AUROBINDO'S CITY

OF GLOBAL UNITY

ftfcfefctofe*MAKf%%%¿%¿%i¿V¿,£ir ¿i iir»j

If * T ^J

....

*

X-

Photo Unesco - Roger Lesage

TREASURES

OF

WORLD ART

© TUNISIA

Diana the Huntress

Presented to Unesco by the Tunisian Government on June 29, 1972, this mosaic once formedthe floor of the dining-room of a 2nd century A.D. Roman house in ancient Thysdrus nowEl Djem in Tunisia. Uncovered during excavations carried out in 1961, it measures about 8 ft.by 5 ft. 6 ins. It is a typical example of Afro-Roman decorative art at a time when the mosaictechnique was at its height. Diana, goddess of nature, water, trees and hunting, is portrayedframed In a rustic arbour built on rocks from which a spring gushes forth; around her are

depicted lions, gazelles, stags, donkeys and wild bulls. Above, detail of this mosaic.

2 OCT 1972

The,

UNESCO CourierOCTOBER 1972

25TH YEAR

PUBLISHED IN 12 LANGUAGES

EnglishFrench

SpanishRussian

German

Arabic

JapaneseItalian

Hindi

Tamil

Hebrew

Persian

Published monthly by UNESCO

The United Nations

Educational, Scientific

and Cultural Organization

Sales and Distribution Offices

Unesco, Place de Fontenoy, Paris-7»

Annual subscription rates £ 1.30 stg.; $5.00(North America); 17 French francs orequivalent ; 2 years : £ 2.30 stg. ; 30 F. Singlecopies : 1 3 p stg. ; 50 cents : 1 .70 F.

The UNESCO COURIER is published monthly, except inAugust and September when it is bi-monthly (11 issues ayear) in English, French, Spanish, Russian, German, Arabic,Japanese, Italian, Hindi, Tamil, Hebrew and Persian. For listof distributors see inside back cover.

Individual articles and photographs not copyrighted maybe reprinted providing the credit line reads "Reprinted fromthe UNESCO COURIER," plus date of issue, and threevoucher copies are sent to the editor. Signed articles re¬printed must bear author's name. Non-copyright photoswill be supplied on request. Unsolicited manuscripts cannotbe returned unless accompanied by an international replycoupon covering postage. Signed articles express theopinions of the authors and do not necessarily representthe opinions of UNESCO or those of the editors of theUNESCO COURIER.

The Unesco Courier is indexed monthly in theReaders' Guide to Periodical Literature, published byH. W. Wilson Co.. New York, and In Current Con¬tents Education, Philadelphia, U.S.A.

Editorial Office

Unesco, Place de Fontenoy, Paris-7» - France

Editor-in-Chief

Sandy Koffler

Assistant Editor-in-Chief

René Caloz

Assistant to the Editor-in-Chief

Olga Rodel

Managing EditorsEnglish Edition : Ronald Fenton (Paris)French Edition : Jane Albert Hesse (Paris)Spanish Edition : Francisco Fernández-Santos (Paris)Russian Edition : Georgi Stetsenko (Paris)German Edition : Hans Rieben (Berne)Arabic Edition : Abdel Moneim El Sawi (Cairo)Japanese Edition : Kazuo Akao (Tokyo)Italian Edition : Maria Remiddi (Rome)Hindi Edition : Kartar Singh Duggal (Delhi)Tamil Edition : N.D. Sundaravadivelu (Madras)Hebrew Edition : Alexander Peli (Jerusalem)Persian Edition : Fereydoun Ardalan (Teheran)

Assistant Editors

English Edition : Howard BrabynFrench Edition : Philippe OuannèsSpanish Edition : Jorge Enrique Adoum

Illustrations : Anne-Marie Maillard

Research : Zoé Allix

Layout and Design : Robert JacqueminAll correspondence should be addressed'

the Editor-in-Chief

1972

International

Book Year

Page

8

SRI AUROBINDOIN THE PATH OF A GREAT SAGE

By K.R. Srinivasa Iyengar

LANDMARKS IN A LIFEOF DEDICATION

Photo report

THE IDEAL OF HUMAN UNITY

By Sri Aurobindo

11

14

20

26

31

33

34

AUROVILLE: CITY OPEN TO THE WORLD

Photo report

THE VIBRANT INTENSITYOF TRADITIONAL AFRICAN MUSIC

By Francis Bebey

KIRGHIZIA

THE 'LAND BEHIND THE CLOUDS'

By Chinghis Aitmatov

TAXILA: ANCIENT UNIVERSITY CENTREOF THE ORIENT

A symbol of Pakistan's rich cultural heritage

By Syed Ashfaq Naqvi

UNESCO

PUBLISHER TO THE WHOLE WORLD

By Betty Werther

UNESCO NEWSROOM

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

TREASURES OF WORLD ART

Diana the Huntress (Tunisia)

AUROVILLE: CITY

OF GLOBAL UNITY

This is the model of a 45 by 30 metrespheroid structure covered withgolden discs that will dominatethe international city of Aurovillenow being built near Pondicherry,in south-east India.

The "Matrimandir", as it is called,symbolizes the ideal of beauty andharmony and will be a place formeditation. Auroville is named after

Sri Aurobindo, the Indian poet andphilosopher, whose work and idealsinspired the founding of the city.Photo © Dominique Darr. Paris

byK.R. Srinivasa Iyengar

W,

4

K.R. SRINIVASA IYENGAR, Indian educator,author and critic, has made a special studyof the life and philosophical works of SriAurobindo, to whom he devoted his latest

book, 'Sri Aurobindo: a Biography and aHistory", published recently In two volumesat Pondlcherry, India. He was formerly headof the English Department at Andhra Univer¬sity (S.E. India) and Its V'Ice-Chancellor be¬fore his election In 1969 as Vice-President

of the National Academy of Letters in NewDelhi. He has published biographies of Ra-blndranath Tagore, François Mauriac, Shakes¬peare and other writers.

AS it just a quirk of fatethat Sri Aurobindo, the Indian philo¬sopher, poet and patriot whose cen¬tenary we celebrate this year, wasborn 75 years to the day before Indiaachieved independence?

Aurobindo himself regarded the factthat his 75th birthday coincided withthe proclamation of an independentIndia on August 15, 1947, (our "trystwith destiny" as prime minister Jawa¬harlal Nehru called it) "not as a fortui¬tous accident but as a sanction and

seal of the Divine Power that guidesmy steps".

Third son of a surgeon, Aurobindoreceived an English education at Lor-etto Convent School, Darjeeling, India,and St. Paul's School, London, beforereading classics at Cambridge. Return¬ing to India in 1893, he accepted ser¬vice in the Baroda State in western

India, rising to become Vice-Principaland professor at Baroda College andlater Principal of the new National Col¬lege in Calcutta.

But with the Indian sub-continent,which he saw not just as a geogra¬phical area but as Bharati the Mother,under foreign domination, Aurobindoset little store on the easy securityafforded by his teaching career andembarked on a two-pronged program¬me of revolutionary action.

At first he was content to exercise

from behind the scenes a long-dis¬tance control over a secret, nation¬

wide, revolutionary organization thatwould be ready when the time camefor armed uprising. Then, in 1906, heopenly entered the arena of nationalistpolitics, and as de facto editor of theCalcutta daily newspaper "BandeMataram" he preached the nationalistcause with missionary fervour.

Already Sri Aurobindo's "BhavaniMandir", which in the eyes of the alienbureaucracy was an incendiary pamph¬let, was in secret circulation amongyoung revolutionaries. Now his openespousal of extremist nationalismmade him the most dangerous man

Unesco's General Conference begins its session on October 17this year. At its last session in 1970 it invited all Unesco memberstates and non-governmental organizations to participate inthis year's centenary of the birth of Sri Aurobindo, the greatIndian spiritual leader and philosopher. An exhibition on SriAurobindo's life and work will be held at Unesco headquartersin Paris from October 16 to 26. Special ceremonies have takenplace and will take place at Pondicherry, south of Madras onthe east coast of India and on the nearby site of Auroville,the international city named after Aurobindo. In this issuepublished in the international spirit of Unesco's General Confer¬ence we present articles on the life and teaching of Sri Auro¬bindo; the traditional music of Africa; a Kirghiz writer speakingabout his country, Kirghizia; the glorious heritage of Taxilain Pakistan; and finally International Book Year and Unescoas a publishing house.

o

U

IN THE PATH OF A GREAT SAGE

SRI AUROBINDOSri Aurobindo in his 78th year,a few months before his death in 1950.

in India. Following the killing of thePringle-Kennedy ladies at Muzzafer-pore by two revolutionary hotheads,Sri Aurobindo was arrested and placedin solitary confinement in the Alipurjail On charges of conspiracy.

After a prolonged trial he wasacquitted and released in May 1909.But during his time in prison Sri Auro¬bindo underwent a mystic experience .which decided him to turn his back

on politics and retire ^to the Frenchsettlement at Pondicherry in southernIndia for the undisturbed pursuit ofYoga and spirituality.

In his "Cave of Tapasya" at Pondi¬cherry, he set about working out themeaning of the spiritual insights hehad received while in jail. In collabora¬tion with a French woman, MadameMira Richard, who was to becomeknown as "The Mother", he launchedthe monthly philosophical journal"Arya" and founded the famous Ash¬ram, or settlement.

Although Madame Richard had to

return to France with the outbreak of

the First World War, Aurobindo keptthe journal going until 1921, publishingin it in serial form a number of philo¬sophical treatises such as "The LifeDivine", "The Human Cycle", "TheIdeal of Human Unity", "The Synthesisof Yoga", "The Secret of the Veda","Essays on the Gita", "Foundationsof Indian Culture" and "The Future

Poetry".

Sri Aurobindo's achievement as a

lyricist, dramatist and epic poet mustrank him among the great creativewriters of our time. Yet it is not

merely as a writer and poet, but as athinker and prophet that Sri Auro¬bindo has made his unique impactupon our age.

In his Independence Day messageof August 15, 1947, Sri Aurobindoreferred to five world movements

with which he had involved himself

and whose fulfilment he hoped for afree and united India, a resurgent Asia,an emerging world union, the overflow

of India's spirituality into Europe andAmerica, and, finally, "a step in evo¬lution which would raise man to a

higher and larger consciousness". Thelast was the most important and wasthe theme of "The Life Divine", "TheHuman Cycle" and "The Ideal ofHuman Unity".

Sri Aurobindo's diagnosis of thepresent human predicament is that,while man's mastery over the outsideworld has been growing at an acceler¬ated pace, his inner developmentseems to have halted long ago. Ourenvironment is changing fast, but theinner climate has remained the same.

So far only the first three stages ofevolution have emerged, the develop¬ment from "matter" to "life" and from

"life" to "mind"; but the time hascome for the step forward to the"supermind" and the "divinisation" ofman and the universe.

Sri Aurobindo died on December 5,1950, but his work has been continu¬ed by "The Mother". It was in further-

CONTINUED NEXT PAGE

5

A GREAT SAGE (Continued)

anee of his vision of the future that

"Auroville", the international "City ofDawn" was inaugurated in February1968.

Though nearly twenty-two yearshave passed since the death of SriAurobindo, his influence is still keenlyfelt, particularly so in this his cen¬tenary year. He was cast in the hallow¬ed mould of India's great sages andRishis, and it was his destiny to par¬ticipate in great world movements andhelp hasten their fulfilment. He sawIndia bound and willed her free; hesaw that man was a creature of infinityin his aspirations, but a maimed thingin reality because of the limitations ofegoistic desire, inbuilt incapacity andthe certainty of death.

The Ashram at Pondicherry andAuroville represent the dynamic phaseof Sri Aurobindo's spiritual philosophy.They are but mini-worlds, spiritual pilotprojects in which several hundred men,women and children drawn from most

of the nationalities of the world are

laying the foundations of the "DevaSangha" (the Community of Gods) thatSri Aurobindo envisaged.

The Ashram and Auroville are still

but the beginning of beginnings; nomore than hints and guesses, sketchesand opening bars of music. They are,if you will, like promissory notes; butthe seal and the signature are SriAurobindo's.

Landmarks

in a life

of dedication

D Aurobindo as a schoolboy inManchester, in 1883. Son of an Indiansurgeon, he was born in Calcutta and was

1 educated in England from the age of seven.

H Sri Aurobindo in 1919, preparing an articlefor "Arya" the monthly philosophical journal he

founded with Madame Mira Richard,the Frenchwoman disciple who later became

known as "The Mother" of the Ashram.

Q Aurobindo (seated centre, second from left) with other Indian nationalistleaders at Poona, near Bombay (1906-1907). After completing his studiesat Cambridge, Aurobindo returned to India in 1893 to become a Professorat Baroda College in western India. In 1906 he became openly Involved withthe nationalist movement in which his activities led to a term of imprisonment.After his release in 1909, he turned his back on politics and retired toPondicherry where he founded his "Ashram", or spiritual community.

Photo © Dominique Darr, Paris

Sri Aurobindo at Pondicherry in 1919,the period at which he produced many of hisgreat philosophical writings.

Q A photograph of "The Mother" taken in Pondicherrylast year. Mira Richard was born in Paris in 1878and first met Sri Aurobindo in 1914. In 1926, SriAurobindo entrusted the administration of the communal

life of the Ashram and the spiritual guidanceof his disciples to her.

Part of the crowdattending a "darshan" orbalcony ceremony at theSri Aurobindo Ashram.

Four times a year, inFebruary, April, Augustand November,"The Mother" appears onthe balcony of herapartment to greet thedisciples and visitorsgathered below In silentrespect.

Disciples meditate atthe tomb of Sri Aurobindo.

THE ASHRAMAT PONDICHERRY

The ¡deals and precepts of SriAurobindo have found expressionin the life and activities of the

spiritual community he created atPondicherry, 170 km south ofMadras. From a handful of dis¬

ciples and followers who lived asmembers of Sri Aurobindo's house¬

hold, the community, or Ashram,has grown into a settlement of1,800 persons seekers after alife based on spiritual realization.Community services staffed by itsmembers now range from weavingand spinning (photo left) to farm¬ing, building, handicrafts and metalwork. Handmade paper (bottomleft) feeds the community's print¬ing press which publishes in13 languages. Cultural activitiesinclude painting, sculpture, andmusic played on traditional Indianstringed instruments (photo right).Founded in 1952, the Ashram's"Sri Aurobindo International Cen¬

tre of Education" today provideseducation ranging from kindergar¬ten to post-graduate studies basedon an experimental "Free Pro¬gress" method outlined by SriAurobindo.

Photos © Sri Aurobindo Ashram,Pondicherry

THE IDEAL

HUMAN

UNITY

Poet, critic, scholar and humanist, Sri Aurobindo was a new type ofthinker whom the London "Times Literary Supplement "has describedas "one who combines in his vision the alacrity of the West with the

illumination of the East. " In 1 914, after four years of spiritual contem¬plation, he launched a monthly philosophical journal, "Arya" in whichhe expressed his vision of man and history, his destiny, and the

progress of human society towards unity and harmony. These treat¬

ises, since published as books, were followed by other major worksfrom the pen of Sri Aurobindo, including the epic "Savitri", a spirit¬ual poem of 23,000 lines, and "Mind of Light". The following quo¬tations are from "The Ideal of Human Unity", which first appeared

in "Arya" in serial form between 1915 and 1918. This treatise andtwo other works "The Human Cycle" and "War and Self Determi¬nation" were recently published under the general title, "Socialand Political Thought", as volume 15 in the Sri Aurobindo BirthCentenary Library by the Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry.

by Sri Aurobindo

Today the ideal of human unity is more or less makingits way to the front of our consciousness. The ideal... mustcertainly be attempted, and is likely to figure largelyamong the determining forces of the future; for the intel¬lectual and material circumstances of the age have prepar¬ed and almost impose it...

The State and the individual

We must note one fact in connexion with the claim of

the State to suppress the individual in its own interest:that it is quite immaterial to the principle what form theState may assume. The tyranny of the absolute kingover all and the tyranny of the majority over the indivi¬dual... are forms of one and the same tendency. Eachwhen it declares itself to be the State with its absolute

"L'Etat, c'est moi," is speaking a profound truth even whileit bases that truth upon a falsehood. The truth is thateach really is the self-expression of the State in its cha¬racteristic attempt to subordinate to itself the free will,the free action, the power, dignity and self-assertion of theindividuals constituting it. The falsehood lies in the under¬lying idea that the State is something greater than the indi¬viduals constituting it and can with impunity for itself andto the highest hope of humanity arrogate this oppressivesupremacy.

National conscience and individual liberty

A national culture, a national religion, a national educa¬tion may still be useful things provided they do not inter

fere with the growth of human solidarity on the one sideand individual freedom of thought and conscience anddevelopment on the other.

Human aggregation and living organisms

The administrative, political, economic organization ofmankind in aggregates of smaller or greater size is awork which belongs at Its basis to the same order ofphenomena as the creation of vital organisms in physicalNature. It uses, that is to say, primarily external and phy¬sical methods governed by the principles of physical life-energy intent on the creation of living forms.

Liberty and justice

Liberty is insufficient, justice also is necessary andbecomes a pressing demand; the cry for equality arises.Certainly, absolute equality is non-existent in this world;but the word was aimed against the unjust and unneces¬sary inequalities of the old social order. Under a justsocial order, there must be an equal opportunity, an equaltraining for all to develop their faculties and to use them.

The plague of national egoism

War can only be abolished if national armies are abol¬ished and even then with difficulty, by the developmentof some other machinery which humanity does not yetknow how to form or, even if formed, will not for sometime be able or willing perfectly to utilize. And there is nochance of national armies being abolished ; for each nationdistrusts all the others too much, has too many ambitions

CONTINUED NEXT PAGE

9

THE IDEAL OF HUMAN UNITY (Continued)

and hungers, needs to remain armed, if for nothing else,to guard its markets and keep down its dominions, colonies,subject peoples.

Progress and liberty

... All unnecessary restriction of the few common liber¬ties man has been able to organize for himself becomes astep backward whatever immediate gain it may bring; andevery organization of oppression or repression beyondwhat the imperfect conditions of human nature and societyrender inevitable, becomes, no matter where or by whom itis practised, a blow to the progress of the whole race.

Diversity and unity

. . .Freedom is as necessary to life as law and regime:diversity is as necessary as unity to our true completeness.Existence is only one in its essence and totality; in itsplay it is necessarily multiform. Absolute uniformity wouldmean the cessation of life, while on the other hand, thevigour of the pulse of life may be measured by therichness of the diversities which it creates. At the same

time, while diversity is essential for power and fruitfulnessof life, unity is necessary for its order, arrangement andstability.

The inner liberty

Nature does not manufacture, does not impose a patternor a rule from outside; she impels life to grow from withinand to assert its own natural law and development modi¬fied only by its commerce with its environment. All liberty,individual, national, religious, social, ethical, takes itsground upon this fundamental principle of our existence.

to belittle that to which Nature always attaches so insistentan importance. On the contrary, the inner and the outerdepend upon each other... The peace, well-being andsettled order of the human world is a thing eminently tobe desired as a basis for a great world-culture in which allhumanity must be united; but neither of these unities, theoutward or inward, ought to be devoid of an element evenmore important than peace, order and well-being freedomand vigour of life, which can only be assured by variationand by the freedom of the group and of the individual.

The ultimate aim: the spirit

A spiritual religion of humanity is the hope of the future.By this is not meant what, is ordinarily called a universalreligion, a system, a thing of creed and intellectual beliefand dogma and outward rite. Mankind has tried unity bythat means; it has failed and deserved to fail, because therecan be no universal religious system, one in mental creedand vital form. The inner spirit is indeed one, but morethan any other the spiritual life insists on freedom andvariation in its self-expression and means of development.

A religion of humanity means the growing realization thatthere is a secret Spirit, a divine Reality, in which we areall one, that humanity is its highest present vehicle onearth, that the human race and the human being are themeans by which it will progressively reveal itself here. Itimplies a growing attempt to live out this knowledge andbring about a kingdom of this divine Spirit upon earth. Byits growth within us oneness with our fellow-men willbecome the leading principle of all our life, not merely aprinciple of co-operation, but a deeper brotherhood, a realand an inner sense of unity and equality and a commonlife.

10

Democracy

Democracy is by no means a sure preservative of liberty;on the contrary, we see today the democratic system ofgovernment march steadily towards such an organizedannihilation of individual liberty as could not have beendreamed of in the old aristocratic and monarchical systems.It may be that from the more violent and brutal forms ofdespotic oppression which were associated with those sys¬tems, democracy has indeed delivered those nations whichhave been fortunate enough to achieve liberal forms ofgovernment, and that is no doubt a great gain. It revivesnow only in periods of revolution and of excitement, oftenin the forms of mob tyranny or a savage revolutionnary orreactionary repression. But there is a deprivation of libertywhich is more respectable in appearance, more subtle andsystematized, more mild in its method because it has agreater force at its back, but for that very reason moreeffective and pervading.

Language and tongues

A common language makes for unity and therefore itmight be said that the unity of the human race demandsunity of language; the advantages of diversity must beforegone for this greater good, however serious the tem¬porary sacrifice. But . . . language is the sign of the cul¬tural life of a people, the index of its soul in thought andmind that stands behind and enriches its soul in action.Therefore, it is here that the phenomena and utilities ofdiversity may be most readily seized more than in mereoutward things . . . Diversity of language is worth keepingbecause diversity of cultures and differentiation of soul-groups are worth keeping and because without that diver¬sity life cannot have full play; for, in its absence there is adanger, almost an inevitability of decline and stagnation.

The inner and the outer

In laying stress on culture, on the things of the mindand the spirit, there need be no intention of undervaluingthe outward material side of life: it is not at all my purpose

The idea of a world-empire imposed by sheer force is Indirect opposition, as we have seen, to the new conditionswhich the progressive nature of things has introduced intothe modern world.

Behind the apparent changes of the most radical revolu¬tions we see this unavoidable principle of continuity sur¬viving in the heart of the new order.

In the old phrase his (Man's) business is to learn to liveaccording to Nature.

Man tries to determine the laws of his mind and life and

body, the law and rule of the facts and forces about him.

The present arrangement of the world has been workedout by economic forces, by political diplomacies, treatiesand purchases and by military violence without regard toany moral principle or any general rule of the good ofmankind.

The free individual is the conscious progressive: it isonly when he is able to impart his own creative and mobileconsciousness to the mass that a progressive societybecomes possible.

Texts © Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust 1970, taken from "Socialand Political Thought" by Sri Aurobindo. '

J-l

V^frfiJ*

î>'

> -

»\i

Photo © Dominique Darr, Paris

AUROVILLE

cityopento the world

This model of Auroville, the cultural township being set up by the Sri AurobindoSociety a few miles north of Pondicherry ¡n India, shows the city of global unityspread out like a giant nebula with the golden sphere or "Matrimandir" as its focalpoint (see page 12). With its four zonesresidential, industrial, cultural and internat¬

ionalAuroville will eventually cover an area of 15 square miles with a populationnot exceeding 50,000. In the cultural zone academies of arts and sciences will

welcome artists and scientists from all parts of the world. In the international zonepavilions of all nations will serve as embassies of the culture, art and handicrafts

of each country. The city's nebular-shaped layout allows for the integration of thedifferent zones. The foundation stone of Auroville was laid on February 28, 1968,and the city is expected to take 20 years to complete. Unesco has invited its member

states and non-governmental organizations to participate in the development ofAuroville as an international cultural township "designed to bring together the.values of different cultures and civilizations in a harmonious environment", and hasbeen lending its support to the project as a whole.

11

CONTINUED NEXT PAGE

AUROVILLE (Continued)

SPHERE OF UNITY. An overall view of the giant "Matriman-dir" sphere at Auroville, showing the huge structure as it will lookafter completion in a complex of 12 gardens symbolically recallingthe open petals of a lotus flower (see also cover photo captionpage 3). Its golden discs will move gently in the wind and willcover the concrete walls overlaid with plastic. Pathways from thegardens pass between walls 30ft. high that will slope down toform a 12-sectioned crater enshrining the golden ball. Cross-sectionof the structure (below), designed by the French architect, Roger

Anger, shows stairways leading to a lower room from which rampsgive access to a 12-sided hall of meditation in this structure ofspiritual unity. At its centre a luminious ball will diffuse lightinto both rooms from the top of the structure, which is pierced ver¬tically down its axis. Opposite, inhabitants of Auroville gather atthe site as it looks at present. The reflections of the sun add anawe-inspiring note to the scene. The foundations of the Matri-mandir and the surrounding gardens are being excavated by handwithout the help of mechanical earth-moving equipment.

FREE PROGRESS. One of the first buildings to be completed atAuroville was a new type of school new in its architectural approachand in the educational methods used. Below, an international studygroup on the role of the arts is seen in -the open air patio of thenew structure. Studies are available for persons of various agesusing a technique evolved by Aurobindo himself called "Free Pro¬gress". The method seeks to teach students to gain a better know¬ledge of their own nature and instil a spirit of "belonging to humanity".Right, one of the first children bom in the new city of Auroville.

Photos © Dominique Darr^ Paris

13

Wooden reliquary In the form of a fluteplayer, from south Cameroon. Theinterpénétration of music and sculpture isa marked feature of African culture.Musical Instruments are often ornamentedwith delicate carvings (see also page 16)and instrumentalists are a favourite

subject for sculDtors.

THE VIBRANT

OF TRADITIONAL

B"LACK African music is not

meant just for the ear but for allthe senses and faculties of the body.It reflects Africa's vision of the world

on earth and the world beyond, a

world of change and movement, aworld in permanent search of better¬ment and perfection.

It is a music that demands total

attention, total absorption and recepti¬

vity to the supra-natural. It opens thedoor to a strange world of the unrealand the invisible, of spirits of everykind, and marks a belief in the passageof Man from this life to another,

beyond.

If to many Westerners African musicis little more than a jumble of incohe¬rence, to the African its rhythms havea coherence and depth which vary

according to the important events oflife such as birth, illness, recovery,death.

African music has a cyclical quality,for it symbolizes the actual life-cycleof Man. And because it is cyclical, onemust never forget that it is made up of"micro-cycles" or particles of soundwhich are released into the air in the

extremely short musical phrases end¬lessly hummed or strummed by themusician, repeated over and over againto the bewilderment and even the

despair of the European who finallygrowls: it's boring and monotonous.

In reality, this apparent monotony ispart of a complex cycle made up ofelements which are vibrantly alive inthe flesh, blood, brain and heart ofthe black man. The musical phraseperceived by the ear is in fact only

Photo © Musée de l'Homme. Pans

FRANCIS BEBEY, musician, novelist andpoet of Cameroon, is responsible for themusic programme in Unesco. He has writtena book of Initiation into the traditional music

of Black Africa, the English edition of which,'African Music", is soon to be publishedby Hill and Wang, New York. Composerand guitarist, he has given recitals of hiscompositions In many countries and haspublished three L.P. records of his works,the latest being "Guitare d'une autre Rime"(Pathé Marconi, C 062.15184, Paris, 1972). In1968, he was awarded the Grand Prix Litté¬raire de l'Afrique Noire for his novel, "Le Filsd'Agatha Moudlo" ('Agatha Moudio's Son',Heinemann, London, 1971). For ten years hewas associated with Unesco's programme forthe development of broadcasting In Africa,and Is the author of a book on the subject.

by Francis Bebey

one part of an ensemble of perfectlyco-ordinated sounds which nourish the

entire body like the circulation of theblood.

Continuing the comparison, wemight imagine that from a hole madeat a certain spot in the human bodythe mouth in the case of song atrickle of blood would emerge in acontinuous stream, flow in a circleoutside, and then return through thesame hole to join up again with thecirculation inside the body.

To the African the notion of cycles isnot restricted to the world of sound.

Sculpture and representational art pro¬vide cyclic motifs whose meaningshave not always been properly un¬derstood. The snake biting its owntail, for example, has been interpretedas portraying the clumsiness of themost loathsome of reptiles. In fact,the closed circle thus formed by thesnake represents either the will to

exclude anything extraneous froma closely circumscribed world, or thedetermination to live for ever the

circle being the symbol of continuity,even within extemely restricted limits

in a world where everything con¬stantly begins anew.

The "monotony" of black Africanmusic thus takes on a compellingsignificance for the educated person,not only because it can be explainedin philosophical terms but also be¬cause, even when considered tech¬

nically, it is seen to be the product ofdetailed, conscious elaboration.

Some contemporary composers,particularly in the field of light music,are in fact increasingly drawing ins¬piration from the so-called monotonyof Black African music in composingworks whose originality immediatelystrikes the listener.

American jazz has already made ex¬tensive use of this characteristic of

African music. Its famous riffs (1),have not only contributed to the popu¬larity of jazz but have also helpedto imprint the jazz repertoire on thememories of countless listeners.

It should be noted that western clas-

(1) In Jazz a riff Is a musical figure orphrase, usually fairiy short, played re¬peatedly by one or several instruments.

INTENSITY

AFRICAN MUSIC

Photo © Emll Schulthess, Zurich

Transported by the music, this drummer from the Republic of Zaire(ex-Congo-Kinshasa) seems lost in another world. The drum in all its manyforms still remains one of the chief musical instruments of Black Africa.

sical music, which appears to be deci¬dedly chary of such monotony, doeseverything possible to get round it,for example by resorting to subter¬fuges like the fugue. Basically, theart of the fugue consists in repeatinga usually short phrase at differentpoints in the scale, the various super¬imposed repetitions conveying the illu¬sion of renewal.

Yet when we listen to the music of

Johann Sebastian Bach, we are in the

presence of a phenomenon compar¬able to that produced by certain formsof Black African music, the only differ¬ence being that with the latter wedo not have a single phrase which is

repeated at higher intervals, but aninfinite variety of rhythms on a givenphrase, which recurs again and again.

Frequently the purpose of Africanmusic is action, with the dance not anend in itself but a kind of transition, aspringboard to help the body fulfil themission assigned it. The action ispurely mechanical, since the aim maybe to draw out suffering from a sickbody by the force of music, accom¬panied by rubbing and massage; or toplough and sow the land to music,or harvest the grain or bind up thedead fittingly for burial.

The action may also be on a muchhigher plane, when spirits are invoked

and entrusted with the soul of the

dead man; when a patient is curedwithout being touched or given anymedicine except the magical power ofthe dance; or when there is singing

and dancing to turn ill-fortune from avillage at the birth of twins.

Throughout the duration of thismusic and its spell, thought playsno part; it stands aside from theperformers' movements as if tempor¬arily imprisoned. Facial expressionalso reflects this inner state: the

mechanical, though not automatic ges¬tures are performed unsmilingly. A fewminutes later, dancing may pass intoecstasy.

15

CONTINUED NEXT PAGE

AFRICAN MUSIC (Continued)

Here one sees the strength of themusic which, eliminating for a time allpower of thought, dictates directly tothe body the movements to be per¬formed to heal the sick or bring rainto the crops. Without this extraordi¬nary power and driving force, manyof the rites of African life would be

impossible.

The instruments with which man tries

to "touch" music an intangible artare highly prized: lutes, harps and

other stringed instruments plucked byhand, demonstrate his desire to fingersound. This explains why stringedinstruments are used for supernatural

ends such as divination, healing andworship of the gods.

Among the Lemba in the Transvaal,the Instrument representing the crea¬tion of the world and the continuation

of the human race is the "sanza",known also as "deza", a small portableharpsichord with thin metal platesplucked by the fingers. Each soundplucked forth represents the birth ofa child somewhere in the world.

In the same way, among the Fali innorthern Cameroon, two drums beatenwith the bare hands at the moment

of death symbolize the everlastingnessof man, who is for ever born anew,even if our eyes see his body passaway. One of the drums symbolizes

Left, an Ivory Coast harpoften used to Invoke the

spirits In times of sickness,danger and misfortune.

the male principle, the other the fe¬male. The concert of their sounds

gives life to a new being, destined toreplace the one who has just died.

But the real significance of thissymbol is the magical power of sounddrawn forth by the hand of man.This symbol, incidentally, 'is found inmany African' communities, rangingfrom those of the savanna, such as the

Fali, to forest-dwellers such as the

Fang of southern Cameroon or nor¬thern Dahomey. The instrument used'by the Fang to accompany epic talesand legends is the "mvet", a kind ofportable harp or zither with stringsplucked by both hands. The Fang callthe performer "the zither-handler".The instrument is used to create an

atmosphere of legend to accompanythe story-telling.

The story repertoire draws on ex¬ploits from ancestral history, or thelively inventions of mythology, whichcontinually receive new life frommusic. From these sounds touched

by man's hands is born a driving forcewhich gives legends their strength anda special status and prestige in thelife of the community. Sounds whichare well-known, yet ever new to thelistener, announce the departure of the

Above, portable xylophonefrom the Republic of Chadwith sound boxes made

of calabashes of different

shapes.

band of warriors led by Ovang-Obam-O-Ndong for the kingdom of Engong,where they hope to conquer immorta¬lity for .all mankind.

Immediately the audience claps itshands, is carried away and takes partin the adventures of the long marchand endless wars, which always endin failure: immortality will never beaccorded to man, despite the warriors'desperate struggle to conquer it. Butthe music keeps hope alive and hintsthat, from one evening to the next,other episodes will follow, giving thenarration its character of a legend ofunending hope, the very image of thesearch for eternal life.

African music is not easy to un¬derstand on account of its formal pat¬terns, the nature of its sounds andpitch and also its content. This is whyit will only yield up its secrets andreally influence the universal art ofsound, gradually... but profoundly. Itis music born of a meeting of indivi¬duals whose collective aim is to inte¬

grate it with the life of their community,so that against the general backgroundof life it plays a co-ordinating .and regu¬lating role, using rhythm as its tool.

While the "griot", the wanderingminstrel, an age-old figure of the Afri-

can scene, declaims the praises of thegreat at the top of his voice, recallsthe victories of the tribe and recounts

many other past exploits, rhythm beatsout the time for both present and

future. For while song fixes action inthe past, rhythm, through the alchemyof movement, thrusts man towards thefuture.

The journey to the next world, whichmany believe to be so long-drawnout, is thus given a stylized pattern byAfricans, with a simplicity some per¬sons consider childish. Death does

not exist. Life and death are separatedby a wall which is invisible to the liv¬ing, though the Telem, the predeces¬sors of the Dogon on the cliffs ofBandiagara, in Mali, choose to repre¬sent it through the medium of a sta¬tuette.

To cross the wall it is not in fact

necessary to see it. It is enough toknow that the wall is very thick, andthat to traverse it the dead man,

as soon as he expires, must take theform of a needle or a snake with a

body slim enough to slip through, thuspassing from this life to the next.Hence the thread-like statuettes dis¬

covered in this region of Mali, wherethe worship of the dead and funeral

rites figure largely in the life of thecommunity. Music, choreography andsculpture, with a variety of masks, playan active part, all eager to maintainand represent the idea of man's conti¬nuity, one which we find also in otherAfrican communities, often very remotefrom Bandiagara.

Music is a vital spiritual need andalso a physical one, since it accom¬panies all the labours and other acti¬vities of life. Thus we begin to seesome possible purposes for musicwhich are not often envisaged, soaccustomed are we to thinking onlyof its artistic aspects.

African music, comprising songs anddances to celebrate different occa¬

sions in life, also contains an Impres¬sive range of pieces devoted entirelyto work: songs or instrumental musicto encourage the worker. This reper¬toire covers almost 50 per cent ofAfrican ancestral music as a whole,

so it is worth considering more closelywhat contribution this music can make

to Africa today, in the context ofdevelopment.

African music in the service of

development is an idea to bring a smileto the lips of a true music-lover, forwhom the world of sound, ethereal andintangible, is not concerned with theproblems of existence and everydaylife. Today, however, as in the past,the rural economy of many Africanregions Is still given much of its impe¬tus by the stimulus of music. In theforests of Africa women work on the

land in groups singing as they work.Men sing as they fell trees, even inmodern logging camps.

In the savanna, work in the fields is

often carried out to the encouragingaccompaniment of the songs by one ormore "griots". In certain Africansocieties, the griot is the expert in thelore of his ethnic group. He learns itshistory, customs, laws, ways of think¬ing, sometimes its magic, always itsmusic. He is the repository of theculture of his people, and though hisknowledge is sometimes sketchy, heis the reference source for an ancient

saying, the name of an ancestor, orpast exploits of the tribe.

Created by man, African ancestralmusic lives, as does its creator, withan eye to the future. It is "traditional"only is the sense that there is nobetter expression to distinguish itfrom other kinds of music. Unlike a

tradition, which is petrified, and per¬haps more appropriate to museums,it marches on steadfastly towards thefuture, destined to revolutionize that

future Jay a revival -of sincerity, bymeans of laws which man has not yetunderstood and a rhythm whose forcehas not yet been sufficiently appre¬ciated to be properly made use of.

Its subject is man. It recreates lifearound legends old as time, as aliveas the huge trunk of the palaver treeset in its dominating place on thesavanna and imperturbably fulfillingits centuries-old rôle.

It is like a spring which gradually be¬comes heady with rhythm and growsand swells out of all proportions, tobecome as mighty as the boiling Con¬go. It demands to be known, studiedand respected for what it is, not forwhat one would like it to be.

Photo Vincent © Afrique Photo, Paris

Giant rattles from the- IvoryCoast made from calabashes

protected and embellishedwith wickerwork.

AFRICAN

HUNTING HORN

Left, made from the hornsof many animals,instruments such as this

are used throughoutAfrica both to summon

the hunters and to imitate

the cries of the quarryduring the hunt

Photo Fouquer © Afrique Photo, Parla

BELL F ESTO O 1Mb

Right, a troupeof dancers from Guinea,

their legs festoonedwith bells and their arms

adorned, with tufts of

animal hair, at thePan African Festival

of culture staged in 1969at the Annasser stadium,

Algiers.

Photo © Musée de l'Homme, Paris

GOD OF

THE RAINBOW

Above, bas relief fromthe royal buildingsof Abomey, ancient capitalof Dahomey, representingthe God of the Rainbow.

The symbol of the snakebiting its own tail hasoften been misunderstood,says Francis Bebey;the closed circle

represents thedetermination to live

forever, the circle beingthe symbol of continuity.The theme of the circle

is repeated in themovements of this

acrobatic dancer from

the Ivory Coast,photos left.

i.

*

i

Um« v

«ut

I

HALF A

MILLION

VERSES

BY HEART

Stone figure, right(detail left) Is one ofhundreds scattered

throughout the valleys ofKirghizia, one of the Sovietrepublics of Central Asia.The statues, mostlyhuman sized, are thoughtto have been sculpturedabout the 6th century A.D.by ancient tribes thatinhabited the area.

Far right, a present dayKirghiz, aged 70, whoremarkably resembles the6th century figure. He IsSayakbal Karalayev,the famous storytellerwho knows by heart morethan half a million lines

from Kirghizia's greatestepic poem, "Manas"which has been handed

down orally forgenerations. He Is hereshown examining historicaldocuments at the

History Institute of theKirghiz Academyof Sciences.

KIRGHIZIAby Chinghis Aitmatov

20

CHINGHIS AITMATOV Is a famous author

from Kirghizia, a Soviet republic In Cen¬tral Asia. His works are extremely popularthroughout the U.S.S.R. and have beentranslated Into some 60 languages. Win¬ner of two Soviet awards for literature

the Lenin Prize (1963) and State Prize(1968) he has written extensively about hisown country, which he also represents asa Deputy In the Supreme Soviet of theU.S.S.R., the Soviet Parliament in Moscow.Among his books published in English are"Tales of the Mountains and Steppes", thenovel for which he was awarded the Lenin

Prize (Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1969)and "Farewell Gulsary" (Hodder and Stough-ton, London. 1970).

OR the peoples of mycountry the fiftieth anniversary of theformation of the U.S.S.R. is a greatlandmark. What we now call a new

historical community the Soviet peo¬ple is made up of over a hundrednations, peoples and ethnic groups.Some of them were at the feudal

stage of development when the SovietUnion was formed in 1922, others stilllived under very primitive conditions.

In the recent past the numerous peo¬ples inhabiting this vast country wereworlds apart as regards civilization,culture and social experience as wellas in their customs and traditions, theirdifferent religions and the differentlanguages they spoke, so different, infact, that they could not understandeach other.

Every people of my country, big or

small, passed in its developmentthrough different stages of history, lifeand culture. It took a long time beforethey became what they are today.Every one of our nations has its owncultural traditions, its spiritual experi¬ences, which include not only thegeneral human values in the treasure-house of mankind, but also specificfeatures which are the imprint madeby the life that people led duringdifferent periods.

There is probably no single peoplewhose fate was an easy and happy one,whose history is not a chronicle ofsuffering and woe. This applies fullyto the history of the Turk peoples (theKazakhs, Uzbeks, Kirghiz, Uigurs andTurkmen, among others), one of themost ancient in the world, who in the5th-8th centuries had reached a high

the land

behind the clouds'

level in the organization of social lifeand cultural development.

The runic writing of the Turk peoplesis one of the most ancient written lan¬

guages on the territory of the SovietUnion. I have In mind the Orkhon

characters, notably the texts of theKul Tegina, composed in 717 by Tegin,the first Turk historian and writer, andother monuments of early Turk writtenculture.

Yet, a bitter fate was in store forthe descendants of these peoples.Generation after generation had tofight to preserve its national indepen¬dence. This continued right up to the20th century. The great revolution thatswept one-sixth of the planet resolvedthat age-old problem and gave theseancient peoples a new lease on life.

A hundred years ago, Kirghizia, my

homeland, spreading over the moun¬tainous part of Central Asia, the AlaTau, was unknown to the world. Travel¬lers who had been there told of it as

of a geographic discovery. Nowthings have changed.

This change is reflected also in thenew symbol of Kirghizia a girl with ared scarf on her head reading a book,pictured against the background of thesnow-topped Ala Tau.

Kirghizia has become part of thedeveloping civilized world. In our agetechnological achievement has becomecommonplace. A people's intellectualculture, the problems it is resolving andintends to resolve have become the

true criterion of its development.

The long road from the improvisedakyn to the modern philosophical poem,from patriarchal sagas to the modern

novel, from ornaments to modern paint¬ing, from folk plays to the theatre andthe cinema, from the komuz to sympho¬nic music has been travelled by theKirghiz people during the years of themaking and consolidation of the SovietUnion.

Political equality has enabled notonly the Kirghiz people but also allthe nationalities of the Soviet Union to

raise their economy and production tothe modern level, and has broughtabout the rapid social and nationalrenaissance of formerly backwardpeoples.

Multinational states of the past .from the Roman Empire and the

states set up by Alexander of Macedónand Genghiz Khan, to the RussianEmpire were unstable formationsbecause of various social and econo-

CONTINUED NEXT PAGE

21

KIRGHIZIA (Continued)

22

mic reasons. The domination of one

people over others, the way of think¬ing imposed by one people overother peoples, led to suppression ofnational aspirations, to the extinctionof national languages, which deprivedthese nationalities of the right to inde¬pendent existence by robbing them oftheir national and ethnic charac¬

teristics.

A people's immortality lies in itslanguage. The language of everypeople is a general human value.Every language is a creation of humangenius. We should not hold any lan¬guage in disdain, no matter to whatpeople it belongs, no matter whatdevelopment it has attained. Givenfavourable conditions every languagecan attain perfection by internal dev¬elopment and also by borrowing,directly or indirectly.

The mother tongue is like a motherto whom one owes a debt of grati¬tude, just as one owes such a debtto one's people, by whom one has beengiven life and the greatest gift of all

language. At the same time it isimpossible to develop a national cul¬ture without drawing actively on theachievements of other cultures.

HE formation of the

U.S.S.R. was a decisive factor for

progress. The Russian language be¬came the language for communicationbetween all peoples inhabiting a vastmultinational country, but at the sametime conditions were created for the

development of national languages,within the limits of their geographicand administrative areas: 90 to 99 percent of the nationalities in the various

national Republics and autonomousregions today consider the vernacularas their mother tongue and use itextensively.

A written language using the Russianalphabet was created for peoples whohad no written language, and theirnational epics .appeared in print. Manypeoples thus acquired a national lit¬erature of their own. The artistic level

and creative possibilities of these lan¬guages can be seen from the fact thatthe works of Cervantes, Shakespeare,Tolstoy, Balzac, Hemingway and manyother great writers have appeared inthem. The Russian language playedthe role of an intermediary, of a bridgelinking the cultures of peoples, whopreviously had not even known ofeach other's existence.

The rise of Soviet culture is the re¬

sult of the flourishing of many nationalcultures. In a letter to the world-

famous historian Arnold Toynbee,N. Konrad, a leading Soviet historian,wrote: "Our revolution has set us the

task of creating not only a new socialsystem, but also a corresponding cul¬tural system. There must be one so¬cial system for our entire community,and it must, at the same time, takeinto account that every people in ourUnion has had and continues to have

CONTINUED PAGE 24

TELEVISION ATOP

THE CELESTIAL

MOUNTAINS

At the junction of two gigantic mountain

ranges, the Tien-shan (Celestial Mountains)

and the Pamirs, Kirghizia, bordered

by China and the three Soviet Republics

of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan,

¡s a country of striking contrasts.

Shepherds tend their vast flocks

on horseback (above left) and tamed eagles

are used for hunting in the centuries-old

way (right). Yet high on

a mountain peak (above right)

a TV and radio relay station keeps

the. three million people of Kirghiziain touch with the latest news and events.

At a remote grazing ground, 4,000 metres

up (left) a medical service helicopter

lands to pick up a sick shepherd.

KIRGHIZIA (Continued)

Mosaic of cultures and nationalities

24

its own cultural tradition, that many ofthese peoples have a great and longcultural history of their own... Everypeople must have its own culture, andat the same time the national culture

of every people must form part of thecommon culture of Soviet society."

One of our tasks is to strengthenand develop the national cultures, andthe national economies, for our societyis a dynamically expanding community.This task has become even more ur¬

gent today in the age of the scientificand technological revolution, one ofthe possible consequences of whichmay be standardization and the lossof individuality. The wisest coursefor a State in these conditions is to

preserve, improve and enrich nationallanguages and national cultures. "Theworld is great", as they say in theEast "because it has not discarded a

single grain of sand."

I think Konrad's words contain the

answer to the dilemma facing some ofthe small peoples in our time: whetherto preserve their national traditions atthe expense of social progress or tosacrifice them for its sake. No nation

can be preserved if it is bottled up. Todo so in our time would be an ana¬

chronism.

A nation is subject to change, asis everything in the world. Everynation has lost something during itshistorical development and gainedother things instead. Only what isbest and most progressive in every

nation is worth preserving and devel¬oping.

The spiritual make-up of the Sovietpeople is marked by features commonto all the country's nationalities, whilenational characteristics exist and de¬

velop in forms expressive of universalhuman qualities. The emergence ofSoviet man, to whom the diversity ofnational traits has given an originalityand wealth of ideas, seems to me tobe one of the most important historicalachievements of the past half century.

WEE have travelled a vast his¬

torical distance in our cognition ofreality, and have created a single mul¬tilingual and multinational Sovietartistic culture, one that has absorbedall the great achievements of peoplesbig and small. It was no easy task,since many nationalities had to passfrom spoken folklore, from patriarchalepics and sagas to books dealing withthe psychological problems of life inentirely new historical conditions.

Our culture does not reject theachievements of preceding cultures.On the contrary, it accepts and wel¬comes these multiple facets of humanexistence the beauty of nationalcreation, the original characteristics,traditions and ways of life engenderedby particular historical, geographicaland cultural conditions.

The national originality of works ofart presupposes the expression of dis

tinctive qualities, specific aestheticforms and a particular view of theworld in images that are traditional toa given culture. But time marches onand the frontiers of national life ex¬

pand, absorbing the best cultural val¬ues and traditions of many peoples.

National forms change. They inter¬act and mutually enrich themselves,free themselves of what is outdatedand has outlived its usefulness in new

social conditions. But whenever we

speak of the national we are apt tothink only of the past and not to noticewhat exists next to us, in the present,what has been born of our environ¬

ment. Yet, artistic thought always re¬flected the spiritual state of contempo¬rary society.

That is why national originality isnot only the aggregate of the nationalfeatures reaching back across theages. It would be wrong to understandthe national in the patriarchal sense ofthe word. The national includes not

only what has been preserved andtime-tested, not only the experi¬ence of the past, but also all the in¬novations made by our reality.

The best of our national works of

literature and art generally expresscommon human ideals and problems asseen from the viewpoint of Soviet man,from the views he holds on the social

struggle, on past and present history,on the individual and society.

National originality is thus seen tobe closely attuned to the internation-

COMPUTERS AND BOOKMOBILESIN THE STEPPES OF CENTRAL ASIA

In factories such as the one below, Kirghizia today producessophisticated electrical equipment, physics instruments andelectronic computers. Today six persons out of ten completesecondary or higher schooling compared with a national illiteracyrate of 98 per cent in 1917. Left, a mobile bookshop in aremote mountain settlement in this country rightly called the"Land Behind the Clouds". Far left, a child spells "Mama"in Kirghizian: A-pa, written A-na in Cyrillic letters.

Photo V. Runov i APN, Moscow

alist outlook and to current social

concepts, and thus succeeds in high¬lighting common, human internation¬alist ideas in a vivid national form.

The harmonious combination of theinternational and the national marks the

level of maturity at which thoughtbecomes planetary, the desire to un¬derstand others and be understood bythem, the desire for solidarity in theevaluation of social and aesthetic

categories justice, virtue and beauty.

'UCH thinking, when everyperson gives to others as muchconsideration as he gives to himself,when he realizes that his neighbour isno less sensitive and vulnerable than

he is himself, leads to the acquisitionof the most human of human traits

compassion towards which Homo sa¬piens advanced through pain and tor¬ture, "endless suffering and sacrifice,through wars and revolutions. Thereis only one kind of humanism for allpeople, and its distinctive feature isthat it cannot be abstract. Humanism

is always social.

In our difficult world, fraught withthe danger of atomic war, humanismis the only ray of hope for the humanrace. And we firmly believe that inour society we are advancing towardsit in the proper and most dynamicway by combining national with inter¬national interests.

In the hills

of PakistanTAXILA: ANCIENT

CENTRE OF THE

by Syed Ashfaq Naqvi

HE earliest traces of human

settlement in Pakistan date from the

Stone Age. Later, the region becamethe cradle of many an ancient civiliz¬ation as shown by the discovery ofsuch now well-known sites as MohenjoDaro, Harappa, Kot Doji, Mainamati,Mahasthangarh and Paharpur.

Taxila, in the Punjab, 20 miles westof Rawalpindi, is also one of theancient sites which symbolize the richcultural heritage of Pakistan.

It lies in the peaceful valley of theRiver Haro, a land of bracing air andsparkling sunshine at the foot of thesnow-capped Murree Hills in the northof Pakistan. Here, set against thecool, green landscape, trees andbushes stand out in their brilliant attire

the "kutchnar" with its gay bonnetof purple and white blossoms and the"saimul," a forest giant aglow withblood-red blooms.

Yet the sweet-smelling orchards andstretches of green turf seem to attaintheir ultimate beauty in the splendidgardens laid out around the remains,more than 2,000 years old, of a greatcity which attracted the attention ofAlexander the Great of Macedón, andwhich later saw the rise of Asoka,the greatest of the Buddhist kings.

For centuries, Taxila served as asanctuary for exhausted travellerscoming from central and western Asiain search of knowledge or trade. To¬day, it is a place of pilgrimage forthousands of tourists who come to

26

SYED ASHFAQ NAQVI, head of the NationalMuseum of Pakistan, In Karachi, Is an Inter¬nationally-known archaeologist and museolo-gist who has excavated at many Pakistani sitessuch as Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Taxila.A noted specialist in the conservation ofmonuments he has undertaken special missionsfor Unesco at Mohenjo Daro, Venice andelsewhere. He is the author of many studieson archaeology, modern museum techniquesand ancient art, Including "The Muslim Art"(1966); "Gandhara Art" (1967) and "1.400 Yearsof Quranic Calligraphy" (in publication).

admire this land of wonder and

enchantment.

Taxila flourished for more than

1,000 years from the 6th century B.C.onwards, and during this period sawthe rise and fall of at least seven

ruling dynasties. Most of our know¬ledge about this metropolis is basedon the results of the archaeologicalexcavations conducted at its three

city-sites dating from different periods,and over a dozen Buddhist stupas andmonasteries during the past 60 years.This information, supplemented by therecords of Greek and Chinese writers,

helps us to imagine what a variedscene Taxila must have presented infar off times.

In its early days, Taxila was a greatcentre of learning and was well knownfor its university where the arts andsciences of the day were taught. Itattracted students from different and

distant parts of the sub-continent andelsewhere. Numerous references in

the Jatakas (the narratives of formerincarnations of Buddha) testify to thisfact, though Taxila owed its reputationas a seat of learning above all to itsteachers who were the recognizedauthorities on their subjects. It thusexercised a kind of intellectual suzer¬

ainty over a wide world of letters.

But, let us not confuse it with thewestern concept of a university amuch later development. In this earlyperiod, a university consisted oforganized groups of independentteachers. The same appears to havebeen true of Oxford and Cambridge intheir early days.

In the east, "this practice continuedfor a much longer period, and placeslike Nadwa, Poona and others becamerenowned as important centres oflearning due to the spontaneousgrouping of well-known scholars whohad dedicated their lives to the cause

of education.

European travellers of the 17th cent¬ury also noted a similar state of affairsat Benares. François Bernier, aFrench doctor who spent 12 years inIndia at that time, writes: "Benareswas a kind of university, but it had nocolleges or regular classes andresembled rather the schools of the

ancients, the masters being dispersedin different parts of the town in privatehouses."

It was on this pattern that the famous

University of Taxila also flourishedmore than 2,000 years ago, though theinnumerable monastic establishments

where the "world-renowned" teachers

lived and imparted knowledge could,of course, be taken as the componentparts of a great and sprawling univer¬sity which covered an area of morethan 26 square miles in the valley ofthe Haro.

Early Buddhist literature refers tothe students as going to Taxila to"complete" their education and not tobegin it. They were invariably sent atthe age of sixteen, that is, when they"came of age." This shows thatTaxila was a seat of higher learning,not of elementary education.

The minimum age for admission,curiously enough, was thus the sameas that prescribed by modern univer¬sities. Perhaps this age for entry wasfixed to ensure that students comingfrom far off places were mature enoughto face the rigours of a long anddifficult journey.

u,'NFORTUNATELY, apartfrom these few historical facts, notmuch is known about Taxila before its

conquest by Alexander the Greatin 326 B. C. Lavish accounts byAlexander's companions and con¬temporaries inspired the descriptionsof later writers of Antiquity. The Greekhistorian Flavius Arrian calls it "a largeand wealthy city, and the mostpopulous between the Indus and theHydaspes rivers." According to theGreek geographer Strabo, it was"a large city crowded with inhabitantsand with very fertile soil." Plinydescribes it as "a famous city,situated on a low but level plain,in a district called Amanda."

Soon after Alexander's departurefrom the scene, Taxila was incorporat¬ed into the Mauryan Empire, and it wasduring the days of Asoka that Taxilarose to a pre-eminent position amongthe cities of the north-west. A number

of monasteries and stupas were builtin and around Taxila, and their remainsbear testimony to the days whenBuddhism was the prevailing faith.With the break-up of the MauryanEmpire, Taxila appears to have lost itsimportance, and its history becomeschequered.

CONTINUED PAGE 28

UNIVERSITYORIENT Perched atop a- 300 foot tiill, the monuments of Jaulian, outside Taxila (Pakistan),

have dominated the surrounding countryside since the 2nd century A.D. The buildings,consisting of a Buddhist monastery with cells for the monks and a main stupa,were ravaged by fire in the 5th century. The statues surroundingthe commemorative shrine seen in photo show the high degree of skill and artistryattained by the sculptors of the period. The graceful folds of the drapery enhancethe contours of the bodies and the faces of the figures in meditationare suffused with an expression of inner peace and serenity.

Photo © Paul Almasy, Paris

The

double-headed

eagle of Taxila

TAXILA (Continued)

A tale of three cities

28

The Greeks from Bactria returned

for a short time followed by the invad¬ing hordes of Scythians. The ParthianKing Gondophares, who is said to

' have played host to Saint Thomas theApostle, ruled over the city during the1st century A.D. The Kushans, underKanishka, ruled in the 2nd century A.D.and then in the 5th century A.D. camethe White Huns, carrying fire andsword. They overthrew the rulingdynasty and destroyed the city, leav¬ing the monasteries and stupas inruins and desolation.

The Chinese traveller, Hsuang Tsang,who visited Taxila in the 7th centuryA.D., relates that most of the monu¬ments had been shattered and Taxila

itself turned into a dependency ofKashmir. He wrote:

"The Pilgrim returned to Utakahantu(Udaka Khanda) city, went southacross the Indus, here three on four libroad and flowing south-west pure andclear, to the Takshasila country. Thiswas above 2,000 li in circuit, its capitalbeing above ten li in circuit. The

chiefs were in a state of open feud,the royal family being extinguished;the country had formerly been subjectto Kapias but now it was a dependencyof Kashmir. It had a fertile soil and

bore good crops, with flowing streamsand luxuriant vegetation; the climatewas congenial; and the people, whowere hard-working, were adherents ofBuddhism. Although the Monasterieswere numerous, many of them weredesolate, and the Brethren, who werevery few, were all Mahayanists."

During the course of excavations inthis green valley of the River Haro,three distinct city-sites and a numberof monasteries and stupas have beendiscovered by archaeologists. Thefirst city site, known as "Bhir Mound,"flourished before the arrival of the

Greeks. It is situated on a small

plateau past the Tamra Nala, aseasonal stream.

The layout of the city is very hap¬hazard, the streets narrow and theplans of the houses irregular. In theearlier periods, the houses appear to

have been built of rubble and stone

supported by timber which has nowdisappeared. In the later stages ofthe city, however, kanjur has beenused freely in the construction.

The second city of Taxila which wasfounded by the Bactrian Greeks in the2nd century B.C., and the remains ofwhich are now found on the western

spurs of the Hathial Ridge, is knownas Sirkap. It was enclosed by astone-built city wall about three anda half miles long.

It is very well planned, the housesbeing grouped into square blocks withstraight wide streets cutting each otherat right angles. In planning this city,Greek principles of defence appear tohave been kept in mind, by including aconsiderable area of hilly groundwithin its perimeter.

The third city site, which dates backto the early Kushan times, is laid outin the traditional Central Asian styleof that age. It is situated to the north¬east of Sirkap and forms a rough

The invasions that marked the beginning of the 2nd century B.C.left Taxila destroyed and beyond restoration. The Bactrian Greeks,who settled at Taxila at this time, transferred the city centre to anew site at Sirkap to the north-east. Protected by a wall some6 yards wide, the new city enclosed many temples of which oneof the finest is that of the double-headed eagle (below and detailleft). Similar to those found In early Babylonian and Hittitesculptures, the double-headed eagle may have been introduced atTaxila by the Scythians. Despite the Greek presence Buddhismcontinued to flourish, as this head of Buddha (right) with itsexpression of calm peace and its gentle benevolent smile testifies.

Photo« © Paul Almasy, Paris

parallelogram, about three miles inlength. The material used in theconstruction was again stone.

Along with these three city-sites, anumber of Buddist monasteries and

stupas are scattered over this widearea. The devotees appear to havetaken special care in selecting the spotfor their places of worship and devot¬ion. These are beautifully situated onhill tops overlooking the valley or insecluded places.

One of the most important structureshere is the Dharmarajika Stupa, builtby the Buddists to enshrine relics ofthe Buddha or of one of the Buddhist

saints. The construction of a stupawas regarded as a work of great meritwhich brought the builder a step near¬er to salvation.

The Dharmarajika Stupa is circularwith a raised terrace reached by aflight of four steps. It is faced withlimestone blocks and appears to havebeen originally coated with lime-plaster

and paint. The terrace served as aprocessional path for the monks.

Around this great stupa are manysmaller ones. It was here, in 1917,that a casket was found which contain¬

ed the relics of Buddha. This was

presented by the then Viceroy of Indiato the Buddhists of Ceylon and hassince been enshrined in the Temple ofthe Tooth at Kandy.

The other important stupa com¬memorates the pious memory of Kunala,the son of Asoka the Great, andAsoka's Viceroy to Taxila. Kunala'sstepmother, Tishyarakshita, had fallenin love with him, but having failed toentice the handsome young prince, shemanaged to forge a royal decreeordering Kunala to be blinded. Whenthe order reached Taxila, the king'sministers were loath to execute this

cruel punishment, but Kunala brave¬ly submitted to what he believed werehis father's orders. When Asoka, whohad never issued such a decree, learn¬ed what had been done, he became

enraged and finding the culprit washis own wife, he put her to death.

This stupa marks the site whereKunala's eyes were put out It standson a rectangular base of 63 feet fromeast to west by 105 feet from north tosouth and commands a striking viewof the valley. Of its imposing super¬structure not much remains, and wehave to visualize most of its pastgrandeur from the parts of the beauti¬ful Corinthian pilasters with an elab¬orate moulding surmounted by adentil cornice and coping which stillremain. The delicate concave curvature

of its 'plinth, is another remarkablefeature of this monument.

The stupa and monastery of MohraMoradu are situated at a picturesquesite about a mile to the south east of

Sirsukh. At the time of excavation,

nothing but a portion of the ruineddome was visible. But as the earth

was removed, there emerged one ofthe most spectacular ensembles ofBuddhist architecture.

CONTINUED NEXT PAGE

29

TAXILA (Continued)

Cultural meeting place of East and West

Here, most of the stucco reliefs andimages are well-preserved and reveala high standard of art. The figuresare particularly endowed with life andmovement and there are traces ofcolour which once embellished them.

Pippala, Jaulian, Bhamala and Giri areother interesting stupas and monas¬teries in this vicinity which preserverelics of Buddhist art.

In these Buddhist sculptures, thearts of East and West are harmonious¬

ly blended. Outstanding examples arethe seated and standing statues ofBodhisattvas and of the Buddha, inwhich particular attention has beenpaid to the lines of the face, thecontours of the body, and the free-flowing and natural drapery. Theartist has tried to make the bodyvisible through its folds. Here, theprinciple of naturalness has beenaccepted and the human form perfect¬ed in every detail.

A brief description of some of thefeatures of these sites and the art they

enshrine, cannot convey a true idea ofthe variety and extent of the culturalremains of Taxila. Much more has to

be seen' and examined if one is to

visualize the life of the people in thosefar distant days. The large quantitiesof jewellery, coins, statues anddomestic utensils which have been

discovered at Taxila and which are

now preserved in the site museumcan do much to help us to form apicture of the culture which onceexisted there.

The jewellery which is made of goldand silver inlaid with stones, comprisespendants, necklaces, girdles, amulets,bangles, brooches and hairpins. It isdistinctively Greek or Graeco-Romanin design and the technical processesof moulds and dies employed are thesame as those found throughout theGraeco-Roman world. The granulatedand filigree work is the most attractivefeature of the Taxila jewellery.

The coins discovered here are manyand -varied and throw light on almost

Excavations at Sirkap, site of the second ancientcity of Taxila, have revealed its well-plannedchessboard pattern of square buildings and straightwide streets laid out within a perimeter wall threemiles long. The most important building unearthed,the royal palace (350ft. by 400 ft.), has audiencehalls and grey sandstone columns. This posterat the entrance to Sirkap recalls the dynasties thatruled the city during four centuries.

30

Excavations near Taxila broughtto light the shrine and monastery

of Mohra Moradu, a spectacularensemble of Buddhist art

and architecture. Amongthe reliefs and images was

this statue of the Bodhisattva

Maitreya set on a pedestal.A Bodhisattva is a "future

Buddha" or "one on the wayto Enlightenment".

Photo 0 Taxi la Museum

Photo © Paul Almasy, Paris

all the phases of Taxila's history. Themajority were minted by the localautonomous kings of the city, theSakas, the Parthians and the Kushans,and a smaller number of coins of the

Greek kings have also been uncovered.The earliest coins found are the silver

bars with a wheel-like symbol belong¬ing to the fourth century B.C.

The pottery which has been unearth¬ed at the different sites of Taxila is

essentially utilitarian in character.It ranges from capacious storage jarsfor oil and wine to cooking pots,bowls, saucers, pans and spouted andperforated vessels.

As in the case of other arts, potterywas marked by foreign influences.The early wares are rather simple inshape and decoration, but with thearrival of Greeks and Parthians, newforms appear to have been introduced,including beautiful amphoras, handledjugs and flared beakers. In thetreatment of the surface and the decor¬

ation of the pottery also, a change isvisible with the introduction of an

attractive lustrous varnish and emboss¬

ed designs.

Among the terracotta and clayobjects, a large variety of sacred andmundane figurines, toys of differentshapes and personal ornaments havebeen found. These objects are mostlykiln-baked and show a remarkable

freedom and freshness of modellingwork in clay. During excavations, alarge number of bone, ivory, shell,glass, copper and bronze objects havealso been found in the shape of per¬sonal ornaments and articles of house¬

hold use.

Of special interest are the seals andsealings found here which display themost exquisite artistry. These wereintended for practical use rather thanas ornaments. On them are beautifully

engraved subjects of a religious orquasi-religious order, most often intypically Hellenistic style.

Sir John Marshall, the Britisharchaeologist, has rightly observedthat, "as with architecture so with theplastic and other arts, they, one andall, derived their inspiration from theHellenistic School, and in the veryslowness of their decline, bear testi¬mony to the remarkable persistency ofits teachings."

Yet, in spite of these foreign influ¬ences, the jewellery, seals and thestatues from Taxila show that the

city's crafsmen were no mereimitators, but gave rich expression totheir own originality and genius.

UNESCO

publisherto the

whole world

slick paperback with thefrightening title Planet in Peril? went onsale during May in bookshops around theworld.

Written by Raymond F. Dasmann, seniorecologist for the International Union forthe Conservation of Nature and Natural

Resources (IUCN), Planet in Peril? wascommissioned and prepared by Unesco.It is published and distributed jointly byPenguin Books of London, World Publish¬ing of New York and Unesco, throughits network of agents.

The striking jacket of the Americanedition, black with a moon-shot photo ofthe earth looking as green and decayingas overdone Roquefort cheese, wouldstand out on a bookstore display any¬where, and "Planet" is expected to enjoywidespread commercial success.

This is not the first Unesco book

destined for the broad general public,but it is the most recent example of anincreasing trend in this direction.

Up until now, the great majority ofUnesco books and periodicals were intend¬ed for specialists. The recently publishedOrigin of Homo Sapiens, for instance,one of four volumes in the "Ecology andConservation" series, deals with what isperhaps the most intriguing ecologicalquestion of all: that of the origin of manand the interrelations between it and

environmental changes. But it was writtenby experts basically for experts who arealready informed and convinced of theurgency of the problem. Unesco now feelsthat this readership is not broad enough,especially in an area so vital as pollution.

Of the eleven periodicals published byUnesco, only the Unesco Courier is forgeneral circulation and has over two millionreaders in its twelve language versions.Most of the others are Intended for spe¬cialists (Museum, The Unesco Bulletin forLibraries, etc.) but some like Impact of

BETTY WERTHER, of the U.S.A., was formerlya staff member of the United Nations and

is now a free-lance writer and journalist.

by Betty Werther

Science on Society, International SocialSciences Journal or Prospects (a quarterlyreview of education) also appeal to theeducated general public.

The fact of aiming more and moreat this category of readers does notmean, however, that Unesco intends to

go into competition with the big commer¬cial publishing houses.

"It would be impossible," says PeterThorp, director of distribution for Unesco'sDocuments and Publications Bureau. "Our

role is to reflect the Unesco programme,to spread ideas, while the dominant needof a private publisher is to make money.Therefore, we will always be non-commer¬cial."

Still, Unesco's publishing operation hasmost of the characteristics of a majorpublishing house. Sales of Unesco booksand periodicals, which may be orderedthrough any bookseller or direct from anational distributor in member countries,

come to over $2,000,000 per year. Inthis year's compact, copiously annotatedcatalogue, 500 titles are available inEnglish, French and often in Spanishversions. The greatest proportion of theseis concerned with education, although anincreasing number fall into science andculture categories.

This tendency directly reflects the chang¬ing priorities of the Unesco programme.In the early days, the late 1940s and 1950s,when a large part of the organization'sactivities was devoted to cultural exchange,Unesco put itself on the publishing mapwith a series of 23 luxury art albums,many of which are now out of print,presenting little-known art treasures.

Published in six languages, under theimprint of the New York Graphic Society,these revealed artistic treasures such as

those of Cyprus, Poland, Czechoslovakiaand Australia. Much of the same material

was subsequently re-printed in cheappocketbook editions. With the sameobjectives in mind, Unesco later under¬took what continues to be one of its

most useful artistic aids the Catalogueof Reproductions of Paintings which en¬ables countries with little or no access

CONTINUED NEXT PAGE

31

UNESCO, PUBLISHER TO THE WORLD (Continued)

ibleto original art to procure the best possirepresentation.

With few exceptions, Unesco now leavesthe publication of art books as such lar¬gely in the hands of commercial publishers.Unesco goes beyond simple presentationof our artistic heritage to consider amore penetrating analysis of the role andfunctions of art in society in works suchas The Arts and Man, or the 6-volumeMan through His Art published for theWorld Confederation of Organizations ofthe Teaching Profession with the co-opera¬tion of Unesco.

Unesco books fall roughly Into threecategories: reference, publications forspecialists, and those destined for thegeneral public. Particularly In this lastcategory, about 1 book in 10 is publishedas a co-imprint or a Joint-publication withoutside publishers.

One might easily say that the chiefdifference between Unesco and other

publishing houses is in the area of refer¬ence books where the organization cancarry out projects which no privatepublisher could possibly undertake. TheUnesco Statistical Yearbook is an obvious

case In point.

The World Survey of Education is alsoa veritable monument of its kind. In fact,

Its five volumes total a combined weightof some 45 kilos (100 pounds). It costsUnesco more to produce than its $40($50 In cloth cover) selling price, and fora private publisher, even if he could obtainall the information included, which is unli¬kely, the cost would be prohibitive.

A recent example of a book which onlyUnesco, by its unique position, couldconceive and publish Is Learning to be,a report of the International Commissionon the Development of Education presidedby Mr. Edgar Faure, a former FrenchMinister of Education. This book is a

blueprint for the progress that educationmust achieve if it is to fulfil its new role

In the world today. It is a book foreveryone Interested in the upbringing ofchildren and young people everywhere.(See the November 1972 issue of the

"Unesco Courier" on this subject.)

Other books emphasize the growingImportance of education as a life-longprocess, a subject which also goes beyondthe limited circle of experts and techni¬cians.

w,

32

HAT the World Survey ofEducation is to educators, another sizeablevolume (819 pages plus tables) is to socialscientists. Entitled Main Trends of Re¬

search In the Social and Human Sciences

this intensive study by scholars of worldrenown started appearing in 1970. It notonly constitutes a report on the maintrends of research, but, in the words ofClaude Lévi-Strauss, the distinguishedsocial anthropologist, "aims at Identifyingthe paths on which the science oftomorrow may embark". With the stu¬dent's purse in mind, separate chaptersof this major volume have been or are beingtranslated for publication in low-costpocket-book editions in many languages.

Another typical example of somethingwhich probably only Unesco could dois the Index Translationum, an annualInternational bibliography of translations.Begun In 1950 with 8,750 items, It Is nowin its 23rd volume and contains data on

41,322 titles in 73 countries (see p. 35).The Index can answer questions such as:What country leads in the number of

translations? Who are the world's most

translated authors? In how many langua¬ges does the Bible appear?

"Only Unesco can request and obtainthis kind of Information", says Mr. Thorp."Any private publisher would come upagainst a barrier. We have the necessarylines of communication. Thus it seems

evident that If Unesco decided to droppublication, the Index would probablysimply disappear."

uNESCO also has its best¬

seller list of books which, now fully amortiz¬ed, are making a comfortable profit whichcan be fed back into the organization'spublications' fund.

Topping the list by a run-away marginis the Unesco Source Book for Science

Teaching which is heading towards onemillion copies sold. The history of thispopular manual goes back to the post-warperiod when Unesco sponsored a smallvolume entitled Suggestions for ScienceTeachers in Devastated Countries. While

proving useful in these areas, the bookhas also been a considerable success in

all regions of the world where previouslythere had been little or no low cost

equipment for practical science teaching.The revised edition thus became the

first edition of the now well known Source

Book , for Science Teaching which hasbeen translated into 30 languages andreprinted 23 times. Consisting of ideascontributed by teachers all over the world,it makes use of common and widelyavailable resources and materials for the

construction of simple scientific equipmentand for the devising of simple scientificactivities.

Another widely used book is StudyAbroad. Updated periodically like aMichelin Guide, it now provides infor¬mation on international scholarships andcourses for 126 countries and territories.

Here again because of the use of Unescoresources, Study Abroad and its sistervolume Vacation Study Abroad can bepriced at a reasonable level with studentsand low-budget libraries In mind.

One of the most rapidly expanding areasof Unesco activity over recent years hasbeen the production of scientific maps.Individual countries draw up their owngeological and other maps and atlases,each, using its own set of rules. SoUnesco's World Geological Atlas Is apioneering venture, the first concertedattempt to map the world using a stan¬dardized International "language" whichcan be "read" anywhere.

Celebrating a quarter century of activity,a thick cumulative catalogue entitled25 years of Unesco Publishing is nowbeing completed. It will contain refer¬ences to some 5,000 to 6,000 titlesranging from those for which Unesco wassole publisher to others in which theorganization participated jointly or, again,played a more remote role such as simplysponsoring a certain work or providing asmall grant.

Occupying an important part of thecatalogue will be books published underthe "Unesco Programme for Literary Trans¬lations". These books, most of which aretranslations into English or French, derivefrom 60 different literatures, correspondingto some 40 Asian and 20 European lan¬guages, not to mention the non-Slavicliteratures of the Soviet Union and manyAfrican literatures.

Through this programme, the Greekpoet George Seferls was brought to the

attention of English-speaking readers in1960 three years before he received theNobel Prize for Literature. The same

prize was awarded to the late Japanesenovelist Yasunarl Kawabata whose Snow

Country (Yukiguni) was one of the firsttranslations published in 1956 in theUnesco series of contemporary works.The current widespread Interest in Japa¬nese literature in the world today is duein no small measure to Unesco's efforts

in making both classic and modern worksavailable in the western world.

These books are all published by privatefirms.

"You might say that, here, Unescocomes in to prime the pump" saysMr. Thorp. "We want to see a certainwork published, so we assume part of thefinancial risk involved. We may take careof the translation or even share print costs.In any case, were it not for Unesco, thegreat majority of these books probablywould have remained virtually unknown."

Unesco can also, and, indeed, feelscompelled to undertake certain other pro¬jects private firms would hesitate to tacklealone. Into this category falls a series ofbooklets on the "Race Question in ModernScience" (later published In a collectivevolume under the title of Race and Science)and Apartheid (a Study of its Effects onEducation, Science, Culture and Informa¬tion). Widely distributed by the co-pub¬lishers and Unesco, both titles havebecome very successful publications.

To quote another example, it was noteasy to find a commercial publisher for thejoint publication of Birthright of Man, ananthology of over 1,000 texts assertingman's birthright over the ages. Markingthe 20th anniversary of the Universal Decla¬ration of Human Rights, it nonethelesssold 15,000 copies in English and French.Since then, three other language versionshave been published or are in course ofpreparation and there are more to come.

I INALLY, if one were askedto select a single work as constitutingUnesco's most significant contribution overa quarter-century of publishing, a reason¬able choice, and one best exemplifyingthe Unesco spirit, might be the History ofMankind: Cultural and Scientific Develop¬ment which Is the first genuinely Interna¬tional account of the scientific and cultural

history of the world.

Already issued by major publishers (orIn course of production) In nine countriesand in eight different languages, with aprint order of 100,000 sets, History ofMankind was written by experts of world¬wide reputation who sufficiently containedtheir differences to produce an agreedversion of a world view of human destiny.Negotiations are now being conducted byUnesco publishing services for low-pricedpaperback editions of this work, necessa¬rily expensive in Its six-volume, Illustratedoriginal edition.

Encouraged by the success of theHistory of Mankind, Unesco Is now pre¬paring the publication, on the same pattern,of the first General History of Africa ineight volumes. The first volume willprobably be issued in 1974 In hard-cover,and later paperback versions will appearin different language versions.

This text is a revised and edited version

of a text which first appeared In "UnescoFeatures" (No 625 - July 1972) Unesco'sfortnightly bulletin for press, radio andtelevision.

BOOKSHELF

RECENT UNESCO BOOKS

In the Minds of Men. An account

of Unesco and its work during thepast 25 years by 15 internationalauthorities, 1972, 109 pp. (£1 .20. $4)

Apartheid. Its effects on edu¬cation, science, culture and informa¬tion. 2nd edition, updated andexpanded. 1972. 256 pp (£1.20. $4)

Catalogue of Reproductions ofPaintings Prior to 1860, 1972, 501 pp(£2.85, $9.50)

Broadcasting for adult educationA guideboock to world-wide experi¬ence, by Ignacy Waniewicz. 1972,132 pp (£1 .35, $4.50)

A Guide to Satellite Communi¬

cation (Reports and Papers on MassCommunication. No. 66) 1972. 35 pp(30p. $1)

OTHER BOOKS

Editor, Author and Publisher,edited by Wm. J Howard, Univer¬sity of Toronto Press, 1969. 121 pp($6)

The Chariot of the Sun and other

sites and symbols of the BronzeAge, by Peter Gelling and HildaEllis Davidson. J.M. Dent and Sons,

London, 1972. 200 pp (75p)

The Temple of Dendur. A visit toAncient Egypt, by Emery Kelen. TheBobs-Merril Co., Inc., Indianapolisand New York. 1972, 111 pp ($4.95)

The Local Cultures of South

and East China, by Wolfram Eber¬hard. Translated from the German

by Alide Eberhard. E. J. Brill, Lei¬den, 1968.

Museums: In Search of a Usable

Future, by Alma S. Wirtlin.Foreword by S. Dillon Ripley. TheM.I.T. Press. Cambridge. Mass,U.S.A.. and London. 1970 (£7)

THE ENVIRONMENT

Environment and Society in Tran¬sition (Annals of the New York Aca¬demy of Sciences. Vol. 184), editedby Peter Albertson and MargeryBarnett, New York Academy ofSciences, 1971, 699 pp

Clean Water: Affluence, In¬

fluence, Effluents, a design forwater quality management, edited byAlbert E. Millar, Jr., ASEE-NASA

Langley Research Center. Old Dom¬inion University Research Foun¬dation, Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A.,1971. 228 pp

Los Angeles, The Architecture ofFour Ecologies, by Reyner Banham,Harper and Row, Publishers, Inc..New York. 1971 ($6.95)

B GB

Sammy Davis Jr.stars in Unesco galafor the blind

Sammy Davis Jr., the Internationally famous American singer and entertainer,is to give a benefit performance on behalf of the Unesco "Books for the Blind"programme. As this Issue went to press, the gala was scheduled to take placeon September 25, at the Olympia Theatre in Paris. The show, jointly sponsoredby Unesco and the U.S. National Commission for Unesco, is part of a large scalefund-raising effort launched for International Book Year.

Sammy Davis Jr., actor, singer, dancer, author, comedian and film producer,was recently appointed a member of the Unesco Commission in the United States.His appointment to this body reflects the great contribution to performing artshe has made over the past decades. In a letter to Unesco's Director-General,René Maheu, he wrote: "The occasion this affords me to contribute my servicesto Unesco is one of the more rewarding aspects of my appointment." Speakingof "Books for the Blind", he said: "I can think of no more worthwhile endeavourthan the contribution my forthcoming benefit performance will make to this mostworthy of Unesco projects." Sammy Davis Jr., whose Injuries in a motor accidentcaused the loss of his left eye, is widely known for his efforts to aid the under¬privileged and ease racial tensions.

"Books for the Blind" is part of the Unesco Gift Coupon Programme, acombined educational and fund-raising undertaking,' and is carried out In co-opera¬tion with the World Council for the Welfare of the Blind. The proceeds fromthe Sammy Davis Show will be used to provide Braille books and other educa¬tional materials for blind people, especially blind children in the developingcountries. The total blind population of the world is estimated at 16 millionpersons.

Indian Council

of Peace Research

An Indian Council of Peace Research has

recently been formed in New Delhi underthe chairmanship of Dr Prem Kirpal, chair¬man of Unesco's Executive Board, to

promote peace research in India and thedeveloping countries. Its initial programmeincludes research for promoting the causeof non-violent social order and studies on

peace and conflict in the context of socialgrowth and cultural development. Dr Kirpalis founder and president of another newIndian organization, the Institute of CulturalRelations and Development Studies, inNew Delhi.

Spotlight on African cultureTwo recent International meetings havestudied ways of giving wider diffusion toAfrican culture. The aim of the 2nd Ros¬

trum of African Music, organized in Veniceby the International Music Council, was toencourage radio stations to make tradi¬tional African music better known. In

Dakar, Senegal, cultural directors of Afri¬can radio and television services examined

with specialists from centres recording oraltraditions of Africa how better use canbe made of Africa's cultural resources.

International Fair Play TrophySwiss long-jump champion Meta Antenenwas recently awarded the internationalPierre de Coubertin Fair Play Trophy, atUnesco's Paris headquarters, for an actof sportsmanship during the 1971 Europeanchampionships at Helsinki. Rival long-Jumper Ingrid Mickler-Becker had to takepart in the 100 metres relay while the

long-jump heats were In progress. MissAntenen insisted that she be allowed more

than the regulation time to recover andMiss Mickler-Becker went on to take theEuropean title. Certificates were alsoawarded to British cyclist John Clewarth,footballers Paul Courtin of France andSteve Kember of Great Britain and to

French tennis-player Jean-Loup Rouyer.

Soil map of the worldA soil map of South America, recentlyissued, by Unesco and the U.N. Food andAgriculture Organization, marks the firststep in the publication of a ten-volumeSoil Map of the World. Prepared withthe aid of 13 South American governments,the new map could be a major Instrumentfor agricultural planning in that continent.With legend in English, French, Spanishand Russian, the map is available fromUnesco, in Paris, or Unesco Sales Agents(see p. 35) price $24 (map with 200 pp.Eng. or Spanish text), separately. $12 each.

School for disarmamentThe fourth summer course of the Interna¬tional School on Disarmament and Re¬

search on Conflicts was held recently atthe Carlo Ederle College, in Padua, Italy.Subjects under discussion included therelationship between strategy theories andthe arms race, the limitation of strategicarms, the political problems of disarma¬ment and international law, and the theoryof conflicts. The school was founded in

1966 by Carlo Schaerf, professor of Phy¬sics at the Faculty of Biological Sciencesof Rome University and Edoardo Amaldi,professor of Physics at the University'sInstitute of Physics.

33

Letters to the Editor

UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY

IN ITALY

Sir,

On pages 4 and 12 of the May 1972issue of the "Unesco Courier", devoted

to underwater archaeology, mention ismade of the exploration of sites on theIsle of Capri, at Spargi, Albenga andLake Neml, but no indication is giventhat this work was carried out by teamsof Italian archaeologists.

The underwater exploration of theBlue Grotto, on the isle of Capri, wascarried out in 1964 by Professor Alfon¬so de Franciscis, Director of Antiquitiesof Naples, with the assistance of navaldivers. The exploration and scientificrecovery of Roman ships at Albengaand Spargi was done by the Experi¬mental Centre for Submarine Archaeo¬

logy, established in 1957 by the ItalianMinistry of Education. The Centre hadat its disposal a vessel loaned by theItalian Navy; it now has its own vessel,the "Cycnus", which was also usedin 1970 for exploratory work in Spain.

The formidable task of lowering thelevel of Lake Nemi, near Rome, by27 metres, in order to raise the two"floating palaces" of the Roman emp¬eror, was undertaken in 1928 by engi¬neers, technicians and archaeologistsof the Italian Government.

The exploration of the Marzamemisite, off the coast of Sicilv was carriedout by German (G. Kapitän) and Ameri¬can volunteers, supervised by ProfessorBarnabo Brea, Director of Antiquitiesof Eastern Sicily.

Many other underwater archaeologi¬cal explorations, besides those mention¬ed in this issue of the "Unesco

Courier", have, of course, been under¬taken by Italian experts, as, for example,the work at Giannutri, near the island

of Elba, in 1963, which led to greatprogress in the techniques of mapping,raising and recovery of wrecks. Thework at Albenga is being continued byregular expeditions each year.

Prof. Nino LambogliaDirector, International Institutefor Ligurian Studies and of the

Experimental Centre for SubmarineArchaeology, Bordighera, Italy

ORGANIC FARMING

Sir,

I don't know whether a ban on agri¬cultural chemicals will lead to famine,

but I am quite sure that their continueduse will.

Has Dr. Norman Borlaug (author of"In Defence of DDT", "Unesco Cou¬rier", February 1972) not heard aboutthe results obtained by organic farming.An experimental farm at Haughley inEngland has harvested 60 to 70 quintalsof wheat and barley per hectare, usingonly vegetable compost on the land.I know one farmer who has had

55 quintals per hectare, after usingthese organic methods for only threeyears.

In a recent laboratory experiment,rats fed on wheat produced on landfertilized by compost were found to bemuch healthier than others fed on wheat

grown with chemical fertilizers.I admit that DDT has given us a

respite in the fight against malaria, butif we continue to use an arsenal of

chemicals instead of using a basicapproach by building up resistancewith food obtained from a balanced

soil the malaria problem will never beeradicated.

Organic farming is the right answerfor the developing countries. Put com¬post on the Savannah instead of burn¬ing it; draw nitrogen from the air insteadof buying It in sacks here is thesecret of productivity.

Jean Metralle!

Annecy, France

PACKAGED POLLUTION

Sir,

After reading your stimulating issueon pollution (July 1971), I would liketo point out one crucial factor in thedespoiling of nature: the proliferationof modern packaging. Don't you thinkit would be well worthwhile to launch

a campaign against the excessive useof packaging?

To deploy vast technical .resourcesand to spend huge sums of money toproduce packaging materials that areoften used for only twenty-four hoursis a- gross waste. It Is an abuse ofnature to cut down forests to producepaper which then has to be re-absorbedby nature in the form of rubbish. Todestroy forests, pollute rivers and theatmosphere, expend money and resour¬ces merely so that we can have a packetof spaghetti wrapped up In a piece ofpaper or plastic Is quite unwarranted!

R. Hugues BlancNeuilly-sur-Seine, France

RENDER UNTO CAESAR

Sir,

May I call your attention to a his¬torical slip in the article entitled "Book,Dear Friend", ('Unesco Courier", July1972).

The article states: "It Is said that

Alexander presented Cleopatra with200,000 manuscripts from the library ofPergamum". It was, of course, Antonywho did so, not Alexander.

Abdel Moneim El-Sawi

Managing EditorArabic Edition, Unesco Courier

Cairo, Egypt

'SOS MANKIND'

Sir,

"Save Angkor, save South-East Asia,save mankind" should have been the

theme, if not of the main article, thenat least of one of those published inthe "Unesco Courier" issue, "SOS

Angkor" (December 1971).I support unconditionally all who seek

to preserve the great monuments andpriceless cultural treasures that humangenius has created, all who stand upfor the defence of such values. Rome,

Venice, Egypt, Greece indeed must bepreserved, but so also must paintings,sculptures and architectural treasureswherever and whatever they may be, ifwe are to "preserve our cultural linkswith the past", as your author HiroshlDaifuku puts it, and maintain historical"identification and continuity". Yet onemonument to be saved has escaped the

attention of the authors writing in thisissue the foremost monument of all:mankind.

The effort now deployed in the battleagainst the destroyers of temples andother wonders of human creativity mustbe increased to the nth degree andthrown Into the battle against crime,war and genocide in whatever form andplace it occurs.

Francisco Ventura Arredondo

Havana, Cuba

UTOPIAN OR REALISTIC?

Sir.

I was sorry to see Mr. Y. Chabrier'ssomewhat cynical letter (ending "Pleasespare us from the inept 'if onlys' ofUtopian dreamers") concerning PhilipNoel-Baker, which appeared in yourJanuary 1972 issue.

Apart from the fact that Mr. Noel-Baker has worked indefatlgably forpeace for many years (for which hewas awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

for 1959) it is imperative that the idiotworld should be reminded of its incred¬

ible fatuities and lost opportunitiesfrom time to time. Without these

reminders people (such as your corres¬pondent) tend to become lost in pessi¬mism and may even be convinced thatthe way the world is run is quitereasonably sane.

If it is Utopian to point to the stupi¬dities of "statesmen" and the world

that might have been, we might as wellwind up the United Nations and prayfor an early end.

W.J. Barnes

Orpington, England

SPARE A PENCIL

Sir,

During a very interesting visit to fiveEast African countries earlier this year,I was particularly impressed with thechildren and young people I cameacross and their keenness to learn.

One thing they valued and appreciatedmore than anything else . was pencils.Paper books were provided in theschools but the children had to buytheir own pencils. Would it be possiblefor Unesco to organize collections ofpencils (there must be quantities ofpart-used pencils In offices and schoolsand homes all over the world that are

just thrown away), and have them sentto schools for the children in countries

where pencils would be appreciated?Gabrielle Black

Derby, England

HOMAGE TO LOUIS PASTEUR

Sir,

As a reader who has enjoyed the"Unesco Courier" for over 12 years,may I suggest that you recall the lifeof Louis Pasteur, whose 150th birthdayanniversary falls on December 22, 1972.

The outstanding moral and scientificqualities of this great scientist as wellas the direct and indirect results of his

work that benefit all mankind deserve

to be acknowledged by a magazinesuch as the "Unesco Courier".

F. Dauter

Paris, France

Just published

répertoireinternational

des traductions

international

bibliographyof translations Index

transiatimmm

25

unesco

paris 1972

Unesco's

annual guide

to world translations

Index Translationum presents a detailed picture ofworld translations, recording those published in a singleyear, and including new editions of previously publishedbooks.

Compiled with the help of librarians in many countries,it enables readers to follow, year by year, the flow oftranslations from one country to another and to tracethe works of individual authors as they appear in trans¬lation.

The latest edition gives data on 41,322 titles publishedin 1970 in 73 countries.

952 pagesMultilingual with bilingual (Eng-French) introductionPaper £14 $42 168 FCloth £15.35 $46 184 F

Where to renew your subscriptionand order other Unesco publications

Order from any bookseller, or write direct tothe National Distributor in your country. (See listbelow ; names of distributors in countries notlisted will be supplied on request.) Payment ismade in the national currency ; the rates quotedare for an annual subscription to THE UNESCOCOURIER in any one language.

AUSTRALIA. Publications : Education»! SuppliasPty. Ltd., P.O. Box 33, Brookvale. 2100, NS;Periodicals: Dominie Pty. Limited, Box 33, PostOffice, Brookvale 2100, NSW. Sub-afent. UnitedNations Association of Australia, Victorian Division,5th floor, 134/136 Flinders St., Mel¬bourne (Victoria), 3000. ($ Aus 3.60) AUS.TRIA. Verlag Georg Fromme & C\, Arbeitgasse 1-7,1051, Vienna (AS 110). BELGIUM. Jean De Lannoy,112, rue du Trine, Brussels 5. CCP 3380.00. (220Fbeiges) BU RMA. Trade Corporation N' (9), 550-552Merchant Stret, Rangoon. CANADA. InformationCanada. Ottawa, (Ont.)($ 5,00). CEYLON. Lake HouseBookshop. Sir Chittampalam Gardiner Mawata, P.O.B. 244Colombo 2. (Rs 25). CYPRUS. ArchbishopMakarios 3rd Avenue* P.O. Box 1722, Nicosia.CZECHOSLOVAKIA. S.N.T.L., Spalena 51, Prague 1(permanent display); Zahranicni literatura, 1 1 SoukentckiPrague 1. For Slovakia only : Nakladatelstvo Alfa, Hurba-novo nam. 6 Bratislava. DENMARK. Ejnar MunksgaardLtd., 6, Norregade, 1165, Copenhagen K. (Dan. Kr. 27.00)

EGYPT (ARAB REPUBLIC OF). National Centre forUnesco Publications, N'lTalaat Harb Street, Tahrir Squa¬re, Cairo; Librairie Kasr El Nil, 38, n i Kasr El Nil, Cairo.IL.E. 35) ETHIOPIA. National Commission for Unesco,P.O. Box 2996, Add,s Ababa. FINLAND, AkateeminenKiriakauppa, 2 Kes kuskatu, Helsinki (Fmk. 13.90).FRANCE. Librairie de l'Unesco, 7-9, place de Fontenoy,75-Paris-7\ C.C.P. 12598-48 (17 F). GERMANY. Allpublications : Verlag Dokumentation, Postfach 148,Jaiserstrasse 13, 8023 München-Pullach. For the UnescoKurier (German ed only) Bahrenfelder-Chaussee 1 60,Hamburg-Bahrenfeld, CCP. 276650 (DM 16).GHANA. Presbyterian Bookshop Depot Ltd., P.O.Box 195, Accra; Ghana Book Suppliers Ltd., P.O. Box7869, Accra; The University Bookshop of Ghana,Accra; The University Bookshop of Cape Coast, TheUniversity Bookshop of Legon, P.O. Box 1, Legon.GREAT BRITAIN. See United Kingdom. GREECE.

Librairie H. Kauffmann, 28, rue du Stade, Athens ; LibrairieEleftheroudakis, Nikis 4, Athens. HONG-KONG.Swindon Book Co., 1 3-1 5, Lock Road, Kowloon.HUNGARY. Akadémiai Könyvesbolt, Váci u. 22,Budapest V; A.K.V. Könyvtirosok Boltia, Népkoztirsasagutja 16, Budapest VI. ICELAND. Snaebjórn Jonsson& Co., H.F., Hafnarstraeti 9, Reykiavik. INDIA.Orient Longman Ltd., Nicol Road, Ballard Estate, Bom¬bay 1 ; 17 Chittaranjan Avenue, Calcutta 13; 36a, AnnaSolai, Mount Road, Madras 2; 3/5 Asaf Ali Road, NewDelhi 1 ; Sub- Depots: Oxford Book & Stationery Co.17 Park Street, Calcutta 16 and Scindia House, NewDelhi; Publications Section, Ministry of Educationand Youth Services, 72 Theatre CommunicationBuilding, Connaught Place New Delhi 1. (Rs. 18,75).

INDONESIA. Indira P.T., Djl. Dr. Sam Ratulangia37, Djakarta. IRAN. Iranian National Commissionfor Unesco, Avenue Iranchahr Chomali No 300,B.P. 1533, Teheran. IRAQ. McKenzie's Bookshop,Al-Rashid Street, Baghdad; University Bookstore, Uni¬versity of Baghdad, P.O. Box 75, Baghdad. IRELAND.The National Press. 2. Wellington Road, Ballsbridga,Dublin 4. ISRAEL. Emanuel Brown, formerlyBlumstein's Bookstores, 35 Allenby Road and 48, NachlatBenjamin Street. Tel-Aviv; 9, Shlomzion Hamalka StreetJerusalem. (24 I.L.) - JAMAICA. Sangster's Book StoresLtd., P.O. Box i.j, 101 Water Lane, Kingston.JAPAN. Maruzen Co. Ltd., P.O. Box 5050, TokyoInternational 1 00-31 (Y 1 ,440). KENYA.The E.S.A. Ltd.,P.O. Box 30167, Nairobi. KOREA. Korean NationalCommission for Unesco, P.O. Box Central 64, Seoul.KUWAIT. The Kuwait Bookshop Co., Ltd., P.O. Box2942, Kuwait. LIBERIA. Cole and Yancy BookshopsLtd.. P.O. Box 286, Monrovia. LIBYA. Agency forDevelopment of Publication & Distribution. P.O. Box 34-35. Tripoli. LUXEMBURG. Librairie Paul Brück,22, Grand-Rue, Luxembourg. MALAYSIA.Federal Publications Sdn Bhd., Balal Berita, 31, JalanRiong, Kuala Lumpur. MALTA. Sapienza's Library,26 Kingsway, Valletta. MAURITIUS. Nalanda Com¬pany Ltd., 30, Bourbon Street, Port-Louis (Rs. 17,45).MONACO. British Library, 30, Bid des Moulins, Monte-Carlo. NETHERLANDS. N. V. Martinus Nijhoff.Lange Voorhout, 9, the Hague, (fl. 14). NETHER¬LANDS ANTILLES. G. C. T. Van Dorp & Co. (NedAnt.). N. V.. Willemstad, Curaçao. N.A. (NA fl. 7.80).

NEW ZEALAND. Government Printing Office,Government Bookshops at : Rutland Street, P.O. Box5344, Auckland; 130, Oxford Terrace, P.O. Box 1721,Christchurch ; Alma Street, P.O. Box 857, Hamilton;

Princes Street, P.O. Box 1104, Dunedin; MulgraveStreet, Private Bag, Wellington (» 3.00). NIGERIAThe University Bookshop of Ife, The University Bookshopof Ibadan, P.O. Box 286; The University Bookshop ofNsuka, The University Bookshop of Lagos, The AhmaduBello University Bookshop of Zaria. NORWAY. Allpublications : johan Grundt Tanum (Booksellers) Karljohansgate 41/43, Oslo 1. For Unesco Courier only: A.S.Narvesens Litteraturjeneste, Box 6125, Oslo6(K.23,00).PAKISTAN. The West-Pak Publishing Co. Ltd., UnescoPublications House, P.O. Box 374 G.P.O., Lahore;Showrooms : Urdu Bazaar, Lahore, and 57-58 Murree,Highway,* G/ 6-1, Islamabad. Pakistan Publications Book¬shop, Sarwar Road, Rawalpindi; Paribagh, Dacca.PHILIPPINES. The Modern Book Co., 926 Rizal Ave- .nue, P.O. Box 632, Manila D-404. POLAND. Allpublications : ORWN PAN Palac Kultury i Nauki,Warsaw. For the Unesco Courier only : RUCH, ul.Wronia, 23, Warsaw 1 0. PORTUGAL. Dias & AndradeLtda, Livraria Portugal, rua do Carmo 70, Lisbon (Esc.1 05).

SINGAPORE. Federal Publications Sdn Bhd., TimesHouse, River Valley Road, Singapore 9. SOUTHERNRHODESIA. Textbook Sales (PVT) Ltd., 67 UnionAvenue, Salisbury. SUDAN. AI Bashir Bookshop,P.O. Box 1 1 1 8, Khartoum. SWEDEN. All publications:A/B CE. Fritzes Kungl. Hovbokhandel, Fredsgatan 2,Box 16356, 10327 Stockholm 16. For the UnescoCourier Svenska FN-Forbundet, Vasagatan 1 5, IV10123, Stockholm 1 Postgiro 18 46 92 (Kr. 18).SWITZERLAND. All publications : Europa Verlag,5 Rsmistrasse, Zürich. Librairie Payot, rue Grenus 6,1211, Geneva 11, C.C.P. 12-236 (Fr. S. 16.-). TAN¬ZANIA. Dar-es-Salaam Bookshop, P.O.B. 9030 Dar-es-Salaam. THAILAND. Suksapan Panit, Mansion 9,Rajdamnern Avenue, Bangkok. (71.00 bäht). TURKEY.Librairie Hachette, 469 Istiklal Caddesi, Beyoglu, Istanbul.

UGANDA. Uganda Bookshop, P.O. Box 145, Kampala.SOUTH AFRICA. All publications: Van Schaik's

Bookstora (Pty). Ltd., Libri Building, Church Street, P.O.Box 724, Pretoria. For the Unesco Courier (single copies)only: Central News Agency P.O. Box 1033, Johannesburg.UNITED KINGDOM. H.M. Stationery Office, P.O.Box 569, London, S.E.I., and Government Bookshopsin London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast, Manchester,Birmingham, Bristol (£1,30).UNITED STATES. UnescoPublications Canter, P.O. Box 433, New York, N.Y.10016 ($5). U.S.S.R. Mezhdunarodnaja Kniga,Moscow, G-200. YUGOSLAVIA. JugoslovenskaKnjiga. Terazije, 27, Belgrade; Drzavna Zaluzba Slo¬vénie Mestni Trg. 26, Ljubljana.

A HUNGARIAN ARTIST

LOOKS AT INTERNATIONAL BOOK YEAR