austrian energy agency

Austrian Energy Agency | 03/09/10 | Seite 1

Austrian Energy AgencyThe Implementing Agreement on Advanced Fuel Cells - Focus: Fuel Cells for Stationary Applications

Dr. Günter R. Simader,Constantin Gampe, DI Julia Gsellmann


Contents

Introduction to the AFC programmeActivities of Task XIX/25: Stationary applicationsAnalysis of the Austrian economic framework for the introduction of fuel cell/micro CHP systemsSummary


Aims, scope & participation

Aims to advance knowledge in the field of (advanced) fuel cellsTask shared R&D + info exchangeCovers technologies and applications for:

Polymer Fuel Cells (PEFC)Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC)

19 participating countriesPresent period: 2009 – 2013Website: http://www.ieafuelcell.com/


Participating countries


Annex structure

Technology annexes Application annexes

MCFC

SOFC

PEFC

Stationary

Transport

Portable


IEA AFC programme2009-2013

MCFC

SOFC

PEFC

R&D activities• Materials development (all)• Component development (all)• Stack/system modelling (PEFC, SOFC)• Biomass fuelling (MCFC)

Demonstration activities• Exchange of experience (MCFC. SOFC)


IEA AFC programme2009-2013

Stationary

Transport

Portable

Demonstration activities• Exchange of demonstration experience• System studies

Commercialisation activities• Market & cost studies• Well-to-wheel studies

Supporting activities• Support to codes & standards authorities

In collaboration with other IEA Agreements including Hydrogen and Hybrid & Electric Vehicles


Austria‘s particiation in theIEA AFC

since Autumn 2004ExCo representation:

Austrian Energy Agency and Fuel Cell Laboratory/TU Graz

Participation in the following Annexes:Annex XIX/25 - Stationary applications: Austrian Energy AgencyAnnex XVI/22 - PEFC: Fuel Cell Laboratory/TU GrazAnnex XXI/27 - Portable applications: Fuel Cell Laboratory/TU Graz

End of term report: 2004 - 2008Websites

National: http://www.energyagency.at/projekte/iea_afc07-09.htm


Introduction to Task 25 (formerTask XIX): Stationary applications

Main objective is to better understand how stationary fuel cell systems may be deployed in energy systemsSubtask structure is as follows:

Subtask 1: Small Stationary Fuel CellsSubtask leader; Ulf Birnbaum FZJ, GermanySubtask 2: Fuels for Fuel CellsSubtask leader: ENEA, Italy and Adwin Martens, WaterstofNet, Belgium (hydrogen)Subtask 3: Fuel cell plant componentsSubtask leader: Rolf Rosenberg, VTT, FinlandSubtask 4: Analyzing design, operating and control strategies for stationary fuel cells systemsSubtask leader: Whitney Collela, Sandia NL. USASubtask 5: Follow up of demonstrations projects Subtask leader: Stephan Renz, SwitzerlandSubtask 6: Market statusSubtask leader: Bengt Ridell, Grontmij, Sweden


Focus and Motivation of AEA activities within Task 25

FocusAnalysis of the techno-economic framework for the deployment of fuel cells/micro CHPs in AustriaIdentification of niche markets and of market segments for the deployment of fuel cells/micro CHPs in Austria (residential sector, applications in the industrial and commercial sectors) SWOT-Analysis for the market introduction of fuel cells/micro CHPs(incl. market transformation efforts)

MotivationHeat market is characterised by an old boiler stock in AustriaEBPD - Energy Performance of Buildings Directive

Article 6: MS shall ensure that – before construction starts – the technical, environmental and economic feasibility of high-efficiency alternative systems is considered and taken into account (incl. CHP solutions)Article 8: ... advice for operators of inefficient boilers for adequate replacements and/or alternative solutions

Market introduction of boilers and micro CHPs received major attention by Austrian Bund/Länder authoritiesFirst subsidy schemes for micro CHPs are already in place


Boiler stock in Austria

LPG

Pelle

ts

woo

d ch

ips

solid

foss

il fu

els

gas

oil

woo

d

heat

pum

p

0-9

year

s10

-19

year

s>

20 y

ears

unkn

own

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000N

umbe

r of

boi

lers

0-9 years

10-19 years

> 20 years

unknown

30 % (450.000) of 1,46 mill. boilers in the residentialsector have an age > 20 years.


Fuel cells/micro CHPs: State of the art in Europe

60 % @ 1,5 kWel (Hi)

25 - 30 % (Hi)(goal: > 30 %)

32 % (Hi)Electrical efficiency

Demo projects with German utilities

announced, commercial by ?

30 systems in Callux project, commercial by

2013 ?

34 systems in Callux project, commercial by

2013 ?

Market implementation

GasGasGasFuel

Ca. 85 % (Hi)> 90 (Hi)96 % (Hi)Total efficiency

Not specified4 – 20 kW3,5 -15 or3,5 -20 kW

Aux. Burner

0,3 – 1 kW2,5 kW1,7 kWThermal output

2 kW1 kW1 kW (mod. 30 %)

Electrical output

SOFCSOFCLT-PEMFuel cell type

CFCL: Blue GenHexis AG: Galileo N

Baxi Innotech: Gamma 1.0

Courtesy: Baxi, Sulzer & CFCL


Micro CHP technology portfolio: from R&D to competitive markets

Fuel cell systems are still in the early phase of product commercialisation for competitive markets


Commercialization of residential fuel cells in Japan

Residential fuel cell systems

0.7–1.0 kW PEFC + heat recovery (CHP)Three manufacturesSubsidization program initiated

1/2 of users’ costs (system + installation) up to 1.4M JPY1,500 units installed (as of Sep. 2009)+ 3,307 in 2004 to 2008SOFC demonstration project incl. 5 projects (0,7 kWel) shows electr. eff. > 40 % (Hi)1 € = 107,4 Yen1 Mio Yen = 9.345,8 €


Analysis of the specific Austrianframework

Parallel to the EU and international developments the framework of the implementation of fuel cell/micro CHPs was analysed for AustriaFive model cases (building categories) reflecting typical Austrian buildings were selected:

single family houses: new & existingmulti family houses: new & existingsmall office building: refurbished

The specifications of Austrian model cases are based on Statistic Austria data setsSpecific Austrian reference climate conditions were definedTypical load profiles following VDI 4655 were usedDue to missing fuel cell demonstrators in Austria state-of-the-art micro CHP systems were used for the analysisAnalysis in the last period (2004 – 2008) focused to the commercial/tourism sectors;five fuel cell demonstrators were tested by Austrian utility companies

Single Family house - typical one day load profile category ÜWB

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:0010:0

012:0

014:0

016:0

018:0

020:0

022:0

0 Time

Per

cent

age

of d

aily

de

man

d

Electricaldemand,standardized,cumulatedspace heating,standardized,cumulated

hot water,standardized,cumulated

Com parison of long term average tem peratures of selected clim ate zones according to DIN 4710 with Austria's

reference climate

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

Mea

n te

mpe

ratu

re [°

C]

Reference climateAustria

Munich City,German Climatezone 13

Eppingen, Germanclimate zone 12

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Five model cases (buildingcategories)

Residential buildings Office building

Existing single family home

New single family home

Existing multi –family home

New multi –family home

Refurbished office building

Building phase 1961-1981 2010 1961-1981 2010 1971, renovated

Gross-external area 150 m² 150m² 560m² 560m² 3.600m²

Number of inhabitants / flats 3 3 6 6 -

Specific heat demand 219,0 kWh/m²a 46,6 kWh/m²a 130,2 kWh/m²a 35,7 kWh/m²a 40,8 kWh/m²a

Specific domestic hot water demand 12,5 kWh/m²a 12,5 kWh/m²a 12,5 kWh/m²a 12,5 kWh/m²a 4,7 kWh/m²a

Total heat demand 34.760 kWh/a 8.900 kWh/a 80.060 kWh/a 27.140 kWh/a 164.700 kWh/a

Demand of electrical energy 3.069 kWh/a 3.069 kWh/a 1.974 kWh/a /flat 1.974 kWh/a /flat 129.450 kWh/a

Standard heat load 14,0 kW 4,3 kW 37,3 kW 14,6 kW 103,0 kW

Austrian Energy Agency | 03/09/10 | Seite 17Austrian Energy Agency | 03/09/10 | page 17

Planning and selection of micro CHP system: Example multi-family house(existing)

Existing multi-family house - sorted annual heat output

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000hours

heat

out

put [

kW] course of demand of heat (space

heating and hot water)Heat provided by CHP unit

Full load operationpeak load burner

chp unitloading thermal storage system

unloading thermal storage system


Market-ready CHP plants


Source: PowerPlus GmbHSource: Senertec GmbH Source: Energiezentrum NRW

Dachs G 5.5 Ecopower e3.0 WhisperGeninternal

combustion engine

internal combustion

enginestirling engine

Rated PowerRated thermal power [kW] 12,5 4 - 8 7,5Rated electrical power [kW] 5,5 1,3 - 3 1Efficiencyelectrical [%] 27 25 12thermal [%] 61 65 83total [%] 88 90 95


Investment costs


Existing single family home

New single family home

Existing multi –family home

New multi – family home

Renovated office building

Micro CHP System 1 kWel/ 7,5 kWth 1 kWel/ 7,5 kWth 3 kWel/ 8 kWth 1 kWel/ 7,5 kWth 5,5 kWel/ 12,5 kWth

CHP unit 5693,40 5693,40 11886,20 5693,40 17840,82Peak heating system, chimney, 4700,00 1700,00 7080,00 6480,00 22412,34Installation 1548,90 1548,90 3457,24 2218,68 6986,99

Gas condensing boiler 3600,00 3600,00 4200,00 3600,00 13295,45Chimney 480,00 480,00 840,00 840,00 2659,09Buffer - - 2040,00 2040,00 6457,79Installation 720,00 720,00 1080,00 1080,00 3418,83

Costs micro CHP system [€]

Costs reference heating system [€]


Pay back period of additional investment - taking account of annual discounted payments, feed-in tarif and investment incentive

Investment incentive: Feed-in tariff similiar to German tariffs („KWK – Gesetz“):25% of the Investment for the CHP system (incl. installation)

Self used: 5,11 [ct/kWh]Feed into grid: 10,30 [ct/kWh]

-20.000

-15.000

-10.000

-5.000

0

5.000

10.000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Acc

umul

ated

, dis

coun

ted

cash

flow

[€

]

Pay-back period [a]

Existing single family houseNew single family houseExisting multi-family houseNew multi-family houseRenovated office building


Pay back period of additional investment - effects of subsidies on pay-back period of assumed CHP unit in renovated office building

-25000

-20000

-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

0 5 10 15 20

Accu

mul

ated

, dis

coun

ted c

ash

flow

[€]

Pay-back period [a]

investment incentive

investment incentive and feed-in tariff

no subsidies

Investment incentive: Feed-in tariff similiar to German tariffs („KWK – Gesetz“):25% of the Investment for the CHP system (incl. installation)

Self used: 5,11 [ct/kWh]Feed into grid: 10,30 [ct/kWh]


Analysis of CO2eq. emissionsand CED

Renovated office building - CO2equ., cumulated energy

demand (CED)

74.087

25.841

0

100.000

200.000

300.000

400.000

500.000

600.000

CO2-equivalent

[kg]

CED - Sum[kwh]

[kg]

/ [k

Wh]

Renovatedoffice building,CHP

Renovatedoffice building,conventionalheating

Savingscompared toconventionalsystem

Residential buildings - CO2equ., cumulated energy demand (CED)

21.689

8.9319.651

3.502

21.465

55.689

12.382

34.505

0

20.000

40.000

60.000

80.000

100.000

120.000

140.000

CO2-equivalent [kg] CED - Sum [kwh]

[kg]

/ [k

Wh]

Existing Single familyhouse, CHP

Existing single familyhouse, conventionalheating

New single family house,CHP

New single family house,conventional heating

Existing multi-familyhouse, CHP

Existing multi-familyhouse, conventionalheatingNew multi-family house,CHP

New multi family house,conventional heating

Savings compared toconventional system


ConclusionsAustrian IEA participation shows a positive picture concerning International co-operations and know-how transfer from and to AustriaResults of International demonstration projects may be accessed and lessons were learned by the market introduction programmes of the leading industrialised countries (avoiding expensive national R&D demos) European stationary programmes show no clear picture concerning the advantages of fuel cells compared to alternative state-of-the-art CHP technologies (so far)Japanese stationary demonstrators in the residential sector outreach already existing micro-CHP systems based on ICE, stirling and micro turbine concerning electrical efficiency und justify public involvements in fuel cell technology. However, progress in cost reduction is still necessary to achieve commercial viability.The Austrian framework has to be significantly improved both by investment subsidies and(!) by feed-in tariffs (similar to the German „KWK Gesetz 2009“) in order to initiate investments in the micro CHP sector (missing level playing field)Acceptable economic conditions from an end-user perspective are to be found in multi-family houses (>> 6 flats), office buildings and in the commercial/tourism sectors (taking into account subsidy schemes both for the investment and feed-in tariffs) but not in single family houses. Emission reductions in all model cases have to be described as significant if fuel cells would be implemented in the residential sector (this also applies for primary energy savings!)


Thank you for yourattention!

Dr. Günter Simader

Research unit: Energy systemsAustrian Energy Agency

Tel.: 01 5861524-124

E-Mail: [email protected]

Websites:IEA: http://www.ieafuelcell.com/AEA: http://www.energyagency.at/energietechnologien/aktuelle-projekte/afc.htmlBMVIT/IEA: http://www.nachhaltigwirtschaften.at/iea/index.html


Pay-back period of additional investment – taking intoaccount of annual discounted payments, withoutsubsidies

-25.000

-20.000

-15.000

-10.000

-5.000

00 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Acc

umul

ated

, dis

coun

ted

cash

flow

[€]

Pay-back period [a]

Existing single family house

New single family house

Existing multi-family house

New multi-family house

Renovated office building

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