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AustinA guide

ContentsArticlesIntroduction 1

Austin, Texas 1History of Austin, Texas 29

Government 40

Government of Texas 40List of mayors of Austin, Texas 44

Neighborhoods 46

List of Austin neighborhoods 46Downtown Austin 49

Culture 58

Music of Austin 58

Transportation 66

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority 66Austin-Bergstrom International Airport 79List of highways in Travis County, Texas 86

ReferencesArticle Sources and Contributors 93Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 95

Article LicensesLicense 98

1

Introduction

Austin, Texas

City of Austin—  City  —

Downtown skyline as seen from Lady Bird Lake

Seal

Nickname(s): Live Music Capital of the World, Silicon Hills[1]

Location in the state of Texas

Austin, Texas 2

City of Austin

Location in the United States

Coordinates: 30°15′N 97°45′W

Country United States

State Texas

Counties TravisWilliamsonHays

Settled 1835

Incorporated December 27, 1839

Government

 • Type Council–manager

 • Mayor Lee Leffingwell

 • City Manager Marc Ott

Area[2]

 • City 271.8 sq mi (704 km2)

 • Land 297.90 sq mi (771.6 km2)

 • Water 6.9 sq mi (17.9 km2)

 • Metro 4285.7 sq mi (11099.91 km2)

Elevation 489 ft (149 m)

Population (2011)[2]

 • City 799446 (12th)

• Density 2653.2/sq mi (1024.4/km2)

• Metro 1896291 (32nd)

Time zone CST (UTC-6)

 • Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)

ZIP code 78701-78705, 78708-78739, 78741-78742, 78744-78769

Area code(s) 512

FIPS code 48-05000[3]

GNIS feature ID 1384879[4]

Website www.austintexas.gov [5]

Austin, Texas 3

Austin is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. Located in Central Texas on theeastern edge of the American Southwest,[6] it is the fourth-largest city in Texas and the 14th most populous city inthe United States.[7] It was the third-fastest-growing large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006.[8] Austin has apopulation of 799,446 (2011 U.S. Census).[9] The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–RoundRock–San Marcos metropolitan area, which has a population of over 1,896,291 (2011 U.S. Census),[10] making it the32nd-largest metropolitan area in the United States.The area was settled in the 1830s on the banks of the Colorado River by pioneers who named the villageWaterloo.[11] In 1839, Waterloo was chosen to become the capital of the newly independent Republic of Texas. Thecity was renamed after Stephen F. Austin, known as the father of Texas.[11] The city grew throughout the 19thcentury and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and theUniversity of Texas.[12] After a lull in growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its development into amajor city in the 1980s and emerged as a center for technology and business.[11] Austin is home to many companies,high-tech and otherwise: Fortune 500 corporations Freescale Semiconductor, Forestar Group, and Whole FoodsMarket, are headquartered there; AMD, Apple, Broadcom, Google, IBM, Intel, Qualcomm, ShoreTel, Synopsys andTexas Instruments have prominent regional offices there.[13] Also Dell's Worldwide Headquarters is located innearby Round Rock, a suburb of Austin.Residents of Austin are known as "Austinites". They include a diverse mix of government employees (e.g.,university faculty & staff, law enforcement, political staffers); foreign and domestic college students; musicians;high-tech workers; blue-collar workers and businesspeople.[14] The city is home to development centers for manytechnology corporations; it adopted the "Silicon Hills" nickname in the 1990s. However, the current official sloganpromotes Austin as "The Live Music Capital of the World", a reference to the many musicians and live music venueswithin the area, and the long-running PBS TV concert series Austin City Limits .[1] [15] In recent years, someAustinites have also adopted the unofficial slogan "Keep Austin Weird" [16] . This interpretation of the classic,"Texas-style" sense of independence refers to: the traditional and proudly eclectic, liberal lifestyles of many Austinresidents; a desire to protect small, unique, local businesses from being overrun by large corporations; and, as areaction to the perceived rise of conservative influences within the community.[17] In the late 1800s, Austin alsobecame known as the City of the "Violet Crown" for the wintertime violet glow of color across the hills just aftersunset.[18] Even today, many Austin businesses use the term "violet crown" in their name. Lastly, Austin is known asa "clean air city" for the city's stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, and allrestaurants. [19]

Austin, Texas 4

History

This Clovis point is from a period of habitation ofapproximately 11,500 years ago.

Austin, Travis County and Williamson County have been the site ofhuman habitation since at least 9,200 BC. The earliest knowninhabitants of the area lived during the late Pleistocene (Ice Age), andare linked to the Clovis culture around 9,200 BC (11,200 years old)based on evidence found throughout the area and documented at themuch-studied Gault Site, midway between Georgetown and FortHood.[20]

When settlers first arrived from Europe, the area was inhabited by theTonkawa tribe, and the Comanches and Lipan Apaches were known totravel through the area as well.[21] Spanish explorers, including theEspinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area forcenturies, though few permanent settlements were created for sometime.[22] In 1730, three missions from East Texas were combined andreestablished as one mission on the south side of the Colorado River, inwhat is now Zilker Park, in Austin. The mission was in this area foronly about seven months, and then was moved to San Antonio deBéxar and split into three missions.[23] In the mid-18th century, the SanXavier missions were located along the Colorado River, in what is nowwestern Milam County, to facilitate exploration.[24]

Early in the 19th century, Spanish forts were established in what are now Bastrop and San Marcos.[22] [25] Followingthe independence of Mexico, new settlements were established in Central Texas, but growth in the region wasstagnant because of conflicts with the regional Native Americans.[25] [26] [27]

In 1835–1836, Texans fought and won independence from Mexico. Texas thus became its own independent countrywith its own president, congress and monetary system. In 1839, the Texas Congress formed a commission to seek asite for a new capital to be named for Stephen F. Austin.[28] Mirabeau B. Lamar, second president of the newlyformed Republic of Texas, advised the commissioners to investigate the area named Waterloo, noting the area's hills,waterways, and pleasant surroundings.[29] Waterloo was selected and the name Austin was chosen as the town's newname.[30] The name Austin may be derived from Oistin, which is a name found in the annals of Irish and Scottishhistory. It is likely a gaelification of the norse name Thorstein. The name Oistin is still used in Ireland today.[31] [32]

The location was seen as a convenient crossroads for trade routes between Santa Fe and Galveston Bay, as well asroutes between northern Mexico and the Red River.[33] Austin is also the site where the southern leg of the ChisholmTrail leads to the Colorado River.[34]

An 1873 illustration of Edwin Waller's layout forAustin

Edwin Waller was picked by Lamar to survey the village and draft aplan laying out the new capital.[28] The original site was narrowed to640 acres (259 ha) that fronted the Colorado River between two creeks,Shoal Creek and Waller Creek, which was later named in his honor.The 14-block grid plan was bisected by a broad north-souththoroughfare, Congress Avenue, running up from the river to CapitalSquare, where the new Texas State Capitol was to be constructed. Atemporary one-story capitol was erected on the corner of Colorado and8th Streets. On August 1, 1839, the first auction of 217 out of 306 lotstotal was held.[28] [33] The grid plan Waller designed and surveyed nowforms the basis of downtown Austin.

Austin, Texas 5

In 1840, a series of conflicts between the Texas Rangers and the Comanches, known as the Council House Fight andthe Battle of Plum Creek, finally pushed the Comanches westward, mostly ending conflicts in Central Texas.[35]

Settlement in the area began to expand quickly. Travis County was established in 1840, and the surrounding countieswere mostly established within the next two decades.[27]

Initially, the new capital thrived. But Lamar's political enemy, Sam Houston, used two Mexican army incursions toSan Antonio as an excuse to move the government. Sam Houston fought bitterly against Lamar’s decision toestablish the capital in such a remote wilderness. The men and women who traveled mainly from Houston to conductgovernment business were intensely disappointed as well. By 1840 the population had risen to 856 of whom nearlyhalf fled from Austin when Congress recessed.[36] The resident Black population listed in January of this same yearwas 176.[37] The fear of Austin’s proximity to the Indians and Mexico, which still considered Texas a part of theirland, created an immense motive for Sam Houston, the first and third President of the Republic of Texas, to relocatethe capital once again in 1841. Upon threats of Mexican troops in Texas, Houston raided the Land Office to transferall official documents to Houston for safe keeping in what was later known as the Archive War, but the people ofAustin would not allow this unaccompanied decision to be executed. The documents stayed, but the capital wouldtemporarily move from Austin to Houston to Washington-on-the-Brazos. Without the governmental body, Austin’spopulation declined to an alarming low of only a few hundred people throughout the early 1840s. The voting by thefourth President of the Republic, Anson Jones, and Congress, who reconvened in Austin in 1845, settled the issue tokeep Austin the seat of government as well as annex the Republic of Texas into the United States.In 1860, 38% of Travis County residents were slaves.[38] In 1861, with the outbreak of the American Civil War,voters in Austin and other Central Texas communities voted against secession.[25] [28] However, as the warprogressed and fears of attack by Union forces increased, Austin contributed hundreds of men to the Confederateforces. The African American population of Austin swelled dramatically after the enforcement of the EmancipationProclamation in Texas by Union General Gordon Granger at Galveston in an event commemorated as Juneteenth.Black communities such as Wheatville, Pleasant Hill, and Clarksville were established around Austin by thesenewcomers.[28] The postwar period saw dramatic population and economic growth. The opening of the Houston andTexas Central Railway (H&TC) in 1871,[39] turned Austin into the major trading center for the region with theability to transport both cotton and cattle. The Missouri, Kansas, and Texas (MKT) line followed close behind.[40]

Austin was also the terminus of the southernmost leg of the Chisholm Trail and "drovers" pushed cattle north to therailroad.[41] Cotton was one of the few crops produced locally for export and a cotton gin engine was locateddowntown near the trains for "ginning" cotton of its seeds and turning the product into bales for shipment.[42] Asother new railroads were built through the region in 1870s, however, Austin began to lose its primacy in trade to thesurrounding communities.[28] In addition, the areas east of Austin took over cattle and cotton production fromAustin, especially in towns like Hutto and Taylor that sit over the blackland prairie, with its deep, rich soils forproducing cotton and hay.[43] [44]

In September 1881, Austin public schools held their first classes. The same year, Tillotson Collegiate and NormalInstitute (now part of Huston-Tillotson University) opened its doors. The University of Texas held its first classes in1883, although classes had been held in the original wooden state Capitol for four years before.[45]

During the 1880s, Austin gained new prominence as the state capitol building was completed in 1888, and claimed as the seventh largest building in the world.[28] In the late 19th century, Austin expanded its city limits to more than three times its former area, and the first granite dam was built on the Colorado River to power a new street car line and the new "moon towers".[28] Unfortunately the first dam washed away in a flood on April 6, 1909.[46] It was finally replaced in 1940 by a hollow concrete dam[47] that formed Lake McDonald (now called Lake Austin) and which has withstood all floods since. In addition, the much larger Mansfield Dam was built by the LCRA upstream of Austin to form the flood-control lake, Lake Travis.[48] In the early 20th century, the Texas Oil Boom took hold, creating tremendous economic opportunities in Southeast Texas and North Texas. The growth generated by this boom largely passed by Austin at first, with the city slipping from fourth largest to 10th largest in Texas between

Austin, Texas 6

1880 and 1920.[28]

Beginning in the 1920s and 1930s, Austin launched a series of civic development and beautification projects thatcreated much of the city's infrastructure and parks. In addition, the state legislature established the Lower ColoradoRiver Authority that, along with the City of Austin, created the system of dams along the Colorado River to form theHighland Lakes. These projects were enabled in large part because Austin received more Depression era relief fundsthan any other Texas city.[28]

After the mid-20th century, Austin became established as one of Texas' major metropolitan centers. In the late 20thcentury, Austin emerged as an important high tech center for semiconductors and software. The University of Texasemerged as a major university.[49]

The 1970s also saw Austin's emergence in the national music scene, with local artists such as Willie Nelson, Asleepat the Wheel, and Stevie Ray Vaughan and iconic music venues such as the Armadillo World Headquarters. Thelong-running television program Austin City Limits and the annual South by Southwest musical festival and theAustin City Limits Festival helped to solidify the city's place in the music industry.[11]

Geography

City limits of Austin

Austin is located in Central Texas, along the Balcones Escarpment andInterstate 35, northwest of Houston. Its elevation varies from 425 feet(130 m) to approximately 1000 feet (305 m) above sea level.[50] As of2010, the city occupies a total area of 271.8 square miles (704 km2).[51]

Approximately 6.9 square miles (18 km2) of this area is water.[52]

Austin is situated on the Colorado River, with three man-made(artificial) lakes within the city limits: Lady Bird Lake (formerlyknown as Town Lake), Lake Austin (both created by dams along theColorado River), and Lake Walter E. Long that is partly used forcooling water for the Decker Power Plant. Additionally, the foot ofLake Travis, including Mansfield Dam, is located within the city's limits.[53] Lady Bird Lake, Lake Austin, and LakeTravis are each on the Colorado River.[28] As a result of its straddling the Balcones Fault, the eastern part of the cityis flat, with heavy clay and loam soils, whereas, the western part and western suburbs consist of rolling hills on theedge of the Texas Hill Country.[54] Because the hills to the west are primarily limestone rock with a thin covering oftopsoil, portions of the city are frequently subjected to flash floods from the runoff caused by thunderstorms.[55] [56]

To help control this runoff and to generate hydroelectric power, the Lower Colorado River Authority operates aseries of dams that form the Texas Highland Lakes. The lakes also provide venues for boating, swimming, and otherforms of recreation within several parks on the lake shores.[57]

Austin is located at the intersection of four major ecological regions, and is consequently a temperate-to-hot greenoasis with a highly variable climate having some characteristics of the desert, the tropics, and a wetter climate.[58]

The area is very diverse ecologically and biologically, and is home to a variety of animals and plants.[59] Notably,the area is home to many types of wildflowers that blossom throughout the year but especially in the spring,including the popular bluebonnets, some planted in an effort by "Lady Bird" Johnson, wife of former PresidentLyndon Johnson.[60]

A popular point of prominence in Austin is Mount Bonnell. At about 780 feet (238 m) above sea level, it is a naturallimestone formation overlooking Lake Austin on the Colorado River, with an observation deck about 200 feet (61 m)below its summit. From the observation deck, many homes are visible.The soils of Austin range from shallow, gravelly clay loams over limestone in the western outskirts to deep, fine sandy loams, silty clay loams, silty clays or clays in the city's eastern part. Some of the clays have pronounced shrink-swell properties and are difficult to work under most moisture conditions. Many of Austin's soils, especially

Austin, Texas 7

the clay-rich types, are slightly to moderately alkaline and have free calcium carbonate.[61]

ClimateAustin has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), characterized by extremely hot summers with prevailinghumid winds from the Gulf of Mexico and mild winters. On average, Austin receives 33.6 inches (853.4 mm) of rainper year, with most of the precipitation in the spring, and a secondary maximum in the fall.[62] During springtime,severe thunderstorms sometimes occur, though tornadoes are rare in the city. Austin is usually at least partiallysunny, receiving nearly 2650 hours, or 60.3% of the possible total, of bright sunshine per year.[63]

Austin summers are usually hot and humid, with average July and August highs in the mid-90s °F (34–36 °C). Highsexceed 90 °F (32.2 °C) on 109 days per year, and 100 °F (37.8 °C) on 12.[62] The highest recorded temperature was112 °F (44 °C) occurring both on September 5, 2000[64] [65] and also on August 28, 2011.[66]

Winters in Austin are mild and relatively dry. For the entire year, Austin averages 88 days below 45 °F (7.2 °C) and18 days when the minimum temperature falls below freezing. The lowest recorded temperature was −2 °F (−19 °C)on January 31, 1949.[67] Snowfall is rare in Austin, but approximately biannually Austin may suffer an ice storm thatfreezes roads over and affects much of the city for 24 to 48 hours.[67] Monthly averages for Austin's weather data areshown in a graphical format to the right, and in a more detailed tabular format below.

Climate data for Camp Mabry, Austin, Texas

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high °F (°C) 90(32)

99(37)

98(37)

99(37)

104(40)

108(42)

108(42)

110(43)

112(44)

100(38)

91(33)

90(32)

112(44)

Average high °F (°C) 60.3(15.7)

65.1(18.4)

72.5(22.5)

78.9(26.1)

84.8(29.3)

90.9(32.7)

95.0(35.0)

95.6(35.3)

90.1(32.3)

81.4(27.4)

70.1(21.2)

62.3(16.8)

78.9(26.1)

Average low °F (°C) 40.0(4.4)

44.0(6.7)

50.9(10.5)

57.6(14.2)

65.4(18.6)

71.1(21.7)

73.4(23.0)

73.3(22.9)

68.8(20.4)

59.8(15.4)

49.3(9.6)

41.9(5.5)

58.0(14.4)

Record low °F (°C) −2 −1 18 30 40(4)

51(11)

57(14)

58(14)

41(5)

30 20 4 −2

Precipitation inches(mm)

1.89(48)

1.99(50.5)

2.14(54.4)

2.51(63.8)

5.03(127.8)

3.81(96.8)

1.97(50)

2.31(58.7)

2.91(73.9)

3.97(100.8)

2.68(68.1)

2.44(62)

33.65(854.7)

Avg. precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in)

7.7 7.0 7.9 7.2 9.5 7.5 5.1 5.2 7.2 7.4 8.2 7.9 87.8

Sunshine hours 164.3 169.5 204.6 207.0 226.3 285.0 316.2 297.6 234.0 217.0 168.0 155.0 2644.5

Source: NOAA [62] , Weather.com [65] , HKO [63]

Table Note: All temperature and precipitation normals were recorded at Camp Mabry from1971–2000, and sunshine data were recorded from 1961–1990. Extremes are from Camp Mabryand previous stations, with the record spanning 1897 to present.[62] [63] [65]

Austin, Texas 8

2011 droughtFrom October 2010 to August 2011, Austin has had the least rainfall since the 1950s. This is a result of La Niñaconditions in the Pacific Ocean where water turns unusually cooler than normal. Dr. David Brown, a regional officialwith the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has explained that "these kinds of droughts will haveeffects that are even more extreme in the future, given a warming and drying regional climate." [68]

Government and politics

Law and government

Austin City Hall

Texas State Capitol

Austin is administered by a city council of seven members, each ofthem elected at large. The council is composed of six councilmembers, and by an elected mayor, accompanied by a hired citymanager under the manager-council system of municipalgovernance. Council and mayoral elections are non-partisan, witha runoff in case there is no majority winner. Austin remains ananomaly among large Texas cities in that council members areelected on an at-large basis by all voters, as opposed to electionsby districts.

Austin formerly operated its city hall at 128 West 8th Street.[69]

Antoine Predock and Cotera Kolar Negrete & Reed Architectsdesigned a new city hall building, which was intended to reflectwhat The Dallas Morning News referred to as a "crazy-quiltvitality, that embraces everything from country music toenvironmental protests and high-tech swagger."[70] The new cityhall, built from recycled materials, has solar panels in itsgarage.[71] The city hall, at 301 West Second Street, opened inNovember 2004.[72] The current mayor of Austin is LeeLeffingwell. His first term ends in 2012.

Law enforcement in Austin is provided by the Austin PoliceDepartment, except for state government buildings, which arepatrolled by the Texas Department of Public Safety. Austin wasranked the fifth-safest city in part because there are fewer than five murders per 100,000 people annually.[73] [74]

Fire protection is provided by the Austin Fire Department, and emergency medical services are provided byAustin-Travis County Emergency Medical Services.

State and federal representation

The Texas Department of Transportation operates the Austin District Office in Austin.[75]

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) operates the Austin I and Austin II district parole offices inAustin.[76]

The United States Postal Service operates several post offices in Austin.

Austin, Texas 9

The Cowboy Memorial

Politics

Austin is known as an enclave of liberal politics in a generallyconservative state—so much so, that the city is sometimessarcastically called the "People's Republic of Austin" by residentsof other parts of Texas, and conservatives in the TexasLegislature.[77] [78]

As a result of the major party realignment that began in the 1970s, central Austin became a stronghold of theDemocratic Party, while the suburbs tend to vote Republican. Opponents characterized the resulting district layout asexcessively partisan gerrymandering, and the plan was challenged in court on this basis by Democratic and minorityactivists; of note, the Supreme Court of the United States has never struck down a redistricting plan for beingexcessively partisan. The plan was subsequently upheld by a three-judge federal panel in late 2003, and on June 28,2006, the matter was largely settled when the Supreme Court in a 7–2 decision upheld the entire congressionalredistricting plan with the exception of a Hispanic-majority district in southwest Texas. This later affected Austin'sdistricting, as U.S. Rep. Lloyd Doggett's district (U.S. Congressional District 25) was found to be insufficientlycompact to compensate for the reduced minority influence in the southwest district and so was redrawn so that it nowtakes in most of southeastern Travis County and several counties to its south and east.[79]

Overall, the city is a blend of downtown liberalism and suburban conservatism but leans to the political left as awhole. In 2003, the city adopted a resolution against the USA PATRIOT Act that reaffirmed constitutionallyguaranteed rights. In the 2004 presidential election, Senator John Kerry won a substantial majority of the votes inTravis County.[80] Of Austin's six state legislative districts, three are strongly Democratic and three are swingdistricts, two of which are held by Democrats and one of which is held by a Republican. However, two of its threecongressional districts (the 10th and the 21st) are presently held by Republicans, with only the 25th held by aDemocrat. This is largely due to the 2003 redistricting, which left downtown Austin without an exclusivecongressional seat of its own. Travis County was also the only county in Texas to reject Texas ConstitutionalAmendment Proposition 2 that effectively outlawed gay marriage and status equal or similar to it and did so by awide margin (40% for, 60% against).[81] [82] [83]

Austin is also an active area for the Libertarian Party.Two of the candidates for president in the 2004 race call Austin home. Michael Badnarik, mentioned above as theLibertarian Party candidate, and David Cobb of the Green Party both have lived in Austin. During the run up to theelection in November, a presidential debate was held at the University of Texas student union involving the twominor party candidates. While the Commission on Presidential Debates only invites Democrats and Republicans toparticipate in televised debates, the debate at UT was open to all presidential candidates. Austin also hosted one ofthe last presidential debates between Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton during their heated race for the Democraticnomination in 2008.[84]

Austin, Texas 10

Environmental movementThe distinguishing political movement of Austin politics has been that of the environmental movement, whichspawned the parallel neighborhood movement, then the more recent conservationist movement (as typified by theHill Country Conservancy),[85] and eventually the current on-going debate about "sense of place" and preserving theAustin quality of life. Much of the so-called environmental movement has matured into a debate on issues related tosaving and creating an Austin "sense of place."[86]

Economy

Whole Foods Market headquarters in Austin

Congress Bridge at night

Austin is the largest component of the Austin Round Rock MSA,which had a Gross Domestic Product of $86 billion in 2010.[87]

Austin is considered to be a major center for high tech.[88]

Thousands of graduates each year from the engineering andcomputer science programs at The University of Texas at Austinprovide a steady source of employees that help to fuel Austin'stechnology and defense industry sectors. The metro Austin areahas much lower housing costs than Silicon Valley, but muchhigher housing costs than many parts of rural Texas. As a result ofthe high concentration of high-tech companies in the region,Austin was strongly affected by the dot-com boom in the late1990s and subsequent bust.[88] Austin's largest employers includethe Austin Independent School District, the City of Austin, Dell,the U.S. Federal Government, Freescale Semiconductor (spun offfrom Motorola in 2004), IBM, St. David's Healthcare Partnership,Seton Family of Hospitals, the State of Texas, Texas StateUniversity–San Marcos, and The University of Texas.[88] Otherhigh-tech companies with operations in Austin include Nvidia,3M, Apple Inc., Hewlett-Packard, Google, AMD, AppliedMaterials, Cirrus Logic, Cisco Systems, eBay/PayPal, Bioware,Blizzard Entertainment, Hoover's, Intel Corporation, National Instruments, Samsung Group, Buffalo Technology,Silicon Laboratories, Oracle Corporation, Hostgator, and United Devices. In 2010, Facebook accepted a grant tobuild a downtown office that could bring as many as 200 jobs to the city.[89] The proliferation of technologycompanies has led to the region's nickname, "the Silicon Hills", and spurred development that greatly expanded thecity. The concentration of high-tech companies has led the former American Airlines flight between Austin and SanJose, California to be dubbed the "nerd bird."[90]

Austin is also emerging as a hub for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies; the city is home to about 85 ofthem.[88] The city was ranked by the Milken Institute as the No.12 biotech and life science center in the UnitedStates.[91]

Whole Foods Market (often called just "Whole Foods") is an upscale, national grocery store chain specializing infresh and packaged food products—many having an organic-/local-/"natural"-theme. It was founded and isheadquartered in Austin.[92]

In addition to national and global corporations, Austin features a strong network of independent, unique,locally-owned firms and organizations.

Austin, Texas 11

Cityscape

360 Condominiums Tower

Buildings that make up most of Austin's skyline are modest inheight and somewhat spread out. The latter characteristic is partlydue to a restriction that preserves the view of the Texas StateCapitol building from various locations around Austin (known asthe Capitol View Corridor).[93] However, many new highrisetowers have been constructed and the downtown area is lookingmore modern and dense. The city's tallest building, The Austonian,was topped out on September 17, 2009.[94] Austin is currentlyundergoing a skyscraper boom, which includes recent constructionon the now complete 360 Condominiums at 563 feet (172 m),Spring (condominiums),the Austonian at 683 feet (208 m), andseveral others that are mainly for residential use. By 2015, theFrost Bank Tower could be the only skyscraper built before 2005to remain in the ten tallest buildings in the city.

At night, parts of Austin are lighted by "artificial moonlight" fromMoonlight Towers[95] built to illuminate the central part of thecity. The 165-foot (50 m) moonlight towers were built in the late19th century and are now recognized as historic landmarks. Only15 of the 31 original innovative towers remain standing in Austin,and none remain in any of the other cities where they wereinstalled. The towers are featured in the 1993 film Dazed andConfused.

Downtown

The central business district of the city is home to some of thetallest condo towers in the state, with the Austonian Condostopping out at 56 floors[96] and the 360 Condos at 44 floors.[97]

The 360 Tower and the Four Seasons Condos are condo towers inAustin, opened in early 2008.[98] Former Mayor Will Wynn set outa goal for having up to 25,000 people living Downtown by 2015,and the city provided incentives for building residential units in the urban core.[99] Because of this, the city has beendriven to increase density in Austin's urban core. The skyline has drastically changed in recent years, and theresidential real estate market has remained relatively strong. Downtown growth has been aided by the presence of apopular live music and nightlife scene, museums, restaurants, and Lady Bird Lake, considered one of the city's bestrecreational spots. The 2nd Street District consists of several new residential projects, restaurants, coffee shops,record stores, upscale boutiques and museums, and the Austin City Hall. Across 2nd Street from Austin City Hall isthe newly re-created TV set for the long-running PBS program Austin City Limits,[100] which is housed beneath thenew 478 feet (146 m) W Hotel.[101] The new Austin City Limits location also presents national and local live musicperformances unrelated to the television show such as recent performances by story-teller Garrison Keillor, andmusic groups Return to Forever and George Thorogood. South by Southwest (SXSW)[102] is hosted downtown andis one of the largest music festivals in the United States, with more than 2,000 performers playing in more than 90

Austin, Texas 12

venues around Downtown Austin over four days, in March. Though it is an industry-based event, SXSW Music linkslocally with events such as the annual Austin Music Awards show. SXSW is the highest revenue-producing specialevent for the Austin economy, with an estimated economic impact of at least $167 million in 2010.[103]

Demographics

Historicalpopulations

Census Pop. %±

1850 629 —

1860 3494 455.5%

1870 4428 26.7%

1880 11013 148.7%

1890 14575 32.3%

1900 22258 52.7%

1910 29860 34.2%

1920 34876 16.8%

1930 53120 52.3%

1940 87930 65.5%

1950 132459 50.6%

1960 186545 40.8%

1970 251808 35.0%

1980 345496 37.2%

1990 472020 36.6%

2000 656562 39.1%

2010 790390 20.4%

According to the 2010 Census,[104] the racial composition of Austin is:• White: 68.3% (Non-Hispanic Whites): 48.7%• Hispanic or Latino: 35.1% (29.1% Mexican, 0.5% Puerto Rican, 0.4% Cuban, 5.1% Other)• African American: 8.1%• Asian: 6.3% (1.9% Indian, 1.5% Chinese, 1.0% Vietnamese, 0.7% Korean, 0.3% Filipino, 0.2% Japanese, 0.8%

Other)• American Indian: 0.9%• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.1%• Two or More Races: 3.4%As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 656,562 people, 265,649 households, and 141,590 families residing in thecity (roughly comparable in size to San Francisco, USA; Leeds, UK; Ottawa and a bit less than Alaska). Thepopulation density was 2,610.4 people per square mile (1,007.9/km²). There were 276,842 housing units at anaverage density of 1,100.7 per square mile (425.0/km²). There were 265,648 households out of which 26.8% hadchildren under the age of 18 living with them, 38.1% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a femalehouseholder with no husband present, and 46.7% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up ofindividuals and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was2.40 and the average family size was 3.14.

Austin, Texas 13

In the city the population was spread out with 22.5% under the age of 18, 16.6% from 18 to 24, 37.1% from 25 to 44,17.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100females there were 105.8 males.The median income for a household in the city was $42,689, and the median income for a family was $54,091.Males had a median income of $35,545 vs. $30,046 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,163.About 9.1% of families and 14.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.5% of those underage 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over. The median house price was $185,906 in 2009, and it has increased everyyear since 2003.[105]

In July 2009, the U.S. Census Bureau reported that the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan area had 1,705,075 people(roughly comparable to the San Jose, California area in the U.S.; the West Yorkshire area in the U.K.; and theMarseille area in France).

Arts and culture"Keep Austin Weird" has become a local motto in recent years, featured on bumper stickers and t-shirts. This mottohas not only been used in promoting Austin's eccentricity and diversity, but is also meant to bolster support of localindependent businesses.[17] According to the 2010 book, Weird City, the phrase was begun by a local AustinCommunity College librarian, Red Wassenich, and his wife, Karen Pavelka, who were concerned about Austin's"rapid descent into commercialism and over-development."[106] The slogan has been interpreted many ways since itsinception, but remains an important symbol for many Austinites who wish to voice concerns over rapid growth andirresponsible development. Austin has a long history of vocal citizen resistance to development projects perceived todegrade the environment, or to threaten the natural and cultural landscapes.[107]

According to the Nielsen Company, adults in Austin read and contribute to blogs more than those in any other U.S.metropolitan area.[108] Austin residents have the highest internet usage in all of Texas.[108] Austin was selected as theNo. 2 Best Big City in "Best Places to Live" by Money magazine in 2006, and No. 3 in 2009, and also the "GreenestCity in America" by MSN.[109] [110] According to Travel & Leisure magazine, Austin ranks No. 1 on the list of citieswith the best people, referring to the personalities and attributes of the citizens.[111]

SoCo is a shopping district stretching down South Congress Avenue from Downtown. This area is home to coffeeshops, eccentric stores, restaurants, food trucks, trailers and festivals. It prides itself on "Keeping Austin Weird",especially with development in the surrounding area(s).

Annual cultural events

The sights of Austin's nightlife on6th Street

The O. Henry House Museum hosts the annual O. Henry Pun Off, a pun contestwhere the contestants exhibit wit. Other annual events include Eeyore's BirthdayParty, Spamarama, the Austin Reggae Festival and Art City Austin in April, EastAustin Studio Tour in November, and Carnaval Brasileiro in February. SixthStreet features annual festivals such as the Pecan Street Festival and Halloweennight. The three-day Austin City Limits Music Festival has been held in ZilkerPark every year since 2002. Every year around the end of March and thebeginning of April, Austin is home to "Texas Relay Weekend."

Austin's Zilker Park Tree is a Christmas display made of lights strung from thetop of a Moonlight tower in Zilker Park. The Zilker Tree is lit in December along with the "Trail of Lights", anAustin Christmas tradition. In 2010, the Trail of Lights was canceled due to budget problems, but the city says theyhope to have finances for the trail next year.

Austin, Texas 14

Music

2009 Austin City Limits Music Festival withview of stages and Austin skyline

As Austin's official slogan is The Live Music Capital of the World, thecity has a vibrant live music scene with more music venues per capitathan any other U.S. city.[1] [15] Austin's music revolves around themany nightclubs on 6th Street and an annual film/music/interactivefestival known as South by Southwest (SXSW). The longest-runningconcert music program on American television, Austin City Limits, isrecorded at Moody Theatre at the W Hotel in Austin, TX. Austin CityLimits and C3 Presents produce the Austin City Limits Music Festival,an annual music and art festival held at Zilker Park in Austin based onthe Austin City Limits television show. The festival and televisionshow alike attract musical artists from around the world. Other musicevents include the Urban Music Festival, the Fun Fun Fun Fest, Chaos In Tejas and the Old Settlers Music Festival.

Austin Lyric Opera has, since its founding in 1986, provided area residents with performances of multiple operaseach year (including the 2007 opening of Philip Glass's Waiting for the Barbarians, written by University of Texasalumnus J. M. Coetzee). Performances are held at the Long Center for the Performing Arts with outdoorperformance at Zilker Hillside Theater.[112]

The Austin Symphony Orchestra performs a range of classical, pop and family performances and is led by MusicDirector and Conductor Peter Bay.

FilmAustin hosts the annual Austin Film Festival, which draws films of many different types from all over the world. In2004 the city was first in MovieMaker Magazine's annual top ten cities to live and make movies. The 2007 South bySouthwest (SXSW) festival included Pete Townshend, Iggy Pop, Tom Morello, and Rickie Lee Jones.Austin has been the location for a number of motion pictures, partly due to the influence of The University of Texasat Austin Department of Radio-Television-Film. Films produced in Austin include Man of the House, SecondhandLions, Waking Life, Spy Kids, Dazed and Confused, Office Space, The Life of David Gale, Miss Congeniality,Doubting Thomas, Slacker, Idiocracy, The New Guy, Hope Floats, The Alamo, Blank Check, The Wendall BakerStory, School of Rock, A Slipping-Down Life, A Scanner Darkly, and most recently, the Coen Brothers' True Grit,Grindhouse, Machete, How To Eat Fried Worms and Bandslam. In order to draw future film projects to the area, theAustin Film Society has converted several airplane hangars from the former Mueller Airport into filmmaking centerAustin Studios. Projects that have used facilities at Austin Studios include music videos by The Flaming Lips andfeature films such as 25th Hour and Sin City. Austin also hosted the MTV series, The Real World: Austin in 2005.The film review websites Spill.com and Ain't It Cool News are based in Austin. Rooster Teeth Productions, creatorof popular web series such as Red vs. Blue, is also located on Austin.

MediaAustin's main daily newspaper is the Austin American-Statesman. The Austin Chronicle is Austin's alternative weekly, while The Daily Texan is the student newspaper of the University of Texas. Austin's business newspaper is the weekly Austin Business Journal. Austin also has numerous smaller special interest or sub-regional newspapers such as the Oak Hill Gazette, Westlake Picayune, Hill Country News, Round Rock Leader, NOKOA, and The Villager among others. Texas Monthly, a major regional magazine, is also headquartered in Austin. The Texas Observer, a muckraking biweekly political magazine, has been based in Austin for over five decades. The most recent newspaper entrant is the weekly Community Impact Newspaper newspaper published by John Garrett, former publisher of the Austin Business Journal. Community Impact has five regional editions and is delivered to every

Austin, Texas 15

house and business within certain zip codes and all of the news is specific to those zip codes.[113] The local PBSstation KLRU produces several award winning locally produced programs.[114] KUT is the leading public radiostation in Texas and produces the majority of its content locally.[115] KOOP (FM) is a volunteer-run radio stationwith more than 60 locally produced programs.[116] KVRX is the student-run college radio station of the University ofTexas with a focus on local and non-mainstream music and community programming.[117] Network televisionstations (affiliations in parentheses) include KTBC (Fox), KVUE (ABC), KXAN (NBC), KEYE-TV (CBS), KLRU(PBS), KNVA (The CW), KBVO (My Network TV), and KAKW (Univision). Also, subscribers to Time WarnerCable receive a 24-hour local news station, News 8 Austin. In some parts of Austin, Time Warner has cablecompetition from Grande Communications.The most recent entrant on the Austin news scene is The Texas Tribune, an on-line publication focused on Texas andAustin politics.[118] The Tribune is "user-supported" through donations, a business model similar to public radio.[119]

The Editor is Evan Smith, former Editor of Texas Monthly. Smith co-founded the Texas Tribune, a nonprofit,non-partisan public media organization, with Austin venture capitalist John Thornton [120] and veteran journalistRoss Ramsey [121].[118] [122]

TheaterAustin has a strong theater culture, with dozens of itinerant and resident companies producing a variety of work. Thecity also has live performance theater venues such as the Zachary Scott Theatre Center, Vortex Repertory Company,Salvage Vanguard Theater, Rude Mechanicals' the Off Center, Austin Playhouse, Scottish Rite Children's Theater,Hyde Park Theatre, the Blue Theater, the Hideout Theater, and Esther's Follies.[123] The Victory Grill was arenowned venue on the Chitlin' circuit.[124] Public art and performances in the parks and on bridges are popular.Austin hosts the Fuse Box Festival each April featuring international, leading-edge theater artists.[125]

The Paramount Theatre, opened in downtown Austin in 1915, contributes to Austin's theater and film culture,showing classic films throughout the summer and hosting regional premieres for films such as MissCongeniality.[126] The Zilker Park Summer Musical is a long-running outdoor musical.[127]

The Long Center for the Performing Arts is a 2,300 seat theater built partly with recycled materials from the oldLester E. Palmer Auditorium.Ballet Austin is the fourth largest ballet academy in the country.[128] Each year Ballet Austin's twenty memberprofessional company performs ballets from a wide variety of choreographers, including their international awardwinning artistic director, Stephen Mills. The city is also home to the Ballet East Dance Company, a modern danceensemble, and the Tapestry Dance Company which performs a variety of dance genres.The Austin improv comedy scene has several theaters: ColdTowne Theater, The Hideout Theater, The NewMovement Theater, and Salvage Vanguard Theater. Austin also hosts the annual Out of Bounds Comedy Festival,which draws comedic artists in all disciplines to Austin. In 2010, Out of Bounds hosted over 400 U.S. andinternational improv, sketch, and stand-up comedy artists over 7 days in 7 different venues.

EntrepreneurshipAustin has an emerging entrepreneurial scene which supports multiple paths, including craft, bootstrap and funding-driven. The scene comes together every March at RISE Austin, an annual week-long conference around the city. Known as the "Silicon Hills", Austin's early technical entrepreneurialism fostered Dell Computer; as well as AMD, IBM, and Motorola. [129] Conversely, part of Austin's charm has been the unique enterprises by artists and poets since the late 1970s. Mexic-Arte Museum downtown, is one example started by a group of painters and sculptors from Mexico. Poet Hedwig Gorski invented the widespread term "pet sitting" in the early 1980s to describe one of the original in-home animal care services, Hyde Park Pet Sitting. A major entrepreneural landmark, The Armadillo World Headquarters, presented national musical rock and country acts as well as regional bands like Willie Nelson and Roky Erikson in the 1970s helping to build the city's reputation as a music capitol. The current

Austin, Texas 16

scene has been featured in BusinessWeek [130], Entrepreneur Magazine [131] (twice [132], and a THIRD time [133]),GigaOm [134], Time [135], ABJ Entrepreneur [136], Kiplinger [137] and CNN [138]. W

Sports

Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium, homeof Texas Longhorns football.

Austin is the largest city in the United States without a club in a majorprofessional sports league.[139] Many Austinites support the Universityof Texas Longhorns' sports programs. The University of Texas footballand baseball teams each won their respective national championshipsduring the 2005–2006 seasons.[140] [141] The Texas Longhorns playhome games in the state's second-largest sports stadium, Darrell KRoyal-Texas Memorial Stadium, seating over 101,000 fans.[142]

Baseball games are played at UFCU Disch–Falk Field whichunderwent renovation in 1996 with an increased capacity to 6,756 seatsplus 11 stadium suites.

Minor-league professional sports came to Austin in 1996, when theAustin Ice Bats began playing at the Travis County Expo Center.[143] Since then, the Austin Ice Bats have beenreplaced by the Texas Stars[144] of the American Hockey League, and many other teams have come to Austinincluding the [[Austin Toros [145]]] of the NBA Development League, and the Texas Stars. Austin is home to the2010 U.S. Youth Soccer U19 Girls National Champion club Lonestar Soccer Club.

UFCU Disch–Falk Field front facade after its2007 renovation.

Austin area minor-league professional sports teams

Club Sport Founded League Venue

Round RockExpress

Baseball 1999 Pacific Coast League Dell Diamond

Austin Outlaws Football 2003 National Women'sFootball Association

House Park

Austin Toros Basketball 2005 NBA D-League Cedar Park Center

Texas Stars Ice hockey 2009 American HockeyLeague

Cedar Park Center

AustinGamebreakers

Football 1998 North American Football League Yellow Jacket Stadium

Natural features like the bicycle-friendly Texas Hill Country, limestone rock formations, and generally mild climate work with the centrally located Lady Bird Lake Hike and Bike Trail, and local pools like Barton Springs to make Austin the home of several endurance and multi-sport races and communities. The Capitol 10,000 is the largest 10 K race in Texas, and approximately fifth largest in the United States.[146] The Austin Marathon has been run in the city every year since 1992. The Austin-founded American Swimming Association hosts an open water swimming event,

Austin, Texas 17

the Cap 2 K, and other closed-course, open water, and cable swim races around town. Austin is also the hometownof several cycling groups and the seven-time Tour de France champion cyclist[147] Lance Armstrong, as well asenvironmentally and economically minded bicycle commuters. Combining these three disciplines is a growing cropof triathlons, including the Capital of Texas Triathlon held every Memorial Day on and around Lady Bird Lake,Auditorium Shores, and Downtown Austin.[148]

In June 2010 it was announced by the Formula One chief executive Bernie Ecclestone that the Austin area wouldhost the Formula One, United States Grand Prix, from 2012 until 2021. The effort was aided by State ComptrollerSusan Combs. The state has pledged to put up $25 million in public funds annually for 10 years to pay thesanctioning fees for the race.[149] The event was last held in 2007 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.[150] AFormula One circuit will need to be built at an estimated cost of $250 to $300 million, paid for by private investors,and is expected to be located just east of the Austin Bergstrom International Airport. The Austin investor group isheaded by Tavo Hellmund,[151] President of Full Throttle Productions, LP. Hellmund, of Austin, is himself a formerrace car owner and driver[152] . Circuit of the Americas will also play host to MotoGP World Championships from2013.

Museums and other points of interestMuseums in Austin include the Texas Memorial Museum, the Blanton Museum of Art (reopened in 2006), the BobBullock Texas State History Museum across the street (which opened in 2000), the Austin Museum of Art (AMOA),and the galleries at the Harry Ransom Center. The Texas State Capitol itself is also a major tourist attraction. TheDriskill Hotel built in 1886, and located at 6th and Brazos, was finished just before the construction of the Capitolbuilding. Sixth Street is a musical hub for the city. The Enchanted Forest, a multi-acre outdoor music, art, andperformance art space in South Austin hosts events such as fire-dancing and circus-like-acts.[153] Austin is also hometo the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum, which houses documents and artifacts related to the Johnsonadministration, including LBJ's limousine and a recreation of the Oval Office.Locally produced art is featured at the South Austin Museum of Popular Culture. The Mexic-Arte Museum is a LatinAmerican art museum founded in 1983. Austin is also home to the O. Henry House Museum, residence of O. Henryin 1891. Farmers markets are popular attractions, providing a variety of locally grown and often organic goods.[154]

Austin is also "weird" for its many statues and landmarks, such as the Hyde Park Bar & Grill fork, the Mangiadinosaur, the Loca Maria lady at Taco Xpress on South Lamar, the 'migrating' pink flamingos on the lawn in front ofthe Pots and Plants Garden Center, the Hyde Park Gym's giant flexed arm, and Daniel Johnston's Hi, how are you?frog mural.[155]

Austinites often start tours for visitors with a pilgrimage to the statue of Texas blues guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan onthe south shore of Town Lake. The statue's 'shadow' is longer than its height, to symbolize Vaughan's wide influenceon electric guitarists.The Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge houses the world's largest urban population of Mexican Free-tailedBats. Starting in March,[156] [157] up to 1.5 million bats take up residence inside the bridge's expansion andcontraction zones as well as in long horizontal grooves running the length of the bridge's underside, an environmentideally suited for raising their young. Every evening around sunset, the bats emerge in search of insects, an exitvisible on weather radar. Watching the bat emergence is an event that is popular with locals and tourists, with morethan 100,000 viewers per year. The bats migrate to Mexico each winter.[158]

The Austin Zoo, located in unincorporated western Travis County is a rescue zoo that provides sanctuary todisplaced animals from a variety of situations, including those involving neglect.

Austin, Texas 18

Parks and recreation

Austin's Deep Eddy Pool is the oldest man-madepool in Texas

The Austin Parks & Recreation Department received the Excellence inAquatics award in 1999 and the Gold Medal Awards in 2004 from theNational Recreation and Park Association.[159] [160] Home to more than50 public swimming pools, Austin has parks and pools throughout thecity. There are several well-known swimming locations. These includeDeep Eddy Pool, Texas' oldest man-made swimming pool, and BartonSprings Pool, the nation's largest natural swimming pool in an urbanarea.[161] [162] Barton Springs Pool is spring-fed while Deep Eddy iswell-fed. Both range in temperature from about 68.0 °F (20.0 °C)during the winter to about 71.6 °F (22.0 °C) during the summer.[163]

[164] [165] Hippie Hollow Park, a county park situated along LakeTravis, is the only officially sanctioned clothing-optional public park in Texas. Activities include rockclimbing,kayaking, swimming, exploring, and hiking along the greenbelt, a long-spanning area that runs through the city.Zilker Park, a large green area close to downtown, forms part of the greenbelt along the Colorado River. HamiltonPool is a pool and wildlife park located about 30 minutes from the city.[166]

TransportationOf all the people who work in Austin, 73% drive alone, 10% carpool, 6% work from home, 5% take the bus, 2%walk, and 1% bicycle.[167]

Highways

The Pennybacker Bridge is the signature elementof Loop 360 in the Texas Hill Country.

Central Austin is essentially bracketed by two major North/Souththoroughfares: Interstate 35 to the east and the Mopac Expressway(Loop 1) to the west. U.S. Highway 183 runs from northwest tosoutheast, and State Highway 71 crosses the southern part of the cityfrom east to west, completing a rough "box" around the central andnorth-central city. Austin is the largest city in the United States to beserved by only one Interstate Highway.

U.S. Highway 290 enters Austin from the east and merges into I-35. Itshighway designation continues south on I-35 and then becomes part ofHighway 71, continuing on to the west. Highway 290 becomes its ownroad again southwest of the city, when it splits from Highway 71 in abusy interchange in Oak Hill known as "The Y." Highway 71 continues as far west as Brady, Texas, and Highway290 continues west to intersect Interstate 10 near Junction. Interstate 35 continues south through San Antonio, andcontinues to its culmination at Laredo, Texas, which is on the Texas-Mexico border. Interstate 35 is the highway linkto the Dallas-Ft. Worth metroplex in northern Texas. There are two links to Houston, Texas (Highway 290 and StateHighway 71/Interstate 10). Highway 183 leads northwest of Austin and is a route with other major highways to suchcities as Abilene, San Angelo, Lubbock, Amarillo, Albuquerque and Denver.

In the mid-1980s, Austin completed construction on Loop 360, a scenic highway that curves through the hill countryfrom near the 71/Mopac interchange in the south to near the 183/Mopac interchange in the north. The iconicPennybacker Bridge, also known as the "360 Bridge", crosses Lake Austin to connect north and south Loop 360.

Austin, Texas 19

Tollways

Interchange of Interstate 35 and State Highway45.

In November 2006, Austin opened the first segments of its first-evertollway system: State Highway 130 runs from just south ofAustin-Bergstrom International Airport to Interstate 35 just north ofGeorgetown. Highway 130 connects with Highway 45 in Pflugerville,Texas. The project, when completed, will end at Interstate 10 just eastof Seguin, about 30 miles (48 km) east-northeast of San Antonio.

State Highway 45 runs east-west from just west of Highway 183 inCedar Park to 130 inside Pflugerville (just east of Round Rock). Theproject also included a tolled extension to Mopac that allows directaccess to I-35. A new southeast leg of Highway 45 has recently been completed, connecting US 183 and the currentsouth end of TX-130 to I-35 at the FM 1327/Creedmoor exit near the south end of Austin and close to the town ofBuda's northernmost interchange. The 183A Toll Road opened March 2007, providing a tolled alternative to 183through the cities of Leander and Cedar Park. Despite the overwhelming initial opposition to the toll road conceptwhen it was first announced, all three toll roads have improved mobility in and around the Austin area and aresignificantly exceeding their revenue projections.[168]

AirportsAustin's airport is Austin-Bergstrom International Airport (ABIA) (IATA code AUS), located 5 miles (8 km)southeast of the city. The airport is on the site of the former Bergstrom Air Force Base, which was closed in 1993 aspart of the Base Realignment and Closure process. Previously, Robert Mueller Municipal Airport was thecommercial airport of Austin.

Intercity bus serviceGreyhound Lines operates the Austin Station at 916 East Koenig Lane, just east of Airport Boulevard and adjacent toHighland Mall.[169] Turimex Internacional operates bus service from Austin to Nuevo Laredo and on to manydestinations in Mexico. The Turimex station is located at 5012 East 7th Street, near Shady Lane.[170]

Public transportation

Austin Metrorail train at Downtown Station.

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Capital Metro)provides public transportation to the city, primarily by bus. CapitalMetro is planning to change some routes to "Rapid Lines". The lineswill feature 60 ft (18 m) long, train-like high-tech buses. This additionis going to be implemented to help reduce congestion. Capital Metroopened a 32-mile (51 km) commuter rail system known as CapitalMetroRail on March 22, 2010.[171] The system was built on existingfreight rail lines and will serve downtown Austin, East Austin, NorthCentral Austin, Northwest Austin, and Leander in its first phase. Futureexpansion could include a line to Manor and another to Round Rock. Capital Metro is also looking into a circulatorsystem of streetcars to connect most of Downtown, the University of Texas, and the 700-acre (2.8 km2) MuellerAirport Redevelopment. The streetcar system would help connect the new rail line to key destinations in CentralAustin. An Amtrak Texas Eagle station is located west of downtown. Segments of the Amtrak route between Austinand San Antonio are under evaluation for a future passenger rail corridor as an alternative to the traffic congestion of

Interstate 35. Austin is known as the most bike-friendly city in Texas and has a Silver-level rating from the League of American Bicyclists. Austin is also home to Car2Go, a carsharing program. Austin was chosen as the first city in

Austin, Texas 20

the western hemisphere to host this company's business, which is based in Germany.

WalkabilityA 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Austin 31st most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.[172]

PedicabsAustin has a vibrant and large pedicab community of bicycle taxis that operate downtown during the evening hoursand daytime during events.

EducationResearchers at Central Connecticut State University ranked Austin the 16th most literate city in the United States for2008.[173] The Austin Public Library operates the John Henry Faulk Library and various library branches. Inaddition, the University of Texas at Austin operates the seventh-largest academic library in the nation.[174]

Austin was voted "America's No.1 College Town" by the Travel Channel.[175] Over 43 percent of Austin residentsage 25 and over hold a bachelor's degree, while 16 percent hold a graduate degree.[176] As of 2009, greater Austinranks eighth among metropolitan areas in the United States for bachelor's degree attainment with nearly 39 percentof area residents over 25 holding a bachelor's degree.[177]

Higher education

The University of Texas at Austin

Austin is home to The University of Texas at Austin, the flagshipinstitution of The University of Texas System with over 38,000undergraduate students and 12,000 graduate students. In 2010, theuniversity was ranked 45th among "National Universities" (13thamong public universities) by U.S. News and World Report.[178] UThas annual research expenditures of over $640 million[179] and has thehighest-ranked business, engineering, and law programs of anyuniversity in the state of Texas.[180] [181] [182]

Other institutions of higher learning in Austin include St. Edward'sUniversity, Austin Community College, Concordia University,Huston-Tillotson University, the Seminary of the Southwest, the Acton School of Business, Austin Graduate Schoolof Theology, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Virginia College's Austin Campus, The Art Institute ofAustin, Austin Conservatory and a branch of Park University.

Austin, Texas 21

Public primary and secondary education

John Henry Faulk Library of the Austin PublicLibrary

Highly rated elementary and secondary schools contribute to bothquality of life and the beginnings of exceptional labor pools to come.Austin area households enjoy diverse options in education, including29 public school districts, 17 charter schools and 69 privateschools.[183] Most of the city is served by the Austin IndependentSchool District. This district includes notable schools such as themagnet Liberal Arts and Science Academy, which, by test scores, hasalways been within the top thirty high schools in the nation. Some partsof Austin are served by other districts, including Round Rock,Pflugerville, Leander, Manor, Del Valle, Lake Travis, Hays, and EanesISDs. Four of the metro's major public school systems, representing54% of area enrollment, are included in Expansion Managementmagazine's latest annual education quality ratings of nearly 2,800 school districts nationwide. Two districts—Eanesand Round Rock—are rated "gold medal", the highest of the magazine's cost-performance categories.[183]

Private and alternative educationPrivate and alternative education institutions for children in preschool-12th grade include Regents School of Austin,Redeemer Lutheran School, Garza (public), Austin Discovery School [184] (public charter), Austin Jewish Academy,the Waldorf schools, The Griffin School, The Khabele School, Concordia Academy, St. Ignatius Martyr CatholicSchool, San Juan Diego Catholic High School, Brentwood Christian School, St. Austin Catholic School, St.Stephen's Episcopal School, St. Mary's, St. Theresa's, St. Michael's Catholic Academy, Saint Gabriel's CatholicSchool, St. Andrew's Episcopal School, St. Francis Episcopal School, Saint Paul Lutheran School, Trinity EpiscopalSchool, Huntington-Surrey, Cleaview Sudbury School [185], The Inside Outside School [186], ACE Academy,Paragon Preparatory Middle School, Austin International School [187], The Progress School [188] and a number ofMontessori schools.Along with vibrant homeschooling & "unschooling" communities, Austin is home to a number of part-time learningenvironments designed to offer basic academics and inspired mentoring. Such current resources include the WholeLife Learning Center [189] & AHB Community School [190].Austin is also home to numerous child developmental institutions including the Center for Autism and RelatedDisorders, the Central Texas Autism Center, Autism Early Learning Center, Johnson Center for Child Health andDevelopment and many more.

Austin, Texas 22

Sister cities

Sister city monument in Austin commemoratingthe relationship with Saltillo

List of sister cities of Austin, Texas, designated by Sister CitiesInternational.[191]

• Adelaide, Australia – since 1983• Porto Alegre, Brazil – since 2002• Koblenz, Germany – since 1991• Lima, Peru – since 1981• Maseru, Lesotho – since 1978• Ōita, Japan – since 1990• Saltillo, Mexico – since 1968• Taichung, Taiwan – since 1986• Orlu, Nigeria – since 2000

• Gwangmyeong, South Korea• Xishuangbanna, People's Republic of China – since 1997• Antalya, Turkey• Fethiye, Turkey – since 2008• Caracas, VenezuelaThe cities of Belo Horizonte, Brazil and Elche, Spain were formerly sister cities, but upon a vote of the Austin CityCouncil in 1991, their status was de-activated.[192]

Notes[1] "Live Music Capital of the World" (http:/ / www. cityofaustin. org/ music/ ). Austin City Connection. City of Austin. . Retrieved June 12,

2007.[2] [US Census Bureau State and County QuickFacts http:/ / quickfacts. census. gov/ qfd/ states/ 48/ 4805000. html][3] "American FactFinder" (http:/ / factfinder. census. gov). United States Census Bureau. . Retrieved 2008-01-31.[4] "US Board on Geographic Names" (http:/ / geonames. usgs. gov). United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. . Retrieved 2008-01-31.[5] http:/ / www. austintexas. gov/[6] "Central Texas by the Book" (http:/ / www. texasarchitect. org/ ta200811-book. php?sess_id=ece092634aaa35fbcdca2fc24573e106). Texas

Society of Architects. . Retrieved Feb 4, 2010.[7] http:/ / www. census. gov/ popest/ cities/ tables/ SUB-EST2009-01. csv[8] Christie, Les (June 28, 2007). "The fastest growing U.S. cities" (http:/ / money. cnn. com/ 2007/ 06/ 27/ real_estate/ fastest_growing_cities/ ).

CNNMoney.com (Cable News Network). . Retrieved July 24, 2008.[9] Christie, Les (July 1, 2009). "New Orleans: Fastest growing city" (http:/ / money. cnn. com/ 2009/ 07/ 01/ news/ economy/

fastest_growing_cities/ index. htm). CNN/US Census Bureau. . Retrieved July 1, 2009.[10] Thomas, G. Scott (August 4, 2010). "Buffalo Hangs On To 50th Place" (http:/ / buffalo. bizjournals. com/ buffalo/ blog/ the_score/ 2010/ 08/

buffalo_hangs_on_to_50th_place. html). Buffalo Business First. . Retrieved August 14, 2010.[11] "The History of Austin" (http:/ / www. cityofaustin. org/ library/ ahc/ briefhistory. htm). Austin City Connection. City of Austin. . Retrieved

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[165] "Water Quality Records" (http:/ / wdr. water. usgs. gov/ wy2007/ pdfs/ 08155500. 2007. pdf) (PDF). Water-Data Report 2007, 08155500Barton Springs at Austin, Texas. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 2007. p. 4. . Retrieved August 19, 2008.

[166] "Hamilton Pool Nature Preserve" (http:/ / www. co. travis. tx. us/ tnr/ parks/ hamilton_pool. asp). Travis County, Texas. . Retrieved Feb 7,2010.

[167] "Table B08406. Sex of Workers by Means of Transportation for Workplace Geography – Universe: Workers 16 Years and Over" (http:/ /factfinder. census. gov/ servlet/ DTTable?_bm=y& -context=dt& -ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_& -CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G2000_B08301& -tree_id=309& -redoLog=false& -geo_id=16000US3651000& -geo_id=16000US4805000&-search_results=16000US4805000& -format=& -SubjectID=18600011). 2009 American Community Survey. United States Census Bureau. .

[168] Wear, Ben (September 28, 2009). "Positive signs for financial future of Texas 130;" (http:/ / nl. newsbank. com/ nl-search/ we/Archives?p_product=AASB& p_theme=aasb& p_action=search& p_maxdocs=200& s_hidethis=no& p_field_label-0=Author&p_text_label-0=Ben Wear& p_field_label-1=title& p_bool_label-1=AND& s_dispstring=Toll revenue exceed AND byline(Ben Wear) ANDdate(09/ 01/ 2009 to 01/ 01/ 2010)& p_field_date-0=YMD_date& p_params_date-0=date:B,E& p_text_date-0=09/ 01/ 2009 to 01/ 01/ 2010)&p_field_advanced-0=& p_text_advanced-0=(Toll revenue exceed)& p_perpage=10& p_sort=YMD_date:D& xcal_useweights=no). AustinAmerican-Statesman: pp. B-1. . Retrieved August 7, 2010. "Report on the tollway...has been making more money than projected."

[169] " Austin, Texas (http:/ / www. greyhound. com/ home/ TicketCenter/ en/ terminal. asp?city=680174)." Greyhound Lines. Retrieved onApril 7, 2009.

[170] "Grupo Senda – Turimex Internacional" (http:/ / www. gruposenda. com). Grupo Senda. . Retrieved August 29, 2009.[171] "All Systems Go Long-Range Transit Plan" (http:/ / allsystemsgo. capmetro. org/ capital-metrorail-qa. shtml). Capital Metro. . Retrieved

April 23, 2009.[172] "2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings" (http:/ / www. walkscore. com/ rankings/ cities/ ). Walk Score. 2011. . Retrieved Aug 28, 2011.[173] Miller, Jack. "America's Most Literate Cities 2007" (http:/ / web. ccsu. edu/ amlc06/ AMLC07/ Default. htm). Central Connecticut State

University. . Retrieved July 7, 2010.[174] "The University of Texas Libraries. Statistical Overview of the Library Collections." (http:/ / www. lib. utexas. edu/ admin/ cird/

statisticaloverview2007. html). University of Texas at Austin. .[175] "Welcome to The Art Institute of Austin" (http:/ / www. artinstitutes. edu/ austin/ aboutus/ ). The Art Institute of Austin. . Retrieved July

22, 2008.[176] "Austin city, Texas – American Community Survey 2005–2009" (http:/ / factfinder. census. gov/ servlet/ ADPTable?_bm=y&

-geo_id=16000US4805000& -context=adp& -ds_name=ACS_2009_5YR_G00_& -tree_id=5309& -_lang=en& -_caller=geoselect&-format=). United States Census Bureau. . Retrieved June 2, 2011.

[177] "Bachelor's degree attainment, age 25 and over" (http:/ / www. brookings. edu/ metro/ StateOfMetroAmerica/ Map. aspx#/ ?subject=4&ind=30& dist=1_0& data=Percent& year=2008& geo=metro& zoom=0& x=0& y=0). Brookings Institution. .

[178] "National Universities Rankings" (http:/ / colleges. usnews. rankingsandreviews. com/ best-colleges/ national-universities-rankings). USNews and World Report. . Retrieved June 2, 2011.

[179] "Research" (http:/ / www. utexas. edu/ research/ ). The University of Texas at Austin. . Retrieved June 2, 2010.[180] "Best Undergraduate Business Programs" (http:/ / colleges. usnews. rankingsandreviews. com/ best-colleges/ spec-business). US News and

World Report. .[181] "Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs" (http:/ / colleges. usnews. rankingsandreviews. com/ best-colleges/ spec-doct-engineering).

US News and World Report. .[182] "Best Law Schools" (http:/ / grad-schools. usnews. rankingsandreviews. com/ best-graduate-schools/ top-law-schools/ rankings). US News

and World Report. .[183] Austin Chamber of Commerce Greater Austin Profile "austin-chamber.org" (http:/ / www. austin-chamber. org/ DoBusiness/

GreaterAustinProfile/ education. html). Austin Chamber of Commerce Greater Austin Profile. Retrieved July 8, 2010.[184] http:/ / www. austindiscoveryschool. org/[185] http:/ / clearviewsudburyschool. org/[186] http:/ / www. insideoutsideschool. org/[187] http:/ / www. austininternationalschool. org[188] http:/ / www. progressschoolaustin. org/[189] http:/ / wholelifelearningcenter. com/[190] http:/ / www. ahbcs. org/

Austin, Texas 28

[191] "Austin Sister Cities" (http:/ / www. cityofaustin. org/ siscity/ ). Austin City Connection. City of Austin. . Retrieved July 24, 2008.[192] "Austin City Council Minutes" (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ edims/ document. cfm?id=24471). Austin City Connection. City of Austin. .

Retrieved March 21, 2010.

References• Abbott, Mary Lu (2003). Romantic Weekends Texas (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=z6TOeGvQdFsC) (2

ed.). Edison, New Jersey: Hunter Publishing. ISBN 978-1588433589.• Baird, David (2009). Frommer's San Antonio & Austin (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=CBJ5p4oC7HsC).

Hoboken, New Jersey: Frommer's. ISBN 978-0470437896.• Erlichman, Howard J. (2006). Camino Del Norte: How a Series of Watering Holes, Fords, And Dirt Trails

Evolved into Interstate 35 in Texas (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=nNAwb0ycptoC). College Station,Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1585444731.

• Rossie, Cam; Hylton, Hilary (2009). Insiders' Guide to Austin (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=k6692W5sYakC). Guilford, Connecticut: Global Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-4864-8.

• Thompson, Karen; Howell, Kathy R. (2000). Austin, Texas (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=raCa0HuWAX0C). Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0738508320.

• Vines, Robert A. (1984). Trees of central Texas (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=zdzusoTpjUMC). Austin,Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292780583.

Further reading• Long, Joshua (2010). Weird City: Sense of Place and Creative Resistance in Austin, Texas. University of Texas

Press.• Shank, Barry (1994). Dissonant identities: the rock'n'roll scene in Austin, Texas (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=v79of-KXnfgC& printsec=frontcover& dq=austin+ texas& cd=10). Hanover, New Hampshire:University Press of New England. ISBN 978-0819562760.

• Swearingen Jr., William Scott Environmental City: People, Place, and the Meaning of Modern Austin (Universityof Texas Press; 2010) 273 pages; traces the history of environmentalism in the Texas capital, which has been partof a larger effort to preserve Austin's quality of life and sense of place.

External links• City of Austin (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ )• Austin Convention & Visitors Bureau (http:/ / www. austintexas. org/ )• Austin Chamber of Commerce (http:/ / www. austinchamber. com/ )• Historic photographs from the Austin History Center (http:/ / texashistory. unt. edu/ browse/ contributor/ ASPL/ ),

hosted by the Portal to Texas History (http:/ / texashistory. unt. edu/ )• Austin (http:/ / www. tshaonline. org/ handbook/ online/ articles/ AA/ hda3. html) from the Handbook of Texas

Online• Austin travel guide from Wikitravel

History of Austin, Texas 29

History of Austin, Texas

Stephen F. Austin.

The recorded history of Austin, Texas, began in the 1830s whenAnglo-American settlers arrived in Central Texas. In 1837 settlersfounded the village of Waterloo on the banks of the Colorado River,the first permanent settlement in the area. By 1839, Waterloo wouldadopt the name Austin and become the capital of the Republic ofTexas.[1]

Austin's history has also been largely tied to state politics and in thelate 19th century, the establishment of the University of Texas madeAustin a regional center for higher education, as well as a hub for stategovernment. In the 20th century, Austin's music scene had earned thecity the nickname "Live Music Capital of the World."[2] With apopulation of over 800,000 inhabitants in 2010, Austin is experiencinga population boom. During the 2000s was the third-fastest growinglarge city in the nation.[3]

Beginnings

Evidence of prehistoric human habitation of the Balcones Escarpment region of Texas can be traced to at least11,000 years ago. Two of the oldest Paleolithic archeological sites in Texas, the Levi Rock Shelter and Smith RockShelter, are located southwest and southeast of present-day Austin respectively.[4] Several hundred years before thearrival of European settlers, the area was inhabited by a variety of nomadic Native American tribes. Theseindigenous peoples fished and hunted along the creeks, including present-day Barton Springs,[5] which proved to bea reliable campsite.[6] At the time of the first permanent settlement of the area, the Tonkawa tribe was the mostcommon, with the Comanches and Lipan Apaches also frequenting the area.[7]

The first European settlers in the present-day Austin were a group of Spanish friars who arrived from East Texas inJuly 1730. They established three temporary missions, La Purísima Concepción, San Francisco de los Neches andSan José de los Nazonis, on a site by the Colorado River, near Barton Springs. The friars found conditionsundesirable and relocated to the San Antonio River within a year of their arrival.[8] Following Mexico'sIndependence from Spain, Anglo-American settlers began to populate Texas and reached present-day Central Texasby the 1830s. The first documented permanent settlement in the area dates to 1837 when the village of Waterloo nearthe confluence of the Colorado River and and Shoal Creek. [9]

Capital city of a new republicBy 1836 the Texas Revolution was over an the Republic of Texas was free. That year was also characterized bypolitical disarray in Texas. In 1836, no fewer than five Texas sites served as temporary capitals of the new republic(Washington-on-the-Brazos, Harrisburg, Galveston, Velasco and Columbia), before President Sam Houston movedthe capital to Houston in 1837.[10]

Shortly after the election of President Mirabeau B. Lamar, the Texas Congress appointed a site-selection commissionto locate an optimal site for a new permanent capital. They chose a site on the western frontier, after viewing it at theinstruction of President Lamar, who visited the sparsely-settled area in 1838. Lamar was a proponent of westwardexpansion. Impressed by its beauty, abundant natural resources, promise as an economic hub, and central location inTexas territory, the commission purchased 7,735 acres along the Colorado River comprising the hamlet of Waterlooand adjacent lands.[11]

History of Austin, Texas 30

Because the area's remoteness from population centers and its vulnerability to attacks by Mexican troops and NativeAmericans displeased many Texans, Sam Houston among them, political opposition made Austin's early yearsprecarious ones. However, Lamar prevailed in his nomination, which he felt would be a prime location thatintersected the roads to San Antonio and Santa Fe.[12]

Officially chartered in 1839, the Texas Congress designated the name of Austin for the new city. According to localfolklore, Stephen F. Austin, the "father of Texas" and for whom the new capital city was named, negotiated aboundary treaty with the local Native Americans at the site of the present-day Treaty Oak after a few settlers werekilled in raids.[13] After the republic purchased several hundred acres to establish the city, Lamar renamed it in honorof Stephen F. Austin in March of 1839. The city's original name is honored by local businesses such as Waterloo IceHouse and Waterloo Records, as well as Waterloo Park downtown.[14]

An 1873 illustration of Austin

Lamar tapped Edwin Waller to direct the planning and construction ofthe new town. Waller chose a 640-acre site on a bluff above theColorado River, nestled between Shoal Creek to the west and WallerCreek to the east. A grid plan for the new capital's streets was surveyedby Judge Edwin Waller (after whom Waller Creek was named). Thecity was laid out in a simple grid pattern on a single square-mile plotwith 14 blocks running in both directions. One grand avenue, whichLamar named "Congress," cut through the center of town from CapitolSquare down to the Colorado River. The streets running north-south(paralleling Congress) were named for Texas rivers with their order ofplacement matching the order of rivers on the Texas state map. Theeast-west streets were named after trees native to the region, despite the fact that Waller had recommended usingnumbers (they were eventually changed to numbers in 1884). The city's perimeters stretched north to south from theriver at 1st Street to 15th Street, and from East Avenue (now Interstate 35) to West Avenue.[15] Remarkably, muchof this original design is still intact in downtown Austin today.

In October 1839, the entire government of the Republic of Texas arrived by oxcart from Houston. By the nextJanuary, the population of the town was 839. During the Republic of Texas era, France sent Alphonse Dubois deSaligny to Austin as its chargé d'affaires. Monsieur Dubois purchased 22 acres of land in 1840 on a high hill just eastof downtown to build a legation, or diplomatic outpost. The French Legation stands as the oldest documented framestructure in Austin.[16] Also in 1839, the Texas Congress set aside 40 acres (16 ha) of land north of the capitol anddowntown for a "university of the first class." This land became the central campus of the University of Texas atAustin in 1883.[17]

Political turmoil and the Texas AnnexationAustin flourished initially but in 1842 entered the darkest period in its history. Lamar's successor as president, SamHouston, ordered the national archives transferred to Houston for safekeeping after Mexican troops captured SanAntonio on March 5, 1842. Convinced that removal of the republic's diplomatic, financial, land, and military-servicerecords was tantamount to choosing a new capital, Austinites refused to relinquish the archives. Houston moved thegovernment anyway, first to Houston and then to Washington-on-the-Brazos, which remained the seat ofgovernment until 1845. The archives stayed in Austin. When Houston sent a contingent of armed men to seize theGeneral Land Office records in December 1842, they were foiled by the citizens of Austin and Travis County in anincident known as the Texas Archive War.[18] Deprived of its political function, Austin languished. Between 1842and 1845 its population dropped below 200 and its buildings deteriorated.During the summer of 1845, Anson Jones, Houston's successor as President of the Republic of Texas called a constitutional convention meeting in Austin approved the Texas annexation to the United States and named Austin the state capital until 1850, at which time the voters of Texas were to express their preference in a general election.

History of Austin, Texas 31

After resuming its role as the seat of government in 1845, Austin officially became the state capital on February 19,1846, the date of the formal transfer of authority from the republic to the state.[19]

Austin's status as capital city of the new U.S. state of Texas would remain in doubt until 1872, when the cityprevailed in a statewide election to choose once and for all the state capital, turning back challenges from Houstonand Waco.[20]

Statehood and the U.S. Civil War

Texas State Capitol.

Austin recovered gradually, its population reaching 854by 1850, 225 of whom were slaves and one a freeblack. Forty-eight percent of Austin's family headsowned slaves. The city entered a period of acceleratedgrowth following its decisive triumph in the 1850election to determine the site of the state capital for thenext twenty years. For the first time the governmentconstructed permanent buildings, among them a newcapitol at the head of Congress Avenue, completed in1853, and the Governor's Mansion, completed in 1856.State-run asylums for deaf, blind, and mentally illTexans were erected on the fringes of town.Congregations of Baptists, Episcopalians, Methodists,Presbyterians, and Catholics erected permanent churchbuildings, and the town's elite built elegant GreekRevival mansions. By 1860 the population had climbedto 3,546, including 1,019 slaves and twelve free blacks.That year thirty-five percent of Austin's family headsowned slaves.

While Texas voted overwhelmingly to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy in 1861, Travis County wasone of a few counties in state to vote against the secession ordinance (704 to 450). However, Unionist sentimentwaned once the war began. By April 1862 about 600 Austin and Travis County men had joined some twelvevolunteer companies serving the Confederacy. Austinites followed with particular concern news of the successiveUnion thrusts toward Texas, but the town was never directly threatened. Like other communities, Austin experiencedsevere shortages of goods, spiraling inflation, and the decimation of its fighting men.[21] The end of the Civil Warbrought Union occupation troops to the city and a period of explosive growth of the African-American population,which increased by 57 percent during the 1860s. During the late 1860s and early 1870s the city's newly emancipatedblacks established the residential communities of Masontown, Wheatville, Pleasant Hill, and Clarksville. By 1870,Austin's 1,615 black residents comprised some 36 percent of the town's 4,428 inhabitants.[22]

History of Austin, Texas 32

Emergence of a political and educational center

The university's Old Main Building in 1903

The Reconstruction boom of the 1870s brought dramatic changes toAustin. In the downtown area, the wooden wagon yards and saloons ofthe 1850s and 1860s began to be replaced by the more solid masonrystructures still standing today. On December 25, 1871, a new eraopened with the coming of the Houston and Texas Central Railway,Austin's first railroad connection. By becoming the westernmostrailroad terminus in Texas and the only railroad town for scores ofmiles in most directions, Austin was transformed into a trading centerfor a vast area. Construction boomed and the population more thandoubled in five years to 10,363. The many foreign-born newcomersgave Austin's citizenry a more heterogeneous character. By 1875 therewere 757 inhabitants from Germany, 297 from Mexico, 215 from Ireland, and 138 from Sweden. For the first time aMexican-American community took root in Austin, in a neighborhood near the mouth of Shoal Creek.Accompanying these dramatic changes were civic improvements, among them gas street lamps in 1874, the firststreetcar line in 1875, and the first elevated bridge across the Colorado River about 1876. Although a secondrailroad, the International and Great Northern, reached Austin in 1876, the town's fortunes turned downward after1875 as new railroads traversed Austin's trading region and diverted much of its trade to other towns. From 1875 to1880 the city's population increased by only 650 inhabitants to 11,013.[23] Austin's expectations of rivaling otherTexas cities for economic leadership faded.

However, Austin solidified its position as a political center during the 1870s, after the city prevailed in the 1872statewide election to settle the state capital question once and for all. Three years later Texas took the first stepstoward constructing a new Texas State Capitol that culminated in 1888 in the dedication of a magnificent granitebuilding towering over the town. Three years later Texas took the first steps toward constructing a new Texas StateCapitol that culminated in 1888 in the dedication of a magnificent granite building towering over the town. After afire destroyed its predecessor in 1881, a nation-wide design contest was held to determine who would build thecurrent Capitol building. Architect Elijah E. Myers, who built the Capitols of Michigan and Colorado, won with aRenaissance Revival style. However, construction was held up for two years over a debate as to whether the exteriorshould be built from granite or limestone. It was eventually decided that it would be built of “sunset red" granite fromMarble Falls. Funded by the famous XIT Ranch, the building remains part of the Austin skyline. The state capitol issmaller than the United States Capitol in total gross square footage, but is actually 15 feet (4.6 m) taller than itsWashington, D.C., counterpart.[24]

Another statewide election in 1881 would set the stage for Austin to become an educational and cultural hub as well,when it was chosen as the site for a new state university in a hotly contested election. A state constitution adopted in1876 mandated that Texas establish a "university of the first class" to be located by vote of the people and styled theUniversity of Texas. On September 6, 1881, Austin was chosen for the site of the main university and Galveston forthe location of the medical department. In 1882 construction began on The University of Texas at Austin campuswith the placement of the cornerstone of the Main Building. The university held classes for the first time in 1883.[25]

Tillotson Collegiate and Normal Institute, the forerunner of Huston-Tillotson University, founded by the AmericanMissionary Association to provide educational opportunities for African-Americans, opened its doors in East Austinby 1881. The Austin Independent School District was established the same year. Four years later St. Edward'sSchool, founded several years earlier on south Austin farmland by the Holy Cross Fathers and Brothers, waschartered as St. Edwards College (later St. Edward's University).Before either UT or Huston-Tillotson opened their doors, however, St. Edward's Academy (the forerunner of today's St. Edward's University) was established by the Rev. Edward Sorin in 1878 on farmland in present-day south Austin. In 1885, the president, the Rev. P.J. Franciscus, strengthened the prestige of the academy by securing a charter,

History of Austin, Texas 33

changing its name to St. Edward's College, assembling a faculty, and increasing enrollment. Subsequently, St.Edward's began to grow, and the first school newspaper, the organization of baseball and football teams, andapproval to erect an administration building all followed. Well-known architect Nicholas J. Clayton of Galveston,Texas was commissioned to design the college's Main Building, four-stories tall and constructed with local whitelimestone in the Gothic Revival, that was finished in 1888.[26]

Austin in the 20th century

Learning to live with the Colorado RiverAustin's fortunes has been tied with the Colorado River for much of its history, no more so than in the 1890s. At theurging of local civic leader Alexander P. Wooldridge, the citizens of Austin voted overwhelmingly to put themselvesdeeply in debt to build a dam along the river to attract manufacturing. The hope was that cheap hydroelectricitywould lure industrialists who would line the riverbanks with cotton mills. Austin would become “the Lowell of theSouth,” and the sleepy center of government and education would be transformed into a bustling industrial city. Thetown had reached its limits as a seat of politics and education, Wooldridge contended, yet its economy could notsustain its present size. Empowered by a new city charter in 1891 that more than tripled Austin's corporate area from4 ½ to 16 ½ square miles, the city fathers implemented a plan to build a municipal water and electric system,construct a dam for power, and lease most of the hydroelectric power to manufacturers. By 1893 the sixty-foot-highAustin Dam was completed just northwest of town. In 1895 dam-generated electricity began powering thefour-year-old electric streetcar line and the city's new water and light systems. The dammed river formed a lake thatbecame known as “Lake McDonald,” for John McDonald, the mayor who had whipped up support for theproject—attracted new residents and developers, while the waters of the lake itself drew those seeking respite fromthe Texas heat. Austin boomed in the mid-1890s, driven largely by land speculation. Monroe Shipe established HydePark, a classic streetcar suburb north of downtown, and smaller developments sprang up around the city. Thirty-onenew 150-foot-high moonlight towers illuminated Austin at night. Civic pride ran strong during those years, whichalso saw the city blessed with the talents of sculptor Elisabet Ney and writer O. Henry.By today’s standards, the dam was unremarkable – a wall of granite and limestone, 65 feet high and 1,100 feet long,with no catwalk or floodgates. But Scientific America magazine was sufficiently impressed to feature the dam on itscover. However, structurally the dam was likely doomed from the start, as it was constructed on the spot where theBalcones Fault passes under the river. Silt had filled nearly half the lake by February 1900, and the dam’s designfailed to accommodate the force that could be created by a large volume of water. However, the flow of the Coloradoproved to be far more variable than the project’s promoters had claimed, and the dam was never able to produce thekind of steady power needed to drive a bank of mills. The manufacturers never came, periodic power shortfallsdisrupted city services, Lake McDonald silted up, and, on April 7, 1900, the Austin Dam was dealt its final blowafter a spring storm. At 11:20 a.m., floodwaters crested at 11 feet atop the dam before it disintegrated, with two250-foot sections – almost half the dam – breaking away. In all, the flood drowned 18 people and destroyed 100houses in Austin, at a total estimated loss of $1.4 million, in 1900 dollars.[27]

After 1900, the people of Austin did what they could to recover from the disaster. Having gotten a taste of city-owned electric power, they refused to go back; they bought out the local private power company, which used steam-driven generators, and today’s Austin Energy municipal utility is in a sense a legacy of the old Austin Dam. The city also tried to rebuild the dam itself, but a dispute with the contractor left the repairs unfinished in 1912, and another flood in 1915 damaged it further. The wrecked dam sat derelict, “a tombstone on the river,” until the Lower Colorado River Authority stepped in and, with federal money, rebuilt it as Tom Miller Dam, completed in 1940. The remaining portions of the 1893 and 1912 dams were incorporated into the new structure, but are now hidden under new layers of concrete.[28] By the time it was finished, however, Tom Miller Dam was already overshadowed by the much larger LCRA dams built upstream that formed the Texas Highland Lakes. For the last seventy years, Lake

History of Austin, Texas 34

Travis (Mansfield Dam) and Lake Buchanan (Buchanan Dam), have provided water, hydroelectric power, and floodcontrol for Central Texas.Between 1880 and 1920 Austin's population grew threefold to 34,876, but the city slipped from fourth largest in thestate to tenth largest. The state's surging industrial development, propelled by the booming oil business, passedAustin by. The capital city began boosting itself as a residential city, but the heavy municipal indebtedness incurredin building the dam resulted in the neglect of city services. On December 20, 1886, the Driskill Hotel opened at 6thand Brazos, giving Austin its first premier hotel. The hotel would close and reopen many times in subsequent years.In 1905 Austin had few sanitary sewers, virtually no public parks or playgrounds, and only one paved street. Threeyears later Austin voters overturned the alderman form of government, by which the city had been governed since1839, and replaced it with commission government. Wooldridge headed the reform group voted into office in 1909and served a decade as mayor, during which the city made steady if modest progress toward improving residentiallife. The Littefield and Scarborough buildings at 6th and Congress downtown also opened that year, representing thecity's first skyscrapers.[29] In 1910, the city opened the concrete Congress Avenue Bridge across the Colorado Riverand, by the next year, had extended the streetcar line to South Austin along South Congress Avenue. The fostereddevelopment south of the river for the first time, allowing for development of Travis Heights in 1913.In 1918 the city acquired Barton Springs, a spring-fed pool that became the symbol of the residential city. UponWooldridge's retirement in 1919 the flaws of commission government, hidden by his leadership, became apparent ascity services again deteriorated. At the urging of the Chamber of Commerce, Austinites voted in 1924 to adoptcouncil-manager government, which went into effect in 1926 and remains in effect today. Progressive ideas like cityplanning and beautification became official city policy. A 1928 city plan, the first since 1839, called upon Austin todevelop its strengths as a residential, cultural, and educational center. A $4,250,000 bond issue, Austin's largest todate, provided funds for streets, sewers, parks, the city hospital, the first permanent public library building, and thefirst municipal airport, which opened in 1930. A recreation department was established, and within a decade itoffered Austinites a profusion of recreational programs, parks, and pools.[30]

Race in Austin and the 1928 City PlanBy the early years of the 20th century, African-Americans occupied settlements in various parts of the city of Austin.By and large, these residential communities had churches at their core. Some had black-run businesses and schoolsfor African-American youth. Though surrounded by Anglo neighborhoods, these island enclaves functioned as fairlyautonomous residential neighborhoods often organized around family ties, common religious practices, andconnection to pre-emancipation slave-status relationships with common slave holders/land owners. Though somedate back to slavery, by the 1920s these communities were located across the city and include Kincheonville (1865),Wheatville (1867), Clarksville (1871), Masonville, St. Johns, Pleasant Hill, and other settlements.[31]

While residences of blacks had been widely scattered all across the city in 1880, by 1930 they were heavilyconcentrated in East Austin, a process encouraged by the 1928 City Plan, which recommended that East Austin bedesignated a "Negro district." City officials implemented the plan successfully, and most blacks who had been livingin the western half of the city were “relocated” back to the former plantation lands, on the other side of East Avenue(now Interstate 35. Municipal services like schools, sewers, and parks were made available to blacks in East Austinonly. At mid-century Austin was still segregated in most respects—housing, restaurants, hotels, parks, hospitals,schools, public transportation—but African Americans had long fostered their own institutions, which included bythe late 1940s some 150 small businesses, more than thirty churches, and two colleges, Tillotson College and SamuelHuston College. Between 1880 and 1940 the number of black residents grew from 3,587 to 14,861, but theirproportion of the overall population declined from 33% to 17%.[32]

Austin's Hispanic residents, who in 1900 numbered about 335 and composed just 1.5% of the population, rose to 11% by 1940, when they numbered 9,693. By the 1940s most Mexican-Americans lived in the rapidly expanding East Austin barrio south of East Eleventh Street, where increasing numbers owned homes. Hispanic-owned business

History of Austin, Texas 35

were dominated by a thriving food industry. Though Mexican Americans encountered widespreaddiscrimination—in employment, housing, education, city services, and other areas—it was by no means practiced asrigidly as it was toward African-Americans.Between the 1950s and 1980s ethnic relations in Austin were transformed. First came a sustained attacked onsegregation. Local black leaders and political-action groups waged campaigns to desegregate city schools andservices. In 1956 the University of Texas became the first major university in the South to admit blacks asundergraduates. In the early 1960s students staged demonstrations against segregated lunch counters, restaurants,and movie theaters. Gradually the barriers receded, a process accelerated when the United States Civil Rights Act of1964 outlawed racial discrimination in public accommodations. Nevertheless, discrimination persisted in areas likeemployment and housing. Shut out of the town's political leadership since the 1880s, when two blacks had served onthe city council, African-Americans regained a foothold by winning a school-board seat in 1968 and a city-councilseat in 1971. This political breakthrough was matched by Hispanics, whose numbers had reached 39,399 by 1970, or16 percent of the population. Mexican-Americans won their first seats on the Austin school board in 1972 and thecity council in 1975.

Growth during the Great DepressionDuring the early and mid-1930s, Austin experienced the harsh effects of the Great Depression. Nevertheless, thetown fared comparatively well, sustained by its twin foundations of government and education and by the politicalskills of Mayor Tom Miller, who took office in 1933, and United States Congressman Lyndon Baines Johnson, whowon election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1937. Its population grew at a faster pace during the 1930s thanin any other decade during the twentieth century, increasing 66 percent from 53,120 to 87,930. By 1936 the PublicWorks Administration had provided Austin with more funding for municipal construction projects than any otherTexas city during the same period. UT nearly doubled its enrollment during the decade and undertook a massiveconstruction program. In addition, the Robert Mueller Municipal Airport open its doors for commercial air traffic in1930.Over three decades after the original Austin Dam collapsed, Governor Miriam A. "Ma" Ferguson signed the bill thatcreated the Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA). Modeled after the Tennessee Valley Authority, the LCRA is anonprofit public utility involved in managing the resources along the Highland Lakes and Colorado River. The oldAustin Dam, partially rebuilt under Mayor Wooldridge but never finished due to damage from flooding in 1915, wasfinally completed in 1940 and renamed Tom Miller Dam. Lake Austin stretched twenty-one miles behind it. Justupriver the much larger Mansfield Dam was completed in 1941 to impound Lake Travis. The two dams, inconjunction with other dams in the Lower Colorado River Authority system, brought great benefits to Austin: cheaphydroelectric power, the end of flooding that in 1935 and on earlier occasions had ravaged the town, a plentifulsupply of water without which the city's later growth would have been unlikely.[33] In 1942 Austin gained theeconomic benefit of Del Valle Army Air Base, later Bergstrom Air Force Base, which remained in operation until1993.

Post-War growth and its consequencesFrom 1940 to 1990 Austin's population grew at an average rate of 40 percent per decade, from 87,930 to 472,020. By 2000 the population was 656,562. The city's corporate area, which between 1891 and 1940 had about doubled to 30.85 square miles, grew more than sevenfold to 225.40 square miles by 1990. During the 1950s and 1960s much of Austin's growth reflected the rapid expansion of its traditional strengths—education and government. During the 1960s alone the number of students attending the University of Texas at Austin doubled, reaching 39,000 by 1970. Government employees in Travis County tripled between 1950 and 1970 to 47,300. University of Texas buildings multiplied, with the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library opening in 1971. A complex of state office buildings was constructed north of the Capitol. Propelling Austin's growth by the 1970s was its emergence as a center for high

History of Austin, Texas 36

technology. This development, fostered by the Chamber of Commerce since the 1950s as a way to expand the city'snarrow economic base and fueled by proliferating research programs at the University of Texas, accelerated whenIBM located in Austin in 1967, followed by Texas Instruments in 1969 and Motorola in 1974. Two major researchconsortia of high-technology companies followed during the 1980s, Microelectronics and Computer TechnologyCorporation and Sematech. By the early 1990s, the Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos Metropolitan Statistical Areahad about 400 high-technology manufacturers. While high-technology industries located on Austin's periphery, itscentral area sprouted multi-storied office buildings and hotels during the 1970s and 1980s, venues for the burgeoningmusic industry, and, in 1992, a new convention center.On August 1, 1966, UT student and former Marine Charles Whitman killed both his wife and his mother beforeascending the UT Tower and opening fire with a high-powered sniper rifle. Whitman killed or fatally wounded 14more people over the next 90 minutes before being shot dead by police.

1970 to 1989During the 1970s and 1980s, the city experienced a tremendous boom in development that temporarily halted withthe Savings and Loan crisis in the late 1980s. The growth led to an ongoing series of fierce political battles thatpitted preservationists against developers. In particular the preservation of Barton Springs, and by extension theEdwards Aquifer, became an issue that defined the themes of the larger battles.Austin's rapid growth generated strong resistance by the 1970s. Angered by proliferating apartment complexes andretarded traffic flow, neighborhood groups mobilized to protect the integrity of their residential areas. By 1983 therewere more than 150 such groups. Environmentalists organized a powerful movement to protect streams, lakes,watersheds, and wooded hills from environmental degradation, resulting in the passage of a series ofenvironmental-protection ordinances during the 1970s and 1980s. A program was inaugurated in 1971 to beautifythe shores of Lake Lady Bird, a downtown lake impounded in 1960 behind Longhorn Crossing Dam. Historicpreservationists fought the destruction of Austin's architectural heritage by rescuing and restoring historic buildings.City election campaigns during the 1970s and 1980s frequently featured struggles over the management of growth,with neighborhood groups and environmentalists on one side and business and development interests on the other.As Austin became known as a location for creative individuals, corporate retail branches also moved into town anddisplaced many "home-grown" businesses. To many longtime Austinites, this loss of landmark retail establishmentsleft a void in the city's culture. In response, "Keep Austin Weird" became a popular rallying cry and many Austiniteshave reacted with renewed support of local businesses.In the 1970s, Austin became a refuge for a group of country and western musicians and songwriters seeking toescape the music industry's corporate domination of Nashville. The best-known artist in this group was WillieNelson, who became an icon for what became the city's "alternate music industry". Others included Stevie RayVaughan and Janis Joplin. In 1975, Austin City Limits premiered on PBS, showcasing Austin's burgeoning musicscene to the country.

History of Austin, Texas 37

The Armadillo World Headquarters in 1976.

The Armadillo World Headquarters gained anational reputation during the 1970s as avenue for these anti-establishment musiciansas well as mainstream acts. In the followingyears, Austin gained a reputation as a placewhere struggling musicians could launchtheir careers in informal live venues in frontof receptive audiences. This ultimately ledto the city's official motto, "The Live MusicCapital of the World".

1990 to present

Downtown high-rises, viewed from the west.

In the 1990s, the boom resumed with the influx andgrowth of a large technology industry. Initially, thetechnology industry was centered around larger,established companies such as IBM, but in the late1990s, Austin gained the additional reputation of beinga center of the dot-com boom and subsequent dot-combust. Austin is also known for game development,filmmaking, and popular music. On May 23, 1999,Austin-Bergstrom International Airport served its firstpassengers, replacing Robert Mueller MunicipalAirport.[34] In 2000, Austin became the center of anintense media focus as the headquarters of presidentialcandidate and Texas Governor George W. Bush.Interestingly, the headquarters of his main opponent, Al Gore, were in Nashville, thus re-creating the old countrymusic rivalry between the two cities.

Also in the 2000 election, Austinites narrowly rejected a light rail proposal put forward by Capital Metro. In 2004,however, they approved a commuter rail service from Leander to downtown along existing rail lines. CapitalMetroRail service finally began service in 2010.[35]

In 2004, the Frost Bank Tower opened in the downtown business district along Congress Avenue. At 515 feet(157 m), it was the tallest building in Austin by a wide margin, and was also the first high rise to be built afterSeptember 11, 2001. Several other high-rise downtown projects, most residential or mixed-use, were underway inthe downtown area at the time, dramatically changing the appearance of downtown Austin, and placing a newemphasis on downtown living and development.[36]

In 2006, the first sections of Austin's first toll road network opened. The toll roads were extolled as a solution tounderfunded highway projects, but also decried by opposition groups who felt the tolls amounted in some cases to adouble tax.Presently, Austin continues to rise in popularity and experience rapid growth. Young people in particular have flooded the city, drawn in part by its relatively strong economy, its reputation of liberal politics[37] and alternative

History of Austin, Texas 38

culture in Middle America, and its relatively low housing costs compared to the coastal regions of the country. Thesudden growth has brought up several issues for the city, including urban sprawl, as well as balancing the need fornew infrastructure with environmental protection. Most recently, the city has pushed for smart growth, mostly indowntown and the surrounding neighborhoods, spurring the development of new condominiums in the area andaltering the city's skyline. This has increased gentrification and has drastically raised the housing prices throughoutthe metropolitan area, especially in the more central neighborhoods.

References[1] Humphrey, David C.. "Austin, Texas (Travis County)" (http:/ / www. tshaonline. org/ handbook/ online/ articles/ hda03). Handbook of Texas

Online. Texas State Historical Association. . Retrieved Sept. 6, 2011.[2] "Live Music Capital of the World: Music thriving in Austin". weareaustin.com. Jan., 23, 2009.[3] Christie, Les (June 28, 2007). "The fastest growing U.S. cities" (http:/ / money. cnn. com/ 2007/ 06/ 27/ real_estate/ fastest_growing_cities/ ).

CNNMoney.com (Cable News Network). . Retrieved July 24, 2008.[4] Hester, Thomas (1986). "The Balcones Escarpment: Early Human Populations" (http:/ / www. lib. utexas. edu/ geo/ balcones_escarpment/

pages55-62. html). Geological Society of America (Abbott, Patrick L. and Woodruff, C. M.) 6 (2): 55–62. . Retrieved Sept. 6, 2011.[5] Brief History of Austin from Austin History Center (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ library/ ahc/ briefhistory. htm)[6] History of Barton Springs from Austin History Center (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ library/ ahc/ faq10. htm)[7] Native Americans in Austin from Austin History Center (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ library/ ahc/ faq5. htm)[8] "The Spanish Missions in Texas" (http:/ / www. texasalmanac. com/ topics/ history/ spanish-missions-texas). Texas Almanac. Texas State

Historical Association. . Retrieved Sept. 10, 2011.[9] Starr Barkley, Mary (1963). History of Travis County and Austin, 1839–1899 (http:/ / classify. oclc. org/ classify2/

ClassifyDemo?swid=000953579). Texian Press. .[10] Johnson, John G.. Capitals (http:/ / www. tshaonline. org/ handbook/ online/ articles/ mzc01). . Retrieved Sept. 10, 2011..[11] Hazlewood, Claudia. Waterloo, Texas (Travis County) (http:/ / www. tshaonline. org/ handbook/ online/ articles/ hvw13). . Retrieved Sept.

6, 2011..[12] Wharton, Clarence (1922). The republic of Texas: a brief history of Texas from the first American colonies in 1821 to annexation in 1846

(http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=B6UuAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA172). C. C. Young printing company. pp. 172. .[13] "Treaty Oak History from Austin Parks and Recreation" (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ treatyoak/ hist1. htm). . Retrieved 2006-08-06.[14] When was Austin founded? from Austin History Center (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ library/ ahc/ faq1. htm)[15] Charles D., Spurlin. Waller, Edwin (http:/ / www. tshaonline. org/ handbook/ online/ articles/ fwa38). . Retrieved Sept. 6, 2011..[16] "History of the French Legation" (http:/ / www. frenchlegationmuseum. org/ history. php). French Legation Museum Society. . Retrieved

Nov. 21, 2011.[17] Battle, William James. [[Handbook of Texas (http:/ / www. tshaonline. org/ handbook/ online/ articles/ kcu09)] Online]. . Retrieved Sept. 6,

2011..[18] Texas State Library and Archives Commission. "Texas Archives War" (http:/ / www. tsl. state. tx. us/ treasures/ republic/ archwar/ archwar.

html). Texas State Library, Texas Treasures. . Retrieved 6 September 2011.[19] Winfrey, Dorman H. (October 1960), "The Texan Archive War of 1842" (http:/ / texashistory. unt. edu/ ark:/ 67531/ metapth101190/ m1/

197/ ), Southwestern Historical Quarterly (Texas Historical Association) 64 (2): 171–184, , retrieved Jan. 10, 2009[20] Winders, Ricard Bruce (2002). Crisis in the Southwest: The United States, Mexico, and the Struggle over Texas. Lanham, Rowman &

Littlefield. p. 41.[21] Greene, A.C. (1969). "The Durable Society: Austin in the Reconstruction" (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ pss/ 30236542). The Southwestern

Historical Quarterly (Texas State Historical Association) 72 (4): 492–518. . Retrieved Sept. 6, 2011.[22] Cannon, Deborah (Feb., 22, 2006). "Reflections of Black Austin". Austin-American Statesman.[23] Cox, Mike (Sept. 16, 2011). "Austin as Texas' Capital" (http:/ / www. texasescapes. com/ MikeCoxTexasTales/ Austin-as-Texas-Capital.

htm). Texas Escapes. . Retrieved Nov. 23, 2011.[24] Cotner, Robert C. (1968). The Texas State Capitol. Austin: Pemberton Press. p. 15-17. ISBN 0292737033.[25] Battle, William Janes. "University of Texas at Austin" (http:/ / www. tshaonline. org/ handbook/ online/ articles/ kcu09). . Retrieved Nov.

23, 2011.[26] "St. Edward's University Celebrates Centennial of Main Building" (http:/ / think. stedwards. edu/ marketing/ blog/ post/

st-edwards-university-celebrates-centennial-main-building). St. Edward's University. Oct. 8, 2003. . Retrieved Nov. 23, 2011.[27] Hunt, Bruce J. (July 13, 2011). "The Rise and Fall of the Austin Dam" (http:/ / www. notevenpast. org/ texas/ rise-and-fall-austin-dam). Not

Even Past. . Retrieved Nov. 23, 2011.[28] Spencer, Jim (April 7, 2010). "First Austin Dam Collapse 110 Years Ago Today" (http:/ / blogs. kxan. com/ 2010/ 04/ 07/

tom-miller-dam-turns-70/ ). KXAN Blogs. . Retrieved Nov. 23, 2011.[29] Wermund, Ben (Oct. 5, 2011). "Littlefield, Scarbrough buildings mark a century in Austin" (http:/ / www. statesman. com/ news/ local/

littlefield-scarbrough-buildings-mark-a-century-in-austin-955944. html). Austin-American Statesman. . Retrieved Nov. 23, 2011.

History of Austin, Texas 39

[30] "History of Austin's Forms of Government" (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ election/ formsgov. htm). Office of the City Clerk, City ofAustin. 1995. . Retrieved Nov. 23, 2011.

[31] "Hoe East Austin Became a Negro District" (http:/ / diversearts. microassistdemo. com/ politics-civic-engagement/how-east-austin-became-negro-district). East End Cultural Heritage District & Diverse Arts. 2010. . Retrieved Nov. 23, 2011.

[32] Phillips, Alberta (Nov. 22, 2009). "Proof of Austin's past is right there - in black and white" (http:/ / www. statesman. com/ opinion/proof-of-austins-past-is-right-there-in-78440. html?printArticle=y). Austin-American Statesman. . Retrieved Nov. 23, 2011.

[33] "LCRA and Central Texas since 1900" (http:/ / www. lcra. org/ about/ overview/ history/ timeline/ historycenter. html). Lower ColoradoRiver Authority. . Retrieved Nov. 23, 2011.

[34] Austin airport has 2nd record year (http:/ / www. statesman. com/ business/ content/ business/ stories/ other/ 01/ 25/ 25airport. html), AustinAmerican-Statesman, January 25, 2007.

[35] Capital Metro: Capital MetroRail (http:/ / allsystemsgo. capmetro. org/ capital-metrorail. shtml)[36] "Cousins Properties Opens Frost Bank Tower in Austin" (http:/ / www. allbusiness. com/ real-estate/ commercial-residential-property/

5218250-1. html). AllBusiness.com. . Retrieved 2010-04-29.[37] "Austin pubs could go smoke-free" (http:/ / www. mysanantonio. com/ news/ MYSA050405_3B_austin_smoking_23c7aa15b_html4518.

html). San Antonio Express-News. 2008-05-03. . Retrieved 2009-07-08.

40

Government

Government of TexasThe government of Texas consists of a state government, as well as governments at the county and municipallevels. Austin is the capital of Texas. The State Capitol resembles the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., butis faced in Texas pink granite and is topped by a statue of the "Goddess of Liberty" holding aloft a five-point Texasstar. The capitol is also notable for purposely being built seven feet taller than the U.S. national capitol.[1]

OverviewRepublican Rick Perry has served as Governor of Texas since December 2000, when George W. Bush vacated theoffice to assume the Presidency. Two Republicans represent Texas in the U.S. Senate: Kay Bailey Hutchison (since1993) and John Cornyn (since 2002). Texas has 32 representatives in the U.S. House of Representatives: 20Republicans and 12 Democrats.[2]

ConstitutionThe current Texas Constitution was adopted in 1876. As with many state constitutions, it explicitly provides for theseparation of powers and incorporates its bill of rights directly into the text of the constitution (as Article I). The billof rights is considerably lengthier and more detailed than the federal Bill of Rights, and includes some provisionsunique to Texas.

Executive branchTexas has a plural executive branch system which limits the power of the Governor. Except for the Secretary ofState, all executive officers are elected independently making them directly answerable to the public not theGovernor.[3]

The executive branch consists of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Comptroller of Public Accounts, LandCommissioner, Attorney General, Agriculture Commissioner, the three-member Texas Railroad Commission, theState Board of Education, and the Secretary of State. The comptroller decides if expected state income is sufficientto cover the proposed state budget. There are also many state agencies and numerous boards and commissions. Partlybecause of many elected officials, the governor's powers are quite limited in comparison to other state governors orthe U.S. President. In popular lore and belief the lieutenant governor, who heads the Senate and appoints itscommittees, has more power than the governor. The governor commands the state militia and can veto bills passedby the Legislature and call special sessions of the Legislature (this power is exclusive to the governor and can beexercised as often as desired). The governor also appoints members of various executive boards and fills judicialvacancies between elections.All members of the executive branch are elected statewide except for the Secretary of State (appointed) and the StateBoard of Education (each of its 15 members are elected from single-member districts). Past executive branches havebeen split between parties. When Republican President George W. Bush served as Texas's governor, the state'sLieutenant Governor, Bob Bullock, was a Democrat. However, since 1994 the Republican Party has won allstatewide elections, and also holds a majority of the seats on the State Board of Education.

Government of Texas 41

State Budget

Major revenue sourcesFor FY 2010, the top Texas revenue sources by category were:[4]

• Federal Income: $41,444,134,341.90• Sales Tax: $19,630,305,704.34• Bond and Note Proceeds: $16,355,280,084.44• Other Revenue: $7,806,601,823.37• Investments: $7,433,179,522.65Besides sales tax, other taxes include franchise, insurance, natural gas, alcohol, cigarettee and tobacco taxes. Texashas no personal state income tax.

Major spending categoriesFor FY 2010, the top Texas State Agency spending categories were:[5]

• Public Assistance Payments: $33,974,000,065.51• Intergovernmental Payments: $28,242,789,756.96• Interfund Transfers/Other:$14,889,601,615.29• Salaries and Wages: $10,571,668,814.35• Employee Benefits: $7,509,271,386.33

LegislatureThe Legislature of Texas is bicameral. The House of Representatives has 150 members, while the Senate has 31. TheSpeaker of the House presides over the House, and the Lieutenant Governor presides over the Senate. TheLegislature meets in regular session only once every two years. The Legislature cannot call itself into specialsession; only the governor may call a special session, and may call as many sessions as often as wanted.

Judicial systemThe judicial system of Texas has a reputation as one of the most complex in the United States,[6] with many layersand many overlapping jurisdictions.[7] Texas has two courts of last resort: the Texas Supreme Court, which hearscivil cases, and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. Except in the case of some municipal benches, partisanelections choose all of the judges at all levels of the judiciary; the governor fills vacancies by appointment.All members of the Texas Supreme Court and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals are elected statewide; since1997, all 18 seats (nine on each court) have been held by the Republican Party.

Government of Texas 42

County government

An enlargeable map of the 254 counties of theState of Texas

Texas has a total of 254 counties, by far the largest number of countiesof any state.Each county is run by a five-member Commissioners' Court consistingof four commissioners elected from single-member districts (calledcommissioner precincts) and a county judge elected at-large. Thecounty judge does not have authority to veto a decision of thecommissioners court; the judge votes along with the commissioners(being the tie-breaker in close calls). In smaller counties, the countyjudge actually does perform judicial duties, but in larger counties thejudge's role is limited to serving on the commissioners court andcertifying elections. Certain officials, such as the sheriff and taxcollector, are elected separately by the voters, but the commissionerscourt determines their office budgets, and sets overall county policy.All county elections are partisan, and commissioner precincts areredistricted after each ten year Census both to equalize the voting power in each and in consideration of the politicalparty preferences of the voters in each.

Counties also have much less legal power than home rule municipalities. They cannot pass ordinances (local lawswith penalties for violations) like cities can. Counties in Texas do not have zoning power (except for limitedinstances around some reservoirs, military establishments, historic sites and airports, and in large counties over"communication facility structures": visible antennas). However, counties can collect a small portion of property taxand spend it to provide residents with needed services or to employ the power of eminent domain. Counties alsohave the power to regulate outdoor lighting near obsevatories and military bases. Counties do not have "home rule"authority; whatever powers they enjoy are specifically granted by the State (as an example, most counties have noauthority to sanction property owners whose lands fill with weeds and trash).Unlike other states, Texas does not allow for consolidated city-county governments. Cities and counties (as well asother political entities) are permitted to enter "interlocal agreements" to share services (for instance, a city and aschool district may enter into agreements with the county whereby the county bills for and collects property taxes forthe city and school district; thus, only one tax bill is sent instead of three). Texas does allow municipalities to merge,but populous Harris County, Texas consolidating with its primary city, Houston, Texas, to form the nation's secondlargest city (after New York City) is not a prospect under current law.

Municipal governmentTexas does not have townships; areas within a county are either incorporated or unincorporated. Incorporated areasare part of a city, though the city may contract with the county for needed services. Unincorporated areas are not partof a city; in these areas the county has authority for law enforcement and road maintenance.Cities are classified as either "general law" or "home rule". A city may elect home rule status (i.e., draft anindependent city charter) once it exceeds 5,000 population and the voters agree to home rule. Otherwise, it isclassified as general law and has very limited powers. One example of the difference in the two structures regardsannexation. General law cities cannot annex adjacent unincorporated areas without the property owner's consent;home rule cities may annex without consent but must provide essential services within a specified period of time(generally within three years) or the property owner may file suit to be disannexed and reimbursed. Once a cityadopts home rule it may continue to keep this status even if the population later falls below 5,000.Larger cities (those exceeding 225,000) have a unique authority: that of "limited annexation", whereby an adjoining area may be annexed for purposes of imposing city ordinances related to safety and building codes. The residents can

Government of Texas 43

vote for mayor and council races but cannot vote in bond elections (and, consequently, the city cannot directlycollect city sales tax from businesses or city property tax from owners).However, the City of Houston has exploited a glitch[8] in the state law that allows it to share in sales tax revenuesalong with special districts (municipal utility districts, for instance) that cross an area "annexed for limitedpurposes."[9] This has led to a spiderwebbing known as limited purpose or special purpose annexations that consistof mostly commercial properties facing major streets. These extend through otherwise unincorporated areas. It hasalso led to conflicts between city and county officials over the provision of services to these areas not included in theagreements.The purpose of limited annexation is to allow the city to control development in an area that it eventually will fullyannex; it is meant to do so within three years (though it can arrange "non-annexation agreements" with local propertyowners), and those agreements with municipal utility districts also cloud the picture. During each of the three years,the city is to develop land use planning for the area(zoning, for example), identify needed capital improvements andongoing projects, and identify the financing for such as well as to provide essential municipal services.[10]

Municipal elections in Texas are nonpartisan in the sense that candidates do not appear on the ballot on party lines,and do not run as party tickets. However, a candidate's party affiliation is usually known or can be discerned withminimal effort (as the candidate most likely has supported other candidates on partisan tickets). In some instances, aninformal citizen's group will support a slate of candidates that it desires to see elected (often in opposition to anincumbent group with which it disagreed on an issue). However, each candidate must be voted on individually.

School and special districtsIn addition to cities and counties, Texas has numerous special districts. The most common is the independent schooldistrict, which (with one exception) has a board of trustees that is independent of any other governing authority.School district boundaries are not generally aligned with city or county boundaries; it is common for a school districtto cover one or more counties or for a large city to be served by several school districts.Other special districts include Groundwater Conservation Districts (regulatory agencies), river authorities, watersupply districts (for irrigation or municipal supply), public hospitals, road districts and community colleges.As with municipal elections in Texas, board members or trustees are elected on a nonpartisan basis or may beappointed.The Texas Education Agency governs public education in Texas.

State agenciesMost state agencies are headquartered in Austin. Notable exceptions are the Texas Forest Service and the TexasEngineering Experiment Station (which are headquartered in College Station)[11] [12] and the Texas Department ofCriminal Justice (headquartered in both Austin and Huntsville, the latter being the home of the state's executionchamber).

References[1] Rathjen, Frederick (April 1957). "The Texas State House". Southwestern Historical Quarterly (American Heritage Publishing) LX (4).[2] http:/ / joebarton. house. gov/ DistrictProfile. aspx?section=3[3] The Plural Executive (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080418013806/ http:/ / texaspolitics. laits. utexas. edu/ html/ exec/ 0900. html).

University of Texas at Austin. 2005. Archived from the original (http:/ / texaspolitics. laits. utexas. edu/ html/ exec/ 0900. html) on April 18,2008. . Retrieved 2008-05-07

[4] State Revenue by Category (http:/ / www. texastransparency. org/ moneyfrom/ revenue_category. php), Texas Transparency, TexasComptroller of Public Accounts

[5] State Spending by Category (http:/ / www. texastransparency. org/ moneygoes/ spending_category. php), Texas Transparency, TexasComptroller of Public Accounts

Government of Texas 44

[6] http:/ / texaspolitics. laits. utexas. edu/ 3_1_0. html[7] Kraemer, RIchard (2009). Texas Politics, 10th edition. chapter 2, page 48. HEINLE Cengage.[8] http:/ / law. onecle. com/ texas/ local-government/ 43. 0751. 00. html[9] "MUDs and Houston profit from annexation system" (http:/ / impactnews. com/ northwest-houston/ 328-news/

9414-muds-and-houston-profit-from-annexation-system) (HTML). community ImPACT Newspaper. . Retrieved 2011-10-05.[10] "Limited Purpose Annexation" (http:/ / www. sanantonio. gov/ planning/ Limited_Purpose_annexation_2004. pdf) (PDF). SanAntonio.gov. .

Retrieved 2006-04-29.[11] " We found 6 TFS offices based on your search for College Station, TX (6). (http:/ / texasforestservice. tamu. edu/ main/ popup.

aspx?ctrl=11& cID=5& _G=1)." Texas Forest Service. Accessed August 30, 2008.[12] " Contact Us (http:/ / tees. tamu. edu/ index. jsp?page=about_contact)." Texas Engineering Experiment Station. Accessed October 19, 2008.

External links• Texas.gov (http:/ / www. texas. gov/ ) official website• Window on State Government (http:/ / www. window. state. tx. us/ ), Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts

• Texas Transparency (http:/ / www. texastransparency. org/ )• Texas Politics Textbook (http:/ / texaspolitics. laits. utexas. edu/ )• Texas Government Newsletter• Handbook of Texas

List of mayors of Austin, TexasThe following is a list of mayors of Austin, Texas.

Mayors of Austin, Texas

Years of Service Mayor

1840 Edwin Waller

1840-41 Thomas William Ward

1841 Moses Johnson

1842-43 Asa Brigham

1843-44 J. W. Robertson

1845-46 James M. Long

1847 Jacob M. Harrell

1850-51 S. G. Haynie

1852 George J. Durham

1853 Thomas William Ward

1853 W. P. DeNormandie

1854 John S. Ford

1855 J. T. Cleveland

1856 E. R. Peck

1857 Thomas E. Sneed

1858-59 B. F. Carter

1860-62 James W. Smith

1863-64 S. G. Haynie

List of mayors of Austin, Texas 45

1865 Thomas William Ward

1866-67 William Carr

1867-71 Leander Brown

1871-72 John Glenn

1873-77 Thomas Benton Wheeler

1877-1880 Jacob Carl DeGress

1880-81 L. M. Crocker

1881-84 W. A. Saylor

1884-87 J. W. Robertson

1888-89 Joseph Nalle

1890-95 John McDonald

1896-97 Louis Hancock

1898-1901 John Dodd McCall

1901-05 R. E. White

1905-07 W. D. Shelley

1907-09 F. M. Maddox

1909-19 Alexander Penn Wooldridge

1919-26 W. D. Yett

1926-33 P. W. McFadden

1933-49 Tom Miller

1949-51 Taylor Glass

1951-53 W. S. Drake

1953-55 Charles A. McAden

1955-61 Tom Miller

1961-67 Lester Palmer

1967-69 Harry Akin

1969-71 Travis L. LaRue

1971-75 Roy Butler

1975-77 Jeffrey Friedman

1977-83 Carole Keeton Rylander (Previously Carole Keeton McClellan and now Carole Keeton Strayhorn)

1983-85 Ron Mullen

1985-88 Frank C. Cooksey

1988-91 Lee Cooke

1991-97 Bruce Todd

May 1997-November 9, 2001 Kirk Watson

November 9, 2001-June 16, 2003 Gustavo L. "Gus" Garcia

June 16, 2003-June 22, 2009 Will Wynn

June 22, 2009- Lee Leffingwell

46

Neighborhoods

List of Austin neighborhoodsThe following is a list of neighborhoods located in the city of Austin, Texas:• Allandale• Avery Ranch• Balcones Woods• Barrington Oaks• Battle Bend Springs• Barton Creek• Barton Hills• Blackland• Bouldin Creek• Brentwood• Bryker Woods• Canyon Creek• Cat Mountain• Central East Austin• Cherrywood• Chestnut• Circle C Ranch• Clarksville Historic District• Copperfield• Coronado Hills• Crestview• Dawson• Dove Springs• Delwood• East Cesar Chavez• East Congress• East End• East Riverside-Oltorf• Far South Austin/Slaughter-Manchaca• Far West• Franklin Park• French Place• Galindo• Garrison Park• Georgian Acres• Govalle• Gracy Woods• Great Hills/Arboretum• Hancock

List of Austin neighborhoods 47

• Harris Branch• Heritage Hills• Highland• Holly• Hyde Park Historic District• Johnston Terrace• Lamplight Village• Laurel Oaks• Montopolis• The Mountain• Mueller• North Burnet• North Campus• North Lamar• North Loop• North Shoal Creek• Northwest Hills• Northwest Austin• Northwood• Oak Hill• Old West Austin Historic District• Onion Creek• Oriens Park• Pecan Springs-Springdale• Pemberton Heights• Pleasant Valley• The Ridge at Lantana• River Oaks• Rosedale• Rosewood• Saint John• Scofield• Scofield Farms and Ridge• Seabrook• Shadow Lawn Historic District• Shady Hollow• Sixth Street Historic District• Skyview• South Congress• South Lamar• South Manchaca• South River City• Southeast Austin• Spyglass-Barton's Bluffs• Steiner Ranch• Swedish Hill Historic District• Sweetbriar

List of Austin neighborhoods 48

• Tarrytown• Travis Heights• University Hills• Wells Branch• West Campus• West Congress• West End• West Line Historic District• Westgate• Wilshire Wood• Windsor Hills• Windsor Park• Wooten• Zilker

External links• |City Data Austin Neighborhood Map [1]

• About.com: Austin Neighborhoods [2]

• City of Austin's Neighborhood Planning Page [3]

• Austin Neighborhood Information and Statistics [4]

References[1] http:/ / www. city-data. com/ nbmaps/ neigh-Austin-Texas. html[2] http:/ / austin. about. com/ od/ neighborhoods/ Austin_Neighborhoods. htm[3] http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ zoning/[4] http:/ / www. austintexasrealty. com/ neighborhoods. html

Downtown Austin 49

Downtown Austin

The Austin skyline in 2011

Local businesses and recreational venues like 6th Street often are next door tooffice buildings.

Downtown Austin is the central businessdistrict of Austin, Texas. Downtown islocated on the north bank of the ColoradoRiver. The approximate borders ofDowntown include Lamar Boulevard to thewest, 11th Street and sometimes MartinLuther King, Jr. Boulevard and theUniversity of Texas at Austin to the north,Interstate 35 to the east, and Lady Bird Laketo the south.[1] [2]

It is where the city's highrise buildings arelocated, as well as being the center ofgovernment and business for the region.Downtown Austin is currently experiencinga building boom, with many DowntownAustin Condos [3] & high rise towers beingbuilt.

History

The story of Downtown Austin began withthe Republic of Texas and PresidentMirabeau B. Lamar in the 1830s. Lamartapped Edwin Waller to direct the planningand construction of the new town. Wallerchose a site on a bluff above the ColoradoRiver, nestled between Shoal Creek to thewest and Waller Creek to the east. Wallerlaid the new city in a simple grid pattern ona 640-acre (or one square-mile plot) with 14blocks running in both directions.Remarkably, much of this original design isstill intact in downtown Austin today.

One grand avenue, which Lamar named "Congress," cut through the center of town from Capitol Square down to theColorado River. The streets running north-south (paralleling Congress) were named for Texas rivers with their orderof placement matching the order of rivers on the Texas state map. The east-west streets were named after trees nativeto the region, despite the fact that Waller had recommended using numbers (they were eventually changed tonumbers in 1884). The city's perimeters stretched north to south from the river at 1st Street to 15th Street, and fromEast Avenue (now Interstate 35) to West Avenue.[4]

Waller reserved key spots for public buildings and four public squares. Remarkably, three of Waller's originalsquares survive to this day: Wooldridge Park, Republic Square and Brush Square.[5]

Downtown Austin 50

Downtown districts

Congress AvenueEdwin Waller, the first mayor of Austin, designed Congress Avenue to be Austin's most prominent street. Planned asthe widest street in the original 1839 Austin plan, the 120 foot wide Congress Avenue initially ran from the ColoradoRiver north to the State Capitol. Not coincidentally, Congress was the most important street in Austin city life duringthe 1900s. Early structures along Congress Avenue included government buildings, hotels, saloons, retail stores andrestaurants. By the late 1840s "The Avenue" formed a well-established business district. The mid-1870s introducedgaslight illumination and mule-driven streetcars as well as construction of a new Travis County courthouse atEleventh Street.Stretching from First Street north to Eleventh Street, the Congress Avenue Historic District was created on August11, 1978. Stylistically, the dominating structures of significance reflected general Victorian form and detailing,tempered by local materials and building techniques.[6] Notable structures along Congress Avenue north of theColorado include the Texas State Capitol, Paramount Theatre, the Southwestern Telegraph and Telephone Building,Gethsemane Lutheran Church and the Old Bakery.

Sixth StreetSixth Street is a historic street and entertainment district in Downtown Austin. Sixth Street itself stretches fromMopac Expressway in Old West Austin across to Interstate 35 and beyond. The nine-block area of East Sixth Streetroughly between Lavaca Street to the west and Interstate 35 to the east is recognized as the Sixth Street HistoricDistrict and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on December 30, 1975.[7]

The area around nearby 4th Street and 6th Street has been a major entertainment district since the 1970s.[8] Manybars, clubs, music venues, and shopping destinations are located on E. 6th Street between Congress Avenue andInterstate 35 and many offer live music at one time or another during the week.[9] Traffic is generally blocked on E.6th Street and most crossroads from I-35 to Brazos Street on weekend evenings, and football home games(depending on pedestrian traffic), as well as holidays and special events to allow the crowds to walk unfettered to themany venues that line the street. E. Sixth Street plays host to a wide variety of events each year, ranging from musicand film festivals (such as South by Southwest) to biker rallies (such as The Republic of Texas Biker Rally) and thePecan Street Festival.[10] The area of Sixth Street west of Lavaca is known as the West 6th Street District. Recently,there has been a growing movement to develop this area as an entertainment district of its own, geared toward thelive music crowd.[11]

Second Street DistrictSituated north of Lady Bird Lake, the six-block Second Street District has swiftly become one of Austin’s mostpopular food and shopping districts. The district, bordered by Colorado and San Antonio Streets, is chockablock withboutiques, coffeehouses, wine bars and design stores and is anchored by a mixed-use development across from CityHall. It contains is a 36-story W Austin Hotel and Residences, which opened in late 2010, and the state-of-the-artMoody Theater, the new home of the iconic PBS music series Austin City Limits.[12]

In 1997, it was apparent that downtown retail was on the verge of disappearing and downtown, in general, was on adecline. West Second Street had become a blighted area which was home to a number of abandoned warehouses anda lumberyard that the City converted into temporary offices and a City Council Chamber. The city embraced the ideaa mixed-use district, and by the mid-2000s all six blocks would be mixed-use buildings with 168,000 square feet ofstreet-level retail.[13]

Downtown Austin 51

Rainey StreetThe Rainey Street Historic District is a community positioned near Lake Lady Bird and ]]Interstate 35]] in asoutheastern pocket of downtown. The situation at Rainey Street is unique in that the area was once a sleepyresidential street, albeit nestled right next to downtown, was rezoned as part of Austin's central business district in2004. The hope at the time was to incentivize development near the Austin Convention Center and the since-builtEmma S. Barrientos Mexican American Cultural Center. But while grander development has stalled, bars andeateries have flocked to Rainey, since CBD zoning enables traffic-heavy cocktail bar or restaurant use without anyadditional zoning request. As such, old bungalows have been fixed up and turned into bars and cocktail lounges withample backyards and porches.[14]

West End/Market DistrictThe West End or Market District of Austin is located in the northwest section of Downtown Austin, just north of theSeaholm District and to the west of the Warehouse District.

Seaholm DistrictThe Seaholm District is a formerly industrial section of southwest downtown Austin that the city wants to transforminto a vibrant urban neighborhood. The city of Austin has designated the area from Lady Bird Lake to 5th Street andfrom Lamar Boulevard to San Antonio Street as the Seaholm District. At the core of the district is thedecommissioned Seaholm Power Plant, which will be redeveloped into a landmark residential and retail destination.After several years of delays and false starts due in part to a recession that dried up financing for development,construction is expected to start on redevelopment projects at the former Seaholm Power Plant and the site of theformer Green Water Treatment Plant east of Seaholm in 2012. Austin-based Southwest Strategies Group, theproject's lead developer, announced plans to to begin work on the 450,000 square feet of development to be built onthe 7.8 acre site. The projects will transform the decommissioned plants on downtown's southwestern edge intolively hubs with shops, hotels, condominiums, apartments and other development.[15]

Bremond Block Historic DistrictThe Bremond Block Historic District is a collection of eleven historic homes located in the northwest corner ofdowntown, constructed from the 1850s to 1910.[16] The block was added to National Register of Historic Places in1970, and is considered one of the few remaining upper-class Victorian neighborhoods of the middle to latenineteenth century in Texas.[17] Six of these houses were built or expanded for members of the families of brothersEugene and John Bremond, who were prominent in late-nineteenth-century Austin social, merchandising, andbanking circles. They are located within the square block bordered by West Seventh, West Eighth, Guadalupe, andSan Antonio streets. The district also includes several houses on the west side of San Antonio and the south side ofWest Seventh, at least three of which were built or altered by the North family.[18]

Judges HillJudges Hill is a largely residential neighborhood is located north of the central business district of downtown Austinon the eastern bluff overlooking Pease Park, bordered by Rio Grande Street, 15th Street, Martin Luther King, Jr.Blvd and Lamar Blvd. In 1851, Elijah Sterling Clack Robertson built the first home in present-day Judges Hill nearthe corner of 18th and San Gabriel. Although the house was subsequently demolished in 1966. Judge Robertson wasthe first among the neighborhood resident judges and attorneys who earned the area the name of Judges Hill. Thearea includes many historically designated properties from the late 1800s, some significant mid-century moderndesign, student communities and limited multi-family housing.[19]

Downtown Austin 52

Government

Local government

Austin Central Fire Station 1

The city hall is located in Downtown Austin and is the administrativeoffice of Austin. Originally built in 1871, the city hall was demolishedand rebuilt multiple times before the current one was built inNovember of 2004. [20] [21] The current city hall costed $55.6 millionto build and contains a total of 7 stories, of which 3 are underground.[22] Within the building, city council meetings take place in the councilchambers. [23] The city council, including the mayor, are voted byAustin's residents and serve 3 year terms. [24]

Austin Central Fire Station 1, 2, and 4 of the Austin Fire Department,all of which are located in downtown, provides fire protection. [25]

County government

Heman Marion Sweatt Travis County Courthousein Austin

The County offices, including the Commissioners Court, districtcourts, county courts, and other facilities are located in the DowntownComplex.[26]

Downtown Austin 53

State government

The Texas State Capitol

Downtown Austin Post Office

Downtown Austin is dominated by the Texas State Capitol andassociated government buildings.

The University of Texas System is headquartered in DowntownAustin.[27] O. Henry Hall, the main headquarters, was originally afederal courthouse and post office.[28] The Thomas J. Rusk StateOffice Building is located in Downtown Austin. It includes the TexasState University System headquarters.[29]

The Texas Third Court of Appeals is located in the Price Daniel, Sr.State Office Building in Downtown Austin.[30]

Federal government

The United States Postal Service operates the Downtown Austin PostOffice in Downtown Austin.[31]

Diplomatic missions

The Consulate-General of Mexico in Austin was located in Suite 330within the 800 Brazos Street/Brazos Place complex.[32] It is nowlocated west of Downtown Austin.[33]

Transportation

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority provides publictransportation services, including bus, paratransit and since 2010,commuter rail services to Downtown Austin. The Downtown CapitalMetrorail is located near the Austin Convention Center on FourthStreet, between Neches and Trinity; the station is outside of the AustinConvention Center.[34]

Economy

Whole Foods Market headquarters

Major employers in Downtown Austin include the corporateheadquarters and flagship store of Whole Foods Market and GSD&MIdea City.[35] [36] Texas Monthly, a magazine, has its headquarters inDowntown Austin.[37] Schlotzsky's has its headquarters in the 301Congress Avenue building in Downtown Austin.[38] The TexasObserver, a magazine, has its headquarters in Downtown Austin.[39]

Gowalla also has its headquarters there.[40]

The Downtown Austin Alliance is a partnership of individuals andbusiness dedicated to promoting Downtown Austin.[41]

Downtown Austin 54

Education

Colleges and universities

Rio Grande Campus of Austin CommunityCollege, formerly Austin High School and John

T. Allan Junior High School.[42]

Austin Community College operates the Rio Grande Campus inDowntown.

Primary and secondary schools

Pease Elementary School

Austin Independent School District operates area public schools. Thezoned schools are located outside of Downtown. All residents south of15th Street are zoned to Mathews Elementary School, O. HenryMiddle School, and Austin High School. Some residents north of 15thStreet are zoned to Lee Elementary School, Kealing Middle School,and McCallum High School. Other residents are zoned to BrykerWoods Elementary School, O. Henry Middle School, and Austin HighSchool.[43] In addition, Pease Elementary School is located inDowntown Austin.[44]

Pease was built in 1876.[45] Mathews was built in 1916.[46] BrykerWoods and Lee were built in 1939.[47] [48] McCallum and O. Henry were built in 1953.[49] [50] The current AustinHigh School campus opened in 1975.[51]

The Khabele School, a private middle and high school, is located in Downtown Austin.[52]

Arts and culture

The Austin Museum of Art - Downtown

Downtown Austin is famous for its culture and 6th Street, a historicstreet and entertainment district. [53]

Theaters

The Paramount Theater is one of Austin's cultural icons. [54] Built andcompleted in 1915, it was originally made for vaudeville. Over theyears, as movies became the leading form of entertainment, the theaterwas remodel with upholstered chairs and a state-of-the-art soundsystem.[54] The theater would nearly close in the 1960s as people madethe move from theaters to television.[54] However, the building would

Downtown Austin 55

be restored before closing, leading the Paramount Theater to avoid demolition. Today, the theater continues tooperate, viewing popular movies. [54]

MuseumsThe Austin Museum of Art is located in the 823 Congress building near the capitol.[55] The museum displays 4 to 6exhibitions per year. [56]

MediaThe Texas Tribune has its headquarters in Downtown Austin.[57]

Gallery

The Austonian 360 Condominiums Frost Bank Tower One American Center

One Congress Plaza Bank of America Center Chase Tower 100 Congress

Dobie Center 301 Congress WilliamClements StateOffice Building

Consulate-General of Mexicoin Austin

Downtown Austin 56

External links• Downtown Austin Website [58]

• City of Austin's Downtown Page [59]

References[1] " Downtown Austin Plan (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ downtown/ downloads/ DAP_PH_1_REPORT_2-14-08. pdf)." City of Austin.

Revised February 14, 2009. 17 of 177. Retrieved on February 4, 2009.[2] "Neighborhoods in Brief" (http:/ / www. frommers. com/ destinations/ austin/ 0003020048. html). Frommer's. . Retrieved 2009-07-28.[3] http:/ / willbingham. com/ downtown-austin-condos[4] Charles D., Spurlin. Waller, Edwin (http:/ / www. tshaonline. org/ handbook/ online/ articles/ fwa38). . Retrieved Sept. 6, 2011..[5] Barnes, Michael (Sept. 7, 2011). "Thank Edwin Waller for Austin’s rational plan" (http:/ / www. austin360. com/ blogs/ content/ shared-gen/

blogs/ austin/ outandabout/ entries/ 2011/ 09/ 07/ thank_edwin_wal. html). . Retrieved Nov. 24, 2011.[6] McGraw, Marburger & Associates. "History of South Congress" (http:/ / docs. google. com/ viewer?a=v& q=cache:1174DgI_9KQJ:www.

historicbouldincreek. org/ PDF/ sconhistory. pdf+ south+ congress+ avenue+ austin+ history& hl=en& gl=us& pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgTILosO5Y66vzO4Howc3mqJ_V5ijRjRearWHGC01OpwE5g4KECnVyjzjdOoKLW_2XG-okEPE9bzPdWk92LSKY6mKJDoGWBzhfUAUGd2i2X-qRQHyceH8rmDJDt8oK-awHR7aM9&sig=AHIEtbTrYcZQMmSVBjVZjBaoZkdFlguvOA). . Retrieved October 31, 2011.

[7] Whitacre, Whitacre (2001-08-15). "6th Bar Blues" (http:/ / www. dailytexanonline. com/ 2. 8460/ 6th-bar-blues-1. 1268585). The DailyTexan. . Retrieved 2009-07-14.

[8] Barton, Laura (2008-02-23). "We're Austin Music" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ travel/ 2008/ feb/ 23/ austin. usa?gusrc=rss&feed=global). The Guardian. . Retrieved 2009-07-14.

[9] Ezell, Kyle (2006). Retire Downtown (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=dv5NQMWS9hAC& pg=PA162). Andrews McMeel Publishing.pp. 160, 162. ISBN 978-0-7407-6049-5. . Retrieved 2009-07-14.

[10] "6th Street Revealed" (http:/ / www. celebrate-austin. com/ c. php?p=93). Celebrate Austin Magazine. . Retrieved 2009-07-14.[11] Gerbe, Bret (Nov. 8, 2006). "A night on the other side reveals a burgeoning entertainment district among the office buildings and condos"

(http:/ / www. austin360. com/ news/ content/ events/ stories/ xl/ 2006/ 11/ 9cover. html). Austin American-Statesman. . Retrieved Nov. 24,2011.

[12] Fergus, Jill (May 5, 2011). "Austin’s New Hot Hood" (http:/ / tmagazine. blogs. nytimes. com/ 2011/ 05/ 05/ dispatch-austins-new-hot-hood/). New York Times Magazine. . Retrieved Nov. 24, 2011.

[13] Bernier, Nathan (Jan. 21, 2011). "2nd Street District Retail Occupancy Expected To Reach 92 Percent This Year" (http:/ / kutnews. org/post/ 2nd-street-district-retail-occupancy-expected-reach-92-percent-year). KUT News. . Retrieved Nov. 24, 2011.

[14] Dunbar, Jr., Wells (Jan. 28, 2011). "The Lure of Rainey Street" (http:/ / www. austinchronicle. com/ news/ 2011-01-28/city-hall-hustle-the-lure-of-rainey-street/ ). Austin Chronicle. . Retrieved Nov. 24, 2011.

[15] Novak, Shonda (Oct. 17, 2011). "After years of delays, construction in sight for areas in Seaholm District, official says" (http:/ / www.statesman. com/ business/ after-years-of-delays-construction-in-sight-for-1921958. html). Austin American-Statesman. . Retrieved Nov. 24,2011.

[16] Williamson, Roxanne. "Bremond Block Historic District" (http:/ / www. tshaonline. org/ handbook/ online/ articles/ ghb02). Handbook ofTexas Online. . Retrieved Nov. 20, 2011.

[17] "TEXAS - Travis County Historic Districts" (http:/ / www. nationalregisterofhistoricplaces. com/ tx/ Travis/ districts. html). NationalRegister of Historic Places. . Retrieved Sept. 7, 2011.

[18] Williamson, Roxanne. "Bremond Block Historic District" (http:/ / www. tshaonline. org/ handbook/ online/ articles/ ghb02). Handbook ofTexas Online. . Retrieved Nov. 20, 2011.

[19] "Judges Hill History" (http:/ / judgeshill. org/ history/ history. html). Judges Hill Neighborhood Association. . Retrieved Nov. 24, 2011.[20] "Austin City Hall" (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ cityhall/ cityhall. htm). The City of Austin. . Retrieved 27 June 2011.[21] "2nd Street District" (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ cityhall/ 2ndstreet. htm). The City of Austin. . Retrieved 27 June 2011.[22] "About City Hall" (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ cityhall/ about. htm). The City of Austin. . Retrieved 27 June 2011.[23] "Council Chambers" (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ cityhall/ features. htm). The City of Ausitn. . Retrieved 27 June 2011.[24] "Austin City Council" (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ council/ default. htm). The City of Austin. . Retrieved 27 June 2011.[25] "Austin Fire Department Station Map" (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ fire/ afdmap. htm). The City of Austin. . Retrieved 27 June 2011.[26] " Travis County Downtown Complex (http:/ / www. co. travis. tx. us/ maps/ DT_Map/ simpleDTmap. asp)." Travis County. Retrieved on

March 10, 2010.[27] " UT System Contact Information (http:/ / www. utsystem. edu/ contact/ )." University of Texas System. Retrieved on October 3, 2009.[28] " Historic Federal Courthouses Austin, Texas (http:/ / www. fjc. gov/ history/ courthouses. nsf/ getcourthouse?OpenAgent&

chid=DD73C46B5C6AC2368525718C00491EB9)." Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved on May 28, 2010.[29] " Contact Information (http:/ / www. tsus. edu/ about-system/ contact. html)." Texas State University System. Retrieved on November 15,

2008.[30] " Contact Information (http:/ / www. 3rdcoa. courts. state. tx. us/ court/ contact. asp)." Texas Third Court of Appeals. Retrieved on March 9,

2010.

Downtown Austin 57

[31] " Post Office Location - DOWNTOWN AUSTIN (http:/ / usps. whitepages. com/ service/ post_office/downtown-austin-510-guadalupe-st-austin-tx-1361137)." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on May 7, 2010.

[32] " Contactenos (http:/ / portal. sre. gob. mx/ austin/ index. php?option=contact& Itemid=6)." (Spanish) Consulate-General of Mexico inAustin. Retrieved on November 17, 2008.

[33] " Contactenos (http:/ / portal. sre. gob. mx/ austin/ index. php?option=contact& Itemid=6)." (Spanish) Consulate-General of Mexico inAustin. Retrieved on February 23, 2011. "Contactenos Consulado General de México en Austin 410 Baylor Street. Austin, Texas. 78703."

[34] {{cite web |title= Downtown |publisher= Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority |url= http:/ / www. capmetro. org/ MetroRail/stations_downtown. asp Downtown Station |accessdate= Retrieved on May 8, 2010.

[35] "World Headquarters" (http:/ / www. wholefoodsmarket. com/ company/ national. php). Whole Foods Market. . Retrieved 27 June 2011.[36] "About Us" (http:/ / www. gsdm. com/ #/ about. aspx). GSD&M. . Retrieved 27 June 2011.[37] " Media Kit (http:/ / www. texasmonthly. com/ mediakit/ ftp_custom_frontend. php)." Texas Monthly. Retrieved on September 5, 2009.[38] " Contact Us (http:/ / www. schlotzskys. com/ feedback/ edit)." Schlotzsky's. Retrieved on February 25, 2010.[39] " Contact (http:/ / www. texasobserver. org/ contact)." The Texas Observer. Retrieved on May 6, 2010.[40] " Terms (http:/ / gowalla. com/ terms)." Gowalla. Retrieved on December 5, 2011. "610 W 5th Suite 604 Austin, TX 78701"[41] "Welcome to Downtown Austin, Texas" (http:/ / www. downtownaustin. com/ ). Downtown Austin Alliance. . Retrieved 27 June 2011.[42] "Austin High School Historical Marker Text" (http:/ / atlas. thc. state. tx. us/ common/ viewform. asp?atlas_num=5453006449). Texas

Historical Commission. . Retrieved 2007-07-05.[43] " School Assignment by Residential Address (https:/ / access. austinisd. org/ school_boundaries/ ?lang=en)." Austin Independent School

District. Retrieved on April 20, 2009.[44] " Pease Elementary School (http:/ / www. austinisd. org/ schools/ details. phtml?id=093& lang=)." Pease Elementary School. Retrieved on

April 20, 2009.[45] " Campus Facts (http:/ / www. austinisd. org/ schools/ details. phtml?id=093& opt=about)." Pease Elementary School. Retrieved on April

20, 2009.[46] " Campus Facts (http:/ / www. austinisd. org/ schools/ details. phtml?id=081& opt=about)." Mathews Elementary School. Retrieved on April

20, 2009.[47] " Campus Facts (http:/ / www. austinisd. org/ schools/ details. phtml?id=054& opt=about)." Bryker Woods Elementary School. Retrieved on

April 20, 2009.[48] " Campus Facts (http:/ / www. austinisd. org/ schools/ details. phtml?id=078& opt=about)." Lee Elementary School. Retrieved on April 20,

2009.[49] " Campus Facts (http:/ / www. austinisd. org/ schools/ details. phtml?id=036& opt=about)." O. Henry Middle School. Retrieved on April 20,

2009.[50] " Campus Facts (http:/ / www. austinisd. org/ schools/ details. phtml?id=012& opt=about)." McCallum High School. Retrieved on April 20,

2009.[51] " Campus Facts (http:/ / www. austinisd. org/ schools/ details. phtml?id=014& opt=about)." Austin High School. Retrieved on April 20,

2009.[52] Home (http:/ / www. khabele. org/ main/ index-page). Khabele School. Retrieved on August 12, 2011. "801 Rio Grande, Austin TX 78701"[53] "About Austin's 6th Street" (http:/ / www. 6street. com/ 6s_pg_about. htm). About6street.com. . Retrieved 27 June 2011.[54] "The Paramount Theatre - History" (http:/ / www. austintheatre. org/ site/ PageNavigator/ venues/ paramount/ history). Austin Theatre. .

Retrieved 27 June 2011.[55] "About AMOA" (http:/ / www. amoa. org/ site/ PageServer?pagename=about_aboutamoa). The Austin Museum of Art. . Retrieved 27 June

2011.[56] Faires, Robert. Austin Arts. 2005.[57] " Contact Us (http:/ / www. texastribune. org/ contact/ )." The Texas Tribune. Retrieved on May 30, 2010.[58] http:/ / www. downtownaustin. com/[59] http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ downtown/ default. htm

58

Culture

Music of AustinThe music of Austin, Texas, USA has gone beyond 6th Street and now includes other areas such as Red River, theUniversity of Texas, the Warehouse District and Downtown, South Lamar, South Austin, East Austin and the MarketDistrict where bars and clubs of every kind can be found. Every night over one hundred venues stage live music.Austin's official motto is the "Live Music Capital of the World".

HistoryA large portion of Austin's early musical heritage began in the German Beer Gardens and Halls in the late 1800's,places such as Scholz's Garden and Hall (the hall later to become Saengurrunde Hall) and further up the road atDessau Hall. Dessau Hall peaked in the 1940's and 1950's with acts as diverse as Glenn Miller, Hank Williams, andElvis Presley. Other major venues for country music included Big Gil's on South Congress and The Skyline on NorthLamar. Local singer/yodeler Kenneth Threadgill opened Threadgill's in 1933 on North Lamar, a venue that laterhosted Folk/Country jams where Janis Joplin participated in her early days. On the African American East Side oftown other music venues such as the Victory Grill, Charlie's Playhouse, Big Mary's, Ernie's Chicken Shack, andDoris Miller Auditorium featured local and touring acts. These destinations, which were part of the "chitlin circuit"featuring big bands, jazz and blues, became famous for later hosting musical legends including Duke Ellington, RayCharles, Bobby Bland, B.B. King, Ike Turner and Tina Turner.In 1964, the Broken Spoke, opened featuring country acts such as Bob Wills, Ernest Tubb, and the young WillieNelson. The late-1960s and 1970s saw the country music popularized by Willie Nelson and others being joined by ahost of other music brought by the more liberal inhabitants, who migrated to Austin during these two decades.Specifically, Roky Erickson and his 13th Floor Elevators helped bring in this psychedelic era.Austin was home to the Vulcan Gas Company that featured headliners such as the 13th Floor Elevators, (Johnny andEdgar) Winter brothers, and Shiva's Headband. The Vulcan morphed into the Armadillo World Headquarters in 1970and for more than ten years featured music of all genres, from Bruce Springsteen to Bette Midler, as well as localballet, blues and jazz. The artwork from this establishment was a part of the Austin scene and the Armadillo becamethe Austin city animal. Songs such as Gary P. Nunn's "London Homesick Blues" (which includes in the chorus "Iwant to go home with the armadillo") made this a staple of Austin. The artist who began the Armadillo logo was JimFranklin, who is still working today.

The Armadillo World Headquarters in 1976.

In the following years, Austin gained a reputation as a place wherestruggling musicians could launch their careers in front of receptiveaudiences, at informal live venues. A major influence during this timewas Clifford Antone and the namesake blues club he founded in 1975,at the age of 25. Antone's located on Austin's 6th Street fostered thecareers of a number of musicians, including Stevie Ray Vaughan.Liberty Lunch was a live-music venue in Austin and during its heydayin the late 1970s and 1980s featured all kinds of music, includingreggae and ska, punk, indie, country and rock. The venue was forced toclose to make way for Austin's downtown redevelopment rampage in

the late 1990s. Since then, Liberty Lunch has attained a (partly deserved) legendary status in the history of Austinmusic. Now-defunct Armadillo World Headquarters has attained a similar status.

Music of Austin 59

The punk/new wave era in Austin began in earnest in 1978. The Club Foot played an important role in hosting manyof the local punk/new wave acts. The city's first two rock/new wave bands, the Skunks and the Violators, made theirdebut at a University-area club called Raul's in February. The explosive show by the Sex Pistols in San Antonio theprevious month helped build toward an excited reception for local purveyors of the style.[1] The Skunks' lineupconsisted of Jesse Sublett on bass and vocals, Eddie Munoz on guitar and Bill Blackmon on drums. The Violatorsfeatured Kathy Valentine (later of the Go-Go's), Carla Olson (later of the Textones), Marilyn Dean and Sublett onbass. The Violators were short-lived, as all the members except for Sublett moved to LA the following year.Margaret Moser, of the Austin Chronicle, later wrote that "The Skunks put Austin on the rock n' roll map." [2]

Another influential band that led the punk scene in Austin was the Big Boys.Austin became one of the important stops on every tour of important punk/new wave acts. Many of these bands, suchas the Police, Joe Jackson, Blondie and Talking Heads, played at the Armadillo. A number of them, including theClash, Elvis Costello and Blondie, would make appearances at gigs by the Skunks and take the opportunity to jamwith the band.[2] [3]

The 1980s and 1990s also helped shape Austin's music scene. Waterloo Records, which has been voted the bestindependent record store in the country and hosts live in-store shows, first opened in 1982. Austinite Stevie RayVaughan won a Grammy in 1990 for best contemporary blues album. After tragically dying in a helicopter crash, hewas memorialized with a statue on the shores of Austin's Lady Bird Lake. Additionally in the early 1990s, Austincity leaders named Austin, "The Live Music Capital of the World", because of the number of live music venues.Visitors and Austinites alike may notice the 10-foot guitars standing on the sides of the city's streets. In 2006, GibsonGuitar brought Guitar Town to Austin, placing 35 of these giant guitars around the city.The Austin Music Foundation is one of several Austin groups that help independent artists further their musiccareers. Assisting musicians with medical needs are the Simms Foundation and Health Alliance for AustinMusicians (HAAM). Helping to promote the $1 billion music industry in the city is the Austin Music Office. Adepartment of the Austin Convention & Visitors Bureau, the Austin Music Office offers creative, personalizedassistance in booking live music, discounted Austin Compilation CDs and mini-guides to the city's live music scene,assistance with utilization of live music venues for off-site events, and guidance with local music attractions andcreation of music tours.[4]

TelevisionThe PBS live music television show Austin City Limits began in 1976 and has featured, as of 2005, over 500 artistsof various genres, including rock, folk, country, bluegrass and zydeco. Part responsible for Austin's reputation as alive music hub, the show is broadcast worldwide and stands as the longest running music television program ever.Public tours of Studio 6A are given on Fridays at 10:30 a.m.Austin was also home to the Austin Music Network (AMN), which broadcast from 1994 to 2005. AMN, featured oncable channel 15, proclaimed itself to be the only non-profit independent music television channel, and itsprogramming was mostly music videos or recorded live sessions, interspersed with presenters. Although all musicaltastes were broadcast, AMN emphasized non-mainstream music such as indie, punk, blues, country and jazz.Today channel 15 is still a 24-hour music channel now run by Music and Entertainment Television (M*E). M*Elaunched October 1, 2005 and is currently broadcast to Austin and the 44 surrounding cities. M*E is a regionalnetwork dedicated to showcasing and providing television exposure for regional artists as well as the hundreds oftouring groups that make up the vibrant Texas live music scene. Supporting established artists and promoting anddiscovering new talent is a priority. M*E is the entertainment resource, with venue schedules, artist information,interviews and local live music shows every night at 7 p.m. on M*E Live! from Austin. M*E represents differentmusical genres and areas of the arts community with numerous original programs highlighting everything fromfilmmakers to art galleries, and musicians to the ballet. In addition, M*E's mostly music line-up, spotlights liveperformance footage, concept music videos as well as biographies, reviews, restaurant tours and more.[5]

Music of Austin 60

Festivals

Austin City Limits Music Festival with view ofstages and the Austin skyline.

Austin is the home of South by Southwest (SXSW), an annual film,music and interactive conference and festival, and the expandingnumber of fringe events that take place during the festival, at venues allover town. In the fall, Austin hosts the Austin City Limits MusicFestival (ACL) and the Fun Fun Fun Fest. Every summer, localbusinesses put on a series of free blues shows in Zilker Park entitled"Blues on the Green." Numerous other music festivals occuryear-round. Other annual festivals include the "Keep Austin WeirdFestival" and the Heart of Texas Quadruple Bypass Music Festivala.k.a. The Texas Rockfest.

Austin is home to other large annual festivals including:• Carnaval Brasileiro• Urban Music Festival• Texas Wine and Food Festival• Art City Austin• Eeyore's Birthday Party• Old Pecan Street Festival• Pachanga Festival• Republic of Texas Biker Rally• Batfest• First Night Austin

VenuesThe Austin Chronicle, Austin Convention & Visitors Bureau and Do512 offer information on the most commonvenues that host local bands.Below is a short list of notable venues:

• The Amsterdam • Elysium Night Club • The Oaks• Angel's • Emo's • One World Theater• Antone's • Evangeline Café • The Parish• Artz Rib House • Flamingo Cantina • The Parlor• Austin Music Hall • Flipnotics • Plush• B. D. Riley's • The Frank Erwin Center • Poodies• The Backyard • Friends • Radio Room• Beauty Bar • The Ghost Room • Red 7• Beerland • Guero's • Red Eyed Fly• The Broken Spoke • Headhunters • Red Fez• The Broken Neck • Hill's Cafe • Republic Live• Cactus Cafe (UT campus) • Hole in the Wall • Reed's Jazz Club• Café Mundi • Jovita's • Room 710• Carlos 'n Charlie's • La Zona Rosa • Ruta Maya International Headquarters• The Carousel Lounge • Liberty Lunch (closed) • Saxon Pub• Cedar Street Courtyard • Lovejoy's • Scoot Inn• Central Market • Lucky Lounge • Shooters• Club De Ville • Maggie Mae's • Speakeasy• The Continental Club • The Mohawk • Stubb's BBQ

Music of Austin 61

• Cotton Club • Momo's • Threadgill's• Dirty Dog Bar • Mulligan's • 311 Club• Donn's Depot • Nasty's • Trophy's• Ego's • Nuno's• Elephant Room • Nutty Brown Café

In addition to the usual restaurant/bar venues listed above, Austin offers live music in unexpected places as well.These unique venues include:• City Hall - Every Thursday, City Council honors a local musician at its council meeting. Also, the free concert

series "Live from the Plaza" takes place at City Hall every Friday at noon from April to December.• Austin-Bergstrom International Airport - Live music is featured 11 times a week at four locations.• Grocery Stores - Central Market features live music three times a week, while Whole Foods Market hosts the

"Music at the Market" music series every Thursday evening in the spring.• Road Races - The Austin Marathon hosts more than 30 bands along the race course and the Capitol 10K features a

band at every mile marker.

Musical actsSome Austin musicians who are currently active in the city include:• The Alice Rose• Alpha Rev• The American Analog Set• …And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead• Arc Angels• ArcAttack• Asylum Street Spankers• Austin Lounge Lizards• Averse Sefira• Balcones Fault• Marcia Ball• Balmorhea• Band of Heathens• Best Fwends• Big Boys• The Black and White Years• The Black Angels• Black Books• The Boxing Lesson• Blue October• Bubble Puppy• Maya Bond• The Bright Light Social Hour• Brobdingnagian Bards• Doyle Bramhall II• Butthole Surfers• Canvas• Cindy Cashdollar• Charalambides

Music of Austin 62

• Chingon• Lakrea Clark• W. C. Clark• Slaid Cleaves• Shawn Colvin• Court Yard Hounds• Alvin Crow• Kacy Crowley• Death is not a joyride• Del Castillo• Dexter Freebish• The Dicks• Joe Ely• Alejandro Escovedo• Esther's Follies• Explosions in the Sky• The Fabulous Thunderbirds• Fastball• Rosie Flores• Michael Fracasso• Future Clouds and Radar• Davíd Garza• Larry Gatlin• Ghostland Observatory• Eliza Gilkyson• Jimmie Dale Gilmore• Golden Arm Trio• Goudie / Johnny Goudie• The Gourds• Govinda• Jon Dee Graham• Patty Griffin• Grupo Fantasma• Harlem• Roy Heinrich• Terri Hendrix• Sara Hickman• Tish Hinojosa• I Love You But I've Chosen Darkness• Jack Ingram• Eric Johnson• Robert Earl Keen• Ben Kweller• Jimmy LaFave• The Lovely Sparrows• Lower Class Brats• Lloyd Maines

Music of Austin 63

• Julian Mandrake• Ian McLagan• James McMurtry• MDC• Matt the Electrician• Mineral• Monte Montgomery• Abra Moore• Ian Moore• Gurf Morlix• Mothfight• Trish Murphy• Nathan's Stupid Drama• Willie Nelson• The Noise Revival Orchestra• Matt Noveskey• The Octopus Project• Oh No! Oh My!• Okkervil River• One-Eyed Doll• Ephraim Owens• Michael Scott Parker• Peel• Patrice Pike• Powderburn• Toni Price• Pushmonkey• Quiet Company• Reckless Kelly• Recover• Luke Redfield• The Reivers• Riddlin' Kids• Carrie Rodriguez• Bruce Robison• Calvin Russell• Shearwater• Bob Schneider• Charlie Sexton• Soul Track Mind• Soulhat• Stars of the Lid• Storyville• Sunny Sweeney• The Sword• Owen Temple• Rick Trevino

Music of Austin 64

• Reed Turner• Underwood• Kathy Valentine• Vallejo• Jimmie Vaughan• Patricia Vonne• Voxtrot• Jerry Jeff Walker• Watchtower• Dale Watson• What Made Milwaukee Famous• White Denim• White Ghost Shivers• Bobby Whitlock• Kelly Willis• Carolyn Wonderland• The Yuppie Pricks• Electric Touch

Joe Ely in concert at the Blues On the Greenmusic series, 2006.

Musicians who previously contributed to the Austin music scene(including those who have broken up or moved from the city):• 13th Floor Elevators• Experimental Aircraft• Gal's Panic• Glass Eye• Kellye Gray• Greezy Wheels• Nanci Griffith• Marc Gunn• The Impossibles• Daniel Johnston• Charlie Robison• Scratch Acid• Sound Team• Spoon• The Sword• Thirteen of Everything• Two Nice Girls• Union Jack and the Megatones• Unloco• Volcano, I'm Still Excited!!• Western Keys• Wideawake• Lucinda Williams• ZykosDeceased Austin musicians include:• Stephen Bruton

Music of Austin 65

• Janis Joplin• Doug Sahm• Randy Turner AKA Biscuit• Stevie Ray Vaughan• Don Walser• Gene Ramey• Jesse James• Champ Hood• Alex Napier• Pee Wee Crayton• Teddy Wilson• Kenny Dorham• Jimmy DayThe Austin Music Memorial, at the Joe and Teresa Long Center, honors those who have contributed to thedevelopment of the Austin music community.

References[1] The Austin Chronicle:December 8, 2000[2] Austin Chronicle[3] "Never the Same Again: A Rock N' Roll Gothic," memoir by Jesse Sublett, published 2004[4] Austin Convention & Visitors Bureau[5] Music and Entertainment Television

External links• Austin Convention & Visitors Bureau (http:/ / www. austintexas. org/ )• Austin Music Office (http:/ / www. austintexas. org/ musicians/ austin_music_office/ )• The Austin Chronicle music listings (http:/ / www. austinchronicle. com/ gyrobase/ Calendar/ MusicListings)• Austin Music Foundation (http:/ / www. austinmusicfoundation. org/ )• Music & Entertainment Television - Channel 15 (http:/ / www. metelevision. com/ )• Austin music photos (http:/ / stevehopson. com/ Music. htm)• Permits and the Music Business in Austin, Texas (http:/ / www. austincitypermits. com/ blog/ )• Austin Jazz Alliance (http:/ / www. austinjazzalliance. org/ )

66

Transportation

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority

Founded July 1, 1986

Headquarters 2910 E. Fifth Street

Locale Austin, Texas

Service area Austin, Travis and parts of Williamson Counties

Service type Bus, passenger rail, van pool

Routes 49 metro, 12 special, 8 express, 19 UT shuttle, 1 passenger rail

Stops 3,000+

Hubs 22(transfer centers/ park and ride)

Stations 9 (passenger rail)

Fleet 417

Daily ridership 130,000[1]

Fuel type ultra-low sulfur diesel, Diesel-electric hybrid

Operator CMTA

Chief executive Linda Watson[2]

Web site capmetro.org [3]

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority, or Capital Metro, is a public transportation provider located inAustin, Texas. It operates bus, paratransit services and a commuter rail/light rail system known as Capital MetroRailfor Austin and several suburbs in Travis and Williamson counties. Voters approved the creation of Capital Metro inJanuary 1985, agreeing to fund the organization with a one percent sales tax. In December 2010, Capital Metroridership numbered approximately 140,000 trips per day and has the highest per capita ridership in Texas.[4]

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority 67

History

Capital Metro headquarter complex

Capital Metro was established by a referendum on January 19, 1985, toprovide mass transportation service to the greater Austin metropolitanarea. Voters in Austin and the surrounding area approved the creationof the agency, to be funded in part by a 1 percent sales tax. CapitalMetro commenced operations on July 1, 1985, and took over theexisting city of Austin bus services in 1986.[5]

In an effort to boost ridership, Capital Metro did away with farescompletely and instituted fare-free in an experiment that lasted fromOctober 1989 to December 1990. The program was enormouslysuccessful in attracting new passengers, and increased ridership by75% (but expanded service accounted for some of the growth). The fare-free scheme, however, attracted problemriders who drove away quality ridership. In response, 75% of transit drivers voted to have the program discontinuedimmediately in 1990.[6]

Metro Access vehicle

In 1997 Capital Metro was the subject of a string of Texas Legislatureand FBI investigations that uncovered a dysfunctional organizationbeset by poor management. As a result, however, the Legislaturesubsequent overhaul of Capital Metro and its the board of directors inan attempt to make a more the transit authority both more effective andmore transparent just ahead of a performance review by the TexasComptroller of Public Accounts.[7] The review cited an "ongoingcriminal investigation" by the FBI, "irresponsible management","expensive, embarrassing mistakes", "dubious contracting andpurchasing practices", and $118,000 spent on "food, parties, andpresents for its employees" and culminated with, "We have never, inall of the performance reviews we have conducted, seen an agency with such a lack of accountability."[8]

As part of this restructuring, the legislature ordered Capital Metro to hold an up-or-down referendum on passengerrail. In response, Capital Metro released an ambitious plan that proposed to spend $1.9 billion for a light rail systemwith 52 miles of track on existing streets. While the referendum was narrowly defeated in November 2000 by 2,000votes, voters in central Austin tended to favor it, while those outside the city limits did not.[9] Back to the drawingboard, Capital Metro prepared a greatly scaled-back version for voters in November 2004. The updated plan soughtto build just one starter line that would run north-south at a cost $90 million. While the project was somewhat marredby construction delays, questions and safety and cost overruns, the Red Line of the Capital MetroRail began serviceon March 22, 2010.[10]

Funding conflictsThe source of Capital Metro's funding has been a source of considerable and consistent controversy since the transitauthority's founding in 1985. In December 1988, the board of directors voluntarily lowered the sales and use tax to0.75-cent. In June 1995, the Board of Directors reinstated the sales and use tax to the full one percent effectiveOctober 1, 1995, promising to set aside the additional revenue for funding light rail.[11]

Capital Metro, after raising its sale tax from 0.75 percent to 1 percent in 1995, had stockpiled $176 million by the 2000 referendum. When light rail was defeated at the polls in 2000, however, pressure mounted to return the quarter-cent it had been setting aside for rail projects. For years, mass transit detractors had coveted the quarter percentage earmarked for rail projects. Political leaders and organizations, including former Republican state Rep. Terry Keel of Austin, Travis County Commissioner Gerald Daugherty and his anti-rail group Reclaim Our Allocated

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority 68

Dollars (ROAD), wanted the sales-tax money to build projects such as a highway loop around Austin and aneast-west freeway. As pressure mounted on Capital Metro, Keel announced his intention to roll Capital Metro'staxing authority back to a half-cent and redirecting the other half-cent to highway construction.[12]

To head that off and keep rail's future prospects alive, the Capital Metro board passed resolutions in the months afterthe vote making two promises: It would direct $91 million of its existing reserves to local governments fortransportation projects, and it would dispense all proceeds that year from a quarter-cent of its tax to those same localgovernments. That quarter-cent promise was later extended for three more years, eventually amounting to $113million, for a total of $204 million.[13]

The city of Austin, given that something on the order of 97 percent of Capital Metro sales taxes come from withinthe city, was to be the primary beneficiary of those promises. Since 2000, at least $106 million of the $204 millionpromised to Austin and smaller cities such as Manor and Leander. At the same time, however, it was spending morethan $300 million on commuter rail, park-and-ride lots, a new maintenance and operations center, and otherfacilities. As the Great Recession spread to Austin in 2009, tax revenues dried up and Capital Metro had to stoppayment on a $51 million load owed to Austin as part of a 2001 agreement. [14]

Member jurisdictions

South Congress Transit Center

The following jurisdictions participate in the Capital Metro system, allin Travis and Williamson Counties.[15]

• Austin• Jonestown• Lago Vista• Leander• Manor• Point Venture• San Leanna• Volente

• The Anderson Mill area in Williamson County• Precinct 2, an unincorporated area in north Travis County.The original jurisdictions of Cedar Park, Pflugerville, Rollingwood, and West Lake Hills have withdrawn fromCapital Metro.[16] Service to other areas in the Austin metropolitan area is provided by the Capital Area RuralTransportation System. Capital Metro recently voted to allow a new policy that would allow new member cities tohire the transit authority to provide transit service, without using the 1% sales tax.[17] Former member city CedarPark is interested in restoring service, and nonmembers Round Rock, Elgin, Dripping Springs, and Kyle areinterested as well.[16]

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority 69

Capital MetroRail

Austin Metrorail train at Downtown Station.

In 2004, after four years of additional lobbying by Capital Metro,Capital Metro won approval to build a commuter rail on existingfreight rail lines. In September 2005, Capital Metro awarded a contractto Stadler Rail to build six diesel-electric rail cars for the system,[18]

each possessing a capacity of up to 230 passengers. The initial cost forthis rail line was planned to be $90 million; however, continuedconstruction problems and safety issues caused the project to exceedbudget and to be delayed.[19] [20] The Capital MetroRail finally openedMarch 22, 2010.

Bus routes

Capital Metro MetroBus

Capital Metro's fixed route bus service includes 49 metro routes and 8Express routes as of 2008. It has several categories of routes: LocalService, Flyer and Limited, Feeder, Crosstown, Special Services,Express and University of Texas Shuttles. At the agency's inception,Capital Metro originally operated a series "paired" route service wheretwo different routes, most of which lead into downtown are served bythe same buses. Since 2000, this practice has been eliminated and aftera number of route pair reassignments, the agency did away with thispractice and merged the paired routes under a single route number. (Anexample of this was #1 North Lamar / #13 South Congress was namedas such a paired route along the busiest bus corrdior in the system; ithas merged as #1 North Lamar/South Congress, and later the #1L/#1M due to the respective branches on the outeredges of its trunk route.) Meanwhile, most local routes carried two digits before Capital Metro assigned a third digitfor routes that do not serve downtown since 2000 (example: #25 Ohlen became #325). Flyer routes had theirnumbers renamed together to match their local stop counterparts (example: #65 Manchaca Flyer became #103),while express routes that operated during commute times only contained letters (example: #NEX Northeast Expresswas renamed #990 Manor/Elgin Express).

University of Texas Shuttle System

A Capital Metro bus painted in University ofTexas at Austin colors.

The University of Texas' shuttle system, operated by Capital Metro, isthe largest university transit system in the United States. The UTShuttle System boasts 14 routes, 87 buses and carries approximately7.5 million passengers a year. UT students, faculty, and staff may ridethe shuttles at no charge with a valid UT photo ID. Without a UT photoID, the charge is $1.00 for local service and UT shuttle service, and$2.50 for express service.[21]

During the five fiscal years that ended in September 2009, hours ofshuttle service declined by 16.3 percent and passengers declined by 28percent. Capital Metro attributes some of that ridership loss to UTstudents and staffers moving in greater numbers to regular CapitalMetro bus routes, where they ride for free. During the same period, non-shuttle ridership by UT students and staffersincreased to 2.3 million from 1.6 million. Still, combined shuttle and non-shuttle UT ridership has declined.[22]

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority 70

History

The relationship between the university and Capital Metro dates to 1989, when the agency took over service thatprivate bus companies had provided for 20 years. Capital Metro offered snazzier buses with air conditioning, but itimmediately lengthened the time between some bus runs.[23]

In 1983, the University of Texas received six bids to manage the shuttle system. Capital Metro entered into thepicture in 1988, when the university contracted out to them. Capital Metro, in turn, then subcontracted out toLaidlaw International, Inc., who had, up to that point, operated orange and white school buses[24] [25] for theuniversity on a contractual basis. Rather than use Laidlaw's existing bus fleet, however, Capital Metro used theirown. In so doing, Capital Metro brought air conditioning and wheelchair accessibility to the shuttle service for thefirst time.[26] The transition, however, was not without controversy. Among the other contested issues was the factthat these new shuttles didn't have a stereo system[27] [28]

In 1991, Capital Metro canceled its contract with Laidlaw and contracted out with DAVE Transportation, instead[29]

[30]

Amidst allegations of union busting, in 1999, Capital Metro canceled its then current contract and instead contractedout with ATC/Vancom [31], instead[30] [32] [33] Six years later, in 2005, Capital Metro, citing concerns over thecomparatively low wages ATC/Vancom paid, negotiated a contract with First Transit to operate the UT shuttlebuses.[34]

Independent of the university shuttle system, Capital Metro has, since September 19, 2002,[35] [36] operated so-called"E-Bus" routes, to ferry students between heavily populated student residential areas to within a block of 6th Street.These buses run from 8:00-9:00pm to 3:00am, Thursday through Sunday.[37] The E in "E-Bus" stands for "eating andentertainment" and funding was initially provided for by companies advertising on the bus.[38] On April 1, 2010, theDaily Texan reported that, in an attempt to curb passenger unruliness, Capital Metro was requiring students swipetheir student IDs before boarding and that the University of Texas would start paying for some of the services.[39]

Routes

As of Fall 2010, the UT Shuttle System included 19 routes on weekdays during the University of Texas semester.Shuttle bus service is available when classes are in session. Shuttle service does not operate on Saturdays exceptduring finals. The UT Shuttles use letter abbreviations, in addition to route numbers between 0600-0699:[40]

Weekday Service:

• CP - Crossing Place (670)• CR - Cameron Road (651)• EC - East Campus (641)• ER - Enfield Road (662)• FA - Forty Acres (640)• FW - Far West (661)• IF - Intramural Fields (656)• LA - Lake Austin (663)• LS - Lakeshore (672)• NR - North Riverside (671)• PR - Pickle Research Campus (652)• RR - Red River (653)• WC - West Campus (642)• WL - Wickersham Lane (675)Late Evening Combined Service:

• CR/RR - Cameron Road/Red River Combo (684)

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority 71

• ER/LA - Enfield Road/Lake Austin Combo (683)• NR/LS - North Riverside/Lakeshore Combo (680)• WL/CP - Wickersham Lane/Crossing Place Combo (685)

Local Service RoutesCapital Metro's Local Service routes are intended to serve a specific neighborhood or area of Austin, and tend to stopmore frequently. There are 17 Local Service routes, and they are designated by bus route numbers between001-099:[41]

• 001 - 1l Via Lamar/1m Via Metric• 002 - Rosewood• 003 - Burnet / Manchaca• 004 - Montopolis• 005 - Woodrow / South 5th• 006 - East 12th• 007 - Duval / Dove Springs• 010 - South 1st/Red River• 017 - Cesar Chavez• 018 - M. L. King• 019 - Bull Creek• 020 - Manor Rd/Riverside• 021 - Exposition• 022 - Chicon• 030 - Barton Creek• 037 - Colony Park

Limited and Flyer routesThese routes are designed for faster transportation, so they stop less frequently than Local Routes. While Limitedand Flyer routes are similar, there are some basic differences between the two. Limited Route buses stop fewer timesbecause the routes are designed to move more people between key transfer points and key destinations. Likewise,buses on the Flyer routes stop less often and typically offer direct service between neighborhoods and the UTcampus or downtown Austin. There are 13 Limted and Flyer routes, and they are denominated by Route Numbers100-199:[42]

• 100 - Airport Flyer• 101 - North Lamar/Congress Limited• 103 - Manchaca Flyer• 110 - South Central Limited• 122 - Four Points Limited• 127 - Dove Springs Flyer• 135 - Dell Limited• 137 - ROUTE INACTIVE (Colony Park Flyer)• 142 - Metric Flyer• 151 - Allandale Shuttle• 161 - Dellwood Flyer• 171 - Oak Hill Flyer• 174 - North Burnet Limited

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority 72

Feeder RoutesFeeder Routes offer multiple stop service between neighborhoods and Capital Metro transit center or park and ridelocations. There are six of these, and they are denominated by route numbers between 200-299:[43]

• 201 - Southpark Meadows• 214 - Lago Vista Feeder• 228 - Burleson• 240 - Parkfield• 243 - Wells Branch• 271 - Del Valle

Crosstown RoutesThese routes are intended for riders seeking direct, multiple-stop service from one part of Austin to another withoutgoing through Downtown Austin or near UT (even to change routes). There are 11 of these, each of which will havea route number between 300-399:[44]

• 300 - Govalle• 311 - Stassney• 320 - St. John's• 323 - Anderon• 325 - Olhen• 331 - Oltorf• 333 - William Cannon• 338 - Lamar/45th St• 350 - Airport Blvd• 383 - Research• 392 - Braker

Express RoutesExpress Routes are geared towards commuters who want limited-stop service straight into downtown. Capital Metrohas 8 of these, and they are noted by their route numbers between 900-999:[45]

• 935 - Tech Ridge Express• 970 - Lantana Express• 982 - Pavilion Express• 983 - North U.S. 183 Express• 985 - Leander/Northwest Express via I-35• 987 - Leander/Northwest Express via MoPac• 990 - Northeast Express

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority 73

Special ServicesSpecial Services Routes serve very specific areas of town or individual events, typically implying a limited schedule- often late night buses from downtown. Capital Metro lists 17 of these, and they are denominated by route numbersbetween 400-499:[46]

• 410 - E-bus Service Suspended for Summer(E-Bus)• 411 - E-bus Service Suspended for Summer (E-Bus)• 412 - E-bus Service Suspended for Summer (E-Bus)• 460 - Downtown-Congress• 461 - Downtown Guadalupe• 462 - Downtown-Riverside• 464 - MLK-Capitol• 465 - MLK MLK/UT• 466 - Kramer/Domain• 481 - Night Owl North• 482 - Night Owl East• 483 - Night Owl Southeast• 484 - Night Owl Lamar/South 1st• 485 - Night Owl Cameron Road• 486 - Night Owl Dove Springs• 490 - HEB Shuttle• 499 - Day Labor

VehiclesThe majority of the current bus fleet consists of vehicles produced by two manufacturers, Gillig and New Flyer, withonly relatively small generational design variations, most visibly in the use of flip-dot destination displays on olderseries versus LED displays on newer buses. A few smaller series of buses were acquired from other manufacturers,notably Optima (used preferentially on MetroRail shuttles) and MCI (used on express services). Older bus seriesproduced by TMC and Blue Bird are no longer in service.

Fare structure

Capital Metro Public Information and Fare Officein the McKean-Eilers Building in Downtown

Austin

Effective Sunday Jan. 16, 2011, Capital Metro implemented a fareadjustment that increased some fares and pass rates, standardizedMetroExpress and MetroRail fares, and eliminated most free fares. Thenew fare structure is divided into three categories: Local (all localMetroBus routes), Regional (MetroExpress and MetroRail), andReduced (1/2 fare for those who qualify):[47]

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority 74

Local Local Reduced* Regional Regional Reduced*

Single Ride $1.00 $0.50 $2.75 $1.35

Day Pass $2.00 $1.00 $5.50 $2.75

7-Day Pass $9.00 $4.50 $20.00 $10.00

31-Day Pass $30.00 $15.00 $64.00 $32.00

Reduced Fares are available to those with a Capital Metro Reduced Fare ID (formerly the Disability Fare Card)including: Seniors 65 and over, Medicare card holders, and people with disabilities. Students 6-18 with a validschool ID, and Active & Reserve Military with valid ID.Local fares required for MetroBus routes. Regional fares required for MetroExpress and MetroRail (includes allMetroBus service). MetroRail riders may purchase a single ride zoned fare: $1 for one zone, $2.75 for 2 zones. Allother MetroRail passes must be purchased at the Regional rate. The table below regarding available is up-to-date asof January 2011:

Pass Name Cost

MetroAccess 10-Day Ticket Booklet $15.00

MetroAccess Monthly Pass $40.00

RideShare Monthly Pass $60.00

Shared Value Card ($15.00 Value) $12.00

University of Texas and Austin Community College students, staff and faculty charge through separate paidagreements with Capital Metro. City of Austin employees also ride at no charge through a similar agreement.

Finances and governance

Capital Metro headquarter building

Board of directors

The board of directors was changed once again through statelegislation in 2010 to increase the total number of board members fromseven to eight. The new law also reduces the number of electedofficials who are required to serve on the board, and institutes newrequirements regarding the professional experience of certainappointees. The new board will consist of three members appointed bythe Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization, including anelected official; one member representing the small cities in CapitalMetro's service area; a member each appointed by the Travis CountyCommissioners and Williamson County commissioners; and two members appointed by the Austin City Council, inwhich one must be a member of the Austin City Council.[48]

Labor relationsAs a public entity, Capital Metro is prohibited by Texas law from entering into a traditional collective bargaining agreement with a labor union in the United States. In 1991, however, to comply fully with a state law prohibiting public entities from supervising unionized employees with collective bargaining rights,[49] the Capital Metro board determined that its unionized employees and their supervisors should be transferred to a separate non-profit company. In January 1992, Capital Metro created Startran, Inc., a private entity that acts as the authority's agent in

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority 75

managing its unionized workforce.[50]

On the other hand, Metro drivers and mechanics are represented by the Amalgamated Transit Union, a major laborunion representing workers in the transit system that boasts over 188,000 members representing workers.[51] [52]

StarTran and the AUT have in the past had troubled contract negotiations, that most recently resulted in a generalstrike in November 2008.[53]

In 2008, StarTran voted to begin a general strike, despite the fact that StarTran employees were already the highestpaid bus operators in the state.[54] Beginning on November 5, 2008, the strike caused the transit agency to reduce itsfixed and paratransit service levels, particularly impacting Austin residents who had to use public transit.[55] Duringthe strike, the agency initially provided only those routes on the contingency map for a reduced number of hours butadded others as resources became available. The Sunset Advisory Commission released its report on Capital Metroin April 2010.Capital Metro also contracts with two other service providers for bus operations, First Transit, Veolia Transport andthe Capital Area Rural Transportation System. First Transit provides shuttle service for University of Texas students,faculty and staff.[11]

North Lamar Transit Center

Budget

2010 Actual Budget[56]

Operating Revenues $28.04 M

Passenger Fares $9 M

Contract Fares $6.76 M

MetroRail $495 K

Freight Rail $11.77 M

Operating Expenses $164.70 M

Non-Operating Revenues $178.23 M

Build Central Texas Program $3.7 M

Change in Net Assets $9.36 M

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority 76

Future expansionCapital Metro's operating budget has increased almost 60% over the past five years.[57] This generous fundingsupports future projects such as the high-tech MetroRapid bus rapid transit. Capital Metro plans to reduce congestionfor MetroRapid riders in two ways. First, these buses will get signal priority; as they approach an intersection, trafficsignals will automatically stop cross-traffic sooner (or longer) than the normal cycle.[58] Second, Capital Metrohopes to convert existing lanes into bus lanes (dubbed "near-term managed lane facilities") "to improve mobility".[59]

Urban RailPlans have been circulating since a failed light rail vote in 2000 about urban rail in Austin. A vote on urban rail, oneither light rail or a streetcar system, may be put to the voters as early as 2012.[60]

References[1] "Riding Capital Metro - Capital Metro Transit - Austin, Texas" (http:/ / www. capmetro. org/ riding). Capital Metropolitan Transportation

Authority - Austin, Texas. . Retrieved 2011-06-23.[2] "Linda Watson, President/CEO" (http:/ / www. capmetro. org/ InsideMetro/ news_ceo. asp). Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority. .

Retrieved January 2, 2011.[3] http:/ / www. capmetro. org/[4] "About Capital Metro: New Rider FAQs" (http:/ / www. capmetro. org/ InsideMetro/ faq. asp). Capital Metropolitan Transportation

Authority. . Retrieved January 2, 2010.[5] News 8 Austin Staff (February 18, 2010). "Capital Metro: Mass Transit, Mass Confusion" (http:/ / www. news8austin. com/ content/ 267287/

capital-metro--mass-transit--mass-confusion). News 8 Austin. . Retrieved January 2, 2010.[6] Perone, Jennifer and Joel Volinski (2003). "Fare, Free or Something in Between" (http:/ / www. nctr. usf. edu/ pdf/ 473-132. pdf). Center for

Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida. . Retrieved January 2, 2011.[7] "Public Transit, Public Trust" (http:/ / www. window. state. tx. us/ tpr/ capmet/ cmet_toc. htm). John Sharp, Texas Comptroller of Public

Accounts. . Retrieved 2007-09-10.[8] "Sharp Report Offers 147 Recommendations to Improve Operations and Restore Public Trust in Capital Metro" (Press release). Texas State

Comptroller. 1998-07-15.[9] "A Critical Analysis of the Austin Light Rail Proposal" (http:/ / www. texaspolicy. com/ pdf/ 2000-09-27-transportation-austinltrail. pdf).

Texas Public Policy Foundation. . Retrieved 2007-09-10.[10] Vess, Jessica (March 5, 2010). "Capital Metro rail to open March 22" (http:/ / www. kvue. com/ news/ local/

Volunteer-Riders-Board-Capital-Metro-Rail-86617892. html). KVUE Television. . Retrieved January 2, 2010.[11] "History: Capital Metro's Life Story" (http:/ / capmetro. org/ InsideMetro/ history. asp). Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority. .

Retrieved January 2, 2011.[12] Gregor, Katherine (April 16, 2010). "Cap Metro: Doing the Quarter Cent Shuffle" (http:/ / www. austinchronicle. com/ gyrobase/ Issue/

story?oid=oid:1016848). Austin Chronicle. . Retrieved January 2, 2011.[13] Wear, Ben (January 27, 2010). "Capital Metro Balks at Paying Debt to City" (http:/ / www. statesman. com/ news/ local/

cap-metro-balks-at-paying-debt-to-city-198719. html?printArticle=y). Austin American-Statesman. . Retrieved January 2, 2010.[14] Gregor, Katherine (April 16, 2010). "Gone and Quartered: Stiffed on Capital Metro money, the city scrambles to fund another $51 million

for transportation projects" (http:/ / www. austinchronicle. com/ gyrobase/ issue/ story?oid=oid:1016842). Austin Chronicle. . RetrievedJanuary 2, 2010.

[15] "Interactive Maps" (http:/ / www. capmetro. org/ gismaps/ maps. html). Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority. . Retrieved2011-06-23.

[16] (http:/ / www. statesman. com/ news/ content/ news/ stories/ local/ 07/ 01/ WEB0701capmetroservicearea. html)[17] Ben Wear. "Cap Metro opens door to suburban transit service" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080703024929/ http:/ / www. statesman.

com/ news/ content/ news/ stories/ local/ 07/ 01/ 0701capmetro. html). Austin America-Statesman. Archived from the original (http:/ / www.statesman. com/ news/ content/ news/ stories/ local/ 07/ 01/ 0701capmetro. html) on 2008-07-03. . Retrieved 2008-07-01.

[18] "Stadler Wins Commuter Rail Car Award with Capital Metro" (http:/ / www. stadlerrail. com/ default. asp?n=68& ms=2& h=1& id=57&s=2& news_id=132) (Press release). Stadler. September 23, 2005. .

[19] Wear, Ben. "Ding, Ding, Ding Goes the Commuter Train" (http:/ / www. altamontpress. com/ discussion/ read. php?1,1596,1596). AustinAmerican-Statesman. . Retrieved 2007-09-10.

[20] Wear, Ben (2008-09-30). "Feds OK Cap Metro's passenger rail cars" (http:/ / www. statesman. com/ news/ content/ news/ stories/ local/ 09/30/ 0930capmetro. html). The Austin American-Statesman. .

[21] "Shuttles" (http:/ / www. utexas. edu/ parking/ transportation/ shuttle/ ). UT Parking and Transportation Services. . Retrieved January 2,2011.

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority 77

[22] Wear, Ben (July 18, 2010). "UT's Shuttle Subsidy Under Scrutiny" (http:/ / www. statesman. com/ news/ local/uts-shuttle-subsidy-under-scrutiny-810125. html). Austin American=Statesman. . Retrieved January 2, 2011.

[23] "A Battle on the Shuttle" (http:/ / www. austinchronicle. com/ gyrobase/ Issue/ print?oid=212026). The Austin Chronicle. May 21, 2004. .Retrieved 2008-08-25.

[24] "Capital Metro: Is It Worth the Wait?" (http:/ / www. e-yearbook. com/ yearbooks/ University_Texas_Cactus_Yearbook/ 1990/ Page_28.html). Cactus Yearbook. May 1990. . Retrieved 2008-08-25.

[25] "Capital Metro: Is It Worth the Wait?" (http:/ / www. e-yearbook. com/ yearbooks/ University_Texas_Cactus_Yearbook/ 1990/ Page_29.html). Cactus Yearbook. May 1990. . Retrieved 2008-08-25.

[26] "City buses take over UT shuttle system". The Daily Texan. August 10, 1989.[27] "Capital Metro debut earns mixed reviews". The Daily Texan. August 29, 1989.[28] "Shuttle drivers argue need for some "friendly sounds' on". The Daily Texan. August 29, 1989.[29] "DAVE wins bid to run run shuttle system". The Daily Texan. June 3, 1991.[30] "Transit Union Takes Bus Company to the End of the Line" (http:/ / www. utwatch. org/ archives/ workingstiff/ vol2no2_bus. html). UT

Watch. March 1999. . Retrieved 2008-08-25.[31] http:/ / goliath. ecnext. com/ coms2/ product-compint-0000206795-page. html[32] "Shuttle disputes go round and round" (http:/ / www. dailytexanonline. com/ media/ storage/ paper410/ news/ 2004/ 02/ 17/ TopStories/

Shuttle. Disputes. Go. Round. And. Round-609211. shtml). The Daily Texan. February 17, 2004. . Retrieved 2008-08-25.[33] "Cap Metro hires new maintenance contractor". The Daily Texan. January 26, 1999.[34] "Cap Metro Switches UT Shuttle Providers" (http:/ / www. austinchronicle. com/ gyrobase/ Issue/ story?oid=oid:261162). The Austin

Chronicle. March 4, 2005. .[35] "Cap Metro warns rowdy E-Bus riders" (http:/ / www. dailytexanonline. com/ content/ cap-metro-warns-rowdy-e-bus-riders). The Daily

Texan. March 25, 2010. . Retrieved 2010-04-01.[36] "Sixth Street shuttle bus to start running tonight". The Daily Texan. September 19, 2002.[37] "Special Services: Getting Around Downtown Bus Routes 400-499" (http:/ / www. capmetro. org/ riding/ routes_400. asp). Capital

Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Austin, Texas. . Retrieved 2011-06-23.[38] "Shuttle to take partiers downtown". The Daily Texan. August 28, 2002.[39] "E-Bus moves toward stricter policies, monitoring" (http:/ / www. dailytexanonline. com/ content/

e-bus-moves-toward-stricter-policies-monitoring). The Daily Texan. April 1, 2010. . Retrieved 2010-04-01.[40] "UT Shuttle Service - Fall 2010" (http:/ / capmetro. org/ riding/ sched_ut_wk. asp). Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority. .

Retrieved January 2, 2011.[41] "Local Service Routes: Getting Around Town" (http:/ / www. capmetro. org/ riding/ routes_001. asp). Capital Metropolitan Transportation

Authority. . Retrieved January 2, 2011.[42] "Limited and Flyer Routes: Faster Service with Fewer Stops" (http:/ / www. capmetro. org/ riding/ routes_100. asp). Capital Metropolitan

Transportation Authority. . Retrieved June 9, 2011.[43] "Feeder Routes: Travel to the Transit Centers" (http:/ / www. capmetro. org/ riding/ routes_200. asp). Capital Metropolitan Transportation

Authority. . Retrieved January 2, 2011.[44] "Crosstown Bus Routes: Getting Across Town" (http:/ / www. capmetro. org/ riding/ routes_300. asp). Capital Metropolitan Transportation

Authority. . Retrieved January 2, 2011.[45] "Express: The Fast Routes" (http:/ / www. capmetro. org/ riding/ routes_900. asp). Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority. .

Retrieved January 2, 2011.[46] "Special Services: Getting Around Downtown" (http:/ / capmetro. org/ riding/ routes_400. asp). Capital Metropolitan Transportation

Authority. . Retrieved June 9, 2011.[47] "Major Changes in January" (http:/ / www. capmetro. org/ changes/ jan2011-fares. asp). Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority. .

Retrieved January 2, 2011.[48] "Changes to the Capital Metro Board" (http:/ / capmetro. org/ news/ news_detail. asp?id=7796). Capital Metropolitan Transportation

Authority. . Retrieved January 2, 2011.[49] "StarTran, Inc., Docket No. 02-1140" (http:/ / www. oshrc. gov/ decisions/ html_2006/ 02-1140. html). US Occupational Safety and Health

Review Commission. July 23, 2003. . Retrieved 2008-08-25.[50] Robuck, Bob (April 7, 2010). "Mass Transit, Mass Confusion: Problems with labor" (http:/ / www. news8austin. com/ content/ top_stories/

267292/ mass-transit--mass-confusion--problems-with-labor/ ). News 8 Austin. . Retrieved January 2, 2011.[51] "ATU 1549 History" (http:/ / atxhistory. org/ atu1549/ history). .[52] "History of the UT Shuttle System" (http:/ / atxhistory. org/ transportation/ utshuttle/ history). .[53] Austin Business Journal staff (November 7, 2008). "Capital Metro Adding Routes as Strike Continues" (http:/ / www. bizjournals. com/

austin/ stories/ 2008/ 11/ 03/ daily57. html). . Retrieved January 2, 2011.[54] "VIEWPOINT: "Forecasting a bus strike"" (http:/ / www. dailytexanonline. com/ news/ 2008/ 08/ 25/ Opinion/ Viewpoint. forecasting. A.

Bus. Strike-3402668. shtml). The Daily Texan. August 25, 2008. . Retrieved 2008-08-25.[55] "Contingency Plan: "Core Routes"" (http:/ / www. capmetro. org/ riding/ strike70_ASC_schedules/ maps/ CMTA_Weekday Scenario. pdf).

Capital Metro. November 1, 2008. . Retrieved 2008-11-01.

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority 78

[56] "Approved Annual Budget Fiscal Year 2010, pg. 41" (http:/ / www. capmetro. org/ docs/ FY2010 Budget. pdf). Capital MetropolitanTransport Authority. . Retrieved 2008-09-09.

[57] Ben Wear. "Capital Metro Budget Tops $200 Million" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071204084326/ http:/ / www. statesman. com/news/ content/ news/ stories/ local/ 09/ 20/ 0920capmetro. html). Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original (http:/ / www.statesman. com/ news/ content/ news/ stories/ local/ 09/ 20/ 0920capmetro. html) on 2007-12-04. . Retrieved 2007-10-05.

[58] "Capital MetroRapid Technology on the Move" (http:/ / allsystemsgo. capmetro. org/ capital-metrorapid. shtml). Capital MetropolitanTransportation Authority. . Retrieved 2007-10-05.

[59] "Accommodating Traffic Increases/Managed Lanes" (http:/ / www. capmetro. org/ news/ hov. asp). Capital Metropolitan TransportationAuthority. . Retrieved 2007-10-05.

[60] Wes Nichols. "Why Rail?" (http:/ / www. austinchronicle. com/ news/ 2011-04-08/ why-rail/ ). Austin Chronicle. . Retrieved 2011-03-08.

External links• Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority (http:/ / www. capmetro. org/ )

Austin-Bergstrom International Airport 79

Austin-Bergstrom International Airport

Austin-Bergstrom International Airport

IATA: AUS – ICAO: KAUS – FAA LID: AUS

AUS

Location of the Austin-Bergstrom International Airport

Summary

Airport type Public

Owner City of Austin

Serves Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos

Location 3600 Presidential BoulevardAustin, Texas

Hub for {{{hub}}}

Elevation AMSL 542 ft / 165 m

Coordinates 30°11′40″N 097°40′12″W

Website ci.austin.tx.us/... [1]

Map

Austin-Bergstrom International Airport 80

FAA airport diagram

Runways

Direction Length Surface

ft m

17L/35R 9,000 2,743 Concrete

17R/35L 12,248 3,733 Concrete

Helipads

Number Length Surface

ft m

H1 60 18 Concrete

H2 60 18 Concrete

H3 50 15 Concrete

Statistics (2008, 2010)

Aircraft operations (2008) 188,140

Based aircraft (2008) 196

Passengers (2010) 8,702,365

Source: Federal Aviation Administration[2]

Austin-Bergstrom International Airport (IATA: AUS, ICAO: KAUS, FAA LID: AUS, formerly BSM) is amixed-use commercial airport located 5 miles (8 km) southeast of the central business district of Austin, Texas,United States. It covers 4242 acres (1717 ha) and has two runways and three helipads.The airport began passenger service on May 23, 1999. A total of 9,039,075 passengers traveled through theAustin-Bergstrom International Airport in 2008.[3] [4] [5]

Austin-Bergstrom International Airport 81

HistoryThe first officially sanctioned landing field in Austin was Penn Field. At the Chamber of Commerce's behest, aUnited States Army delegation came to Austin in 1917 to scout out suitable sites for an airfield to serve the region.After the initial suggestion of Camp Mabry was rejected, a 318-acre (1.29 km2) parcel of land just south of St.Edward's University in South Austin was deemed suitable. Penn Field opened in 1918, named after Austin aviatorEugene Doak Penn, who died while training in Italy during World War I.[6]

Robert Mueller Municipal AirportAs the need for commercial service became clear in the 1920s, Austin voters supported a bond election to build amunicipal airport in the city in 1928. Located a few miles northeast of downtown, the Robert Mueller MunicipalAirport served Austin's air traffic needs beginning October 14, 1930, although commercial service would not beginuntil 1936. The airport was named for Robert Mueller, a city council member who died in 1927.[7]

In the 1950s, developers began building residential areas beneath the flight paths of Mueller and, in parallel, thenumber of arrivals and departures at the airport increased dramatically because of the growth of the city. Also, at7269 feet (2216 m), the runway at Mueller was too short to handle new planes such as the 747. However, largeraircraft such as American Airlines DC-10s and Continental Airlines Boeing 720s have been regularly scheduled inthe past. Before major expansion at Mueller took place in the 1970s, the departure area consisted of 4 to 5 gates, notenclosed but covered by a large awning. No jetways existed at this time.[8]

The city began considering options for a new airport as early as 1971, when the Federal Aviation Administrationproposed that Austin and San Antonio build a joint regional airport. That idea was rejected, as few Austinitessupported driving half way to San Antonio to catch a flight. In the 1980s, neighborhoods around Mueller appliedenough political pressure to force the city council to choose a site for a new airport from locations underconsideration. On November 1, 1987, a voter referendum finally approved a site near Manor. The city beganacquiring the land and fighting lawsuits from the Sierra Club and others concerned about the Manor location.[9]

Robert Mueller Municipal Airport closed to commercial passenger traffic on May 22, 1999, and Austin-BergstromInternational Airport opened to the public on May 23, 1999. Robert Mueller Municipal Airport remained open forgeneral aviation use through June 22, 1999. After closing its doors, it was eventually designated to be a plannedurban development for the city of Austin. Groundbreaking for the new Mueller Community began in 2007.[10]

Bergstrom Air Force BaseIn 1942, the city of Austin purchased land and donated the land to the United States government for a militaryinstallation, with the stipulation that the city would get the land back when the government no longer needed it. Thisland became Bergstrom Air Force Base. Del Valle Airfield was activated on 19 September 1942 on unknownoperator: u',' acres (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','km2) leased from the City of Austin.The name of the base was changed to Bergstrom Army Airfield (AAF) on 3 March 1943, in honor of Captain JohnAugust Earl Bergstrom, a reservist in the 19th Bombardment Group, who was killed at Clark Field, Philippines onDecember 8, 1941. He was the first Austinite killed in World War II. The base was again renamed Bergstrom Fieldon November 11, 1943. With the establishment of the United States Air Force in September 1947, the name ofBergstrom again changed to Bergstrom Air Force Base on 24 June 1948.[11]

On the early stages of exploring options for a new airport, the city submitted a proposal to the United States Air Force for joint use of Bergstrom AFB in 1976. The Air Force rejected the proposal in 1978 as being too disruptive to its operations. In 1991, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission selected Bergstrom AFB for closure and gave the nod to the city for it to be used as a civilian airport. The city council decided to abandon the original plan to build the new airport near Manor, and resolved instead to move the airport to the Bergstrom site. The City of Austin hired John Almond—a civil engineer who had recently led the airport design team for the new airport expansion in

Austin-Bergstrom International Airport 82

San Jose, California—as Project Director for the new $585 million airport in Austin and to put together a team ofengineers and contractors to accomplish the task.The issue of a $400 million bond referendum was put to a public vote in May 1993 with a campaign managed bylocal public affairs consultant Don Martin and then-Mayor Bruce Todd and voters approved the move by 63% of thevote. Groundbreaking for the airport was November 19, 1994 and air cargo operations began on June 30, 1997.Bergstrom had the designator BSM until Mueller's final closure, when it took Mueller's IATA code of AUS.[12] Afterthe new airport opened, the Mueller Airport was turned over to a private corporation for development of a mixed-usehousing and commercial retail neighborhood.

Nerd Bird serviceThe route between Austin and San Jose International Airport is popularly called the "Nerd Bird" because of theconcentration of technology companies located at both ends of the route, including Sun Microsystems, DellComputer and Hewlett-Packard. American Airlines was the sole operator of this route from Bergstrom's openinguntil 2009.[13] Following AA's withdrawal from the market, Alaska Airlines announced that it would begin operatingthe route.[14] Southwest Airlines added competing service on the route in November 2010, and Alaska cancelled theroute the following May.[15]

Facilities

TerminalBarbara Jordan Terminal was designed by the Austin firm of Page Southerland Page under contract to the NewAirport Project Team, with lead architect University of Texas at Austin Architecture professor Larry Speck.[16] Theterminal is 660000 square feet (61000 m2) with a total of 25 gates. Inside the terminal, many local restaurants haveleased concession space so that visitors can get a "taste of Austin" as they come through. The terminal also has a livemusic stage on which local bands perform in keeping with the spirit of Austin's proclamation as "The Live MusicCapital of the World." The terminal is connected to a 3000 space parking garage used for public parking as well asrental car pick-up and return.A new dedicated facility known as the South Terminal Austin was approved by the Austin City Council in order toaccommodate the arrival of Mexican-based, low-cost airline, VivaAerobus, which launched operations on May 1,2008. That terminal was closed on June 1, 2009, after VivaAerobus terminated service to Austin.[17] [18]

Both American Airlines and Continental Airlines operate lounges at this airport for members of their executivelounge programs. Members of Alaska Airlines's executive lounge program also have access to American's facilities.

Austin-Bergstrom International Airport 83

The ABIA air traffic control tower in 2009.

Runways

Runway 17R/35L, to the west of the terminal, is the original runwaybuilt and used by the Air Force. The 12248-foot-long (3733 m) runwaywas reconditioned when Austin-Bergstrom was built. The23-inch-deep (580 mm) concrete runway is dedicated to formerPresident Lyndon B. Johnson.[19]

Runway 17L/35R is a new 9000 foot (2700 m) runway on the east sideof the terminal and parallel with runway 17R/35L. This runway isdedicated to former Congressman J. J. "Jake" Pickle.[19] This runwaycontains a Category IIIB instrument landing system, the first in Austin.

The runways are watched over by a new 20-story air traffic controltower.[20] The tower formerly used by the Air Force has beendemolished.

Airlines and destinationsAustin-Bergstrom International Airport is served by 11 commercial airlines and their regional partners.

Airlines Destinations

Alaska Airlines Seattle/Tacoma

American Airlines Chicago-O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Los AngelesSeasonal: New York-JFK

American Eagle Seasonal: Chicago-O'Hare

Delta Air Lines Atlanta, Minneapolis/St. Paul, New York-JFK [begins June 7, 2012]Seasonal: Detroit

Delta Connectionoperated by AtlanticSoutheast Airlines

Detroit, Memphis

Delta Connectionoperated by ChautauquaAirlines

Kansas City

Delta Connectionoperated by CompassAirlines

Minneapolis/St. Paul

Delta Connectionoperated by MesabaAirlines

Detroit, Memphis, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Salt Lake City

Delta Connectionoperated by PinnacleAirlines

Memphis

Delta Connectionoperated by SkyWestAirlines

Salt Lake City

Frontier Airlines Denver

Frontier Express operatedby Chautauqua Airlines

Seasonal: Branson

Austin-Bergstrom International Airport 84

Frontier Airlines operatedby Republic Airlines

Kansas City

JetBlue Airways Boston, Fort Lauderdale, Long Beach, New York-JFK, Orlando, San Francisco

Southwest Airlines Atlanta [begins February 12], Baltimore, Chicago-Midway, Dallas-Love, Denver, El Paso, FortLauderdale, Harlingen, Houston-Hobby, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Lubbock, Nashville, Oakland,Orlando, Phoenix, San Diego, San Jose (CA), Tampa

United Airlines Denver, Houston-Intercontinental, Newark, Washington-DullesSeasonal: Cancún

United Express operatedby Colgan Air

Houston-Intercontinental

United Express operatedby ExpressJet Airlines

Denver

United Express operatedby GoJet Airlines

Chicago-O'Hare, Denver, Washington-Dulles

United Express operatedby Mesa Airlines

Chicago-O'Hare, Washington-Dulles

United Express operatedby Shuttle America

Chicago-O'Hare, Denver, Washington-Dulles

United Express operatedby SkyWest Airlines

Chicago-O'Hare, Denver, Houston-Intercontinental, Los Angeles, San Francisco,Washington-Dulles

US Airways Expressoperated by Mesa Airlines

Charlotte, Phoenix

Top destinations

Busiest Domestic Routes from AUS (June 2010 - May 2010)[21]

Rank City Passengers Carriers

1 Dallas/Fort Worth, TX 574,000 American

2 Houston, TX (IAH) 345,000 Continental

3 Denver, CO 289,000 Frontier, Southwest, United

4 Dallas, TX (Love Field) 281,000 Southwest

5 Atlanta, GA 231,000 Delta

6 Phoenix, AZ 215,000 Southwest, US Airways

7 Chicago, IL (ORD) 211,000 American, United

8 Los Angeles, CA 194,000 American, Southwest, United

9 Houston, TX 145,000 Southwest

10 Las Vegas, NV 121,000 Southwest

On November 5, 2007, Mexican carrier VivaAerobus announced plans to operate their Boeing 737 aircraft to Austinwith 6 new non-stop flights to the Mexican cities Cancún, Guadalajara, León/Bajío, Monterrey, Puebla, andQuerétaro. VivaAerobus has already received approval from the US Department of Transportation to operate to thosecities. In 2009, because of the Swine Flu epidemic VivaAerobus ceased flights from Austin-Bergstrom InternationalAirport.[22]

Austin-Bergstrom International Airport 85

Ground transportation

Capital Metro Airport Flyer

The Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates "AirportFlyer" bus services to and from the University of Texas main campus,stopping in Downtown Austin each way.

References[1] http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ austinairport/[2] FAA Airport Master Record for AUS (http:/ / www. gcr1. com/ 5010web/ airport.

cfm?Site=AUS) ( Form 5010 (http:/ / www. gcr1. com/ 5010web/ Rpt_5010.asp?au=PU& o=PU& faasite=23369. *A& fn=AUS) PDF). Federal AviationAdministration. Effective 29 July 2010.

[3] Eight million passenger milestone passed, record year at Austin-Bergstrom International Airport (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ austinairport/projsum. htm), Austin-Bergstrom International Airport, January 24, 2007.

[4] ABIA travelers way up, cargo way down (http:/ / austin. bizjournals. com/ austin/ stories/ 2007/ 01/ 22/ daily29. html?surround=lfn), AustinBusiness Journal, January 24, 2007.

[5] Austin airport has 2nd record year (http:/ / www. statesman. com/ business/ content/ business/ stories/ other/ 01/ 25/ 25airport. html), AustinAmerican-Statesman, January 25, 2007.

[6] "Penn Field" (http:/ / www. austinexplorer. com/ Locations/ ShowLocation. aspx?LocationID=1970). Austin Explorer. . Retrieved2011-08-28.

[7] "Mueller Community - citiCite Pages - Robert Mueller Municipal Airport" (http:/ / www. muellercommunity. com/ index.php?module=Pages& op=view& title=Robert_Mueller_Municipal_Airport). . Retrieved 2008-08-24.

[8] "Mueller Airport" (http:/ / www. austinexplorer. com/ Locations/ ShowLocation. aspx?LocationID=1956). Austin Explorer. . Retrieved2011-08-28.

[9] "Airport site stirs controversy". The Daily Texan. January 15, 1985.[10] "Mueller Community - citiCite Pages - Robert Mueller Municipal Airport" (http:/ / www. muellercommunity. com/ index.

php?module=Pages& op=view& title=Robert_Mueller_Municipal_Airport). . Retrieved 2008-08-24.[11] "Bergstrom Air Force Base: A 52-Year History of Service" (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ austinairport/ bergstromhistory. htm).

Austin-Bergstrom International Airport. . Retrieved 2011-08-28.[12] Eskenazi, Stuart. "Voters say Bergstrom is the only way to fly". Austin American-Statesman (Austin, TX): p. A1. Retrieved 2010-05-28[13] http:/ / www. nbcbayarea. com/ news/ business/ Nerd-Bird-Grounded-jw. html[14] http:/ / splash. alaskasworld. com/ Newsroom/ ASNews/ ASstories/ AS_20090902_081151. asp[15] Mutzabaugh, Ben (February 18, 2011). USA Today. http:/ / travel. usatoday. com/ flights/ post/ 2011/ 02/

alaska-air-to-drop-nerd-bird-route-up-hawaii-frequencies/ 143648/ 1.[16] Larry Speck UTopia Profile (http:/ / utopia. utexas. edu/ university/ longhorn/ speck. html) The University of Texas. Accessed 2006-06-23.[17] VivaAerobus to cease operations out of Austin-Bergstrom (http:/ / www. statesman. com/ business/ content/ business/ stories/ other/ 05/ 16/

0516aerobus. html) Accessed May 16, 2009.[18] South Terminal Austin (http:/ / www. staustin. com) Accessed July 20, 2009.[19] "Fast Facts" (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ austinairport/ projsum. htm). . Retrieved 2007-08-21.[20] "Milestones: Austin-Bergstrom International Airport" (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ austinairport/ abiamil. htm). Austin City Connection. .

Retrieved 2007-10-05.[21] http:/ / www. transtats. bts. gov/ airports. asp?pn=1& Airport=AUS&

Airport_Name=Austin,%20TX:%20Austin%20-%20Bergstrom%20International& carrier=FACTS[22] Mutzabaugh, Ben. "Aviation Photos & Video" (http:/ / travel. usatoday. com/ flights/ legacy/ item. aspx?ak=66991081. blog& type=blog).

USA Today. .

Austin-Bergstrom International Airport 86

External links• Austin-Bergstrom International Airport (http:/ / www. abia. org/ ) (official site)• SpottersWiki The Ultimate Airport Spotting Guide: Austin-Bergstrom International Airport (http:/ / www.

spotterswiki. com/ index. php?title=Austin_Bergstrom_International_Airport_(AUS/ KAUS))• Concourse map (http:/ / www. ci. austin. tx. us/ austinairport/ concourse_map. htm)• FAA Airport Diagram (http:/ / naco. faa. gov/ d-tpp/ 1111/ 00556AD. PDF) (PDF), effective 20 October 2011• FAA Terminal Procedures for AUS (http:/ / naco. faa. gov/ digital_tpp_search. asp?fldIdent=AUS&

fld_ident_type=FAA& ver=1111& eff=10-20-2011& end=11-17-2011& btnSubmit=Complete+ Search),effective 20 October 2011

• Resources for this airport:• AirNav airport information for KAUS (http:/ / www. airnav. com/ airport/ KAUS)• ASN accident history for AUS (http:/ / aviation-safety. net/ database/ airport/ airport. php?id=AUS)• FlightAware airport information (http:/ / flightaware. com/ resources/ airport/ KAUS) and live flight tracker

(http:/ / flightaware. com/ live/ airport/ KAUS)• NOAA/NWS latest weather observations (http:/ / www. crh. noaa. gov/ data/ obhistory/ KAUS. html)• SkyVector aeronautical chart for KAUS (http:/ / skyvector. com/ perl/ code?id=KAUS& scale=2)• FAA current AUS delay information (http:/ / www. fly. faa. gov/ flyfaa/ flyfaaindex. jsp?ARPT=AUS& p=0)

List of highways in Travis County, TexasThe following is a list of all state highways in Travis County, Texas maintained by the Texas Department ofTransportation. All state highways in Texas are paved.

Interstate Highways

RouteName

Direction Termini Junctions Length[1] Remarks

I-35 [2] S/N Hays County to WilliamsonCounty

SH 71 US 290 US 183

Loop1

SH45

Approximately 29 miles(47 km)

Known locally as InterregionalHighway.

U.S. Highways

List of highways in Travis County, Texas 87

RouteName

Direction Termini Junctions Length[1] Remarks

US183 [3]

S/N Caldwell County toWilliamson County

SH 71 Loop

111 US

290 I-35 Loop

275 Loop 1 Loop

360

Approximately 33miles (53 km)

Known locally as Lockhart Highway south of SH 71(Ben White Boulevard)Known locally as Bastrop Highway between SH 71 (BenWhite Boulevard) and Loop 111 (Airport Boulevard).Known locally as Ed Bluestein Boulevard between Loop111 (Airport Boulevard) and US 290.Known locally as Anderson Lane between US 290 andLoop 275 (North Lamar Boulevard).Known locally as Research Boulevard north of Loop 275(North Lamar Boulevard).

US290 [4]

W/E Hays County to BastropCounty

SH 71 Loop 1 Loop

360 Loop

343 Loop

275 I-35 US

183

Approximately 40miles (64 km)

Concurrent with SH 71 through southwest Austin.Known locally as Ben White Boulevard while concurrentwith SH 71.Concurrent with I-35 through central Austin.

State Highways

RouteName

Direction Termini Junctions Length[1] Remarks

SH 45[5]

W/E North segment:South segment: RM 1826 to Loop 1

SH 71[6]

S/N Blanco County to Bastrop County US290

Loop 1 Loop

360 Loop

343 Loop

275 I-35 US

183

Approximately 44 mi(71 km)

Concurrent with US 290 in southwestTravis County.Known locally as Ben White Boulevardbetween Loop 360 and US 183.Known locally as Bastrop Highway east ofUS 183.

SH 95[7]

SE/NW Bastrop County to WilliamsonCounty

Approximately 1 mi(1.6 km)

SH130 [8]

S/N

SH165 [9]

S/N 7th Street and Comal Street, Austinto Texas State Cemetery

Approximately 0.9 mi(1.4 km)

Runs primarily within boundary of theTexas State Cemetery.

List of highways in Travis County, Texas 88

State Highway Loops and Spurs

Route Name Direction Termini Junctions Length[1] Remarks

Loop 1[10]

S/N SH 45 to SH 45 US

290 US

183 Loop

360

Approximately 22 mi(35 km)

Known locally as Mopac Boulevard.Concurrent with FM 1325 between DuvalRoad and Merrilltown Road.

Spur 69[11]

W/E RM 2222 to US 290 at I-35

Approximately1.2 mi (2 km)

Known locally as Koenig Lane.

Loop111 [12]

S/N US 183 to FM 969 Approximately 4 mi(6 km)

Known locally as Airport Boulevard.

Loop212 [13]

W/E US 290 north of Manor to US 290 northeast of Manor

FM973

Approximately 2 mi(3 km)

Known as West Murray Avenue, NorthLexington Street and East Parsons Street inManor.Known as Old State Highway 20 east ofManor.Concurrent with FM 973 east of Manor.

Loop275 [14]

S/N South segment: I-35 to US 290North segment: US 183 to

I-35

Approximately 9 mi(14 km)

South segment known locally as SouthCongress Avenue.North segment known locally as LamarBoulevard.

Loop343 [15]

S/N US 290 to I-35 Approximately 5 mi(8 kn)

Known locally as Lamar Boulevard in southAustin.Known locally as Cesar Chavez Street indowntown Austin.

Loop360 [16]

S/N US 290 to US 183 Loop 1 Approximately 14 mi(22 km)

Known locally as Capital of Texas Highway.

Toll RoadsThe following Travis County toll roads are maintained by the Central Texas Turnpike System.

Route Name Direction Termini Junctions Length[1] Remarks

Loop 1[10]

S/N FM 734 to SH 45

Approximately 3 mi (5 km) Known locally as MopacExpressway.

SH 45 [5]W/E US 183 to SH 130 Loop 1

I-35

Approximately 13 mi(21 km)

SH 130 [8] S/N SH 71 to WilliamsonCounty

SH45

Approximately 24 mi(38 km)

List of highways in Travis County, Texas 89

Farm and Ranch to Market Roads

Route Name Direction Termini Junctions Length[1] Remarks

RM 12[17]

S/N Hays County to RM3238

Approximately 0.5 mi(0.8 km)

RM 620[18]

SW/NE SH 71 to WilliamsonCounty

Approximately 17 mi(27 km)

FM 685[19]

S/N FM 1825 toWilliamson County

Approximately 5 mi(8 km)

FM 734[20]

SE/NW US 290 toWilliamson County

SH 130 Loop 275 Loop

1

Approximately 13 mi(21 km)

Known locally as Parmer Lane.

FM 812[21]

SE/NW Bastrop County to US 183

Approximately 7 mi(11 km)

Concurrent with FM 973 east of US 183.

FM 969[22]

W/E Loop 111 to BastropCounty

US 183 Approximately 17 mi(27 km)

Known locally as MLK Boulevard in Austincity limits.Known locally as Old Webberville Road westof Webberville.

FM 973[23]

S/N US 183 toWilliamson County

SH 71 Loop 212 US 290

Approximately 30 mi(48 km)

Concurrent with FM 812 east of US 183.Concurrent with Loop 212 in Manor.

FM 1100[24]

W/E US 290 to BastropCounty

Approximately 6 mi(10 km)

FM 1325[25]

S/N US 183 toWilliamson County

Loop1

Approximately 7 mi(11 km)

Known locally as Burnet Road.Concurrent with Loop 1 between Duval Roadand Merrilltown Drive.

FM 1327[26]

W/E I-35 to US 183 Approximately 7 mi(11 km)

RM 1431[27]

W/E Burnet County toWilliamson County

Approximately 20 mi(32 km)

FM 1625[28]

S/N Creedmore to US183

Approximately 5 mi(8 km)

FM 1626[29]

W/E Hays County to I-35 Approximately 4 mi(6 km)

FM 1825[30]

W/E I-35 to FM 685 Approximately 4 mi(6 km)

Known locally as Pecan Street in Pflugerville.

RM 1826[31]

S/N Hays County to US290

SH 45 Approximately 4 mi(6 km)

List of highways in Travis County, Texas 90

RM 2222[32]

SE/NW Spur 69 to RM620

Loop 1 Loop 360

Approximately 11 mi(18 km)

Known locally as Koenig Lane between Spur69 and Burnet Road.Known locally as Allandale Road betweenBurnet Road and Shoal Creek.Known locally as Northland Drive betweenShoal Creek and Mesa Drive.Known locally as Bull Creek Road near Loop360.

RM 2244[33]

W/E SH 71 to Loop 1 Loop 360 Approximately 11 mi(18 km)

Known locally as Bee Caves Road.

FM 2304[34]

S/N FM 1626 toMatthews Lane

Approximately 5 mi(8 km)

Known locally as Manchaca Road.

RM 2322[35]

S/N SH 71 to CampChatauqua Road

Approximately 5 mi(8 km)

Known locally as Pace Bend Road.

RM 2769[36]

W/E Lake Travis toWilliamson County

Approximately 7 mi(11 km)

Known locally as Wharf Cove near LakeTravis.Known locally as Dobbs City Scenic Drive eastof Volente.Known locally as Cyprus Creek Road nearCyprus Creek County Park.Known locally as Volente Road west of RM620.

FM 3177[37]

S/N FM 969 to US290

Approximately 5 mi(8 km)

Known locally as Decker Lane.

RM 3238[38]

W/E Travis County Road 12 to SH 71

Approximately 7 mi(11 km)

Known locally as Hamilton Pool Road.

Adjacent counties• Caldwell County (south)• Hays County (southwest)• Blanco County (west)• Burnet County (northwest)• Williamson County (north)• Bastrop County (east)

References[1] Yahoo! Maps[2] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Interstate Highway No. 35" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/ IH/

IH0035. htm). .[3] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - U.S. Highway No. 183" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/ US/

US0183. htm). .[4] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - U.S. Highway No. 290" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/ US/

US0290. htm). .[5] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - State Highway No. 45" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/ SH/

SH0045. htm). .[6] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - State Highway No. 71" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/ SH/

SH0071. htm). .[7] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - State Highway No. 95" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/ SH/

SH0095. htm). .

List of highways in Travis County, Texas 91

[8] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - State Highway No. 130" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/ SH/SH0130. htm). .

[9] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - State Highway No. 165" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/ SH/SH0165. htm). .

[10] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - State Highway Loop No. 1" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/SL/ SL0001. htm). .

[11] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - State Highway Spur No. 69" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/SS/ SS0069. htm). .

[12] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - State Highway Loop No. 111" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/SL/ SL0111. htm). .

[13] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - State Highway Loop No. 212" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/SL/ SL0212. htm). .

[14] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - State Highway Loop No. 275" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/SL/ SL0275. htm). .

[15] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - State Highway Loop No. 343" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/SL/ SL0343. htm). .

[16] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - State Highway Loop No. 360" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/SL/ SL0360. htm). .

[17] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Ranch to Market Road No. 12" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/RM/ RM0012. htm). .

[18] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Ranch to Market Road No. 620" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/hwy/ RM/ RM0620. htm). .

[19] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Farm to Market Road No. 685" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/FM0500/ FM0685. htm). .

[20] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Farm to Market Road No. 734" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/FM0500/ FM0734. htm). .

[21] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Farm to Market Road No. 812" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/FM0500/ FM0812. htm). .

[22] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Farm to Market Road No. 969" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/FM0500/ FM0969. htm). .

[23] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Farm to Market Road No. 973" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/ hwy/FM0500/ FM0973. htm). .

[24] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Farm to Market Road No. 1100" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/hwy/ FM1000/ FM1100. htm). .

[25] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Farm to Market Road No. 1325" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/hwy/ FM1000/ FM1325. htm). .

[26] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Farm to Market Road No. 1327" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/hwy/ FM1000/ FM1327. htm). .

[27] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Ranch to Market Road No. 1431" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/hwy/ RM/ RM1431. htm). .

[28] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Farm to Market Road No. 1625" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/hwy/ FM1500/ FM1625. htm). .

[29] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Farm to Market Road No. 1626" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/hwy/ FM1500/ FM1626. htm). .

[30] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Farm to Market Road No. 1825" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/hwy/ FM1500/ FM1825. htm). .

[31] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Ranch to Market Road No. 1826" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/hwy/ RM/ RM1826. htm). .

[32] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Ranch to Market Road No. 2222" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/hwy/ RM/ RM2222. htm). .

[33] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Ranch to Market Road No. 2244" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/hwy/ RM/ RM2244. htm). .

[34] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Farm to Market Road No. 2304" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/hwy/ FM2000/ FM2304. htm). .

[35] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Ranch to Market Road No. 2322" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/hwy/ RM/ RM2322. htm). .

[36] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Ranch to Market Road No. 2769" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/hwy/ RM/ RM2769. htm). .

List of highways in Travis County, Texas 92

[37] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Farm to Market Road No. 3177" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/hwy/ FM3000/ FM3177. htm). .

[38] Texas Department of Transportation. "Highway Designation File - Ranch to Market Road No. 3238" (http:/ / www. dot. state. tx. us/ tpp/hwy/ RM/ RM3238. htm). .

Article Sources and Contributors 93

Article Sources and ContributorsAustin, Texas  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=464277587  Contributors: 08OceanBeach SD, 1exec1, 1or2, 200.191.188.xxx, 24.93.53.xxx, 25or6to4, 55555122l, 5skyking,61.9.128.xxx, 78.26, 95altima163, A.Ward, A8UDI, ABAsite, ABCD, ABF, AGK, AS, AUSTINROX08, Aasim75, Abbyn10, Abendigoreebs, Abrahami, Academic Challenger, Acalamari,Acather96, Accurizer, Acntx, Actorman15, AdamJ1555, AdamJacobMuller, Adamrice, Addshore, Aeonx, Aframe95, Ageekgal, Ajiboy11, Aka042, Akkida, Al.anabel2011, Alan Liefting,Alansohn, Albortron, AlexCovarrubias, AlexiusHoratius, Alfast, Aliencore, AllPurposeGamer, AllenHarkleroad, Allendon, Alxndr, Amazonien, Ambyent, Amegadsby, AnOddName, Anb racsh,Anclation, Andkore, Andman8, AndreNatas, Andrew1316, Andrew1613, Andrwsc, Andy Marchbanks, Angilbas, Angr, Angusmclellan, Anonymous Cow, Another Believer, Antandrus, ApetBaltejian, Apparition11, ArchonMagnus, Ario, Armindo, Arthena, Arvindn, Aspects, Astralnaut, Astrotwitch, Atakdoug, Atheros1, Atlantima, Atomichippo, Atxaty, Austex, Austin273,AustinDetails, AustinHodge, AustinKnight, AustinNative, AustinTX78701, Austinkid2291, Avala, Avi Ravner, Avicennasis, Awolf002, Azer Red, B4hand, Badbilltucker, Bakunin661, Balancer,Balcer, Balfieguy, Barek, Barneca, Basketball110, Bassbonerocks, Basten, Bbatsell, Bcat, Bdubllc, BeNude, Beauriceatx, Beginning, Beliaprhun, Bellhalla, Belovedfreak, Ben Ben, Bender235,Bendono, Bethenco, Bevo, Bgoswami, Bhuston, Bibuchi, Big Bird, Billrnyc, Billy Hathorn, Biruitorul, Bkonrad, Blanchardb, Bletch, BlueAg09, BlueDevil, BlueMoonlet, Blueman25,Blueoctavo, BoNoMoJo (old), Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bogey97, Bolt Vanderhuge, Bone Fork99.99, Bongwarrior, Bookandcoffee, Bovineone, Bovlb, Boxclocke, Bozotexino, Bped1985, BradeosGraphon, Braincheese, Brian the Editor, Briangreenstone, Brutaldeluxe, Bryan Derksen, Buaidh, Bubblesgiggle, Bubby132, Buchanan-Hermit, Bullzeye, Burner0718, Butcher82, Butterboy,C.Fred, CCHIPSS, 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Kevin Nelson, Kevinp2, Kevyn, Khalfani khaldun, Kharker, Khoikhoi, Kibinsky, Killiondude, Killt1, Kingofgames2, Kingpin13,Kirs10, Koavf, Kolbejones, KotetsuKat, KrakatoaKatie, Krauseaj, Kross, Ktr101, Kumar Appaiah, Kuru, Kurykh, Kyle1278, Lackinglatin, Lancejohnson, LarryGilbert, Laura P Wright,Lawiseman, Leadly, Leaflet, Leobaby1, Leodmacleod, Leuko, Lfbayer, Lifebaka, Lightmouse, Ligulem, Lihaas, Likeitsmyjob, Likeminded, LilHelpa, Liveon001, Lizardo tx, Ljuergens, Localhero, Lokiwiki, Longhorns, Longshot14, Loodog, Lord Pistachio, Loveofshelties, Lower Afghanistanian Buddhist, Luceandaustin, Lucio Di Madaura, Luminaire1, Lurlock, MBK004, MBisanz,MER-C, MJCdetroit, MK8, MKoltnow, Mabeenot, Mackensen, Madbiggie00, Madeincat, Maestlin, Maile66, Malo, Maltmomma, Man in the hat, Mandarax, Mandrake H, Mardetanha, Marek69,Mario Žamić, MarkSweep, Marlanoel, MaroonFrog, Martarius, Martpol, Mason.Jones, Materialscientist, Mathpianist93, Matthewrutledge, Mattmillerwastaken, Mattscards, Mav, Maverick9711,MaxTraxx 82, Maxmc, Mccalpin, Mcorazao, MeRo987, Meaghan, Meanjoe, Mellobu, Mentifisto, MiLo28, Michael Devore, Michael Hardy, MichaelTinkler, Michaelbluejay, Michaelfavia,Michalovic, Midgrid, Mike Payne, MikeAllen, Mild Bill Hiccup, Minesweeper, Mintotsai, Miquonranger03, Mishatx, Missymoo40, MisterHand, MisterMustafarandi, Mistercow,Misterultrasheen, Mitchking, MixwellUSA, Mkilly, Mlaffs, ModelFish, Montgomery '39, More random musing, Moreau36, Mowen1302, Mpalmer22, Mpaver217, Mr Accountable, Mr. WheelyGuy, MrBill47, Mrtrey99, Msr69er, Mulder416, Musica newspaper, Muya, Mxn, NE2, NHRHS2010, Nakon, Naley4Everx0x, Nankai, Natoland, NawlinWiki, NeilN, Neo42, Netoholic, NickNumber, Nickie 25, Nitrousexpress22, Nmihit, Nolenjb, Nopicturesplz, NotAnonymous0, Ntsimp, Nullsmith, Nunquam Dormio, Nv8200p, Nwtxqt, Nxguggenheim, Nyr14, Nyttend, Ocvailes,Ohconfucius, Ohgazette, Ohnoitsjamie, Okiefromokla (old), Oldag07, Oldmanshirt, Olivier, Ont, Onthegogo, Original mikz, Ouhottie019, OverMyHead, Oxymoron83, PDH, PTJoshua, Page Up,Pais, Paperhat, Paris1127, Patchshorts, Patken4, PaulHammond2, PaulHanson, Paxsimius, Paziz, Pdfpdf, Peace01234, Pentawing, Pepper, Pereze, Pfranson, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Phe, PhilBoswell, Philip Cross, Phizzy, Phuzion, Piano non troppo, Pibler, Picaroon, Pigsonthewing, Pinethicket, Pjda, Pmantosh, PoccilScript, Podom, Poebro24, PoorOldEdgarDerby, Popefauvexxiii,Postoak, Prisonermonkeys, Pumpmeup, QaBobAllah, Qlzd45, Quadell, Quinsareth, Qwyrxian, RDBury, REDandBLACKst, RG2, RI-Bill, RJN, Racingracingracing, RadioFan2 (usurped),Rainmonger, Ram-Man, Random832, RandySavageFTW, Ranger122893, Rapierman, Ratemonth, RayAYang, Rayman93, Rchafey, Rdsmith4, Realm of Shadows, RedWolf, Redheadartiste,Redsully, ResEcon, Ret3, Rethunk, Rettetast, RexNL, Rgambord, Rhatsa26X, Rich Farmbrough, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Roadrunner, Rob8422, Robbie098, Robert Skyhawk, RobertNesta, Romanm,Ronhjones, Roozbeh, Rror, Rstepler, Rtyq2, Rushl, Ryguasu, SD 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Uncleratty, Unused0030, Uris, User2010II, Utdrew, Utexas06, Utexastom,Utopolis, VMS Mosaic, VT hawkeye, Vald, Vanka5, Vectro, Vegaswikian, Veinor, VerruckteDan, Versus22, Verylongnile, Voxpuppet, Vrenator, Vytal, W4chris, WaltBren, WarthogDemon,Waynepix, Wellfauqu2, Welsh, Wesbo, Wesley M. Curtus, West.andrew.g, Whbjr, WhisperToMe, Wiki Goose, WikiEditi, WikiTryHardDieHard, Wikid77, Wikidiculous, Wikieditor06, WillBeback, William Avery, William S. Saturn, William Saturn, Willking1979, Willworkforicecream, Wilson44691, Wisden17, Witbrock, Witchking111111, Wittyname, Wizardboy777, Wkgreen,Woohookitty, X!, XJamRastafire, XM, Xiaoyu of Yuxi, XxTrillvillexX9, Yourmanstan, Ytokar, YukataNinja, Z.E.R.O., Zachwoo, Zenswashbuckler, Zereshk, Zhou Yu, Zoe, Zoicon5,Zscout370, Zyxw, Zzuuzz, Zzyzx11, 2292 anonymous edits

History of Austin, Texas  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=462706733  Contributors: AlexiusHoratius, Angr, AusJeb, Bearcat, Ben Ben, Bevo, Bobblehead, CopperSquare,Dabomb87, Danorton, EWS23, EagleAg04, Eastlaw, Eivind F Øyangen, EurekaLott, Everdayzac, Farir, Freechild, GcSwRhIc, Happywaffle, J.delanoy, Jnehoc106, Lightmouse, Mcorazao,Nv8200p, PTJoshua, Paxsimius, R'n'B, Rich Farmbrough, Sherurcij, Slon02, Squibman, StAnselm, SteveHopson, TexasAndroid, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheMindsEye, Victor9876,Whereizben, WhisperToMe, Wmarcus, Woohookitty, 49 anonymous edits

Government of Texas  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=464273493  Contributors: 1958publius, 19ErIc82, A.Ward, Argos'Dad, Barrkel, Buaidh, Bunnyhop11, Calvin 1998,Coccyx Bloccyx, Conscious, CopperSquare, Edebundity, EoGuy, Firetrap9254, GrahamHardy, Hmains, Hubertfarnsworth, Idaltu, Jacketman03, James jennings, Jcaraballo, L Kensington,Lightmouse, LouI, MBK004, MC10, Mandarax, Mann jess, Microcell, Myleslong, Nagy, Nblackman, Neutrality, Oldag07, Oxymoron83, Paulsuckow, Pearle, Potosino, Quidam65, RA0808,RJN, Reywas92, Rjwilmsi, SBaker43, Searchme, Student7, Suffusion of Yellow, The One Muse, Tom harrison, TonyTheTiger, Urban, Vegaswikian, West.andrew.g, WhisperToMe, Whpq,Woohookitty, 92 anonymous edits

List of mayors of Austin, Texas  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=404673195  Contributors: Bearcat, Crusoe8181, Docu, Kendrick7, Paxsimius, Scanlan, Searchme, Snood1,Teekbah, TerraFrost, TexasAndroid, Thirdgrader, 8 anonymous edits

List of Austin neighborhoods  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=461763105  Contributors: Adamrice, Charlesbell515, Docaveli53, EagleAg04, Everdayzac, Gene93k,Grutness, Gtjj84H, Igbo, JaGa, Jareha, Jiminezwaldorf, Jkernion, Jnutting512, Kandomagoo, Kuru, MaroonFrog, Ohgazette, Pegship, RHaworth, Searchme, Sedsa1, TexasAndroid,WhisperToMe, 31 anonymous edits

Article Sources and Contributors 94

Downtown Austin  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=464253865  Contributors: Angr, AusJeb, Austinrealtor, Chowbok, Chris the speller, Ckatz, Dabomb87, EagleAg04,Eastlaw, Embarkadero, Erunestian, Everdayzac, Kuru, Lawiseman, MarquetteGoldenEagles, NE2, Noozgroop, Rhatsa26X, Rstepler, Sahmeditor, ShelfSkewed, Steveprutz, TerraFrost,TexasAndroid, TheAustinMan, WhisperToMe, Xnatedawgx, 18 anonymous edits

Music of Austin  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=462511287  Contributors: A cute little ruin, Acono, Alexandre.martinez1989, Amegadsby, Arxiloxos, Atama, Atex4789,Aureliuschaos, AustinStratFan, Austinjazz, Azumanga1, Bdubllc, BeastmasterGeneral, Bellobard, Bento00, Bestwecanbe, Bibuchi, Binary TSO, Blanco pagina, Bozotexino, Brusegadi,Buckyeinstein, BurnDownBabylon, Carrieneuner, CharlotteWebb, Chowbok, Chrisirwin, Chubbles, CivilDisorder, Curious geek, Da80harris, Dabomb87, Dancing duck, Danilori7,Demonburrito, Derek R Bullamore, Dissonancetheory, Dr. Barnacle, EagleAg04, Eco84, Elzash, Endspiral, Epilectrik, Evb-wiki, F3meyer, Faithlessthewonderboy, Fayenatic london, Finkus68,Flywhguy, FourLegsGood, Garyetie, Gatorsonludes, Gezelligtexas, Hadal, Hawkestone, Heartofgold1983, JD554, JForget, JFreeman, Jamescaf512, January2007, Jareha, Jason Recliner, Esq.,Jkimwu, Joe Wallace, John, John of Reading, Jon nes, Jr4456, Kencf0618, Kendek79, King of Hearts, Koavf, Krinks7, Leahtwosaints, Lectonar, Mbellacosa, Mbendel, Mcorazao, Mellotx,Mgroach, Mtel1979, Natalie Erin, Naturalears, Neatlyreal, Nickkutt, Nolenjb, Nv8200p, Otcconan, Owlbeak, Pacwilson22, Pol098, QaBobAllah, RedWolf, Rennap, Resinguy, Ricky81682,Samuraispy, Screaminglucy, Sickboy25, SimonP, Soundguy99, Spellmaster, Spencers79, SteveHopson, Sullen penguin, Summerdroit, TUF-KAT, Tedzep, TexasAndroid, Texascafe,TheMindsEye, TheMuuj, Thryduulf, Titanablaze, Tom harrison, Tothebarricades.tk, Tovarich Volk, Travst01, Twas Now, UnhandledException, UnitedStatesian, Unlock austin, Vossanova,Wahoofive, WhisperToMe, Wisekwai, Zoicon5, 257 anonymous edits

Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=462493397  Contributors: A little insignificant, Adalimartin, Alansohn, Andy Marchbanks,AnonMoos, Aricklara2010, Auscen, BD2412, Basawala, Bearcat, Bobblehead, Bookofjude, Bovineone, Brized, CZmarlin, Calwatch, Capmet, Charlesbell515, Clipper471, CopperSquare,Dabomb87, Dan0 00, Deh, Dthomsen8, EagleAg04, Eastlaw, Everdayzac, Firsfron, GETONERD84, Giraffedata, GorillaWarfare, Ground Zero, Guanako512, Gyrofrog, Hinto, Hvbagby, Ibbn,Jareha, JimVC3, Johnpacklambert, Jpg, Katalaveno, Kumar Appaiah, LBJacob09, LilHelpa, Mean as custard, MetroFan2009, Michalovic, Mollykay64, Mr. Credible, Nankai, Pais, Paxsimius,Peter Horn, PioneerGrrrl, Plasma east, Polaron, Punkishlyevil, Qlzd45, Ralph Mudge, Rcauvin, Revolucion ATX, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, SJ Morg, Staszu13, SteveHopson, Tennis expert,TerraFrost, TexasAndroid, TexianPolitico, Train2104, Ulric1313, Vandy123456789, VitaleBaby, Vossanova, WhisperToMe, XxTrillvillexX9, 98 anonymous edits

Austin-Bergstrom International Airport  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=463774663  Contributors: ANG99, Againme, Airport Dude, Alai, Alggag, Allstar86, Andrewb729,Angr, AnonMoos, Aremmes, Asubrt, Atxaty, Audude08, Austin3301, Aviator888, Basketball110, BetaCentauri, Bobblewik, Bovineone, Brav0, Burgundavia, Cacafuego95, Cali4529, Cashierfreak, Cfwolfs, Charlesbell515, Charmedaddict, Chris the speller, Ckamaeleon, Ckatz, Clipper471, CommonsDelinker, Connormah, Conscious, CopperSquare, Corvus cornix, Cyrius, D.c.camero,DB, Dabomb87, Dariusbieber, Dbchip, Deh, Dkeithley, DougDelta1, Drdisque, Druid.raul, EagleAg04, Ekabhishek, Enkrates, Everdayzac, FCYTravis, FieldMarine, Florescent, Floridasand,Gilliam, Gustoj820, Gy.fischer, Hadal, Hawaiian717, Hephaestos, HkCaGu, Holden15, Ikara, Inetpup, Iridescent, Jareha, Jasepl, Jeffq, Jet63, Jimregan, Jllm06, Keagkid101, Kharker, Kludlow,Koavf, LAAzerwolf, Lightmouse, Mapgod1990, MasonJ0890, Mcamargo, Meelar, Mpaver217, NW036, Nick81aku, Nv8200p, PaulHanson, Paxsimius, PikDig, PrinceHRH, Privejets1,Quackslikeaduck, RJN, Ramsteiner, RedWolf, Redlegsfan21, Reedy, Rhoby13, Rich Farmbrough, Roadrunner, SCW57903, SNIyer12, Searchme, Sekicho, Serge1987, SimonP, SliceNYC,Snood1, Snoozlepet, Sox23, Spendeau, Stevegerken, Studmult, Thadius856, Thankyoubaby, Theking17825, Tofutwitch11, Totesen, Ulric1313, VT hawkeye, Vegaswikian, Victoire Chalupy,Vossanova, Wdennis5, WhisperToMe, Wickgr, WildWildBil, Witchking111111, ZHoover123, Zyxw, 388 anonymous edits

List of highways in Travis County, Texas  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=451841240  Contributors: Deh, Fortguy, Jllm06, NE2, TwinsMetsFan, Vollers, 7 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 95

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:AustinWikiPic2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AustinWikiPic2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: WikidiculousFile:Travis County Austin.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Travis_County_Austin.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:25or6to4file:Usa edcp location map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: UweDederingFile:Red pog.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Red_pog.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Clovis Point.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Clovis_Point.jpg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Angr, Buzzzsherman, CommonsDelinker, Floris V,Himasaram, Locutus Borg, Toastersintheworkplace, Winterkind, 1 anonymous editsFile:Old map-Austin-1873-sm.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Old_map-Austin-1873-sm.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Augustus Koch (1840-?).File:AustinTXMap.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AustinTXMap.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: US Federal GovernmentFile:AustinTXCityHall.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AustinTXCityHall.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeFile:Texas State Capitol - Austin, Texas.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_State_Capitol_-_Austin,_Texas.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Stuart SeegerImage:Cowboy memorial in front of Texas State Capitol-.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cowboy_memorial_in_front_of_Texas_State_Capitol-.JPG  License:Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Daniel MayerFile:SXSW05 WholeFoodsMothership.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SXSW05_WholeFoodsMothership.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Originaluploader was Aspersions at en.wikipediaImage:Austin from Congress Bridge-at night.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Austin_from_Congress_Bridge-at_night.JPG  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Daniel MayerFile:Skyline of Austin.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Skyline_of_Austin.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Tom AdamsFile:816Congress-Aug2009.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:816Congress-Aug2009.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:LoneStarMikeFile:360Condos-Dec2008.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:360Condos-Dec2008.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:LoneStarMikeFile:Sixth Street Austin.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sixth_Street_Austin.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Photographcreated by Larry D. Moore (Nv8200p on en.wikipedia).File:ACL2009SBH.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ACL2009SBH.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: SteveHopson at en.wikipediaFile:Memorial Stadium Pregame.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Memorial_Stadium_Pregame.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0Unported  Contributors: surelyitsjohnFile:UFCU disch falk field front 2008.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:UFCU_disch_falk_field_front_2008.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Photograph created by Larry D. Moore (Nv8200p on en.wikipedia) using a Kodak P880 camera.File:DeepEddyPoolBySteveHopson.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DeepEddyPoolBySteveHopson.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors:Steve Hopson (SteveHopson on en.wikipedia)File:Pennybacker Bridge View.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pennybacker_Bridge_View.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Eric HuntFile:Texas45.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas45.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Photograph created by Larry D. Moore(Nv8200p on en.wikipedia) using a Kodak EasyShare Z740 camera.File:Austin Metrorail.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Austin_Metrorail.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: MichlaovicFile:The University of Texas at Austin - Littlefield Fountain and Main Building.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin_-_Littlefield_Fountain_and_Main_Building.jpg  License: Public domain  Contributors: Photo by ReidSullivan (user Redsully on the WikipediaEnglish Wikipedia).Image:FaulkLibraryAustin.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FaulkLibraryAustin.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeFile:AustinSaltilloSisterAustinTX.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AustinSaltilloSisterAustinTX.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeFile:Flag of Australia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Australia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:Flag of Brazil.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Germany.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Germany.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Peru.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Peru.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:DbenbennFile:Flag of Lesotho.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Lesotho.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Zscout370File:Flag of Japan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Japan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Mexico.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006 Based on the armsby Juan Gabino.File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: 555, Bestalex,Bigmorr, Denelson83, Ed veg, Gzdavidwong, Herbythyme, Isletakee, Kakoui, Kallerna, Kibinsky, Mattes, Mizunoryu, Neq00, Nickpo, Nightstallion, Odder, Pymouss, R.O.C, Reisio, Reuvenk,Rkt2312, Rocket000, Runningfridgesrule, Samwingkit, Sasha Krotov, Shizhao, Tabasco, Vzb83, Wrightbus, ZooFari, Zscout370, 72 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Nigeria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:JhsFile:Flag of South Korea.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VariousFile:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 Recode by cs:User:-xfi- (code), User:Shizhao (colors)File:Flag of Turkey.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: David Benbennick (original author)File:Flag of Venezuela.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alkari, Bastique, Denelson83, DerFussi,Fry1989, George McFinnigan, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Huhsunqu, Infrogmation, K21edgo, Klemen Kocjancic, Ludger1961, Neq00, Nightstallion, Reisio, Rupert Pupkin, ThomasPusch,Vzb83, Wikisole, Zscout370, 12 anonymous editsFile:Stephen f austin.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stephen_f_austin.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: UnknownFile:Texas state capitol 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_state_capitol_1.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploaderwas BoNoMoJo at en.wikipedia Later version(s) were uploaded by Mulder416 at en.wikipedia.Image:Oldmainbuilding.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Oldmainbuilding.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bevo, GeeJo, RG2, 1 anonymous editsFile:ArmadilloWorldHQ.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ArmadilloWorldHQ.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:Infrogmation, SteveHopson, WstFile:Austin skyline.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Austin_skyline.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Redsullyimage:Texas counties map.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_counties_map.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: U.S. governmentImage:Austin Texas Sunset Skyline 2011.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Austin_Texas_Sunset_Skyline_2011.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Ed SchipulImage:Sixth Street Austin.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sixth_Street_Austin.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:Photograph created by Larry D. Moore (Nv8200p on en.wikipedia).

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 96

File:AustinFireStation1.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AustinFireStation1.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeImage:Travis courthouse 2005.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Travis_courthouse_2005.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:Photograph created by Larry D. Moore (Nv8200p on en.wikipedia) using a Canon Sure Shot Z135 camera with Kodak Gold 200 film.Image:Capitol in Austin Texas at Night.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Capitol_in_Austin_Texas_at_Night.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike3.0 Unported  Contributors: Eric HuntFile:AustinPostOffice.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AustinPostOffice.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeFile:AustinCCRioVista.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AustinCCRioVista.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeFile:PeaseSchoolAustinTX.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PeaseSchoolAustinTX.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeImage:AMOA-Downtown.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AMOA-Downtown.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors:Matthew FullerFile:Austonian under construction.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Austonian_under_construction.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: SahmeditorFile:360Condominiums.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:360Condominiums.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: SahmeditorImage:Frostbanktoweraustintx.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Frostbanktoweraustintx.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:CMBJImage:1americancenteraustin.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1americancenteraustin.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SahmeditorImage:1congressplaza.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1congressplaza.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SahmeditorImage:Bankamericacenteraustin.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bankamericacenteraustin.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SahmeditorImage:Chasetoweraustin.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chasetoweraustin.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SahmeditorImage:100Congressaustin.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:100Congressaustin.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SahmeditorImage:Dobiecenter 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dobiecenter_2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Kumar AppaiahImage:301Congressaustin.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:301Congressaustin.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SahmeditorImage:ClementsWilliamStateOfficeBuilding.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ClementsWilliamStateOfficeBuilding.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors:User:WhisperToMeFile:MexicoConsulateAustin.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MexicoConsulateAustin.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeFile:ACL-2004.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ACL-2004.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: RyanGerbil10, SteveHopsonFile:Roky Erickson Billy Gibbons by Ron Baker.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Roky_Erickson_Billy_Gibbons_by_Ron_Baker.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Ron Baker (http://www.flickr.com/photos/kingsnake)File:JoeEly.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JoeEly.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: User:SteveHopsonFile:CapMetroHQInAustin.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CapMetroHQInAustin.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeFile:MetroAccessAustinTX.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MetroAccessAustinTX.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeFile:SouthCongressTransitCenter.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SouthCongressTransitCenter.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeFile:CapMetroMetroBusAustinTX.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CapMetroMetroBusAustinTX.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeFile:CapitolMetroUTBus.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CapitolMetroUTBus.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeFile:CapitalMetroTicketingOffice.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CapitalMetroTicketingOffice.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeFile:CapitalMetroHQ.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CapitalMetroHQ.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeFile:NorthLamarTransitCenter.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NorthLamarTransitCenter.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeImage:Austin Bergstorm Entrance.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Austin_Bergstorm_Entrance.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nick81akufile:USA Texas location map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USA_Texas_location_map.svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: AlexrkFile:Airplane_silhouette.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Airplane_silhouette.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: derivative work: McSush (talk)Airplane_silhouette.png: Jussi PajuFile:Austin-Bergstrom FAA Airport Diagram.PDF  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Austin-Bergstrom_FAA_Airport_Diagram.PDF  License: Public Domain Contributors: Victoire ChalupyFile:ABIA tower 2009.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ABIA_tower_2009.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Photograph created byLarry D. Moore (Nv8200p on en.wikipedia) using a Kodak P880 camera.Image:Flag of Texas.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Texas.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alkari, Anime Addict AA, Awg1010, Dbenbenn,Duduziq, Dzordzm, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Hydrargyrum, Juiced lemon, Juliancolton, Mattes, Nightstallion, Piastu, Serinde, Sterling.M.Archer, Str4nd, Wars, 6 anonymous editsImage:Flag of Colorado.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Colorado.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: This one is drawn to geometrical specificationby User:Fleminra.Image:Flag of Georgia (U.S. state).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Georgia_(U.S._state).svg  License: Public domain  Contributors: Denelson83, Dzordzm,Fry1989, Homo lupus, Hoshie, Hydrargyrum, Juiced lemon, Mattes, Serinde, Smooth O, Svgalbertian, Zscout370, 1 anonymous editsImage:Flag of Arizona.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Arizona.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:MaddenImage:Flag of Illinois.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Illinois.svg  License: Public domain  Contributors: Awg1010, Denelson83, Dual Freq, Dzordzm,Fry1989, Homo lupus, Hydrargyrum, Kranar drogin, Mattes, Permjak, Smooth O, Svgalbertian, TheCatalyst31, 6 anonymous editsImage:Flag of California.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_California.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: w:en:User:DevinCookDevin CookImage:Flag of Nevada.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Nevada.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Caleb MooreFile:CapitalMetroAirportFlyer.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CapitalMetroAirportFlyer.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WhisperToMeImage:I-35.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:I-35.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 1coolkid, Augiasstallputzer, Bidgee, Faiyazamzad, Fran Rogers,InterstateKazuya40, Kazuya35, Ltljltlj, SPUI, T2, Xnatedawgx, 1 anonymous editsFile:Texas 71.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_71.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SPUIFile:US 290.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_290.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SPUIFile:US 183.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_183.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SPUI, 2 anonymous editsImage:Toll Texas 1.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Toll_Texas_1.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Gridlock Joe, Holderca1, Rocket000, SPUI, SaiboFile:Texas Loop 1.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_Loop_1.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Holderca1, Rocket000, SPUIImage:Toll Texas 45.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Toll_Texas_45.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Gridlock Joe, Holderca1, Luigi Chiesa, SPUIFile:Texas 45.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_45.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Luigi Chiesa, SPUIImage:US 183.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_183.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SPUI, 2 anonymous editsFile:Texas Loop 111.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_Loop_111.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Holderca1File:I-35.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:I-35.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 1coolkid, Augiasstallputzer, Bidgee, Faiyazamzad, Fran Rogers,InterstateKazuya40, Kazuya35, Ltljltlj, SPUI, T2, Xnatedawgx, 1 anonymous editsFile:Texas Loop 275.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_Loop_275.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:DehFile:Texas Loop 360.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_Loop_360.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersImage:US 290.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_290.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SPUIFile:Texas Loop 343.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_Loop_343.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Vollers

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 97

File:Texas RM 1826.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_RM_1826.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersFile:Texas 95.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_95.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SPUIFile:Texas 130.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_130.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SPUIFile:Texas 165.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_165.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SPUIFile:Texas Spur 69.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_Spur_69.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Holderca1File:Texas RM 2222.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_RM_2222.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersFile:Texas FM 969.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_FM_969.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersFile:Texas Loop 212.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_Loop_212.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersFile:Texas FM 973.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_FM_973.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: dehFile:Texas FM 734.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_FM_734.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersImage:Toll Texas 130.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Toll_Texas_130.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Gridlock Joe, Holderca1, Rocket000, SPUIFile:Texas RM 12.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_RM_12.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Holderca1, SPUIFile:Texas RM 3238.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_RM_3238.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersFile:Texas RM 620.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_RM_620.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Holderca1File:Texas FM 685.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_FM_685.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Holderca1File:Texas FM 1825.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_FM_1825.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersFile:Texas FM 812.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_FM_812.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersFile:Texas FM 1100.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_FM_1100.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Mr. MattéFile:Texas FM 1325.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_FM_1325.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersFile:Texas FM 1327.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_FM_1327.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersFile:Texas RM 1431.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_RM_1431.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: dehFile:Texas FM 1625.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_FM_1625.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersFile:Texas FM 1626.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_FM_1626.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersFile:Texas RM 2244.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_RM_2244.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersFile:Texas FM 2304.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_FM_2304.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersFile:Texas RM 2322.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_RM_2322.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersFile:Texas RM 2769.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_RM_2769.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VollersFile:Texas FM 3177.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_FM_3177.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Vollers

License 98

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/