audiovisual technologies chapter 11 teaching and learning with technology

AudiovisualAudiovisualTechnologiesTechnologiesAudiovisualAudiovisualTechnologiesTechnologies

Chapter 11Chapter 11

Teaching and Learning Teaching and Learning with Technologywith Technology

Audiovisual (AV) Technologies

• Lessons delivered with audiovisual support more engaging for students than lectures alone

• AV helps build multiple cognitive connections to content presented

• AV has advanced a great deal, but the principle of its use has not changed

• Important that teachers be aware of AV and how to use it effectively

2

Audio in Teaching and Learning

• Listening is a two-part process – includes both hearing and comprehending audio

• Teachers can help students to acquire, improve, and apply learning skills:

• Clear, audible signals

• Focused listening

• Process to reinforce messages received

3

Traditional Audio Media

Audiocassette• Economic, durable, and easy-to-use• Uses magnetic tape to record and play

back voice, music, and other sounds• Can be used in centers, small groups, or

large group instruction • May be used for many projects:– Talking books, multimedia kits, oral

histories, journals, etc.

4

Digital Audio Media

Optical Media (CDs)• Better clarity and larger storage

capacity than previous audio media

• Easy to use • Quickly access target audio• Durable and portable• Inexpensive and several

formats available (CD-R and CD-RW)

5

Digital Audio Media

Internet Audio• An alternative to CD, you can download

legally available audio in WAV and MP3 compressed formats

• Need software media players (typically free) for playback

6

Digital Audio Media

MP3 Files• MP3 with its small file size popular due to

shorter downloads and uploads• MP3 players or playback software include

playback controls and may include visualizations

• Typically music but may also include other audio elements

7

Digital Audio Media

Internet Radio• Radio stations can use streaming media to

simultaneously broadcast via the Web as well as the airwaves

• National and international stations outside the local area are also available online

• Some radio stations are online only

8

Digital Audio Media

Internet RadioIncludes music, news, and talk stations

from around the world

9

Visual Technologies

Visual literacy Good visual design supports visual

learning, does not confuse message:• Relevance• Coherence and consistency• Proportion• Contrast• Unity and direction

10

Visual Communication

11

Can you see the difference?


Visual Design BasicsVisual design includes visual, text, and affective

elements:

• Visual - graphics, symbols, real objects, and organizational elements

• Text - aspects of text including fonts, spacing, color, and sizes

• Affective elements - visual components that can elicit responses from viewers

12


Nonprojected Visuals• Bulletin Boards – easy to change

platform for graphic elements• Flip Charts – great for impromptu

illustrations- can easily save images by tearing off pages

• Chalk/Whiteboards – common and easy way display text and images

13


14

Displaying Nonprojected

Visuals


• Real objects – objects that can be brought into class and used as a visual aid• Models – representations of real objects or

concepts• Exhibits – displays or dioramas that

illustrate instructional content• Print materials – books, worksheets,

posters, charts, etc.• Graphics and photographs – pictorial

images to illustrate, clarify, and add interest

15

Visual Communications

Technologies for Traditional Projected Visuals • Overhead projectors shine light through transparencies (clear or colored plastic sheets) for large projections• Transparencies can be drawn, printed with ink-jet or laser printers, or copied or annotated by hand before or during use

16


• Commercial transparencies are frequently available with texts

• Transparencies can also be created with common software such as word processing, drawing programs, spreadsheet, etc.

17


Digital Projectors

• Project large images of digitals images

• Source can be computers, digital cameras, and photo CDs, videotapes, or DVDs

• Very versatile, and very popular and common

18


Document Cameras• Video camera mounted on a stand that

captures and displays video images• May use a monitor or digital

projector for display• Can zoom in on a real-time

demonstration or small objects

19


Video in Teaching and Learning• Video has dramatically, rapidly

evolved from silent films, black & white TV, videotape, DVD to today’s Internet compressed video

• Video has high potential for education but can be challenging to use effectively

20


Broadcast Video (AKA Television)• Television images delivered via

terrestrial and satellite equipment

• Programs are uplinked to satellite and then downlinked to receivers

21


Broadcast Video (Television)• TV (e.g., ABC, CNN, Discovery) offers

content with commercials

• Public TV (PBS) offers educational programming and is supported by the government and viewers

• Local learning channels offer targeted educational programming

22


Broadcast Video• Programs typically high-quality, high-

impact productions

• Synchronous nature of TV makes it difficult to use in time-restrictive classrooms

• Time limitations may be overcome by recording broadcasts

23

Traditional Video Technologies

Narrowcast Video● Alternative to broadcast video ● Targeted to specific audience like education● Typically distributed over a closed-circuit

TV (CCTV) network in a school● Can target very specific district

instructional needs● May also be used to share school new and

other information

24


Cablecast Video• Cable TV companies typically offer a

channel for schools or public use• Can be transmitted over same cable that is

used for schools CCTV system• High-quality cable television shows (e.g.,

CNN, Discovery, Learning Channel) can greatly enhance classroom instruction

25


26

Video DistributionSystems inSchools


Recorded Video• Asynchronous video schools format of choice• Videocassette recorder (VCR) or Digital Video

Disk Recorder (DVR) play video recorded on VHS tape or DVDs

• Content may prerecord programs that occurred at inconvenient times

• Camcorders can facilitate teacher- or student-produced videos

27


Recorded Video• Tapes/DVDs may be commercially

prepared

• Playback, and easily scheduled into classroom time

• Monitors or digital projectors can enable viewing from all parts of classroom

28


Digital Video Basics• Video compression helps reduce files to

more manageable size

• Compressed files require video compression playback software

• MS Media Player, Real Player, QuickTime, etc. can play back video

29


Digital Video Basics• AVI, MPEG, and MOV are most

popular compression formats• Confirm that your player(s) can

support your desired format

30


Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs)• Major advancement over VHS tape and CD• Store up to 4.7 gigabytes of digital video each

side• Storage also allows for clear images when

paused and frame-by-frame playback• Offers fast direct access to any frame or

sequence • DVD-R or DVD-/+RW, recordable/rerecordable

31


Digital Video Cameras• Capture and store moving images as digital

rather than analog files• Download the digital files to computer and

edit with software• Can be played back on computer monitors

or digital projector• Can also be inserted into email,

presentations, etc.

32


Digital Video Editing• Digital video edited with readily available

software• Instructional annotation and special

effects can be added • Clips may be rearranged for better

instructional emphasis

33


Compressed Video Systems (CVS)• Needed for limited bandwidth of educational

settings• Live compressed video images transmitted • CVS are dedicated, often room-size systems• CVS offer real-time, interactive live video

interaction to multiple locations

34


Internet Video - Broadcasts• Compressed video images can also be

transmitted via the Net • Streaming video allows viewing while

downloading, shortening wait times• Much more affordable than television

production/distribution

35


Internet Video – Live Cams• Live cameras connected to computers and

logged onto the Internet showing continuing live digital video

• Many live cams are focused on subjects of educational interest

• For example, students can view the EarthCam live cam web site by visiting www.earthcam.com

36

http://www.earthcam.com/


Internet Video Net MeetingsLive digital video across the Net used for virtual meetings

37


Internet Video – Net Meetings• In addition to video, meeting software may

include shared work space, shared virtual electronic whiteboard, and chats

• Educators can adapt meeting software for class collaboration elsewhere in the district or around the world

38


Videos in any format can:• Be an invaluable teaching tool

• time and space through:– Shifting the viewers location– Slow-motion replays or time-lapse

photography – Simulating historical or future events

• Support learning when carefully evaluated39


Creating Videos• Teacher- and student-made videos offer

creative learning opportunities that support lessons being taught

• Remember that planning phase is more difficult than shooting phase

• When creating videos• Storyboard to prepare for recording• Use the full potential of motion

40


41

Tips forCreatingSuccessfulVideos


Caveats When Creating Videos

• Parental permission required to use images of students

• Be aware of district guidelines for creating video

42


Implementing Video • Use video’s strengths to make compelling

video• Preview video in test setting before sharing

with an audience• Prepare for showing by: • Checking equipment• Checking environment (lighting, sound,

seating) for viewing

43


Implementing Video• Engage the learner

Review concepts and discuss objectives Prepare and use video study guide Pause video for questions/discussions Structure discussions at key points or at the end,

give an assignment to reinforce content Be prepared to respond to student reactions to

emotional content

44

audiovisual technologies chapter 11 teaching and learning with technology

Documents