attitude of west negros university
TRANSCRIPT
ATTITUDE OF WEST NEGROS UNIVERSITY
LEVEL 3 STUDENT NURSES
TOWARDS SMOKING
A Research Paper Presented To Faculty
And Staff of College of Nursing
West Negros University
Bacolod City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
In Bachelor of Science
In Nursing
by:
Gangoy, Lalaine
Gellada, Pamela Pearl
Genovea, Dona
Suegay, Charmy
Tomugdan, Michelle Marie
Group 6 N3 - 5
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Smoking is a habit but curable. Considered as curable but few people try to control
themselves from doing it. People, students and even professionals are often tempted to smoke.
For some, smoking relieves tension; superiority among others, curiosity, satisfaction, and a form
of self deception but the adverse consequences of smoking is one’s own health.
Smoking exist everywhere even in school campuses that conclude to be huge problem.
According to Toni Christopherson, a problem that everyone tries to eradicate but fails to act on it
because they themselves cannot practice what they preach[1]. It is obvious that smoking is one of
the major problems of every college student. Many college students are fond of smoking, it
driven one self to heavenly feeling. But it is not an excuse to be free from any complication
someday.
Many people tried self discipline to control the temptation of smoking. Others would try
re- lifestyle and refocus their attention just to stop themselves from doing it. But worse, others
don’t know what to do and they simply give in. Others on the other hand, would smoke not
because they don’t know what to do but simply because they won’t get belong to the “in group’.
As mentioned earlier, smoking is curable; one always has the power to control one’s self.
Because of smoking, few qualified people get to be successful. It's because of smoking is one of
the reason that word's mortality rate. Smoking could never be eradicated unless we try to start the
battle against it and heart attack in those with heart disease.
Studies have indicated that some student does smoking during their vacant time than
studying their lessons. Smoking in college especially in nursing students is becoming popular
substitute for learning. There are some factors of smoking which has the social approval from
parents, faculty and friends. Some studies shows that student with low self – esteem is actually
more likely to smoke than student with high self – esteem because of the negative evaluation that
they might receive from the people around them.[2] [3]
Objectives of the Study
The main purpose of this is to know the attitude of West Negros University student
nurses towards smoking.
Specifically, this study answers the following questions:
1. What are the attitudes of WNU student's nurses toward smoking?
a. favorable
b. unfavorable
2. What are the attitudes of male and female student nurses toward smoking?
3. What are the attitudes of regular and second courser students toward smoking?
4. What is the influence of smoking on the academic and clinical performance of the student in WNU College of nursing?
5. What will WNU do for student nurse to stop smoking?
a. Prohibit smoking inside the campus, or within the parameter of 200m away from school.
b. Fine of 100 pesos when caught of smoking.
c. Make an incident report when caught of smoking while on school or clinical area.
Assumptions
The basic assumptions considered in this investigation are as follows:
1. Male and Female student nurses possess different attitude toward smoking.
2. Everyone is entitled to choose his or her own recreational activities.
3. Each school has certain ways to prevent unnecessary misdoing inside the school
campus.
Theoretical Framework
Smoking has been practiced in one form or another since ancient times. Perception
surrounding smoking has varied over time and from one place to another; holy and sinful,
sophisticated and vulgar, a panacea and deadly health hazard. Only recently, and primarily in
industrialized Western countries, has smoking come to be viewed in a decidedly negative light.
Today medical studies have proven that smoking is among the leading causes of diseases such as
stenosis, lung cancer, heart attacks and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and can also lead
to birth defects. The well-proven health hazards of smoking have caused many countries to
institute high taxes on tobacco products and anti-smoking campaigns are launched every year in
an attempt to curb smoking.
The reasons given by smokers for this activity are broadly categorized as "addictive
smoking", "pleasure from smoking", "tension reduction/relaxation", "social smoking",
"stimulation", "habit/automatism", and "handling". There are gender differences in how much
each of these reasons contribute, with females more likely than males to cite "tension
reduction/relaxation", "stimulation" and "social smoking"
A clear majority of alcoholics smoke. According to Evelyn Lutz[4], between 80 and 95
percent of alcoholics smoke cigarettes, which is more than three times higher than among the
population as a whole.
Research has also shown that smokers with a history of alcoholism are more nicotine
dependent than smokers with no such history, and suggests smoking cessation may prompt a
relapse to drinking among a small number of smokers with a history of alcoholism.
"This study refutes the common perception that smokers with a history of alcoholism
have more difficulty quitting smoking and are likely to relapse back to alcoholism," said John R.
Hughes[5], professor of psychiatry at the University of Vermont and lead author of the study.
"Our results suggest smokers with this history need to be encouraged to attempt to stop
smoking."
Hughes also said that for "for 85 percent of smokers with past alcoholism, quitting
smoking is not a problem. Furthermore, as our findings indicate, we found smokers with past but
not current alcoholism were able to quit as well and benefited from nicotine-patch treatment to
the same degree as smokers without this history.
Social approval whether it is from parents, faculty or friends, is a factor that attributes to
smoking. Crowne and Marlou[6] found college student with a high need for approval of smoking
more often because they as concerned about negative evaluation.
Attitudes and Values as Motivational Perceptual State
Attitudes and values can be thought and will be dealt with here as motivational
perceptual states[7]. An individuals’ attitude set a respond through the perceptual quality of
selecting, categorizing, and interpreting experience in the line of expectation; individuals' values
are associated with the central tendency of cluster of his attitude in a long – range motivational
sense.
Attitudes are learned in terms of restricting of the psychological fields. This process is a
dynamic one in so far as attitudes and values are subject to change though the acquisition of new
information. However, attitudes appear to be more susceptible to apparent change while the basic
values underlying them persist.
Attitudes are important in social psychology because they sum up the past experience of
the individual in terms of directive motivational perceptual states, growing
out of learning. This process therefore has consequences not only in terms of observable
behaviors but also with respect to potentials from the individual's action.
The Structures and Functions of Attitudes
In the early studies of attitudes, it was quite common to rely largely on the description on
individual's attitudes, their direction in terms of valence, and the belief system that they
constituted. More recently, attitudes have been viewed with considerably greater stress on what
can be called their structural relationships and functional features. The first of these newer
emphases has been called "cognitive interaction'' which conveys the idea of a relationship
between attitudes within the psychological field. It also encompasses the process by which new
experiences become absorbed as added information. Within this approach a great deal of
contemporary research has been directed toward attitudinal consistency and congruity, about
which we shall say more shortly. The second emphasis, on functional features, concerns
especially the motivation serve.
Components and Aspects of Attitudes
There are great ways to approach the organization of attitudes, but for convenience, we
can consider them with reference the three major components and three aspects of study.
Regarding the components, Katz[8] observes that attitudes have been treated with respect to a
cognitive component, which refers to belief – disbelief, affective components, which deal with
like – dislike, and an action components, which
embodies a readiness to respond.
The relationship of these components continues to be a lively interest in contemporary social
psychology. Thus believing or not believing something, and liking one or the other alternatives,
is by no means simple distinctions to make.
As Rokeach[9] has pointed out, a firmly entrenched belief, especially when challenge, is
usually found to have considerable positive effect. There maybe a little apparent liking – in the
sense of positive valence associated with one's belief that the earth is round, yet a contradiction
of it would generate strong feeling. This point bears on consistency which will be considered
below.
The three major aspects in the study of attitudes are: the relationships of their
components, especially in terms of cognitive interaction and individual adjustment; their source,
that is, the patterns by which attitudes are acquired through learning; and attitude change, with
reference to the influences on the individual which result in the incorporation of new experience
and the modification of attitudes[10].
View broadly; there are several qualities of attitudes which may we may now generalize
as follows: they are beliefs and feelings about an object or set of objects in the social
environment; they are learned; they to persist, though subject to the effects of experience; and
they are directives states in the psychological field which affects action.
Scope
This study covers all the level 3 nursing student of West Negros University – Bacolod .
The sample size was predetermined because of the inadequate list of student involves in
smoking. To enable to identify male and female respondents in their affection in smoking and
school objectives to handle the necessary precautions toward smoking.
Limitations
In view of financial and time constraints on the part of the researchers, only level 3
student nurses were selected: Level 3 because it is easy and accessible on the part of the
researchers as they are also in the same year level. Aside from that, level 3 is the time were the
student nurses are expose to the clinical area for their internship.
Definition of Terms
Academic Performance –conceptually academic performance refers to the over all
evaluation of the academic performance reflected in student's grades. Operationally, these terms
refer to the over all grades of students in all his subjects.
Age – refers to the length of time of level 3 students which measured by years from birth
that considerably existed.
Attitude – refers to mental disposition, feelings or emotion toward a state or fact. In this
study, this term means the student's feeling and disposition toward smoking.
Clinical Performance – the term refers to the evaluation of the performance in the clinical
setting, hospital or community.
Sex- conceptually this term refers to the sum of structural and functional differences of
every individual. Operationally this term refers to male and female engage in smoking.
Smoking - is a practice where a substance, most commonly tobacco, is burned and the
smoke tasted or inhaled. This is primarily done as a form of recreational drug use, as combustion
releases the active substances in drugs such as nicotine and makes them available for absorption
through the lungs. In this study, this term refer to the inhalation of burned tobacco stick of the
students.
Significance of the Study
This study will be great significance to the following:
Clinical Instructors in WNU. As clinical instructors guide and are the one who are
always there for the students, they have a great responsibility in motivating the students. This
study will provide and support the students in giving good quality education and health teaching
which could necessarily extend benefits in the school and for the students. In terms of school
performances, level 3 student nurses could practice self discipline through the help of Clinical
Instructors who handle them. They should give advices and health teachings for the students to
be more aware of the effects of smoking towards their health, academic and clinical
performance.
Dean of the College of Nursing . In order for the dean to assess the immediate needs of
the student services and supervises the level 3 student nurses through their academic
performance and health status. Furthermore, to determine whether this study towards smoking
has a great impact in the student nurse's academic and clinical performance. Also for the dean of
the college to be alarmed and to implement actions that could alleviate the students attitude
towards smoking. This is not only for the college but also for the school to uplift its name and
produce quality nurses in the near future.
For Academic Performance Administrators. For them to give a future program that will
draw out a plan for the school. They could provide objectives and support the program which
could serve as baseline for decision – making.
For the class advisers, who could give student nurses care and guidance and which could
possibly help students in managing their life. They could provide objectives and identify all their
perspective needs from the different policy of the school.
For Level 3 student nurse’s, so their goals could be identified, and for the benefits of their
future plans, health and career. This could be chance of opportunity for them to gain self
discipline and be a role model to their responding clients in the clinical area, school and
community. They will realized that what they are doing will affect their studies.
For the researcher, to encourage changes in the health habit of their fellow students and
be knowledgeable on the effects of smoking, health discipline and an anchor individuals to
maintain and strengthen the health condition of the students nurses in terms of promotive,
preventive and curative aspects of the course.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter covers more on the study, which is basically related to the research study of
the attitude of West Negros University College of Nursing level 3 student nurses towards
smoking. This chapter contains the related reading, ideas, concept and research studies of
different authors and sources in relation to the effect of smoking to one's attitude.
Conceptual Literature
Smoking is the practice of inhaling tobacco from a pipe or cigarette. The custom of
smoking tobacco is thought to have started in the Americas . In the late 1400's, English and
Spanish explorers returning from the New World brought back to Europe the custom of pipe
smoking, which they had learned from Indians. Cigarette smoking may have started among the
Aztecs of Mexico, who smoked shredded tobacco rolled inside corn husks. Until the 1900's
tobacco was used mainly in cigars, chewing tobacco and snuff. Later cigarette smoking became
popular and increased sharply after World War 1 (1918) and again after World War II (1945)
[11].
In 1964 the United States Public Health Service released a landmark document, smoking
in health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General, which concluded that
smoking is a major cause of cancer of the lung, mouth and throat. Since, then researchers have
shown that each year cigarette smoking cause more than 300,000 premature deaths in the United
States alone, principally from the heart disease, cancer In 1964 the United States Public Health
Service released a landmark document, smoking in health: Report of the Advisory Committee to
the Surgeon General, which concluded that smoking is a major cause of cancer of the lung,
mouth and throat. Since, then researchers have shown that each year cigarette smoking cause
more than 300,000 premature deaths in the United States alone, principally from the heart
disease, cancer the habit. Smoking causes smokers cough, a lower capacity for exercise,
addiction to nicotine, and in the long run, severe disability and death[12].
Local Literature
In the Philippines , the number of women who smoke is constantly on the rise. It is a
phenomenon that, in recent years, seems to affect the youngest most of all: 30% of girls between
the ages of 13 and 18 smoke regularly.
According to a recent study conducted by the Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance, 18.7%
of Filipino young women between the ages of 13 and 25 smoke cigarettes. The numbers go up if
the sample is restricted to teenagers between 13 and 15: 3 out of 10 already have the smoking
habit. Among female smokers, 60% say that they smoked their first cigarette at the age of 18,
while the remaining 40% say they started when they were still very young.
They continue to smoke despite the fact that they are aware of the risks connected to
smoking: nine girls out of ten know that smoking can cause lung cancer, infertility, early
menopause, osteoporosis, and hysterectomy. For this reason, the country has begun an anti-
smoking campaign supported by the local Catholic Church: the first initiatives include that of
putting warning labels on packaging[13].
Research Literature
Alarm more teens are lighting up and making smoking a habit. But do they really
know the harm they're doing to their young bodies? Some teens are asked why they smoke. They
mostly answered to relieve tension; to be in "in" the group, fashion and make them feel strong
and heavenly feeling. There are only some teenagers being asked for the reasons of why they
smoke. True that we all die but don’t we know the adverse consequences smoking has on one's
health.
More than just addictive nicotine, these are the poisons that go into our lungs each time
we inhale cigarette smoke. ARSENIC: used in rat poison; ACETIC ACID: hair dye and
developer; ACETONE: main ingredients in paint and fingernail polish remover; AMMONIA: a
typical household cleaner; BENZENE: rubber cement; CADIUM: found in batteries and artist oil
plant that carries carbon monoxide; FORMALDEHYDE: used to embalm dead bodies;
HYDRAZINE: used in jet and rocket fuels; HYDROGEN CYANIDE: poison in gas chambers;
NAPTHALINES: used in explosive moth balls and pain pigments; NICKEL: used in the process
of electroplating; PHENOL; used in disinfectants and plastics; POLONIUM: radiation dosage
equal to 300 chest X-ray in one year; STYRENE: found in isolation material; TOLUENE:
embalmers glue; VINYL CHLORIDE: ingredients found in garbage bags[14].
The gross truth, the damage of smoking does to our insides eventually shows in our
physical appearance. It's not about beig vain, but puffing can really strip our pretty points. Its
stained teeth that either yellowish or brownish, bad breath, a yellow stain in the fingertips, black
lips, facial wrinkles and an over all odor of stale smoke that everyone, except a smoker that can
detect.
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the method of research use, the subject and respondent of the
study, the sampling procedures, the research instrument, the data gathering procedure and the
data processing technique use.
Since the main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of smoking in the health
condition and the academic and clinical performances of the student nurses.
Research Design
In this study, the descriptive research design is use because we want to know if smoking
has great effect on the clinical and academic performance of nursing students. What is really
their reason of smoking? Descriptive research is the most widely research design, indicated by
the numerous thesis dissertations and non-academic researches, the primary aim of which is to
describe existing belief, opinion or condition of social group; compare sub groups in terms of
selected variables; determine the relationship between among variables covered[15].
Respondents of the study
The respondents of the study will be the level 3 male and female student nurses of West
Negros University . These students' respondent will be identified in terms of their academic
performance, and clinical performance. With the use of purposive sampling procedure, there
were 300 level student nurses who were taken as respondent. To determine the sample size,
Solvin's formula was used.
n = __N__
1 + Ne²
Where: n = sample size
N = population size
e = desired margin of error set at 0.5 level of confidence
Thus: n = _200_
1+ 500(.05)²
Data gathering Procedure
The researcher requested the approval of the dean of College of Nursing to gather the
pertinent data necessary to answer the objectives of the investigation. Approval from the College
Registrar for the procurement of grades was also sought upon approval; the researcher personally
copied the averages of the academic grades as well as the clinical grades of the level 3 student
nurses. Other information which was needed to establish the profile of the respondents was also
gathered from the same office.
Research Instrument
This study will make use of a survey questionnaire compose parts to gather the needed data.
It will be supplemented by the academic and clinical record of the level 3 student nurses in
second semester S.Y. 2008 – 2009. It will be further supplied with interview to level 3 student
nurses to collaborate and substantiate the information gathered from the questionnaire.
Data Analysis Procedure
The following statistical tools were utilized to analyze the gathered data to answer the first
objective which sought whether level 3 student nurses of WNU are favorable or not, towards
smoking. Objective 2 and 3 determine the attitudes between the male and female and the regular
and second courser level 3 student nurses towards smoking. The formula to be used:
Descriptive Statistics
% = F/N × 100
% = percent
F = frequency
N = total # of the respondent
Objectives 4 sought to determine the level of academic and clinical performance of the level 3
nursing student when group according to attitude of student, regular or second courser, smoking
habit, the mean was used. According to Basilio, the mean is the most dependable measure of
central tendency.
The formula is as follows:
X = __efx__
N
where:
x = the mean
efx = sum of the weighted scores
N = total # of the respondents
QUESTIONNAIRE
PART I. Bio – Profile
Direction: Please indicate your response by checking the appropriate box or by filling the blank.
1. Name (optional)___________________
2. Sex: ( ) Male ( ) Female
3. Age: _____________
4. Estimated allowance for a week ______________
5. Regular: ( ) Second Courser: ( )
6. Active Smoker: ( ) Passive Smoker: ( )
PART II.
Direction: Please check the parenthesis which corresponds to your answer.
1. I usually smoke when I'm bored. ( ) Yes ( ) No
2. I usually smoke when I see my classmates do the same. ( ) Yes ( ) No
3. I consume more than 5 sticks of cigarette per day. ( )Yes ( )No
4. I smoke when I encounter problems. ( ) Yes ( ) No
5.Smoking affect my study habits, my performance in the academic and clinical
area. ( ) Yes ( ) No
6. I believe smoking makes me release my tension. ( ) Yes ( ) No
7. I believe smoking is risk full in my health in the future. ( ) Yes ( ) No
8. I believe smoking is already a part of my lifestyle. ( ) Yes ( ) No
9.West Negros University should implement rules and regulations to eliminate
smoking. ( ) Yes ( ) No
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
Ardales, Venancio B.
2008 Basic Concepts and Methods in Research. 3rd edition. Ermita, Manila : Educational Publishing Company
Christopherson, Toni G.
2004 Working Nurse, Working world. New York : Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Hughes, John R.
1996 Smoke Alarm. San Diego State University
Keller, Kimberly F.
1996 Great Emphasis. California :
Polacheck, Whitney.
1996 Guiding Rule for a better.” New Jersey : Prentice Hall Inc.
The New Book of Knowledge
1992 History of Smoking
PERIODICALS
Philippine Journal of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (January / June 2006)
The Script. (2002)
Time Magazine, Volume 44, (1995).
INTERNET
www. AsiaNews.It.com
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitations of the study Definition of Terms
[1] Toni Christopherson, Working Nurse, (Working World, June 11- July 2, 2004), pp.22.
[2] Keller, Kimberly, Great Emphasis, 1976, pp.32
[3] Polacheck, Whitney, Guiding Rules for a Better, 1996, pp. 45
[4] Evelyn Lutz, Philippine Journal of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, January-June 2006,pp.23
[5] John R. Hughes, Smoke Alarm, Volume 76, March-December 1998
[6] Erik Crowne and Marlou, Your Health Guide, February-August 2005, pp. 85
[7] Franklin Allport, Choose life, not smoking, pp. 106
[8] Emily Katz, Aspects of Behavior, pp:123-124 h
[9] Rokeach, Beliefs & Attitude,pp89
[10] Elliot Karen, Significant Gains, 1996, pp. 63
[11] The New Book of Knowledge, 1992, pp. 243
[12] The New Book Of Knowledge, 1992, pp. 587
[13] AsiaNews.It.com, February 05, 2007
[14] The Script, 2002, pp.41
[15] Ardales, Venancio, 3rd Edition, 2008.