AUTHORITY

The power to influence thought and behavior

PowerThe ability for A to get B to do what B would

normally not do

Sources of Authority

BureaucraticPersonalTechnical-rationalProfessionalMoral

Bureaucratic - Source

HierarchyRules And Regulations MandatesRole ExpectationTeachers Are Expected To Comply Or Face

The Consequences

Bureaucratic - Assumptions

Teachers Are SubordinatesTeachers Can’t Be TrustedSupervisors Are TrustworthySupervisors’ And Teachers’ Goals DifferSupervisors Must Be WatchfulSupervisors Know More Than TeachersExternal Accountability Works Best

Bureaucratic - Strategies

Expect and InspectHold teachers to predetermined standardsDirectly supervise and closely monitorDetermine teacher needs and In-service

themFind out how to motivate teacher and get

them to change

Bureaucratic Supervision

HierarchyRules And Regulations MandatesRole Expectation

Teachers Are Expected To Comply Or Face The Consequences

Bureaucratic - Consequences

With proper monitoring, teachers respond as technicians in executing predetermined scripts

Teachers’ performance is narrowed

Personal - Source

Motivation technologyInterpersonal skillsHuman relations leadershipTeachers will want to comply because of the

congenial climate provided and to reap rewards offered in exchange.

Personal - Assumptions

Supervisors’ And Teachers’ Goals Differ but can be bartered so each gets what they want

Meet teachers’ needs & the work gets doneCongenial climate makes teachers content,

easier to work with & more apt to cooperateSupervisors must be expert at handling

people to increase compliance & performance

Personal - Strategies

Develop a congenial school climateExpect and rewardWhat gets rewarded gets

done

Personal Supervision

Motivation technologyInterpersonal skillsHuman relations Supervision

Teachers will want to comply because of the congenial climate provided and to reap rewards offered in exchange.

Personal - Consequences

Teachers respond as required when rewards are available but not otherwise.Performance is narrowed

Technical Rationality - Source

Evidence by logic and scientific researchTeachers comply in light of

what is considered to be the truth

Technical Rationality - Assumptions

Supervision & teaching are applied sciences

Knowledge & research is privilegedScientific knowledge supercedes practice Teachers are skilled techniciansValues, preferences & beliefs don’t count

- facts & objective evidence do

Technical Rationality - Strategies

Use research to identify the best practice

Standardize the work of teachersIn-service teachers in the best

practiceMonitor to insure compliance

Technical Rational Supervision

Evidence by logic and scientific research

Teachers comply in light of what is considered to be the truth

Technical Rationality - Consequences

With proper monitoring, teachers respond as technicians in executing predetermined scripts.

Performance is narrowed

Professional - Source

Informed knowledge of craftPersonal expertise Teacher responds on the basis of

professional values, accepted tenets of practice, and internalized expertness

Professional - Assumptions

No one best way existsScientific knowledge is to inform not

to prescribe practiceAcceptance of authority comes from

within the teacherSupervisor is respected for knowledge,

training & experience

Professional - Strategies

Promote a dialogue among teachers to determine accepted practices

Provide teachers with as much discretion as they want or need

Require teachers to hold each other accountableMake available assistance, support &

professional development opportunities

Professional Supervision

Informed knowledge of craftPersonal expertise Teachers respond on the basis of

professional values, accepted tenets of practice, and internalized expertness

Professional - Consequences

Teachers respond to professional norms and thus little monitoring is required.

Performance is expansive.

Moral - Source

Full obligation and duties derived from widely shared community values, ideas and ideals

Teachers respond to shared commitments and felt interdependence

Moral - Assumptions

Schools are professional learning communities

Schools are defined by their shared values, beliefs & commitments

What is right and good is as important as what works & is effective

Collegiality is a professional virtue

Moral - Strategies

Promote collegialityRely on teachers to respond to their

own sense of duties and obligationsRely on teachers informal norm

system to enforce professional and community values

Moral Supervision

Full obligation and duties derived from widely shared community values, ideas and ideals

Teachers respond to shared commitments and felt interdependence

Moral - Consequences

Teachers respond to community values for moral reasons

Performance is expansive and sustained.

Sergiovanni

Supervision IBureaucraticPersonalTechnical-rational

Supervision IIProfessionalMoral

WHICH IS THE BEST WAY TO SUPERVISE IN THE SCHOOL SETTING?

INSANITY

DO EVERYTHING THE WAY WE HAVE ALWAYS DONE IT AND EXPECT DIFFERENT RESULTS

IMPROVEMENT OF RESULTS REQUIRES CHANGE