oerload or faultsE in

modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called

M protectie relaysM.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_partshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_partshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_partshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_relay


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DIODE;

0urrent passing through a diode can only go in one direction2 called the forward direction.0urrent trying to flow the reerse direction is blocked. TheyFre like the one$way ale of

electronics. If the oltage across a diode is negatie2 no current can flow2 and the ideal

diode looks like an open circuit.

RESISTOR;

A resistor is a passie two$terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit

element. 6esistors act to reduce current flow2 and2 at the same time2 act to lower oltage leels withincircuits.

A ariable resistor is a deice that is used to change the resistance according to our needs in an electronic

circuit. It can be used as a three terminal as well as a two terminal deice. *ostly they are used as a

three terminal deice. 3ariable resistors are mostly used for deice calibration.


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&orking of 6esistorL

As shown in the diagram below2 a ariable resistor consists of a track which proides the resistance

path. Two terminals of the deice are connected to both the ends of the track. The third terminal isconnected to a wiper that decides the motion of the track. The motion of the wiper through the track

helps in increasing and decreasing the resistance.

N-P-N TRANSISTOR;

NPN is one of the two types of bipolar tran$i$t!r$2 consisting of a layer of 7$dopedsemiconductor (the MbaseM) between two N$doped layers. A small current entering the base is

amplified to produce a large collector and emitter current.

Cir'uit De$'ripti!n;

As we all know water (in its impure form) that we get in our homes through our house water supply

system2 has a low resistance to electrical energy. In simple words2 water conducts electricity albeit ery

minutely.

Normally the resistance of tap water might be in the range of "!! 4 to !! 4.

• This resistance alue is quite enough for electronic for e,ploiting it for the project described in

this article that is for a simple water leel controller circuit.

• &e hae used four NAN ;ates here for the required sensing2 the whole operation may be

understood with the below gien points.


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• 6eferring to the below simple automatic water leel controller indicator circuit2 we see that point

C which is at the positie potential is placed somewhere at the bottom section of the tank.

• 7oint 0 is placed at the bottom of the tank2 while point A is pinned at the top most section of the

tank.

• As long as water remains under point C2 potentials at point A and point 0 remain at negatie or

ground leel. It also means that the inputs of the releant NAN gates are also clamped at logic

low leels because of the * resistors.

• 7oint 0 is placed at the bottom of the tank2 while point A is pinned at the top most section of

the tank.

• As long as water remains under point C2 potentials at point A and point 0 remain at negatie or

ground leel. It also means that the inputs of the releant NAN gates are also clamped at logic

low leels because of the * resistors.

• The outputs from N and N# also remain at low logic2 keeping the relay and motor switched

9::.

CIRCUIT;


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Appli'ati!n$;

Automatic &ater leel 0ontroller for -otels2 :actories2 -omes Apartments2 0ommercial 0omple,es2

rainages2 etc.2 it can be fi,ed for single phase motor2 1ingle 7hase 1ubmersibles2 Three 7hase motors.

(:or O and 1ingle 7hase 1ubmersible 1tarter is necessary) and open well2 Core well and 1ump. &e can

control two motor and two sumps and two oerhead tanks by single unit (Auto 0hange 9er). *any

models aailable in different ranges.


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CONCLUSION;

The water leel of any tank by switching the pump motor 9N and 9::2 depending upon the

releant leels of water in the tank and the position of the immersed sensor points.

RE5ERENCES;

") httpLPPwww.electronicshub.orgPwater$leel$indicator

) httpLPPelectronics.howstuffworks.comPrelay.htm) httpLPPwww.idconline.comPtechnicalQreferencesPpdfsPelectronicQengineeringP

&aterR!+eelR!IndicatorR!7roject.pdf

http://www.electronicshub.org/water-level-indicatorhttp://electronics.howstuffworks.com/relay.htmhttp://www.idconline.com/technical_references/pdfs/electronic_engineering/Water%20Level%20Indicator%20Project.pdfhttp://www.idconline.com/technical_references/pdfs/electronic_engineering/Water%20Level%20Indicator%20Project.pdfhttp://www.electronicshub.org/water-level-indicatorhttp://electronics.howstuffworks.com/relay.htmhttp://www.idconline.com/technical_references/pdfs/electronic_engineering/Water%20Level%20Indicator%20Project.pdfhttp://www.idconline.com/technical_references/pdfs/electronic_engineering/Water%20Level%20Indicator%20Project.pdf


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THANK

YOU

automatic water level controller using n

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