Auto rickshaw 1

Auto rickshawAuto-rickshaws around the world

India Thailand El Salvador Peru

Ethiopia China

Auto rickshaw, also called Tuk-Tuk,[1] tempo, mototaxi and three wheeler, carry people and goods in manydeveloping countries. Above are six examples.Main article: RickshawAuto rickshaws are a common means of public transportation in many countries in the world. Also known as athree-wheeler, Samosa, tempo, tuk-tuk, trishaw, auto, rickshaw, autorick, bajaj, rick, tricycle, mototaxi, babytaxi or lapa in popular parlance, an auto rickshaw is a usually three-wheeled cabin cycle for private use and as avehicle for hire. It is a motorized version of the traditional pulled rickshaw or cycle rickshaw. Auto rickshaws are anessential form of urban transport in many developing countries, and a form of novelty transport in many Westerncountries.

Overview

Daihatsu Midget Model DKA

Origin

African and Indian three-wheelers have followed the original design ofthe Piaggio Ape C, from 1948, which was originally based on theVespa. In India, Bajaj Auto produced under Piaggio license from 1959to 1974.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Auto rickshaws of Southeast Asia started from the knockdownproduction of the Daihatsu Midget which had been introduced in1957.[2]

Japan had been exporting three-wheelers to Thailand since 1934.Moreover, The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Japandonated about 20,000 used three-wheelers to SoutheastAsia.Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Chronological items[3][4][5][6] In Japan, three-wheelers went outof use in the latter half of the 1960s.[7]

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DesignAn auto rickshaw is generally characterized by a sheet-metal body or open frame resting on three wheels, a canvasroof with drop-down sides, a small cabin in the front of the vehicle for the driver (sometimes called an auto-wallah),and seating space for up to three passengers in the rear. Newer models are generally fitted with an CNG-fueledscooter version of a 200cc four-stroke engine, with handlebar controls instead of a steering wheel.Wikipedia:Citationneeded

Regional variations

Africa

Eastern Africa

A tuk-tuk in Nairobi

There are tuk-tuks in several Kenyan towns. Using them is somewhatcheaper than ordinary taxis. However, tuk-tuks cannot operate inmountainous towns, which are common in Kenya. Fierce competitionwith Boda-bodas (bicycle taxis) and Matatus (minibuses) hinderspopularity of Tuk-tuks, especially within the interior of Kenya. Whilethey may not be widely found in Kenya, they are numerous in thecoastal regions, which are less mountainous. For example, in the townof Malindi they offer an economical and convenient mode oftransportation.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Tuk-tuks are also common in Ethiopia and are becoming common inTanzania, particularly in the outer areas of Dar es Salaam. In Tanzania and Ethiopia they are known as "Bajaj" or"Bajajis", after the Bajaj Auto company which manufactures many of them. Since 2009, tuk-tuks have becomecommon in Maputo, Mozambique.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Egypt

In Egypt, auto rickshaws are called toktok (Egyptian Arabic: توك توك  pronounced [ˈtoktok], plural: تكاتك takātek[tæˈkæːtek]); they are widely used as taxis in poorer neighborhoods of the capital, and have become a popularsymbol for lower class Egyptians, although they are banned from the streets of wealthier neighborhoods. Deposedpresident Mohamed Morsi (June 2012-July 2013) in his opening speech addressed the Tuk Tuk (toktok) driverswhich means a legalization of their status.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Madagascar

In Madagascar rickshaws, including auto rickshaws, are a common form of transportation in a number of cities,especially Antsirabe. They are known as pousse-pousse, meaning push-push.

Nigeria

There are keke-marwa's in several Nigerian towns and cities. Although not as popular as the ubiquitous "Okada" inNigeria, keke-marwa's are embraced as an alternative means of transport by the middle and lower class citizens.Keke-marwa is named after Lagos former military Governor, Buba Marwa in the late 1990s.Wikipedia:Citationneeded

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Sudan

Rickshaws are a major means of transport in all parts of Sudan, it's locally known as Raksha.Wikipedia:Citationneeded

Asia

Bangladesh

"CNGs" in Dhaka.

Auto rickshaws (locally called "baby taxis" and more recently "CNGs"due to their fuel source) are one of the most popular modes of transportin India mainly due to their size and speed. They are best suited tonarrow, crowded streets, and are thus the principal means of coveringlonger distances within urban areas.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Earlier, auto rickshaws were colored black with a yellow canvastopping and ran on gasoline without any meter system. However, dueto the vast supplies of natural gas in Bangladesh, the government hassince encouraged the development of four-stroke compressed naturalgas (CNG)-powered engines rather than the older two-stroke enginepetrol-running models. Two-stroke engines had been identified as one of the leading sources of air pollution inDhaka. Thus, since January 2003, traditional auto rickshaws were banned from the capital; only the newCNG-powered models were permitted to operate within the city limits. The newly manufactured CNG autorickshaws are more fuel-efficient and have a lower center of gravity, making them safer than older models. AllCNGs are painted green to signify that the vehicles are eco-friendly and that each one has a meter built in asstandard.

Another version of the auto rickshaw can be seen in rural areas of Bangladesh, where they are called "helicopters"."Helicopters" are auto rickshaws modified to have a large body with which it can carry more than six or sevenpassengers.Wikipedia:Citation neededAt the end of the 1980s, a local company Atlas designed and built a new version of the auto rickshaw, called mishuk,a name derived from a children's mascot of a local deer. Unlike baby taxis, mishuks have spoke wheels and a greenbody, and have no meter system. Mishuks have more space than baby taxis or CNGs, which makes it more popularwith women. They are commonly found in Dhaka and elsewhere in the country due to its four-stroke engine, whichis not listed as a significant source of air pollution.Wikipedia:Citation neededSee also: Rickshaw art in Bangladesh

Cambodia

Cambodian tuk-tuk in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

In Cambodia, the term tuk-tuk (Khmer: ទុកទុក) is used to refer to a

motorcycle with a cabin attached to the rear. Cambodian cities have amuch lower volume of automobile traffic than Thai cities, and tuk-tuksare still the most common form of urban transport. At the templecomplex of Angkor, for example, tuk-tuks provide a convenient formof transport around the complex for tourists. One can hire a tuk-tuk anddriver by the day.Wikipedia:Citation neededSiem Reap tuk-tuks are generally of the style of motorcycle and trailer.This version does not have rear brakes.Wikipedia:Citation needed

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Phnom Penh tuk-tuks are one piece. The one piece tuk-tuk is the front end of a motorcycle consisting of steering,tank and engine/gearbox with a covered tray mounted at the back. The power is transferred by chain to an axlemounted to the modified rear fork which drives the two rear wheels. Suspended upon the rear fork is an open cabinwith an in-line seat on each side. This arrangement can carry 6 people at ease, with their luggage in the leg space. Itis not unusual to see these vehicles greatly overloaded, especially in outer suburbs and aroundmarkets.Wikipedia:Citation neededSihanoukville tuk-tuks are generally a motorcycle and articulated trailer without rear brakes on the trailer. Aminority of tuk-tuks are three wheeled. The rear wheel of the motorcycle is removed and the front of the bike ismelded with a trailer. Power is supplied to the trailer wheels by a driveshaft and differential. Rear wheel brakes addsignificantly to the safety of this design, especially when going downhill.Wikipedia:Citation neededCurrently, Tuk Tuk in Cambodia is being developed to be more convenient and safer. It is also becoming a popularform of transportation for Phnom Penh residents.

Gaza

Together with the recent boom of recreational facilities in Gaza for the local residents, donkey carts have all but beendisplaced by tuk-tuks in 2010. Due to the ban by Israel on the import of most motorised vehicles, the tuk-tuks havehad to be smuggled in parts through the tunnel network connecting Gaza with Egypt.

China

An auto rickshaw in Haikou, Hainan,China.

Various types of auto rickshaw are used around China, where they are called三 轮 (three wheeler) or 嘟 嘟 车 (beep beep car).Wikipedia:Citationneeded

In Hainan, the southernmost province, electric models are used in the capitalHaikou. These may be heavy, purpose-built vehicles, or simple bicyclesattached to a light chassis, with a small electric motor housedunderneath.Wikipedia:Citation needed

In rural areas, a sturdy, petrol-powered, plastic-bodied type is common,similar to the Philippine motorized tricycle.Wikipedia:Citation needed

India

An autorickshaw in Bangalore being repaired

Overview

Most cities offer auto rickshaw service, although hand-pulledrickshaws do exist in some areas, such as Calcutta (Now Kolkata).

Auto rickshaws are used in cities and towns for short distances; theyare less suited to long distances because they are slow and the carriagesare open to air pollution. Auto rickshaws (often called "autos") providecheap and efficient transportation. Modern auto rickshaws run on CNGand are environmentally friendly compared to full-sizedcars.Wikipedia:Citation needed[8]

It is also not uncommon in many parts of India (including major cities like Delhi) to see primary school childrencrammed into an auto-rickshaw, transporting them between home and school.Wikipedia:Citation needed

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A very old auto rickshaw in Bhedaghat, MadhyaPradesh. Such autos are the only means of public

transport in some parts of rural India.

To augment speedy movement of traffic, Auto rickshaws are notallowed in the centre part of Mumbai.

Design and manufacture

The interior of an auto rickshaw in Chennai,India.

There are two types of autorickshaws in India. In older versions theengines were situated below the driver's seat, while in newer versionsengines are located in the rear. They normally run on petrol, CNG anddiesel. The seating capacity of a normal rickshaw is four, including thedriver's seat. Six-seater rickshaws exist in different parts of thecountry, but the model was officially banned in the city of Pune 10January 2003 by the Regional Transport Authority (RTA).

CNG autos are distinguishable from the earlier petrol-powered autosby a green and yellow livery, as opposed to the earlier black andyellow appearance. Certain local governments are advocating forfour-stroke engines instead of the current two-stroke

versions.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Auto rickshaw manufacturers in India include Bajaj Auto, Kumar Motors, Kerala Automobiles Limited, ForceMotors (previously Bajaj Tempo), Mahindra & Mahindra, Piaggio Ape and TVS Motors. Wikipedia:Citation needed

Legislation

Generally rickshaw fares are controlled by the government.[9]

Indonesia

In Indonesia, Auto Rickshaws are popular in Jakarta, Medan, Java, Sulawesi. In Jakarta, the Auto Rickshaws aresimilar to the ones in India but has a color of blue and orange, but the ones in other parts of Indonesia are usuallymounted by a motorcycle to a passenger seating place similar to a cycle rickshaw, and is called Bentor and called inJakarta as Bajaj (Bajai). They were also popular in East Java until the end of the 20th century and were know as aBemo. Google "Bemo" for photos.Wikipedia:Citation needed

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Laos

A "jumbo" tuk-tuk in Savannakhet, Laos

Lao tuk-tuks come as tuk-tuks or jumbo tuk-tuks. Jumbos have a larger3- or 4-cylinder four-stroke engine, and many are powered by Daihatsuengines. Jumbos' larger engine and cabin size allow for greater loads,up to 12 persons, and higher top speeds. Jumbos are (with fewexceptions) only found in Vientiane and LuangPrabang.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Nepal

Auto rickshaws were the popular mode of transport in Nepal during the1980s and 1990s, till Nepal Government decided to ban the movement

of 600 such vehicles in the early 2000. Earliest model of auto rickshaw running in Kathmandu were manufactured byBajaj Auto.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Nepal has been a popular destination for Rickshaw Run. The 2009 Fall Run took place in Goa, India and concludedin Pokhara, Nepal.

Pakistan

An auto rikshaw in Karachi

An auto rikshaw on Canal Bank Road Lahore

Auto rickshaws are a popular mode of transport in Pakistani towns andis mainly used for traveling short distances within cities. One of themajor brands of auto rickshaws is Vespa (an Italian Company). Lahoreis hub of CNG Auto rikshaws manufacturers in Pakistan.Thegovernment of Pakistan is taking measures to convert all the gasolinerun auto-rickshaws to more effective CNG rickshaw by 2015 in all themajor cities of Pakistan by issuing easy loans through commercialbanks. Environment Canada is implementing pilot projects in Lahore,Karachi and Quetta with engine technology developed in Mississauga,Ontario, Canada that uses compressed natural gas (CNG) instead ofgasoline in the two-stroke engines, in an effort to combatenvironmental pollution and noise levels.Wikipedia:Citation needed

In many cities in Pakistan, there are also motorcycle rickshaws, usuallycalled chand gari (moon car) or Chingchi (after the Chinese companyJinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co. Ltd who first introduced these to themarket).Wikipedia:Citation needed

Rickshaws are forbidden in the capital, Islamabad.Wikipedia:Citationneeded

Auto rickshaws have had a history of displaying political statements. InFebruary 2013, that legacy was modified to promote peace. Accordingto Syed Ali Abbas Zaidi, head of the Pakistan Youth Alliance, "Weneed to take back this romanticized art form and use it for peace sloganeering and conflict resolution."Manufacturers There are many companies involving in Rickshaw manufacturing in Pakistan, some of them are,AECO Export Company, STAHLCO Motors, Global Sources, Parhiyar Automobiles, Global Ledsys Technologies,Siwa Industries, Prime Punjab Automobiles, Murshid Farm Industries, Sazgar Automobiles, NTN Enterprises,Imperial Engineering Company

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Philippines

Main article: Tricycle (Philippines)Auto rickshaws are an especially popular form of public transportation in the Philippines, where they are referred toas "tricycles" (Filipino: traysikel; Cebuano: traysikol). In the Philippines, the design and configuration of tricyclesvaries widely from place to place, but tends towards rough standardization within each municipality. The usualdesign is a passenger or cargo sidecar fitted to a motorcycle, usually on the right of the motorcycle. It is rare to findone with a left sidecar. Tricycles can carry five passengers or more in the sidecar, one or two pillion passengersbehind the motorcycle driver, and even a few on the roof of the sidecar. Tricycles are one of the main contributors toair pollution in the Philippines,Wikipedia:Citation needed since majority of them employ two-stroke motorcycles.However, some local governments are working towards phasing out two-stroke-powered tricycles for ones withcleaner four-stroke motorcycles.Wikipedia:Citation needed

A motorized tricycle in Dumaguete City7-passenger tricycle with large sidecar, the

Province of Aklan.

Local Taxi Stand in Banaue Municipal Town

Sri Lanka

Auto rickshaw in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka

Auto rickshaws, commonly known as three-wheelers or Tuk-tuks, canbe found on all roads in Sri Lanka from the curvy roads through thehill country to the congested roads of Colombo transporting locals,foreigners, or freight about. Sri Lankan tuk-tuks are of the style of thelight Phnom Penh type. Most tuk-tuks in Sri Lanka are a slightlymodified Indian Bajaj model, imported from India though there are fewmanufactured locally and increasingly imports from other countries inthe region and other brands of three-wheelers such as Piaggio. In 2007January the Sri Lankan government imposed a ban on all 2-strokethree-wheelers, and therefore the ones imported to the island now areonly with a four-stroke engine. Most three-wheelers are available as hiring vehicles, with few being used to haulgoods and as private company or advertising vehicles. Bajaj enjoys a virtual monopoly in the island, with its agentbeing David Pieries Motor Co Ltd. A few three-wheelers in Sri Lanka have distance meters, and in the capital city itis becoming more and more common, however the vast majority of charges are negotiated between the passengerand driver.Wikipedia:Citation needed

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Thailand

A tuk-tuk used by the police in Chiangmai,Thailand

The auto rickshaw, called tuk-tuk (Thai: ตุ๊กตุ๊ก, pronounced"took-took") or sam-lor (Thai: สามล้อ) meaning three-wheeler inThailand, is a widely used form of urban transport in Bangkok andother Thai cities. It is particularly popular where traffic congestion is amajor problem, such as in Bangkok and Nakhon Ratchasima. Thename is onomatopoeic, mimicking the sound of a small (oftentwo-cycle) engine. An equivalent English term would be"putt-putt."Wikipedia:Citation needed

Bangkok and other cities in Thailand have many tuk-tuks which are amore open variation on the India auto-rickshaw. There are no meters,and trip costs are negotiated in advance. Bangkok fares have risen tonearly equal normal taxis due to uninformed foreigners willing to paythe asking price, but leaves passengers more exposed to environmentalpollution than taxis. The solid roof is so low that the tuk-tuk is adifficult touring vehicle. Today few locals take one unless they are burdened with packages or travelling in a biggroup for short distances.Wikipedia:Citation needed

The Thai tuk tuk is starting to change from the old smoke-spewing vehicle of yesteryear. Many Thai Tuk Tukcompanies now produce low emission vehicles, and even old ones are having new engines fitted along with LPGconversions. In an early morning of Bangkok, these same passenger vehicles can be seen busily transporting freshproduce around the city. The new tuk tuks also have wet weather sides to keep passengers and driversdry.Wikipedia:Citation neededThe Thai auto-rikshaw manufacturers are, Monika Motors Ltd., TukTuk (Thailand) Co., Ltd., TukTuk ForwerderCo., Ltd.Bangkok and MMW Tuk-Tuks Co.,Ltd. in Hua Hin. Smaller manufacturers are the Chinnaraje Co., Ltd. inChiang Mai and the Expertise Co., Ltd. in Chonburi which is manufacturing its models in Komaki, Japan,also.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Vietnam

Xe lam in Vietnam (2006) with the Lambrettamark still visible

Known locally as xe lam, the vernacular pronunciation of the Lambrofrom the Lambretta line by Innocenti of Italy, these vehicles were verypopular in the 1960s and 1970s, especially the urban centers of SouthVietnam. Over time the authorities have moved to limit their use.

Xe lam with 1-wheel forward and 2-aft were designed to carrypassengers whereas other variants with 2-forward and 1-aft, usedmostly to transport goods are known as Xe ba gác máy. The motorizedversion of cycle rickshaw is the Xích lô máy is of the same design.

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Europe

Italy

An Ape C (1956–1967)

Auto rickshaws have been commonly used in Italy since the late 1940s,providing a low-cost means of transportation in the post-World-War-IIyears when the country was short of economic resources. The PiaggioApe, invented by Vespa creator Corradino D'Ascanio and firstmanufactured in 1948 by the Italian company Piaggio, thoughprimarily designed for carrying freight has also been widely used as anauto rickshaw. It is still extremely popular throughout the country,being particularly useful in the narrow streets found in the center ofmany little towns in central and southern Italy. Though it no longer hasa key role in transportation, Piaggio Ape is still used as a minitaxi insome areas such as the islands of Ischia and Stromboli (on Strombolino cars are allowed). It has recently been re-launched as a trendy-ecological means of transportation, or, relying onthe role the Ape played in the history of Italian design, as a promotional tool. Since 2006 the Ape has been producedunder licence in India, where currently it is one of the most popular types of auto rickshaws.Wikipedia:Citationneeded

Netherlands

Since 2007, tuk-tuks have been active in the Netherlands, starting with Amsterdam. They now operate inAmersfoort, Amsterdam, The Hague, Zandvoort, Bergen op Zoom, the popular beach resort Renesse and Rotterdam.The tuk-tuks in the Netherlands are imported from India and Thailand. They are fitted with CNG engines and havepassed the EURO-4 rules.Wikipedia:Citation needed

United Kingdom

Tuctucs booking Auto rickshawlocated in Brighton Marina.

The first Tuk Tuks to enter service in the United Kingdom were supplied andbuilt by MMW Imports in 1999, under the brand name MMW Tuk Tuks. Thevery first Private Hire licence was issued to an MMW Tuk Tuk for tours of Bathin the year 2000, MMW also gained full Hackney license in Weston-super-Mare.MMW also now export Tuk Tuks from Thailand to the Netherlands, Germany,Spain, New Zealand and Australia. All the MMW range are built in their ownfactory in Thailand and are custom made for each customer's needs; hence notwo tuk tuks are the same, and they come fully customized as per required spec.

Tukshop of Southampton started the commercial importing of Tuk Tuks into theUK in 2003, which resulted in many people being inspired to set up taxi-typeoperations in a number of cities including Blackpool, Brighton and Leeds.Tukshop failed to gain a taxi operator license for London after a number ofmedia appearances in 2004. The company, founded by mrsteve, are specialists inexperiential marketing using the iconic three-wheelers for street marketingcampaigns. Clients of Tukshop include many household names, such as T Mobile, Harrods, Universal Pictures, O2,BBC, Freeview, Price Waterhouse Coopers, Tiger Beer & Grolsch lager. Tukshop have imported and put over onehundred tuk tuks on the roads of the UK and Europe between starting the business and Oct 2010. The companycurrently stocks models from Piaggio & Bajaj, including the commercial versions such as the TMVan.Wikipedia:Citation needed

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A Bajaj tuk tuk is currently operated by Bangwallop of Salcombe, South Devon. Taking just two passengers at atime, the tuk tuk has an operator's licence issued by VOSA and trips can be booked in advance.Wikipedia:CitationneededAuto rickshaws were introduced to the city of Brighton and Hove on 10 July 2006 by entrepreneur DominicPonniah's company Tuctuc Ltd, who had the idea after seeing the vehicles used in India and Sri Lanka. They wereCNG-powered, using a four-speed (plus reverse) 175 cc engine. Under the terms of their license, the Bajas ran on afixed single route, and stopped only at designated stops. They are of the same design as traditional auto rickshaws inother countries.Wikipedia:Citation neededAn investigation was launched into Tuctuc Ltd's operation of the service after complaints were raised, primarily bythe city's taxi drivers, that routes, stopping points and timetables were not being adhered to. In November 2006, thecompany was fined £16,500 – the maximum penalty possible – by the South East Traffic Commissioner. Afteramendments were made to the timetable to reduce delays and improve reliability, the Commissioner allowed thecompany to keep its operating license. However, the company announced in January 2008 that it was ceasingoperations, citing "archaic legislation" as the reason.In the Scottish capital, Edinburgh, there is a new street food restaurant called Tuk Tuk Indian Street Food, that has itsown branded Tuk Tuks, which are used for marketing around the town and picking up customers on specialoccasions.

Central America

Bajaj mototaxis in El Salvador

El Salvador

The mototaxi or moto is the El Salvadoran version of the autorickshaw. These are most commonly made from the front end andengine of a motorcycle attached to a two-wheeled passenger area inback. Commercially produced models, such as the Indian Bajaj brand,are also employed.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Guatemala

In Guatemala the commercial vehicles are referred to as tuk-tuks.Tuk-tuks operate, both as taxis and private vehicles, in Guatemala City, Guatemala, around the island town of Flores,Peten, in the mountain city of Antigua Guatemala, and in many small towns in the mountains. In 2005 the tuk-tuksprevalent in the Lago de Atitlán towns of Panajachel and Santiago Atitlán all appeared to be from India (BajajAuto).Wikipedia:Citation needed

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Honduras

Three-wheeled all-in-one tuk-tuks are used in the place of traditional taxis in most rural towns andvillages.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Nicaragua

As of 2011 there were an estimated 5,000 mototaxis, popularly known as "caponeras".[10]

Caribbean

Three-wheeled Coco taxis in Havana, Cuba

Cuba

Three-wheeled Coco taxis, named for their resemblance to a coconut,are used in Havana, Cuba.Wikipedia:Citation needed

South America

Home-made conversion mototaxi in Guayaquil,Ecuador

Wikipedia:Citation needed

Ecuador

The mototaxi is the Ecuatorian version of the auto rickshaw. These aremost commonly made from the front end and engine of a motorcycleattached to a two-wheeled passenger area in back.Wikipedia:Citationneeded

Peru

It is a common sight in the rural areas, towns and cities of Peru to seeauto rickshaws, locally known as "mototaxis," "motokars", "taxi cholo", or "cholotaxi" lining up to pick uppassengers as their fares are generally lower than car taxis. They are also in the capital, Lima, but they are usuallyrestricted to the peripheral districts. The "jungle" cities and towns in eastern Peru are famous for their prevalence ofauto rickshaws. This vehicle, usually running on regular unleaded gasoline, is the main non-private transport vehicle,and is known as "motocarro", "mototaxi" or "tuk-tuk" (for foreigners).Wikipedia:Citation needed

Many of the jungle areas of eastern Peru can be extremely noisy as a result of poorly maintained auto rickshaws andother 2 or 3-wheel vehicles, especially in high traffic or hilly areas. Auto-rickshaw brands such as the Indian-madeBajaj, which use GLP [a form of liquified petroleum gas which some car taxis also use] are much quieter.Wikipedia:Citation needed

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North America

United States

Tuk Tuks were introduced to the United States through Tuk Tuk North America of Swainsboro, Georgia. As early as2006, Mr. Roy Jordan, the owner of Tuk Tuk North America, began working with both the U.S. federal governmentand manufacturers in Thailand to configure a tuk tuk that was cost effective but adaptable to meet or exceed U.S.Department of Transportation regulations. He was able to contract a manufacturer who could make imported tuk tuksthat could meet all necessary federal regulations in the U.S. Original products were imported from Thailand andwere gas propelled. Due to the changing regulations of the Environmental Protection Agency, the introduction ofimported gas-propelled tuk tuks was short-lived. Due to such changes, in 2009 Tuk Tuk North America decided togo dormant in its importing of gas propelled tuk tuks into the U.S.Wikipedia:Citation neededHowever, with the growing emphasis on sustainable “green” energy and the recognition of the continuing rising oilprices, in 2011 the project's short dormancy was rejuvenated being redirected towards introduction of a complete lineof all-electric tuk tuks. The line included eight models of "street legal" tuk tuks including passenger, utility, anddelivery vehicles. These were offered under the manufacturer’s new name, Electro Technologies LLC, and marketedand sold exclusively through Tuk Tuk Transport LLC of Lenoir City, Tennessee, under the leadership of C. PhillipTallant.Wikipedia:Citation neededPrior to 2013, the greatest obstacle to commercial transportation usage of the electric tuk tuks created by ElectroTechnologies was addressed in mid 2013 by providing a means by which ET Tuk Tuks could be in service 24/7.With this advancement grew the opportunity for formation of Tuk Tuk of America, a company by which partneringaffiliates across the U.S. could begin their own local niche urban mobility transportation company with guaranteedprotected territories.

Fuel efficiency and pollutionIn July 1998, the Supreme Court of India ordered the Delhi government to implement CNG or LPG (Autogas) fuelfor all autos and for the entire bus fleet in and around the city.Wikipedia:Citation needed Delhi's air quality hasimproved with the switch to CNG. Initially, auto rickshaw drivers in Delhi had to wait in long queues for CNGrefueling, but the situation has improved with the increase of CNG stations. Certain local governments are pushingfor four-stroke engines instead of the current two-stroke versions. Typical mileage for an Indian-made auto rickshawis around 35 kilometers per liter of petrol (about 2.9 L per 100 km, or 82 miles per gallon [United States (wetmeasure), 100 miles per gallon Imperial (United Kingdom, Canada)]. Pakistan has passed a similar law prohibitingauto rickshaws in certain areas. CNG auto rickshaws have started to appear in huge numbers in many Pakistanicities.Wikipedia:Citation neededIn January 2007 the Sri Lankan government also banned two-stroke trishaws to reduce air pollution. In thePhilippines there are projects to convert carburated two-stroke engines to direct-injected via Envirofit technology.Research has shown LPG or CNG gas direct-injection to be retrofit-able to existing engines in similar fashion to theEnvirofit system. In Vigan City majority of tricycles-for-hire as of 2008 are powered by motorcycles withfour-stroke engines, as tricycles with two-stroke motorcycles are prevented from receiving operating permits. Directinjection is standard equipment on new machines in India.In March 2009 an international consortium coordinated by the International Centre for Hydrogen EnergyTechnologies initiated a two-year public-private partnership of local and international stakeholders aiming atoperating a fleet of 15 hydrogen-fueled three-wheeled vehicles in New Delhi's Pragati Maidan complex. As ofJanuary 2011, the project was upon completion.Wikipedia:Citation neededIn the meantime, in October, 2011, the Department of Transportation for the U.S. approved the complete 2012 series of American made, all-electric tuk tuks by Electro Technologies. Chassis were still being shipped in from Thailand, but now with the inclusion of all electrical components as manufactured only in the U.S. with assembly completed in

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Chattanooga, Tennessee. The American made electric tuk tuks were unique in that they were charged throughcommon 110v outlets providing a range of 60 to 100(+) miles per charge (depending upon model and conditions)with a recharge time between 4 to 6 hours. The Electro Technologies Tuk Tuks topped out at 40 miles per hourwhich perfectly addresses the needs of their design; niche urban mobile transportation.Wikipedia:Citation neededThe greatest obstacle to daily usage in niche urban mobile commercial transportation was addressed in 2013 byElectro Technologies when they introduced their quick-release battery pack allowing for restoration of 100% poweravailability in just a few short minutes. This commercial upgrade allowed niche urban transportation businesses tooperate 24/7 with no interruption to business.

Traffic issuesAuto rickshaws have a top-speed of around 50 km/h (about 31 mph) and a cruising speed of around 35 km/h(22 mph), much slower than the automobiles they share the road with. Traffic authorities in big cities try toimplement mechanisms to reduce the resulting traffic slowing, but none have proven effective.Wikipedia:CitationneededThe MMW Tuk Tuk has a top speed of around 70 mph and with the introduction of the new turbo will have muchimproved acceleration, to allow for increased speed these Tuk Tuks have anti-roll bars and are fitted with discbrakes.Wikipedia:Citation neededThe triangular form of the vehicle makes maneuvering easy, with the single front wheel negotiating the availablegap, and the rear two wheels forcing a larger space. Care must be taken even at low speeds, however, because of thestability problems of three-wheeler vehicles with a single front wheel. Such a "delta"-configuration three-wheelercan easily roll if the driver turns while braking.Wikipedia:Citation neededIn the Philippines, 2-stroke motor tricycle such as Yamaha RS-100T can give a top speed of 55 km/h (one passengerin the sidecar), or 30–40 km/h (full passengers in the sidecar).Wikipedia:Citation neededMore powerful four-stroke motor tricycles such as Honda TMX & Yamaha STX & Bajaj CT-100 can give a topspeed up to 70–85 km/h (special trip/one passenger) or 40–50 km/h (full passengers).Wikipedia:Citation needed

RacingDue to their relatively low top-speed, auto rickshaws have never lent themselves to conventional road or streetracing. However, their modest speed, simple construction and impressive fuel economy has endeared them to theinternational amateur adventuring community, most notably with the Rickshaw Run and also the IndianAutorickshaw Challenge, and even off-road racing with the Apecar competitions in Italy. A Tuk Tuk built by Art InMotion, LLC competed in the 2008 Fireball Run II – Back to the Track

Portrayal in mediaAuto rickshaws are often portrayed in Indian films (Auto Shankar, Basha, Aye Auto, Oram Po, Hero Hiralal) as wellas some Hollywood and foreign productions such as the James Bond film Octopussy, the Canada-India film Amaland the Indonesian movie Pembalasan Rambu. Auto rickshaws are also prominent in the fuel-poor London of 2027A.D. depicted in Children of Men. A memorable tuk-tuk chase features in the Thai film Ong-Bak: Muay ThaiWarrior, climaxing with many of them driving off the edge of an unfinished elevated expressway. The video gamesJust Cause 2, Stuntman, and Battlefield: Bad Company 2: Vietnam feature Tuk-Tuks as drivable vehicles. JamesBond (Pierce Brosnan) rides in a tuk-tuk in a Visa Card commercial.

Auto rickshaw 14

Notes[1] History of Tuk-Tuk (http:/ / www. thailandtuktuk. com/ history-tuktuk-en/ )[2] Dinesh.com "AutoRickshaw" (http:/ / www. dinesh. com/ india_info/ only_in_india/ autorickshaw. html)[3] ミ ゼ ッ ト 物 語 木 村 信 之 著 高 原 書 店 (http:/ / www. takaharabooks. com/ item/ 0000810000000037. asp)（Nobuyuki

Kimura "Story of Midget", Published on November 10, 1998）[4][4] Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. public relations section[5] BANGKOK SHUHO Newspaper (http:/ / www. bangkokshuho. com/ archive/ 2007/ weekly/ 07archives/ keizai1297. htm#11) ■Ｎ Ｐ Ｏ

み ら い ネ ッ ト ワ ー ク 寄 附 講 座 、 ホ テ ル 観 光 学 科 の 学 生 に 日 タ イ 関 係 を ピ ー ア ー ル 日 本

で の 就 職 機 会 に 関 心

[6] /index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=321:2009-11-30-05-34-59&catid=54:2009-09-09-07-52-31&Itemid=232 Royal ThaiEmbassy Tokyo, Japan (http:/ / www. thaiembassy. jp/ rte1) 日 本 生 ま れ の タ イ の ト ゥ ク ト ゥ ク(Tuk-Tuk of Thailand wasborn in Japan.)

[7][7] The Japanese Government abolished the three-wheeler license in 1965.[8] Typical fuel economy for an Indian-made auto rickshaw is around 35 kilometers per liter of petrol (about 2.9 L per 100 km, or 82 miles per

US gallon [United States], 100 miles per Imperial gallon [United Kingdom & Canada].Wikipedia:Citation needed[9] http:/ / www. newkerala. com/ news/ story/ 12553/ maharashtra-govt-refuses-to-increase-autorickshaw-taxi-fares. html[10] The Invasion of the Moto-Taxis (http:/ / www. nicagazette. com/ 2011/ 03/ the-invasion-of-the-moto-taxis/ )

References

External links• Article: Hybrid tuk-tuks are coming (http:/ / www. erasmuspc. com/ index. php?id=18544& type=article)• The India 1000 (http:/ / www. wired. com/ wired/ archive/ 15. 01/ posts. html?pg=5) – an article in Wired about

auto rickshaw racing• Dial-a-rickshaw services changing the auto-rickshaw ecosystem (http:/ / www. punemirror. in/ index.

aspx?page=article& sectid=2& contentid=201109142011091401333080224ebcfd8)

Article Sources and Contributors 15

Article Sources and ContributorsAuto rickshaw  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607847244  Contributors: 119gh, A bit iffy, AHands, AMuseo, Aakkshay, Aarem, Abhishek191288, Acroterion, Adam Carr,Adamstraw99, Ae-a, After Midnight, Agent 78787, Agnesknosis, Agordhandas, Ahoerstemeier, Ajcodes, Alansohn, Albert Pujols, Ambarish, AndreevAV, Andrei Stroe, AndyZ, Anetode,Anilisanil, Anna Frodesiak, Anoop, Anton Leddin, Anupam, Aprilrain82, Apuwdm2, Arjunravinarayan, Arvindn, Ashwatham, Asnatu wiki, AtholM, Austin Hair, Autocity, Avashnirvana,Awg97, AxelBoldt, Bagoto, BarretB, Barvennon, Battleaxe1973, Bentley4, Bernie843, Bgag, Bilsonius, Blaiq, Bluemoose, Bnreddy, Bobblewik, Bonadea, BorgQueen, BrEdWhite, Brianhe,Brog Likes Rocks, Bruce Hall, C. Phillip Tallant, CalJW, Candleabracadabra, Carbonyte, CaroleHenson, Cavalier24601, Cgkapp, Chancemill, ChicXulub, Chirag, Chirags, Chris 73, Chris thespeller, Ckatz, ClaudineChionh, Cmdrjameson, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Copysan, Courcelles, Cptcptcpt1, Crazymapleleaf, D'pak HKadam, D22, DaGizza, Dale Arnett, Danyal2002,Darkwind, Darvit Chandhurai, Daryona, David Gerard, De728631, DeadEyeArrow, Deepak, Deeptrivia, Degen Earthfast, Dekimasu, Demoniccathandler, Dennis Bratland, Diabolical mdog,Diannaa, Dori, DoveOfLove, Drbreznjev, Duyệt-phố, EZio, Earthlyreason, Easwarno1, Ed Cormany, Editore99, Edward321, Eelamstylez77, El C, ElementFire, Encephalon, Erianna, EthicallyYours, FahimF, Fastfission, Fences and windows, Ferrierd, FetteK, Firsfron, Foolfromhell, Forderud, Gaius Cornelius, Gandhietami, Ganeshk, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Gauravchauhan4, Gdr,Gell075, Geni, Geniac, Geoffrey Leonard VII, Gibird, Gidonb, Giraffedata, Graham87, Gregory Dziedzic, Groyolo, Guanaco, Gulzarg, Gyrofrog, Hadal, Hadeer08, HaiNgLakbay, Hairy Dude,Hassocks5489, Hayabusa future, Henry Flower, Hippietrail, Hmains, Howcheng, Hu12, Hvnk, Hwt4321, IFaqeer, IMpbt, IScorpio, IceUnshattered, Icseaturtles, Ijliao, Iner22, InnocentMind,Interiot, Inwind, Iranway, IronDuke, ItsZippy, Izwalito, JR789, Jackbrown, Jainpratiek, Jal, Jeepday, Jeffrey O. Gustafson, Jeltz, Jengod, Jim62sch, JoJo, John of Reading, Johnuniq, Jongleur100,Jorobeq, Jorran, JoshDieter, JoshyDinda, KLL Joe, KRS, Kalivd, Kaushal mehta, KayEss, Kaysov, Ke4roh, Keinstein, Keithbob, KenFehling, Kenshinflyer, Kenwarren, KevinRachel2010,Khazar, Kimdino, Kimo4ever72, Kingsleyj, Kiran 6853, KnightxxArrow, Knipptang, Kppethe, Kwamikagami, Kzaral, L-Bit, Lanka007, LeaveSleaves, Liftarn, LilHelpa, LogX, Lorax027,LordSimonofShropshire, LorenzoB, LostTemplar, Love Krittaya, Lupin, Maestrosync, Mahjongg, Mahmudmasri, Mandarax, Manoj 666, Mariordo, Mark Richards, Mark Zinthefer, Martzelino,Materialscientist, Matt Crypto, Mav, Maverik, Maximus Rex, Mcarling, Mdann52, Mediaguyz, Merbabu, Mercunis, Meursault2004, Mgiganteus1, Michael Hardy, MickMacNee, MikeLynch,Mikeblas, Mild Bill Hiccup, Miraclediver, Mkouklis, Mohsin17, Mpatel, Muhammad Mahdi Karim, Mullickprashant, Mydogtrouble, Nankai, Niceguyedc, Nichalp, Nick Number, Nikkul,Nipunsaini2003, Nireekshit, Nolelover, Norm, Northamerica1000, Ns336, Ny512, Oldmanrallier, Omegakent, Omeiryusuf, OnePt618, Pare Mo, Parvez gsm, Patrick, PaulinSaudi, Pearle, Peeyushmaurya, Percy Meza, Peridon, Perudon, Pete.sonderskov, Philologus, PigFlu Oink, Pigkeeper, Pinethicket, Pisethinfo, Plutonium27, Pratheek, Pratheepps, Praveenindiaa, Psubhashish, Pwt898,R6MaY89, Raghu.kuttan, Rajasekaran Deepak, Raul654, Ravidreams, Rayabhari, Rayne117, Rdhinakar, RedWolf, Reji Jacob, Rich257, Rjwilmsi, RobDe68, Robert Elliott, RobertG,Robynireton, RoyBoy, Rrjanbiah, Rsrikanth05, RyanTMulligan, SD5, SajjadF, SameerKhan, Samsujata, Sansonic, Santamoly, Sbharris, Seba5618, Sebwite, Seth Ilys, Shashvat, Shell Kinney,Shockosugi, Shreshth91, Shyamsunder, Signalhead, Sindhi91, Sissiak, Sitush, Skthetwo, Sladen, Slon02, Smilo Don, Snigbrook, Sonett72, Soulparadox, Speer320, Srs, Stefan Jansen,Stephensuleeman, Stevew1, Stian, Stonebronzeiron, Suhit Kelkar, Sun Creator, Sundar, Sundarnut, Supten, Susurrus, Syiem, Takeaway, Taxman, Teabagrumon, TerraHikaru, TestPilot, Thaejas,Thane, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheAL, TheAutoJunkie, Theoffice89, Theoneinblue, Theparties, ThomasJessica, Thought-and-Memory, Thumperward, Tide rolls, Tpbradbury, Tresiden,Tri400, Trident13, TrojanSkin, TukTukTransport, Tuktukmike, Unisouth, Utcursch, VK35, Varghese85, Vblanton, Veggies, Veinor, Velella, Velhinho1234, VeryVerily, Victorgrigas, Vij4yd,Viranj, Vishaltayal, Viveksinha in, Volunteer Marek, Vssun, Waggers, Wandering canadian, WarrenA, Wavelength, Well-rested, Wer900, WereSpielChequers, Westernpit, Whitetararaj, Whoosit,Widr, Wiki-uk, Wikicentral, Wikky Horse, Woohookitty, WotWeiller, Wtmitchell, Wtwilson3, Ww2censor, Wykebjs, YUL89YYZ, Yellow-lab, Yelyos, Ynhockey, Yogesh Khandke, Zenit,Zocky, 爆 笑 連 合, 525 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Autorickshaw Bangalore.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Autorickshaw_Bangalore.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Jovianeye, Muhammad Mahdi Karim,Roland zhFile:Tuk-tuk in Sri Racha 01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tuk-tuk_in_Sri_Racha_01.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:Ilya pFile:Three-wheel Taxi (7185455520).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Three-wheel_Taxi_(7185455520).jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: David Stanley from Nanaimo, CanadaFile:Marché Chepén.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Marché_Chepén.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AgainErick, Bukk, Denniss, Pwin, 1 anonymouseditsFile:Tuk-tuk in Mek'ele.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tuk-tuk_in_Mek'ele.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors:Bernard GagnonFile:Three wheeler in Pingyao.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Three_wheeler_in_Pingyao.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: LuoShaoyang from Beijing, ChinaFile:1957 Daihatsu Midget 01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1957_Daihatsu_Midget_01.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Mytho88File:Tuk-tuk in Nairobi 2.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tuk-tuk_in_Nairobi_2.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: DaryonaFile:Cngs dhaka.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cngs_dhaka.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Volunteer MarekFile:Phnom Pen - Tuk Tuk (1).JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phnom_Pen_-_Tuk_Tuk_(1).JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Remi JouanFile:Auto-rickshaw in Haikou - 02.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Auto-rickshaw_in_Haikou_-_02.jpg  License: Creative Commons Zero  Contributors: User:AnnaFrodesiakFile:India Victor Grigas 2011-4.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_Victor_Grigas_2011-4.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:VictorgrigasFile:Auto rickshaw antique.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Auto_rickshaw_antique.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:NireekshitFile:Auto Rickshaw Interior.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Auto_Rickshaw_Interior.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:ItsZippyFile:Tuk-tuk in Savannakhet 01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tuk-tuk_in_Savannakhet_01.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Ilya pFile:RickshawPak.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RickshawPak.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Omeiryusuf at en.wikipedia. Laterversion(s) were uploaded by Tom dl at en.wikipedia.File:Put put put....jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Put_put_put....jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Waqas Mustafeez from Stanford,USAImage:Tricycle-Philippines-Dumaguete.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tricycle-Philippines-Dumaguete.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Wtmitchell(talk) (earlier Boracay Bill). Original uploader was Wtmitchell at en.wikipediaImage:Kalibo trike.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kalibo_trike.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Kaliboaklan (talk).Original uploader was Kaliboaklan at en.wikipediaImage:Banaue Philippines Local-Taxi-01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Banaue_Philippines_Local-Taxi-01.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:CccefalonImage:Tuk-Tuk Sri Lanka.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tuk-Tuk_Sri_Lanka.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Bernard GagnonFile:Traffic police tuk tuk Chiang Mai.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Traffic_police_tuk_tuk_Chiang_Mai.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0  Contributors: User:TakeawayFile:Xe lam Mỹ Tho.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Xe_lam_Mỹ_Tho.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Ian Armstrongfrom Travelling the world at moment, Australia

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 16

File:Piaggio Ape C.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Piaggio_Ape_C.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader wasUglyKidJoe at de.wikipediaImage:Brighton to Newhaven along the coast 056.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brighton_to_Newhaven_along_the_coast_056.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Briantist at en.wikipediaFile:ES Mototaxi 06 2011 1973.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ES_Mototaxi_06_2011_1973.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:MariordoFile:Coco taxis.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coco_taxis.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Jongleur100File:Guayaquil mototaxi 06 2011 1898.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Guayaquil_mototaxi_06_2011_1898.JPG  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Mariordo

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