AUSTRALIAN P E N A E I N A E 219

sulcus absent. Antennal spine large, the carina reaching | distance between spine and hepatic spine. Cervical sulcus straight, feeble, wide, its upper end indistinct. Hepatic sulcus pronounced, -J-1 length carapace, inclined downwards a t angle of 15° to horizontal, sinuous, posterior end indistinct and curving upwards, ending a t | carapace a t level of hepatic spine; hepatic carina distinct only for lower | sulcus, starting below hepatic spine and running towards sharp pterygostomial angle. Feeble indications of a branchiocardiac sulcus usually present.

Antennules.—Flagella subequal, 0-85 length peduncle, and 0-6 length carapace in and £ length peduncle and | length carapace in Prosar tema reaching t ip of junction of peduncle of eye with cornea, stylocerite at ta ining basal segment.

Thoracic appendages.—Third maxilliped reaching f rom f to slightly exceeding carpocerite; 1st pereiopod reaching f rom pterygostomial angle, to base of carpocerite; 2nd reaching f rom base to \ carpocerite; 3rd reaching f rom tip to exceeding carpocerite by dactyl ; 4th reaching base of, 5 th reaching t ip of carpocerite. Masti-gobranchiae on 1st and 2nd pereiopods, ischial spines absent.

Abdomen.—Dorsally carinated f rom middle 4th somite, carinae of 4th and 5tli ending in angular, sometimes very minutely spinous projections, t h a t of 6th ending in large spine. The 3rd and anterior 4 th somites with feeble dorsal sulcus or fiat-topped strip indicating its position, often present on 1st and 2nd somites also. Four th somite with 1, 5th with 1, 6th with 3 pairs of faint lateral cicatrices. Telson unarmed.

Gastric mill (Fig. 27G).—Cardiac plate with 17-21 spinules. Zygocardiac ossicle 3 principal + upper row of 7 -8 smaller and lower cluster of about 25 tee th ; 5 teeth on edge of cardiac pla te ; prepyloric with 9-12 lateral teeth.

Petasma (Fig. 277), E).—Reaching basis of 4th pereiopods, with pair apical spout-like projections directed anterolaterally and opening ventrally, distance between their apices almost equal t h a t of distolateral projections, which is ? to ta l length petasma. Pe tasma constricted a t 0-7 its length; a pair of very large prominent lateral proximal projections, slightly curved dorsally, ending posteriorly in knob-like processes.

Appendix masculina (Fig. 27F).—Distal piece with expanded, flattened disto-lateral region inclined at 45° to longitudinal axis and £ length basal piece.

Thelycum (Fig. 27C).—Anterior plate slightly concave, length 0-7-0-8 wid th ; with 2 low tubercles on posterior edge separated by shallow median depression and articulating with corresponding pair of tubercles on rectangular posterior sternal plate, lat ter with tubercle bearing t u f t of setae.

Colour [freshly preserved).—Four wide whitish transverse bands, evenly spaced along carapace and abdomen, edged with narrow pink bands, region between white and pink bands light to dark brown; appendages pink to red.

Distribution Keppel Bay to Gulf of Carpentaria, Qld.; Indonesia, Singapore, Hong Kong,

Gulf of Martaban, Bombay (Kubo 1949). Abundance in commercial quantit ies has been reported for Keppel Bay.

220 \V. DALE

Discussion Burkenroad (19346) does not regard the shorter rost rum of $ as being even

a variant of normal form, but "an adult instar ul t imately a t ta ined by all males". While <j>$ often seem to have damaged rostra, this apparent ly being a feature of slender, long rostra generally, none examined were as short as those of which seem to have been derived by the unarmed portion being broken off close to the last tooth. Tips of all $ rostra were variable and appeared slightly malformed. Alcock (1906) states t h a t the unarmed portion is often lost, and presumably had examined intact adult ^ ^ . I t may be tha t just before reaching adult instar, is for some reason more likely to suffer rostral damage, possibly because $ ros t rum is less robust than tha t of

Kubo (1949) elevates P. sculptilis var. cultrirostris to P. cultrirostris bu t it is significant t h a t Kubo did not examine any $ P. sculptilis nor any $ P. cultrirostris. The description of the lat ter agrees well with t h a t of $ $ described above. Position of epigastric tooth, sulcation of postrostral carina and 1st and 2nd abdominal somites, appear to be variable and therefore not valid for creating a distinct species.

PARAPENAEOPSIS VENUSTA d e M a n

Fig. 28

Parapenaeopsis venusta de Man, 1907, p. 134; 191.1, pp. 93 pi. I X , fig. 30.

Material.—QUEENSLAND: Albany Passage, Cape York, Sept. 1928, coll. M. Ward, 45 mm.

Description Rostrum.—Teeth 7 + epigastric. Ros t rum slightly exceeding 1st an tennular

segment, distal | free portion curving slightly ventrad, extreme t ip upturned . Adrostral carina ending just behind 1st too th ; postrostral carina ending a t £ carapace. Epigastric 0-36 length carapace, 1st tooth on carapace. Greatest depth of ros t rum just in f ront of 2nd tooth.

Carapace.—Postocular sulcus present. Orbital angle not spinous. Longitudinal suture ending just behind level of hepatic spine, transverse suture a t t ip of coxae of 3rd pereiopods. Upper edge of antennal spine forming a right angle with border of carapace; carina not extending behind edge of carapace. Hepat ic spine slender; cervical sulcus 1 length carapace, slightly inclined upwards. Hepat ic sulcus extending horizontally for \ length behind hepatic spine, its anterior \ inclined downwards towards pterygostomial angle. Hepat ic carina along anterior f sulcus, anterior edge with row of spinous setae. Pterygostomial angle sharp.

Antenmdes.—Flagella subequal and 0-8 length peduncle and \ length carapace. Stylocerite f length 1st segment; prosartema reaching as far as t ip of junction of peduncle of eye with cornea.

Thoracic appendages.—Third maxillipeds much stouter t han pereiopods and reaching \ 2nd segment of antennular peduncle; 1st pereiopod reaching base of, 2nd reaching t ip of carpocerite, 3rd exceeding it by dactyl ; 4th reaching \ and 5th exceeding carpocerite by dactyl. No ischial spines and mastigobranchiae on pereiopods.

AUSTRALIAN PENAEINAE 221

Abdomen.—Fifth and 6th somites dorsally carinated. Telson with 4 small lateral movable spines, most distal largest. Distal and penul t imate spines close together, distance separating them less than * t h a t separating remaining 2.

Thelycum (Fig. 28).—Anterior plate mucronatc, § as long as wide, not including posterior extension. Posterior I concave, concavity extending along a posterior extension, which lies in a rectangular incision of posterior plate. Distolateral extensions of posterior plate flat, enclosing posterior | anterior pla te ; a transverse depression occupying middle region of posterior plate.

Fig. 28.—Parapenaeopsis venusta de Man. Thelycum, 45 m m

Distribution So far known only f rom the type locality (13 m, east coast of Aru Is.) and

from Albany Passage.

Discussion The present specimen agrees in most respects with de Man's (1911) description,

except t h a t the anterior plate of thelycum is wider than t h a t shown in de Man's figure.

The integument of the Albany Passage specimen is very soft and damaged, making it unsuitable for figuring. However, absence of mastigobranchiae on 1st and 2nd pereiopods, presence of an epigastric tooth, short rost rum and longitudinal suture, enables P. venusta to be readily separated f rom other species of the genus. $ is still unknown.

PARAPENAEOPSIS TENELLUS (Bate)

Fig. 2VA-G

Penaeus tenellus Ra te , 1888, pp . 270-1. Kishinouye, 1900, p . 22. Penaeus cureifer Or tma im, 1890, p. 451. Penaeus (Par<ipenaeopsis) tenellus de Man, 1907, pp . 435-6, 454. Para]>e)i(teopsis tenella de Man, 1911, pp. 9, 92. Parapenaeopsis tenellus K u b o , 1949, pp . 371-4.

Material.—QUEENSLAND: Townsville, 20 fm, Aug. 1953, 44 m m ; mouth Nor-man P . , Gulf of Carpentaria, Aug. 1953, 2 32 mm, 2 36, 37 mm.

222 \V. DALE

Description Rostrum.—Teeth 6-8, epigastric absent ; reaching almost to t ip of 2nd segment

of antennular peduncle, proximal f rising f rom carapace, remainder more or less horizontal, t ip with slight upward curve. Adrostral carina ending a t ] carapace, postrostral carina broad, indistinct posteriorly, ending a t 1 carapace; 1st tooth a t edge of carapace.

Fig. 29.—Parapenaeopsis tenellus (Bate). A, 44 m m 5; B, ventral surface of petasma, 32 mm g; C, dorsal surface of pe ta sma; D, appendix masculina and end view of

distal piece; E, thelycum, 44 m m 0; F, cardiac plate and zygocardiac ossicle.

Carapace.—Minutely punctate , with acute orbital angle and a postoeular sulcus. Longitudinal suture reaching | carapace from anterior edge. Antennal spine large, carina indistinct, occupying anterior \ distance between antennal and hepatic spines. Cervical sulcus feeble, wide, and reaching almost to longitudinal suture. Hepatic sulcus almost horizontal posteriorly, anterior f inclined downwards towards acute pterygostomial angle; hepatic carina along anterior \ sulcus only.

Antennules.—Flagella subequal, equal to length peduncle and 0-8 carapace in 0-7-0-8 peduncle and 0-5 carapace in Prosar tema reaching t ip of junction of optic peduncle with cornea; stylocerite reaching \ basal segment.

Thoracic appendages.—Third maxillipeds reaching as far as or slightly exceeding basal segment of antennular peduncle; 1st pereiopod exceeding pterygostomial angle by dactyl ; 2nd reaching \ carpocerite; 3rd reaching base of dactyl of 3rd maxillipeds; 4th reaching as far as t ip of 1st, 5th reaching as far as t ip of 2nd segment of antennular peduncle. No mastigobranchiae on 1st and 2nd pereiopods.

AUSTRALIAN P E N A E I N A E 223

Abdomen.—Dorsally carinated f rom 4th somite. Exopods uropods 1 | times length unarmed telson. Sixth somite with horizontal anterior lateral cicatrice, and horizontal suture on lower { posterior edge.

Gastric mill (Fig. 29F).—Cardiac plate with 16-21 teeth. Zygocardiac ossicle 3 principal -[- upper row of about 6, and lower row of 3 -4 teeth, and to ta l of 15-20 in 4 vertical rows between ends of these rows. Prepyloric acute with 8-10 lateral teeth, most median 3 -5 large and prominent .

Petasma (Fig. 29B, C).—Reaching basis of 3rd pereiopods, distolateral projec-tions of lateral lobes slender, tapering, and reflected pos tero la te ra l^ , making angle of 60° with longitudinal axis of pe tasma; distance between tips of projections § total length petasma. Lateral lobes expanded laterally into elongate keeled projections, their length, and also distance across their most lateral extremities, | length petasma. Peduncle of pleopod with mediodistal process, consisting of proximal sharp tubercle and distal larger, blunter tubercle.

Appendix masculina (Fig. 29D).—Distal piece broad, minutely setose, J length basal piece, with posterodistal excavation with tongue-like process, and Av i th tubercle on anterior rim of excavation.

Thelycum (Fig. 29E).—Anterior plate times as wide as long, with median groove occupying posterior §; with a posterior tongue-like projection enclosed by large flat anterior processes of posterior plate, and with an accessory ridge on each side of f ront of posterior plate.

Distribution Townsville and Norman River, Gulf of Carpentaria, Qld. Southern half of

J a p a n (Kubo 1949).

Discussion The above description is in close agreement with t h a t of Kubo (1949) except

t ha t Kubo states t h a t a postocular sulcus is absent. All specimens examined had a distinct, though shallow, postocular sulcus, and it is possible this was overlooked by Kubo, whose description was mainly based on 1 female.

P. tenellus is one of the 4 Parapenaeopsis spp. which lack mastigobranchiac on 1st and 2nd pereiopods, the others being P. hungerfordi Alcock, P. venusta de Man, and P. acclivirostris Alcock. Of these only the last lacks an epigastric tooth and is closely similar to P. tenellus. However, in P. acclivirostris the antennular flagella are \ length peduncle, and anterior plate of thelycum wants a posterior tongue-like extension, according to Alcock (1906). Bo th species are very small penaeids P. tenellus mature at 30 mm, $ 40 mm), and this may account for their apparent rar i ty and discontinuous distribution.

I V . Z O O G E O G R A P H I C A L D I S T R I B U T I O N

The major i ty of Penaeinae are restricted to tropical and warm-temperate shallow seas, being most abundan t in the former. Litt le collecting has been done in northern Australia and adjacent areas. There are few records f rom New Guinea and from most of the Pacific islands. There are a number of records f rom northern Queensland

224 \V. DALE

and north-western Australia, but except for a few specimens f rom Darwin the region between these areas has been almost entirely neglected. Nevertheless, in spite of these shortcomings it is possible to integrate the zoogeography of the Australian Penaeinae. Of 28 species described above, 17 are considered in this respect. Five new species, with Funchalia villosa, Mela penaeopsis borraclailei, M. durus, M. mogiensis, Trachypenaens granulosus, and Parapenaeopsis venusta, comprise the remainder and are omitted from subsequent discussion.

(a) Australian Distribution (Table 1)

A cool-temperate Australian penaeinine fauna is virtually non-existent. Prawns are absent from the cold Maugean Province (as defined by Bennet t and Pope (1953)), and Penaeus latisulcatus and Metapenaeopsis novae-guineae are rare in South Australia and confined to sheltered inlets (Hale 1927). Only Penaeus plebejus and Metapenaeus macleayi are not found in tropical waters and are confined to the region corresponding roughly to the Peronian Province (Bennett and Pope 1953). Decreasing temperature, in the vicinity of Twofold Bay (D. Rochford, personal communication), probably limits the southern distribution of these two species. On the other hand, Penaeus plebejus and Metapenaeus macleayi do not extend far into Queensland waters. This may be explained by regarding them as endemic Australian species. This is in accord with the general principle t h a t species peculiar to Australia are found only in the colder southern regions (Bennett and Pope (1953), rocky shores; various authors quoted by them; Thomson (1947), chaetognaths; Thompson (1948), pelagic tunicates; Munro (1949). silver bream; K o t t (1952), ascidians; Stephenson and McNeill (1955), stomatopods). As such species are lacking in the Penaeinae, it is likely t h a t any endemic Australian species would be found in the adjacent warm-temperate Peronian Province. Stephenson and McNeill (1955) record one endemic species for this region. Thomson (1947) did not find any tropical species of chaetognath fur ther south t han 38° S. lat i tude (approximately Cape Howe) and K o t t (1952) found the southern limit for tropical ascidians to be Sydney. I t seems likely, therefore, t h a t if endemic Australian species have evolved f rom typically tropical animal groups, they would be restricted to the Peronian Province.

Apar t f rom Penaeus plebejus and Metapenaeus macleayi, only M. endeavouri and Trachypenaeus anchoralis are not also recorded outside Australian waters. I t is likely tha t these species will be found in Indonesia, as Penaeus esculentus, while most common in Australian waters, has recently been recorded from Borneo (Kubo 1949). In addition to these four species, P. latisulcatus, P. semisulcatus, P. merguiensis, Metapenaeopsis novae-guineae, and I1 rachypenaeus fulvus are found across nor thern Australia. I t is probable t h a t fur ther collecting will show a similar distribution for the widely ranging Penaeus monodon, Metapenae,us monoceros, Trachypenaeus curvirostris, and Parapenaeopsis sculptilis. The two remaining Parapenaeopsis spp. are rare as yet and predictions concerning their distribution cannot be made.

Thus in the Penaeinae there is little to substant ia te the division of tropical and subtropical Australia into a Banksian Province, extending inside the Great Barrier Reef f rom Cape York to approximately Wide Bay, arid a Dampierian Province f rom Geraldton to Cape York (Bennett and Pope 1953). A similar si tuation has been

AUSTRALIAN P E N A E I N A E 225

found for chaetognaths (Thomson 1947), ascidians (Kot t 1952), s tomatopods (Stephenson and McNeill 1955), por tunid crabs (Stephenson, unpublished data), and the dominant li t toral molluscs and barnacles (Endean, Kenny, and Stephenson 1956; Endean, Stephenson, and Kenny 1956). Clark (1946) found it convenient to erect a division of the echinoderm fauna a t Cape York, b u t admits to the pauci ty of records west of the Cape. I t is probable t h a t the proximity of Cape York to New Guinea is responsible for the concept of some kind of geographical barrier in this region, whereas most faunal evidence to da te is to the contrary.

T A B L E 1

D I S T R I B U T I O N O F 1 7 P E N A E I D A E W I T H I N A U S T R A L I A

? indicates probable occurrence

Species N.S.W. S. Qld. X. Qld. X.T. W.A. S.A.

Penaeus plebejus P. latisulcatus P. monodon P. esculentus P. semisulcatus P. merguiensis

+ + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + + +

+ •>

+ +

+ + + +

+

Metapenaeopsis novae-guineae + + + + + + Metapenaeus monoceros

M. endeavouri M. mastersii M. macleayi

+ + + +

: + +

+ + +

? + +

+ + +

Trachypenaeus curvirostris T. fulvus T. anchoralis

+ + + + +

?

+ +

? + + + +

Parapenaeopsis cornutus P. sculptilis P. tenellus

+ + +

(b) Indo-West Pacific Distribution [Fig. 30)

The tropical and subtropical oceans inhabited by the Penaeinae can be sub-divided into three regions:

(i) The Atlantic and Mediterranean, (ii) Pacific America,

(iii) I ndo -Wes t Pacific. Each has a discrete fauna, none of the species in a given region so far being

recorded f rom another, though the Suez and P a n a m a Canals are possible avenues of migration f rom one region to another (Monod 1930). Most of the species of Penaeinae are found in the Indo-Wes t Pacific.

The distribution and abundance of Penaeinae shown in Figure 30 indicates t h a t Australian species of the subfamily are very largely a southern extension of the

226 \V. DALE

Indonesian fauna. Tlie two exceptions are Penaeus plebejus and Metapenaeus macleayi as noted above. Clark (1946) arrived at the same conclusion for echinoderms, and Stephenson and McNeill (1955) for stomatopods. This situation is to be expected in view of Australia 's geographical position, with the continental shelf extending northwards into Indonesia.

PENAEUS PLEBEJUS

P. LATISULCATUS

P. ESCULENTUS

P. SEMISULCATUS

P. MERGUIENSIS

METAPENAEOPSIS NOVAE-GUINEAE

METAPENAEUS MONOCEROS

M. ENDEAVOURI

M. MASTERSII

M. MACLEAYI

TRACHYPENAEUS CURVIROSTRIS

T. ANCHORALIS

T. FULVUS

PARAPENAEOPSIS

CORNUTUS

P. SCULPTILIS

11) <

I N D O N E S I A A U S T R A L I A

Z < IE -I UJ < a. H H K U) O D i/> in < 3 u <

C H I N A S E A S

UJ < < 7" UJ t Z H < J < 3 ? 1 m 0 I

Fig. 30 .—Indo-Wcst Pacific distribution of 17 Austral ian Penaeinae. Heavy lines, com-mercial abundance; unbroken lines, recorded in the l i terature, b u t abundance not s t a t ed ; broken lines, occurrence probable, brit no actual record; dot ted lines, present b u t rare.

In Figure 30 it can be seen t h a t some species have very wide distribution while others are curiously restricted. Penaeus latisulcatus ranges f rom the Red Sea to Japan , and occurs in Western Australian waters in commercial quantities, bu t is rare on the east coast. The very closely related P. plebejus, on the other hand, is found only on the east coast where it is commercially abundant . Another example of one species breaking the distribution of another is shown by P. esculentus and P. monodon. The former occurs in commercial abundance across northern Australia, whereas the latter, which has an extremely wide distribution in large numbers, is not abundant on the east coast and probably will be found sparsely scattered on the north and west coasts of Australia . There is also the possibility of a similar relation-ship existing between the wide-ranging Metapenaeus monoceros and Metapenaeus endeavouri, though the abundance of the lat ter in nor thern Australia is unknown. In the Atlantic Penaeus brasiliensis Latreille is widely distr ibuted bu t does not occur in the Gulf of Mexico, where the closely related P. duoarum Burkenroad and P. aztecus

AUSTRALIAN PENAEINAE 227

Ives are found (Anderson and Lindner 1945). However, the two lat ter differ from P. plebejus in having a range similar to t h a t of P. brctsiliensis. The existence of some sort of mutua l exclusion between certain penaeid species therefore seems possible. Summarizing the zoogeography of Australian Penaeinae, it is possible to s tate t h a t :

(1) There are two endemic species, the southern limits of which are probably determined by hydrographical conditions, and the nor thern limits of which may be determined by either ecological or hydrographical factors, or a combination of both.

(2) The rest of the Austral ian species are a southern extension of the Indonesian fauna.

(3) Certain abundan t species may in ter rupt the distr ibution of otherwise widely ranging closely related species elsewhere abundant .

V . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author 's grateful thanks are due to Professor W. Stephenson, Depar tment of Zoology, University of Queensland, who first suggested this work and who has offered much encouragement and useful advice throughout its course. Many thanks are also due to the following, whose cooperation has enabled this Revision to reach its present fo rm: Dr. K. Sheard, Division of Fisheries and Oceanography, C.S.I.R.O., Per th , who gave valuable advice, and who forwarded Austral ian Penaeidae, largely collected by Mr. K . Godfrey; Mr. E. M. Grant , Depar tment of Harbours and Marine. Brisbane, who contributed largely to the collection of Moreton Bay mater ial ; Dr. J . W. Evans, Director, the Australian Museum, who gave permission to examine the Museum collection, and Mr. F. A. McNeill, Curator of Marine Invertebrates , whoso ready assistance has greatly facili tated its examinat ion; Mr. T. C. Marshall, Depart-ment of Harbours and Marine, Brisbane, who collected prawns f rom the Gulf of Car-pentar ia ; Dr. A. A. Racek, Chief Secretary's Depar tment , Sydney, who donated specimens f rom his collection; Miss Isobel Bennet t , Depar tment of Zoology, Universi ty of Sydney, who forwarded her penaeid collection; Dr. F. A. Chace, Smithsonian Inst i tute , Washington, who sent material f rom the Ins t i tu te ' s collection; Dr. N. K . Panikkar and Mr. M. K . Menon, Central Marine Fisheries Research Station, India, who sent Indian mater ial ; Mr. -T. C. Yaldwvn, Victoria Universi ty College, New Zealand, for examination of a British Museum specimen; Mr. K. Bryson, Townsville, who collected valuable specimens; and Messrs. M. Drynan . C. Fest , and Keone Bros., prawn fishermen, Moreton Bay, who willingly saved unusual prawns from their catches. Thanks are also due to the Commonwealth Research Grants Committee of the University of Queensland for financing this work.

V I . REFERENCES

References marked. * have nob been sighted.

ALCOCK, A. (1901).—"A Doseripi ive Catalogue of t he I n d i a n Deep-sea Crustacea Decapoda Macrura and Anomala in the I n d i a n Museum." ( Indian Museum: Calcut ta . )

ALCOCK, A. (1905).—A revision of t he genus Penaeus wi th diagnosis of some new species and varieties. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 16: 508-32.

ALCOCK, A. (1906).—"Catalogue of t he Indian Decapod Crustacea in the Collection of the I n d i a n Museum. P a r t I I I . Macrura . Fasciculus I . The P r a w n s of the J'eneus C r o u p . " ( Indian Museum: Calcut ta . )

228 \V. DALE

A N D E R S O N , \Y. W., a n d L I N D N E R , M. J . (1 i>45).—A provis ional key <o the shr imps of the family Penae idae wi th especial reference to American forms. Trans. Amcr. Fish. Hoc. 73: 284—31!).

BALSS, H . (1914).—Ostasiat ische Decapoden II . Die X a t a n t i a u n d R e p t a n t i a . In F . Doflein, Beit.rage zur na turgesch ich to Ostasiens. Abh. buyer. Aka<l. Wins, suppl . 2 (10): 1 -101 .

B A R N A R D , K . H . (1950).—Descript ive ca ta logue of South A f ' r i c a n decapod Crus tacea . Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 38: 1-837.

BATH, C. S. (1888) .—Report on the Crustacea Macrura collected b y H.M.S . Challenger dur ing the years 1873-70. Hep. Sci. lies. 'Challenger' 24: i -xe , 1 - 9 4 2 ; 2nd p a r t , P l a t e s I - C L .

B E N N E T T , I S O B E L . a n d P O P E , J S U Z A H H T H C. (1953).- I n t e r t i da l zona t ion of the ex])osed rocky shores of Victoria , toge ther wi th a r e a r r angemen t of the biogeographical provinces of t empera t e Aus t ra l i an shores. Aust. ,J. Mar. Freshw. Fes. 4: 105-59.

BOONE, L. (1935).—Scientific resul ts of t he world cruise of t h e y a c h t "Alva,", 1931; W . K . Vandcrb i l t command ing . Crus tacea a n d Ech inode rma ta . Bull. Vanderbilt Oceanogr. (Mar.) Mus. 6 : 1-264.

B O U V I E R , E . L. (1905).—Sur les Peneides et les Stonopides recueillis p a r les expedi t ions f rancaises et monegasques dans l 'At lan t ique or iental . C.Ii. Aead. Hci., Paris 140: 980-3.

B O U V I E R , E . L . (1908).—Crustacea deeapodos (Peneides) p r o v e n a n t des campagnos de Vllirondelle et de la Princesse-Alice (1886-1907). Result. Camp. Sci. Monaco 33: 1 -122 .

B U R K E N R O A D , M. D . (1934a) .—Lit toral Penae idae chiefly f rom t h e B i n g h a m oceanographic collection, w i th a revision of Penaeopsis a n d descr ipt ions of two new genera a n d eleven new Amer ican species. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll. 4 (7): 1 -109.

B U R K E N R O A D , M. D . (19346). Tho Penae idae of Louis iana, wi th a discussion of the i r world relat ionships. Bull. Amcr. Mus. Nat. Hist. 68: 61-143.

B U R K E N R O A D , M. D . (1936). -T l io Aris tae inae , Solenooorinae and pelagic Penae ina e of the B i n g h a m oceanographic collection. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coil. 5 (2): 1 -151.

BURKENROAD, I I . D. (1940). -Pre l iminary descr ipt ions of twen ty -one new species of pelagic Penae idae (Crustacea Deoapoda) f r o m the Dan i sh oceanographica l expedi t ions . Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1 1) 6: 35-54.

•CALMAN, W. T. (1925).—On mac ru rous decapod Crus tacea collected in Sou th Afr ican wa te r s

b y the S.S. " P i c k l e " . Rep. Fish . Mar. Biol. Surv . S. Af r . IV. , Spec. Hep. No. 3. CLARK, H . L. (1946).—The ech inoderm f a u n a of Aus t r a l i a : i ts composi t ion and its origin. Pub l .

Carneg. Ins t i l . No. 566: 1-567. DANA, J . D. (1852).—Crustacea. In " U n i t e d S ta tes Explor ing Exped i t i on , du r ing tho Yea r s

1838 to 1842, unde r tho C o m m a n d of Charles Wilkes, U . S . N . " Vol. 13. pp . 1019-1262. ENDEAN, R . , KENNY, R . , a n d STEPHENSON, W . ( 1 9 5 6 ) . — T h o e c o l o g y a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n of i n t e r -

t idal organisms on the rocky shores of tho Queens land ma in l and . Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 7: 88-146.

E N D E A N , R . , S T E P H E N S O N , \V. , and K E N N Y , R . (1956).—The ecology and distribution, of inter-t idal organisms on certain is lands off the Queensland coast,. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 7:

317-42. •FABRICIUS, J . C. (1798).— "Kupplementu in Entomologiae Systematical) ." (Hafniao.) •FAXON, W . (1895) .—Repor ts on an explora t ion off t he west coast of Mexico, Cent ra l a n d Sou th

America , and off t he Galapagos I s lands by t h e "Alba t ro s s " . X V . The s ta lk-eyed Crus tacea . Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. 18.

GUNTER, C. (1950).—Seasonal populat ion changes a n d d i s t r ibu t ions as re la ted to sal ini ty , of cer ta in inver t eb ra tes of the Texas coast , including the commercia l sh r imp . Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Tex. 1 (2): 7-51.

GURNEY, R . (1924).—Crustacea. P a r t I X . Decapod Larvae . Nat. Hist. Hep. Terra Nova Exped. (Zool.) 8 (2): 37-202.

DE HAAN, W . (1850).—Crustacea. In P. F. de Siebold, " F a u n a J a p o n i e a " . (Leyden.) HALE, H . M. (1927-2!)).—"The Crus taceans of South Aus t r a l i a . " (Govt. P r i n t e r : Adelaide.) HASWELL, W . A. (1879).—On the Aust ra l ian species of Penaeus, in the Macloay Museum, Sydney .

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 4 : 38-44. HASWELL, W . A. (1882).--—"Catalogue of t h e Aus t ra l i an Stalk- a n d Sessile-eyed Crus t acea . "

(Austral ian Museum: Sydney.)

AUSTRALIAN P E N A E I N A E 229

HELLER, C. (1862).—Neuo Crus taceen , gesammol t w a h r e n d dor Wol tumseg lung der k .k . F r e g a t t e Novara. Zwoiter vorliiufiger Jiorioht. Ver/i. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12: 51!)—28.

H E L L E H , C. (1865). - Crus taeeen. Penae idae . In "Re i se den- osterreichischen F r e g a t t e Novara u in die E r d o iu dou J a h r o u 1 857-1858-1 85!) u n t e r den Bofohlen des Cominodors H. von Wiiller-s t o r f - I ' r ba i r , Zool ." . Vol. 2. Part, 3. pp . 121-3.

HESS, W . (1865).—Boitrago zur Kcimtiii.ss der Deeapoden-Krobse Ost -Aust ra l iens . Arch. Naturgesch. 1: 127—73.

H O L T H U I S , L . PI. (I!)49).—The iden t i ty of Penaeus monodon Fabr . Proc. Acad. Sc.i. Amst. 52: 1051-7.

JOHNSON, J . Y. (1867).—Descript ions of a new genus a n d a new species of n iac ru rous decapod c rus taceans belonging to the Penae idae , discovered at .Madeira. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867: 895-901.

KEMP, S. (1915).-—Fauna of the Chilka Lake (Crustacea Decapoda) . Mem. Indian Mus. 5: 199-325.

K I S H I N O U Y E , K . (1900) .—Japanese species of the genus Penaeus. J. Fish. Bur. Tokyo 8 : 1 -29 . K I S H I N O U Y E , K . (1929). - Penae id c rus t aceans wi th t h e a s y m m e t r i c a l p e t a s m a . Proc. Imp.

Acad. Japan 5 (7): 280-3. K O T T , P A T R I C I A (1952).—The ascitl ians of Aust ra l ia . I . S to l idobraneh ia t a Lahil le a n d Phlebo-

b r a n c h i a t a Lahille. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 3 : 206 -333. KUBO, I . (1949).—Studies on penae ids of J a p a n o s e a n d i ts a d j a c e n t wa te r s . J. Tokyo Coll. Fish.

36: 1 -467. KUBO, I . (1954) .—Systemat ic s tudies on t h e J a p a n e s e m a c r u r o u s decapod Crus tacea . 2. On

two penaeids , JMetapenaeus ajjinis (H. Mi lne-Edwards) a n d .1/. burkenroadi, n o m . nov. , e rec ted on the J a p a n e s e fo rm k n o w n as M. ajjinis. J. Tokyo Coll. Fish. 41: 89-93.

L A N C H E S T E K , W . F . (1901) .—Crustacea collected dur ing the " S k e a t " expedi t ion to t h e Malay Peninsu la . I . B r a c h y u r a , S t o m a t o p o d a a n d Macrura . Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1901: 534-74.

* L E N Z , H . , a n d S T R U N C K , K . (1914).—Die Dokapot len der Deutscl ien Si ' idpolar-Expedit ion 1901-1903. I . B r a c h y u r e n u n d Macruren mi t Ausschluss der Sergest iden. Dtsch. Sudpol-Exped. 15 {Zool. 7) (3): 261-345.

*MAKI, M., a n d TSUCHIYA, H . (1923).—Descript ions a n d figures of F o r m o s a n decapod Crus tacea . (In Japanese . ) R e p . T a i w a n So tokuhu T v u o K e n k y u s y o No. 3.

* DE MAN, J . G. (1880).—On some p o d o p h t h a l m o u s Crus tacea p resen ted to t h e Ley den Museum b v Mr. J . A. K r u y t , collected in the R e d Soa near t h e c i ty of D j e d d a h . Notes Leyden Mus. 2: 171-85.

DE MAN, J . G. (1888) .—Repor t on t h e p o d o p h t h a l m o u s Crus tacea of t h e Mergui Archipelago, collected for the t rus tees of the I n d i a n Museum, Ca lcu t t a , by Dr . J o h n Anderson , F .R .S . , Supe r in t enden t of the Museum. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 22 (140): 1 -312 .

*DE MAN, J . C. (1892) .—Decapodeu des Indischen Areliipels. In M. Weber , "Zoologische Ergebnisse oilier Reise in Nieder landisch O s t - I n d i e n " . Vol. 2. pp . 265-527.

*OE MAN, J . G. (1898).—Bericht viber die von H e r r n Schif fscapi tan S to rm zu A t j e h , a n den west l ichen Kl is ten \ 'on Malakka , Borneo u n d ( 'elobes sowie in der J a v a - S e e gesammel t en Decapodeu u n d S toma topoden . Sechster (Sehluss-) Theil . Zool Jb. (Syst.) 10: 677-708.

*DE MAN, J . G. (1902).— Die von H(>rrn Professor K i ikon tha l im Indis<;hen Archipel gesammel ten Dekapoden u n d S toma topoden . In \Y. Ki ikon tha l , lOrgebnisse einer Zoologischen Forschungsreise iu den Molukken u n d Borneo . Abh. senckenb. naturf. Ges. 25: 467—929.

DE MAN, J . G. (1907). —On a collection of Crus tacea , D e c a p o d a a n d S t o m a t o p o d a , chiefly f r o m the I n l a n d Sea of J a p a n ; w i th descr ip t ions of new species. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9: 387-454.

DE MAN, J . G. (1911-13) .—The Decapoda of the Siboga E x p e d i t i o n . P a r t I . F a m i l y Penae idao . Siboga Expect. Monogr. No. 39«: 1 - 1 3 1 ; suppl . (1913), P l a t e s I - X .

MIERS, E . J . (1S84).—Crustacea. In " R e p o r t of t h e Zoological Collections m a d e in the Indo -Pacific Ocean dur ing the Voyage of H.M.S. Alert, 1881-82"'. Vol. 2. pp . 178-322, 513-75.

M O N O D , T H . (1930).—Uber einigo indo-pazifiseho Decapoden der Meeres fauna Syrens . Zool. Anz. 92 : 135-41.

230 \V. DALE

MORRTS, M U R I E L C., and B E N N E T T , I S O B E L (1952).—The life-history of a penaeid p r a w n (Meta-penaeus) breeding in a coastal lake (Tuggerah, New South Wales) . Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 76: 164-82.

MUNRO, I. S. 11. (1949).— Revision of Austra l ian silver b r e a m s Mylio a n d Rhabdosargus. Mem. Q<(. Mus. 12 : 182-223.

NOBILI, G. (1903).—Contr ibuto alia f a u n a careinologica di Borneo. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat, Com p. Torino 18 (447): 1 -32 .

NOBILI, G. (1906).—-Faune careinologiquo de la Mer Rouge . Decapodes et S tomatopodes . Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.) (9) 4 : 1-347.

OGILBY, J . I). (1893) .—"Edible Fishes a n d Crus taceans of New South W a l e s . " (Govt . P r i n t e r : Sydney.)

•ORTMANN, A. (1890). - Die Decapocleii-Krebso cles S t rassburger Museums m i t bosondere Beri ioksicht igung tier von H e r r n . Dor. Dodorloin bei J a p a n u n d bei den L i u - K i u Insoln gesammolton u n d z, Z. im St rassburger Museum auf bewahr t en F o r m e n . Zool. db. (Syst.) 5 : 437-540.

* O S A D A , M., TANTZAKT, 31., a n d NAKAZAAY.A. K . (1931) .—"Repor t on the Ponaoids F o u n d in the K u m a m o t o P re fec tu re , I . " (In Japanese . ) ( K u m a m o t o Fish. E x p . S t a . : K u m a m o t o . )

PESTA, O. (1915).—Die Penae idae dos Wiener na turhis tor isc l ien H o f f m u s e u m s . Arch. Naturgesch. 81: 99-122.

PHILLIPPS, W. J . (1925).—Note on an Aus t ra l i an sh r imp of tho genus Penaeus as a commerc ia l fisheries .product in Well ington. Aust. Zool. 4: 3.

R A C E K , A. A. (1955).— Li t tora l Penae inae f r o m New South Wales a n d a d j a c e n t Queens land waters . Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 6 : 209-41.

R A T H B U N , M A K Y J . (1902) .—Japanese s ta lk-eyed crus taceans . Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 26: 23-55. SCHMITT, W. L. (192(5).—Report on t h e Crus tacea Mac ru ra (families Ponoidae, Campylono t idae

a n d Panda l idae ) ob ta ined f r o m tho F . I .S . " E n d e a v o u r " in Aus t ra l i an seas. Zool. Res. Fish. Exp. 'Endeavour' 5 : 309-81.

S M I T H , S. I . (1885).—On some genera a n d species of Penae idae , most ly f r o m recen t dredgings of tho Un i tod S ta t e s F i sh Commission. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 8 : 170-90.

STEAD, D. G. (1898).—Notes on the hab i t s of some of t h e Aus t ra l i an ma lacos t r acous c rus taceans . Zoologist (4) 2 : 202-12.

STEBBING, T. R. R . (1905).—South Afr ican Crustacea, P a r t I I I . Mar. Invest. S. Afr. 4 : 21-123. S T E P H E N S O N , \Y., a n d M C N E I L L , F . (1955).—The Aus t ra l i an S t o m a t o p o d a (Crustacea) in the collec-

t ions of the Aust ra l ian Museum, with a check list a n d key to t h e known Aus t ra l i an species. Rec. Aust. Mus. 23: 239-65.

STIMPSON, W . (1860) .—Prodromus d e s c r i p t i o n s an ima l ium, quae in expedi t ione a d O c e a n u m Pac i f icum Septen t r iona lem, a Republ ica F e d o r a t a mi.ssa, Cadwaladaro Ringgold et J o h a n n e l lodgors Ducibus , o b s e r v a n t e t doscripsit . P a r s 8. Crus tacea Macrura . Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phi I ad. 1860: 22-47.

THOMPSON, H . (1948).—"Pelagic Tun ica tes of Aus t r a l i a . " (Coun. Sci. I n d u s t r . Res . A u s t . : Melbourne.)

THOMSON, J . M. (1947).—The Chao togna tha of sou th -eas te rn Aus t ra l i a . Coun. Sci. I n d u s t r . Res. Aus t . Bull . No. 222.

WHITELEGGE, T. (1890).- List of t h e mar ine a n d f reshwate r i n v e r t e b r a t e f a u n a of P o r t J a c k s o n a n d tho ne ighbourhood . J. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 23: 163-323.

WHITELEGGE, T. (1900).— Crustacea, P a r t I . In Scientific resul ts of t h e t rawl ing expedi t ion of H.M.C.S. " T h e t i s " off t he coast of Now South Wales in F e b r u a r y a n d March 1898. P a r t I I . Mem, Aust. Mus. 4 (1): 133-99.

W O O D - M A S O N , J . , a n d A L C O C K , A. (1891) .—Natura l h is tory notes f rom H.M. I n d i a n m a r i n e survey s teamer " I n v e s t i g a t o r " , Commande r R . F . H o s k y n , R. N. command ing . Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist, (6) 8 : 16-34.

*yosHiDA, H . (1941) .—Impor tan t mar ine shr imps and lobsters of Tyosen (Korea) . (In J apanese . ) Bull . Fish. E x p . Sta . Fusan No. 7.

AUSTRALIAN P E N A E I N A E 231

LIST OF SPECIES

Genus Atyopenaeus (Alcock) A. formosus, sp. nov 199

Genus Funchalia Johnson F. villosa (Bouvier) 163

Genus Metapenaeopsis Bouvier M. borradailei (de Man) M. durus K u b o M. mogiensis (Rathbun) M. novae-guineae (Haswell) M. sinuosus, sp. nov.

174 168 172 170 176

Genus Metapenaeus Wood-Mason & Alcock M. eboracensis, sp. nov. 193 M. endeavouri (Sehmitt) 187 M. macleayi (Haswell) 196 M. mastersii (Haswell) 190 M. monoceros (Fabricius) 184

Genus Parapenaeopsis (Alcock) P . cornutus (Kishinouye) 215

P. sculptilis (Heller) P. tenellus (Bate) P. venusta de Man

Genus Parapenaeus Smith P. australiensis, sp. nov.

Genus Penaeus Fabricius P. caesius, sp. nov. P. esculentus Haswell . . P. latisulcatus Kishinouye P . merguiensis de Man . . P . monodon Fabricius P . plebejus Hess P . semisulcatus de H a a n

Genus Trachypenaeus (Alcock)

T. anchoralis (Bate) T. curvirostris (Stimpson) T. fulvus, sp. nov T. granulosus (Haswell)

217 221

220

179

143 157 149 160 152 147 154

209 203 206 211