ats phy 09 f4 p2

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SPM PAPER 2 2003. Section A No.1 (4 marks)

Section A

1 Diagram 1 shows a vernier calipers used to measure external diameter of ahollow cylinder.

Diagram 1

(a) (i) Name the part labelled X.

……………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(ii) What is the function of X?

……………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

(b) The external diameters of the cylinder at four different places are shown in thetable below.

External diameter /cm Relative deviation %

2.04 2.05 2.04 2.06 0.37

(i) Why is the external diameter measured four times?

…………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(ii) What is the purpose of calculating the relative deviation?

…………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

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SPM PAPER 2 2003 SECTION A NO. 6 ( 8 marks)

2 Diagram 2 is a stroboscopic photograph shows two steel balls in astate of free-fall.Both balls are dropped simultaneously from the same height.

Diagram 2

(a)Observe the photograph and state two similarities between the positions o theballs.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

(b)Name one physical quantity which causes the balls to fall.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

(c) Based on the positions of the free-falling balls, there is a physical quantity that isconstant.

(i) Name the quantity.

………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

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(ii) What is the value of the quantity and its unit?

…………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(iii) State how the mass of a ball affect the value of the physical quantitystated in (c)(i).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

(d) A ball is thrown vertically upwards at a certain velocity.

(i) What happens to the motion of the ball as it moves upwards?

………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

(ii) Give one reason for your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

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3. Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2 show two ways in which a gardener moves a wheelbarrowon a muddy road.

Weight, W Weight, W

Diagram 3.1 Diagram 3.2

On Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2, indicate and label:

(i) the direction of force F exerted by the gardener on the handle of each wheelbarrow tomake it move.

[2 marks]

(ii) the direction of the vertical component FY, of the force in (a)(i). [2 marks]

(b) (i) Based on the answers in (a)(i) and (a)(ii), which of the ways is more suitable on themuddy road?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(ii) Explain the reason for your answer in (b)(i).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………[2 marks]

(c) The wheel of the wheelbarrow exerted pressure on the muddy road. The resultant forceexerted by the wheel on the road surface is 500 N and the area of the wheel in contactwith the road is 2 x 10-3 m2

(i) What does the word pressure mean?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

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(ii) Calculate the pressure exerted on the surface of the muddy road.

[2 marks]

(iii) State one modification that could be made to the wheelbarrow to reduce the pressureexerted on the road. Explain your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2 marks]

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SPM PAPER 2 2004 SECTION A N0. 1 (4 marks)

4 Diagram 4.1 shows the meniscus of oil in a measuring cylinder. P, Q and R are three eyepositions while measuring the volume of the oil.

DIAGRAM 4.1

(a) (i) which position of the eye is correct while taking the reading of the volume of oil?

………………………………………………………………………………………..

[ 1 mark]

(iii) Give one reason for the answer in (a)(i).

………………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

(b) The oil in the measuring cylinder is replaced with 30 cm of mercury.

(i) In Figure 4.2, draw the meniscus of the mercury in the measuring cylinder.[1 mark]

DIAGRAM 4.2

(ii) Explain what causes the shape of the meniscus of mercury you have drawn in(b)(i).

……………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

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5. Diagram 5.1 shows a man standing on a stationary boat. He then jumps out of the boatonto the jetty. The boat moves away from the jetty as he jumps.

DIAGRAM 4.1

(c)State the physics principle that is involved in the movement of the boat asthe man jumps onto the jetty.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

[ 1 mark]

(c) Explain why the boat moves. away from the jetty when the man jumps.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

[ 1 mark]

(c) The mass of the man is 50 kg and he jumps at a velocity of 2 m s -1. Themass of the boat is 20 kg.

Calculate the velocity of the boat as the man jumps.

]2 marks]

(d) Name one application of the physics principle stated in (a) in anexploration of outer space.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

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6. Diagram 6.1 shows the arrangement of apparatus in an experiment todetermine the relationship between the extension e of a spring T withweight W. The relationship of e with W. is shown in the graph inDiagram 6.2.


(a) A law states that;

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied if

the elastic limit of the spring is not exceeded.

(i) Name this law.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

[ 1 mark]

(ii) Mark with a cross ( x ) the elastic limit of the spring on the graph in Diagram.6.2. [ 1 mark]

(b) The spr ing stores energy when it is extended.Calculate the energy stored in the spring when it is extend by 4 cm.

[3 marks]

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(c) Another spring, identical to spring T, is added to the arrangement in Diagram 6.1. Thisnew arrangement is shown in Diagram 5.3. The experiment is then repeated.

Diagram 6.3

Sketch the graph of W against e for this experiment on the graph in Figure 6.2.[ 1 mark]

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7 Diagram 7.1 shows a feather and a water droplet falling from the same height. The mass ofthe feather and water droplet is the same and both are dropped simultaneously at time t = 0.

Water droplet featherDiagram 7.1

The graph in Diagram 7.2 shows the motion of the feather and the water droplet from time t =0.

Diagram 6.2

(a) Name one force acting on the feather and the water droplet.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

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(b) Using Diagram 7.1, compare the surface area of the feather and the waterdroplet.

[1 mark]

(c) Using the graph in Diagram 7.2, compare the changes in velocity of the featherand the dater droplet.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………[3 marks]

(d) Using your answers in (b) and (c), state the relationship between the surface area andthe final velocity.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(e) The feather and the water droplet are dropped in a vacuum. Sketch a velocity-

time graph to show the motion of both objects.

V

[2 marks]

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8. Figure 8.1 shows the scale of an ammeter.

Mirror

Diagram 8.1

(a) Name the physical quantity measured by the ammeter.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(b) In the space below, draw the symbol for an ammeter.

[1 mark]

(c )What is the value of the smallest division on the scale?

………………………………………….A

[1 mark]

(c) State the function of the mirror located under the scale.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark]

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9. student studies the effect of the movement of a lift on the readings of a weighing

scale.mass of the student is 50 kg.

In this study. the student stands on a weighing scale in a lift as shown in Diagram 9.1

He records the readings of the weighing scale when the lift is at rest, moving

up with acceleration, moving up with uniform velocity, moving down with

uniform velocity and moving down with deceleration.

The readings of the weighing scale in the study are shown in Table 9.1.

Movement of the lift Readings of the weighing scale/kg

At rest 50

Moving up with acceleration60

Moving up with uniform velocity 50

Moving down with uniform velocity 50

Moving down with deceleration 60

Table 9.1

Lift

Weighing scale

Diagram 9.1

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( a ) The mass of the student is 50 kg.

What is the weight of the student in newtons?

...............................N

[ 1 mark]

b) State two types of movement of the lift when the reading on the weighing scale is

equal to the mass of the student.

1. ..........................................................................................................................

2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………[2 marks]

(c) F is the resultant force that acts on the student.

R is the normal reaction of the weighing scale on the student. m is

the mass of the student.

g is the gravitational acceleration.

Write a general equation to show the relationship between F, R, m and g.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

[ 1 mark]

(d) When the lift moves up with acceleration, the normal reaction is greater than his

weight.

Explain why.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2 marks]

(e) (i)What is observed on the reading of the weighing scale when the lift moves downwith acceleration?.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (e)(i)

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

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10. Diagram 10.1 shows an electric circuit.

Diagram 10.1

(a)(i) Name instrument Q.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(ii) What is the function of R in the circuit?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(a) Diagram 10.2 shows two types of ammeters, X and Y, that can be used in thecircuit in Diagram 10.1.

Ammneter X Ammeter Y

Diagram 10.2

(i) Which ammeter is more sensitive?………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark](ii) State one reason for answer in 1(b)(i).

………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

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11. Diagram 11.1 and Diagram 11.2 show a student throwing an iron ball in ashot put event using different throwing techniques.

The angle of projection and the force used by the student in both techniques arethe same.

DIAGRAM 11.1

DIAGRAM 11.2

(a) Observe Diagram 11.1 and Diagram 11.2.(i) Compare the distance of the hand movement to throw the iron ball.

……………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

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(ii) Based on the answer in 11(a)(i), compare the work done by the student between the twothrowing techniques.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(iii) If the force which acts on the iron ball is 20N and the distance of handmovement is 0.5 m, calculate the work done by the student.

[2 marks]

(b) (i) Based on the answer in 11(a)(i), state the relationship between the energy gained bythe iron ball and the distance of projection.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

ii) State the principle involved.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(c) (i) Using Diagram 10.1, what happens to the falling time if an iron ball of a bigger mass isused?

………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(ii) Give one reason for your answer in 11(c)(i).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

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12 DIAGRAM 12.1 and Diagram 12.2 show two identical mirrors which are hang on thewall using strings, of the same length.

DIAGRAM 12.1 DIAGRAM 12.2

The two mirrors are in equilibrium state. Each mirror has amass of 2kg. Each string can withstand a maximum force of 15N.

(a)What is meant by equilibrium state?

………………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

(b)What is the weight of any one of the mirrors?

…………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(c )In the space below, draw a diagram of a triangle of forces that actson the mirrors in Diagram 12.1 and Diagram 12.2

Diagram of a triangle of forces Diagram of a triangle of forcesFor Diagram 12.1 For Diagram 12.2

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(d)T1 and T2 are the tensions of the string that act on the mirrors in Diagram 12.1 andDiagram 12.2 respectively.(i) In the space below, draw the scale drawings of triangles of forces to determine thevalues of T1 and T2

[ Use the scale 1 cm : 2N]

T1 = ……….cm

= …………N

T2 = ……….cm

= …………N

[4marks]

(ii)Based on your answer in 12(d)(i), which is the most suitable method to hang the mirror?Give one reason for your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2 marks]

If the string in Diagram 11.1 is cut, the mirror will fall down in 0.6 s.Calculate the final velocity of the mirror before it touches the surface of the floor.

[2 marks]

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SPM Paper 2 2007 SECTION A NO. 4 (7 Marks)

13. Diagram 13 shows a worker lifting a load of mass 20 kg using a pulley system. Theworker applies force of 220 N to pull the rope down a distance of 0.5 m. The load israised to a height of 0.5 m.

DIAGRAM 13

(a) what is meant by work?

……………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

(b) Calculate the work done

(i) by the worker to pull the rope down a distance of 0.5 m.

[2 marks]

(ii) on the load to raise it to a height of 0.5 m.

[2 marks]

(c) (i) Compare the work done in 12 (b)(i) ang 12(b)(ii)

……………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

State why there is a difference between the work done in 12(b)(i) and12(b)(ii).

…………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

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SPM Paper 2 2008 SECTION A NO. 5 (7 marks)

14 Diagram 14.1 shows two boys pushing a large box. After some time, the box stillremains stationary.

Diagram 14.1

Diagram 14.2 shows an aircraft moving forward with a uniform velocity at aconstant height.

Diagram 14.2

Based on the situation in Diagram 14.1 and the situation in Diagram 14.2,

(i) state similarities about the magnitudes and directions of the forces

FI and F 2 , F 3 and F 4 .

Magnitudes……………………………………………………………….

Directions………………………………………………………………….

[2 marks]

(ii) What is the net force in both situations?

………………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

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(iii) Based on the answers in 14(a)(i) and 14(a)(ii), name the physics concept involved.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

(b) (i) Another aircraft has F3 greater than F4. Describe the motion of this aircraft.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

Explain the answer in 14(b)(i).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 mark]

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SPM PAPER 2 2003 SECTION B N0. 9 (20 marks)

1. Diagram 1.1 shows two ident ical spher ical plast ic ine bal ls before beingreleased f rom the same height. Figure 1.2 shows the state of theplast ic ine bal ls when they hit the wood and the sponge. I t was observedthat the p las t ic ine stopped more qu ick ly when i t h i t the wood.

Plast icine Plasticine

Diagram 1.1

Diagram 1.2

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(a) (i) What does the word momentum mean?[1 mark]

( i i ) Observe Diagram 1.1 and Diagram1.2 . Compare the shapes of thep las t ic ine bal ls , the surface of the wood and the surface of thesponge before and when the plast icine bal ls hit the surfaces.

Re late the changes in shapes of the p last ic ine ba l ls and thesur faces to deduce a relevant physics concept.

[5 marks]

b) Explain the changes in energy that occur from the moment the plasticine ball isreleased until it reaches the position in Diagram 1.2

[4 marks]

(c ) An earth monitoring satellite falls into the earth’s atmosphere at high velocity andreaches a high temperature. This is caused by the earth’s gravitational force and airresistance.

Using the appropriate physics concept, suggest and explain suitable designs or waysto protect the satellite and the equipment.(i) from extreme heat.(ii) from breaking up on landing.

[10 marks]

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SPM PAPER 2 2008 SECTION B N0. 9 (20 marks)

2(a) Diagram 2.1 shows two identical steel balls placed onto spring M andspring N. Both springs are elastic and fixed to a horizontal surface. The springs are pusheddown until the lengths of spring M and spring N are the same.

Diagram 2.2 shows the maximum heights reached by the balls when the handsare released.

[Assume spring M and spring N are of the same material, same coil diameterand same original length]

Diagram 2.2

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(i) What is the meaning of elasticity?

[1 mark]

(ii) Using Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, compare the thickness of the spring wireand the maximum height reached by the balls.

Relate the thickness of the spring wire with the maximum height of the ballto make a deduction regarding the relationship between the thickness of thespring wire and the elastic potential energy of the spring.

[5 marks]

(b) The forces used to compress the springs in Diagram 2.1(a) and Diagram2.1(b) are F1 and F2 respectively.

(i) Compare F1 and F2.Give one reason for the answer.

[2 marks]

(ii)Using Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, state the energy changes thattake place from the moment the spring is compressed until the ballreaches its maximum height.

[2 marks]

(c) Diagram 2.3 shows a pole vaulter performing a jump.

Diagram 2.3

Using appropriate physics concepts, explain the use of suitable equipment and techniques toimprove his performance.

(i) Your answer should include the following aspects:

(ii) Vaulter's attire

(iii) Vaulter's movement

(iv) Pole used

(v) Safety

[10 marks]

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SPM PAPER 2 2007 SECTION C N0. 11 (20 marks)

1 Diagram 1.1 shows the speed limit and the load limit of heavy vehicles such as buses and lorries

Diagram 1.1

(a) what is meant by speed?[1 mark]

(b) Using the concepts of momentum and inertia, explain why the speed limit and the loadlimit must be imposed on heavy vehicles.

[4 marks]

(c) Diagram 1.2 shows four tankers, P, Q, R and S, with different specifications. You arerequired to determine the most suitable tanker to deliver oil safely. Study thespecifications of all the four tankers from the following aspects:

The type of brakes

The number of tyres

The number and size of the tanks

The distance between the trailer and the tractor

Explain the suitability of the aspects. Justify your choice.

[10 marks]

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Diagram 1.2

(d) A tanker of mass 1 800 kg accelerates from rest to a velocity of 45 km h-1 in 10 s.

Calculate the acceleration of the tanker.

Calculate the force acting on the tanker.

[5 marks]

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CHAPTER 3 : FORCE AND PRESSURE

SPM 2003, Section A, No.5 [8 Marks]1 Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9 show a spring balance supporting a metal block K in the

situations.

Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9

(a) Compare the readings of the spring balance in Figure 7 and Figure 8.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

. …………............................................................................................................................

[1 mark]

(b) Name three forces that act on K when it is partially or totally in water.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

.. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………[2 marks]

(c) State and explain the relationship between the forces in (b)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2 marks]

(d) Name the principle involved in (c).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

(e) (i) What will happen to the reading of the spring balance in Figure 9 if the water isreplaced with salt solution ?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

[1 mark]

(ii) Give one reason for your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

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SPM 2005, Section A, No.5 [8 Marks]2 Figure 5.1 show a piece of paper hanging from a retort stand. When air flows from the

nozzle of an air pump, the changes its position as shown in Figure 5.2

Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2

(a) Compare the position of the paper in Figure 5.1 and Figure 5.2

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1mark]

(b) F is a force that causes the paper to change its position.In box X, on Figure 5.2, indicate and label the direction of F that acts on the paper.

[1 mark](c) Explain how F is produced.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[2 marks]

(d) (i) Compared to the position of the paper in Figure 5.2, how does the position of thepaper change when the air flows faster.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

(ii)Give a reason for your answer in (d)(i)

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

(e) Name the principle that causes the observation in Figure 5.2

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

(f) Name one piece of apparatus in a school laboratory which uses the principle in (e)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

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SPM 2006, Section A, No.5 [8 Marks]3 Diagram 5.1 shows the situation of a sheet of paper before and when air is blown.

Diagram 5.2 shows the situation of the canopy before the lorry moves when the lorry moveshigh speed.

Diagram 5.1

Diagram 5.2(a) What is meant by speed ?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(b) Based on Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2(i) State two similarities for the situation in Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………......

2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………..[2 marks]

(ii) Compare the air pressure above and below the paper when air is blown.

………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

(iii) Relate the speed of the air to the pressure of the air.

……..……………………………………………………………………………………………

....………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

(c) Name the principle involved in 5(b)(iii)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

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(d) Diagram 5.3 shows an instrument used to measure the speed of air.

Diagram 5.3

In Diagram 5.3, the levels of coloured water in the U-tube are the same before air flows.(i) Compare the speeds of air at P and Q.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

(ii) Mark the water levels in the U-tube in Diagram 5.3 while air flows.[1 mark]

SPM 2007, Section A, No.2 [5 Marks]4 Diagram 2 shows a water tank that supplies water to a block a flats. The water flows to each

unit if the flat due to water pressure.

Diagram 2

(a) What is meant by pressure ?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 mark]

Water tank

P

Q

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(b) A water tank with a height of 3.0 m is fully filled with water.Calculate the water pressure at the base of the water tank.[Density of water = 1 000 kg m-3]

[ 2 marks]

(c) Based on Diagram 2, compare the water pressure at P and at Q. Explain youranswer.………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 2 marks]

SPM 2008, Section A, No.7 [10 Marks]5 Diagram 7.1 shows a hydraulic system. A force F is exerted on the small piston.

Diagram 7.1(a)(i) Name the principle involved in this hydraulic system

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..[ 1 mark]

(ii) Compare the pressure at point P and at point Q.…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[ 1 mark]

(b)Diagram 7.2 show a hydraulic jack in a car service centre.

Diagram 7.2

Large

Oil

Small

Large

Oil

Valve B

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A force of 50 N is exerted on the small piston when the handle is pushed down. The cross-sectional areas of the small piston and the large piston are 0.04 m2 and 0.8 m2 respectively.

(i) Calculate the pressure exerted on the oil in the hydraulic jack.

[ 2 marks](ii) Calculate the force that the oil exerted on the large piston.

[ 1 mark](c) Based on Diagram 7.2

(i) Explain how the handle is used to lift the load to its maximum height.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 2 marks]

(ii) Explain one modification to the large piston that enables the jack to lift a heavierload.…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………[ 2 marks]

(iii) State how load is lowered without using the handle.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 1 mark]

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CHAPTER 3 : FORCE AND PRESSURE

SPM 2004, Section B, No. 10 [20 Marks]1 Figure 14 shows two identical spherical plasticine balls before being released from the

same height. Figure 15 shows the state of the balls when they hit the wood and thesponge. It was observed that the plasticine stopped more quickly when it hit the wood.

Figure 15

(a)(i) What does the word momentum mean ?[1 marks]

(ii) Observe Figure 14 and Figure 15. Compare the shape of the plasticine balls, thesurface of the wood and the surface of the sponge before and when the plasticineballs hit the surfaces.

Relate the changes in shapes of the plasticine balls and the surfaces to deduce arelevant physics concept.

[5 marks](b) Explain the changes in energy that occur from the moment the plasticine ball is

released until it reaches the position in Figure 15.[4 marks]

(c) An eart-monitoring satellite falls into the earth’s atmosphere at high velocity andreaches a high temperature. This is caused by the earth’s gravitational force and airresistance.Using the appropriate physics concepts, suggest and explain suitable designs or waysto protect the satellite and its equipment;

(i) from extreme heat.(ii) from breaking up on landing

[10 marks]

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SPM 2005, Section B, No. 9 [20 Marks]2 (a) A fisherman finds that his boat is at different levels in the sea and in the river although

the boat carries the same load.


(i) What is meant by density ?[1 mark]

(ii) Using Figure 9.1 and 9.2, compare the levels of the boat and the volumes of waterdisplaced by the boat.

Relating the mass of the boat with its load, the volume of water displaced and thedensity of the water, deduce a relevant physics concept.

[5 marks]

(ii) Name the physics principle that explains the above situation.[1 mark]

(b) A submarine can sail on the surface and under the sea.Explain how a submarine on the surface submerges.

[3 marks](c) Figures 9.3 and 9.4 illustrate the working principle of a hydrometer. The depth to which

the test tube sinks depends on its surrounding liquid.


Explain how you would design a hydrometer that can determine a wide range ofdensities of liquid, using the ideas of the working principle of a hydrometer shownabove.

Draw a diagram that shows the design of your hydrometer and in your explanation,emphasise the following aspects:(i) The stability of the hydrometer(ii) The sensitivity of the hydrometer,(iii) The ability to measure a wide range of densities of liquids,(iv) The calibration of the hydrometer.

[10 marks]

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SPM 2007, Section B, No. 9 [20 Marks]3 (a) Diagram 9.1 shows a cross-sectional of a moving aeroplane. The wing of the aeroplane

experiences a lift.

Diagram 9.1

(i) Name the shape of the cross-sectional in diagram 9.1[1 mark]

(ii) Explain why the lift force acts on the wing of the aeroplane.[3 marks]

(b) Two ski jumpers ski down from a very high platform with the same take off velocity.Diagram 9.2 and Diagram 9.3 show the posture of the two ski jumpers during take offfrom the platform.Diagram 9.4 and Diagram 9.5 show the posture of the two ski jumpers in the air. Theyland on the ground at the same instant.

Based on the Diagram 9.2 and Diagram 9.3, compare the posture of the two ski jumpers.[1 mark]

Based on the Diagram 9.4 and Diagram 9.5, Compare the landing distance of the two skijumpers.

[1 mark]

Based on Diagram 9.4 and Diagram 9.5, Relate the lift force to the landing distance.[2 marks]

Name one sport which uses the same principle of lift force as the ski jumper.Explain the similarities.

[2 marks]

39

Diagram 9.6

(c) Diagram 9.6 shows a sailboat.You are required to give some suggestion to design a sailboat which can travel faster.Using the knowledge on motion, force and the properties of materials, explain thesuggestions based on the following aspects.(i) The surface of the board.(ii) The shape of the board(iii) Material used for the board(iv) Material used for the sail(v) The size of the sail.

[10 marks]

41

CHAPTER 4 : HEAT

SPM 2003,Section A, No. 2 [5 Marks]1 The block P and Q in Figure 2 have the same mass. They are immersed in boiling water for

along time. P and Q are then transferred into beakers X and Y respectively as shown inFigure 3.

Figure 2 Figure 3

The mass of water in both beakers X and Y is 0.25 kg and the initial temperature of thewater in each beaker is the same.Specific heat capacity of P is 900 J kg-1 0C-1

Specific heat capacity of Q is 390 J kg-1 0C-1

Specific heat capacity of water is 4 200 J kg-1 0C-1

(a)(i) State the initial temperature of the blocks

.......................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(ii) Why is the final temperature of the water in beaker X is higher than that in beaker Y?

.......................................................................................................................................[1mark]

(b)(i) Calculate the rise in temperature of the water in beaker Y if block Q release 8 400 Jof heat energy.

[2 marks]

(ii) State one assumption which you have made in (b)(i)

.......................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

42

SPM 2005, Section A , No. 4 [7 Marks]2 (a) Sweating is one of the ways our body maintains the body temperature of about 370C.

Sweat is largely made up of water and it comes from sweat glands as shown in Figure4.1

Figure 4.1

When sweat evaporates, it takes heat away from our body.

(i)What is meant by evaporation ?

.........................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(ii)Using kinetic theory of matter, explain how evaporation takes away heat from ourbody.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................[2 marks]

(b) State two environmental factors that affect the rate of evaporation of sweat.

1......................................................................................................................................

2......................................................................................................................................

[2 marks]

(c) While playing badminton, 0.05 kg of sweat was evaporated from Ahmad’s body.Calculate the quantity of heat lost from his body due to the evaporation.

The latent heat of vaporisation of sweat is 2.3 x 106 J kg-1.

[2 marks]

43

SPM 2006 Section A, No. 2 [5 Marks]3 Diagram 2 shows a mercury thermometer which has not been calibrated

Diagram 2

(a)(i) State the physical change in the mercury when the temperature increases.

........................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(ii) Why is mercury used in the thermometer?

.......................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(b) The length of the mercury column in the thermometer is 2.6 cm at 0 0C and 22.6 cm at100 0C.

(i) What is the difference in the lengths of the mercury columns at 0 0C and at 100 0C ?

..........................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(ii) When the thermometer is placed in hot oil, the length of the mercury column is16.9 cm .Calculate the temperature of the hot oil.

[2 marks]

SPM 2007, Section A, No. 3 [7 Marks]4 Diagram 3.1 shows the change of phase when 1 kg ice is converted into steam.

R S T U

Diagram 3.1

Q1, Q2 and Q3 are the heat energies absorbed during the heating process.(a) Name the heat energy, Q, which is absorbed from R to S.

………………………………………………………………………………………….........[1 mark]

(b) State one reason why the temperature R and S is the same even though heat is

supplied.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................[2 marks]

1 kg iceat 0 0C

1 kg waterat 0 0C

1 kg waterat 100 0C

1 kgsteam

at 100 0C

44

(c) Calculate the heat energy, Q2, which is absorbed from S to T.[The specific heat capacity of water, C = 4 200 J kg-1 0C-1]

[2 marks](d) Sketch the graph of temperature against time on Diagram 3.2 to show the change

of phase from R to U.

Temperature /0C

Diagram 3.2

[2 marks]

SPM 2008, Section A, No. 8 [12 Marks]5 Diagram 8.1 shows a 500 W electric heater being used to heat a beaker of water on a

compression balance.

Diagram 8.1

(a) State the energy change involved when using the heater to heat the water.

……………………………………………………………………………………………...[1 mark]

Time /s

45

(b) The mass of water is 0.5 kg and the specific heat capacity of water is 4 200 J kg-1

0C-1. The initial temperature of the water is 30 0C.Calculate the energy absorbed by the water to reach its boiling point.

[ 2 marks]

(c) When the water is boiling, the reading of the compression balance decreases by0.0125 kg in 60 s.Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporization of the water.

[ 2 marks]

(d) Q, R and S are three different hot plates. These hot plates are used to heat ‘roticanai’.Table 8 shows the characteristics of each plate.

Hot PlatesSpesific Heat Capasity, c

J kg-1 0C-1Mass, m

kgPower, P

W

Q 390 3.0 600

R 900 2.5 1 200

S 400 4.0 900

Table 8The initial temperature of each plate is 30 0C.The plates are ready to use when their temperature reaches 200 0C.Calculate the time taken to reach 200 0C for each plate.

(i) Plat Q

(ii) Plat R

(iii) Plat S

[5 marks](e)(i) Based on the answer in 8(d), which plate is the most suitable for heating ‘roti canai’.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(ii) State one reason for the answer in 8(e)(i).

……………………………………………………………………………………………….......

[1 mark]

47

CHAPTER 4: HEAT

SPM 2003,Section C, No. 3 [20 Marks]1 You are representing the country in carrying out a research project on the weather at the

North Pole. The surrounding temperature is between -400C to -80C. One item of theequipment to be taken for your research is a thermometer.

(a) State the principle used in a liquid-glass thermometer.[1 mark]

(b) State how a liquid-glass thermometer can be used to measure the body temperature ofa sick person. Explain heat transfer that takes place at each stage of measurement.

[4 marks](c) The table shows the characteristics of six types of thermometer P, Q, R, S, T and U.

ThermometerLiquidused

Glasswalledbulb

Diameter ofcapillary

tube

Glass-borestem

Cross-section

P mercury thin bigthick andcurved

Q mercury thick small thin and plane

R mercury thin small thin and curve

S alcohol thick big thick and plane

T alcohol thin smallthick andcurved

U alcohol thick small thin and plane

Additional information:Freezing point of mercury = -390C Boiling point of mercury = 3600CFreezing point of alcohol = -1120C Boiling point of alcohol = 780C

Based on the table above

(i) Explain the suitable characteristics of the thermometer so that it can be used tomeasure temperature at the North Pole.

(ii) Decide which thermometer is most suitable to be taken for your research andgive reasons.

[10 marks]

48

(d) A thermometer which is not calibrated has a mercury column of length 8.0 cm when thetemperature is 00C and 20.0 cm when the temperature is 1000C. The mercury columnis 5.0 cm when put in liquid X.

(i) Determine the temperature of liquid X in Kelvin(ii) State a thermometric property used when making of a thermometer.

[5 marks]

SPM 2004 , Section C , No. 11 [20 Marks]2 (a)Figure 3.1 shows a food container used for keeping food warm. The container is able to

maintain the temperature of food for a long time. The container can be moved from oneplace to another.

Figure 3.1

Table 3.1 shows the characteristics of materials which could be used to make the foodcontainer.

Characteristic

Material

Density / kg m-3 Melting Point /0C

Specific heatcapacity / J kg-1

0C-1

Thermalconductivity

P 2 710 660 910 HighQ 910 27 1 600 LowR 1 050 240 1 300 LowS 2 600 1 200 670 LowT 3 800 2 020 800 HIgh

(i) What is meant by melting point ?[1 mark]

(ii) Your are asked to investigate the characteristics of the material in Table 3.1 Whichcould be used to make the food container as in Figure 3.1Explain the suitability of each characteristics in Table 3.1 and hence, determineWhich material is most suitable to be used to make the food container.Justify your choice.

[10 marks]

(b) 500 g of hot water at 90 0C is poured into a glass and left to cool down to roomtemperature at 30 0C.(i) Sketch the temperature-time graph for the cooling process of the hot water. Use

your graph to explain this process.[4 marks]

(ii) Calculate the quantity of heat lost from the hot water. The specific heat capacity ofwater is 4 200 J kg-10C-1.

[2 marks]

49

(iii) Hot water is poured into a glass which has a small crack. It is observed that thesize of the crack increases.Explain this observation.

[3 marks]

SPM 2006 Section C, No. 11 [20 Marks]3 (a)(i) What is meant by specific latent heat of vaporization?

[1 mark]

(ii)Explain why someone who is sweating feels cool when he is under a rotating fan.[4 marks]

(b) A solid substance, of mass 0.05 kg, is heated using an immersion heater of 240 V,0.1kW. Diagram 11.1 shows the heating curve of the solid.

Temperature / 0C

Diagram 11.1

Calculate(i) The specific latent heat of fusion of the substances,(ii) The specific latent heat capacity of the substances in liquid state.

[5 marks]

(c) Your are asked to investigate the features of cooling material and the design of a carengine radiator as in Diagram 11.2.Explain the suitability of each features in Diagram 11.2 and then determine the mostsuitable car engine radiator to be used.Give a reason for your choice.

[10 marks]

Time /min

50

P

The features of cooling liquid

Boiling point 100 0C Specific heat capacity 4 200 J

kg-1 C-1

Q



kg-1 C-1

R



kg-1 C-1

S



kg-1 C-1

T



kg-1 C-1

52

CHAPTER 5 : LIGHT

SPM 2003, Section A, No. 4 [7 Marks]1 Figure 5 shows a mother observing the legs of her son in the pool. His legs appear to be

shorter because of a light phenomenon.

Figure 5

(a)(i) Name the light phenomenon involved.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

(ii) Explain how this phenomenon occurs.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

(iii) In Figure 6, draw a ray diagram from point P to the eye to show how the legs appearshorter.

Figure 6[2 marks]

(b) The depth of water is 0.4 mCalculate the distance of the image of the foot at point P from the surface of the water.

[Refractive index of water = 1.33]

[2 marks]

53

SPM 2004, Section A,No. 4 [5 Marks]2 Figure 4.1 shows an image of letter FIZI when viewed through a glass of water.

Figure 4.1

(a)State the light phenomenon that causes the images of FIZI to be enlarged.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

(b) What is the change in size of the image if the water is replaced with a transparent liquidof a greater density ?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

(c) The glass of water is replaced with a lens M with focal length of 10 cm. The distancebetween the book cover and the centre of the lens is 8 cm.

It is observed that the image FIZIK is enlarged(i) Name the type of lens M.

.………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

(ii) Calculate the distance of the image from lens M.

[2 marks]

54

SPM 2005, Section A, No. 3 [6 Marks]

3 Figure 3.1 shows a student standing 3 m from a plane mirror in a room. The student cansee the image of the wall clock located 2 m behind him

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2 shows the top view of the student in the room

Figure 3.2

(a) Name the light phenomenon that enables the student to see the image of the wallclock in the plane mirror.

......................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(b) What is the distance between the student and the image of the wall clock ?

......................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(c) The student then move 1 m toward the plane mirror.What is the distance between the student and the image of the wall clock. ?

.......................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(d) The time shown by the wall clock is 9 a.m.By drawing the hands of the clock in Figure 3.3, complete the image of the wall clockin the plane mirror as seen by the student.

Figure 3.3

[1 mark]

Wall Clock

55

(e) The student moves to position X. He can see the image of the lamp in the planemirror.In Figure 3.4, draw a ray diagram to show how the student can see the image of thelamp.

Figure 3.4[2 marks]


4 Diagram 4.1 shows a submarine equipped with an optical instrument P.Diagram 4.2 shows the structure of the optical P.

Diagram 4.1

Diagram 4.2(a) Name the optical instrument P.

.....................................................................................................................................

[1 mark](b) In Diagram 4.2, two glass prisms must be placed so that the object can be seen by

the observer. The position of one of the glass prisms is as shown.

(i) In box A in Diagram 4.2, draw and shade the second prism.

[1 mark]

56

(ii) Explain why the prisms in optical instrument P are placed as in 4(b)(i).

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(c) (i) In Diagram 4.2, complete the path of the light ray from the object to the observer’seye.

[1 mark](ii) State one characteristics of the image observed .

........................................... ...................................................................................................

[1 mark]

(d) The refractive index of the glass prism is 1.52.Calculate the critical angle of the glass prism.

[2 marks]

SPM 2007, Section A, No.5 [8 Marks]

5 Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show a light ray passing through prism P and prism Q,Respectively.

Prism P Prism Q


(a) What is meant by critical angle ?Tick ( \ ) the correct answer in the box provided.

The angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 900

The angle of incidence when the incident ray is totally reflected.

[1 mark](b) Explain why the light ray does not bend when it enters both prisms at point A.

………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

57

(c) (i) Based on Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2. how can the angle of incidence atpoint B be made equal to the critical angle ?

Prism P

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Prism Q

…………………………………………………………………………………………[2 marks]

(ii) Diagram 5.1 shows the light ray passing from glass to air at point B .Compare the density of glass with the density of air.

..........................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(iii) Based on Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2,what happen to the light ray afterpassing point B?

Diagram 5.1

. ……………………………………………………………………………………….

Diagram 5.2

. ……………………………………………………………………………………….[2 marks]

(d) Name the phenomenon show in Diagram 5.2

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

[1 mark]


6 A pencil is placed in front of a concave mirror. Diagram 2.1 shows the image of the pencil inthe mirror.

Diagram 2.1

(a) Name the phenomenon involved in the formation of the image.

.....................................................................................................................................[1 marks]

58

(b) The image is upright and magnified.

State one other characteristic of the image.

......……………………………………………………………………………………………..[1 marks]

(c) Diagram 2.2 shows an incomplete ray diagram, C is the centre of curvature and F isthe principle focus.

Complete the ray diagram to show how the image is formed.

Diagram 2.2

[2 marks]

59

CHAPTER 5 : LIGHT

SPM 2004 , Section B, No.9 [20 Marks]

1 Figure 1.1 and 1.2 show the parallel rays of light directed toward the curved mirrors, J andK. CP is the radius of curvature, and F is the focal point of the mirrors.

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2(a)What is meant by focal point.

[1 mark](b) Using Figures 1.1 and 1.2, compare the curvature of mirrors J and K and the effects on

reflected rays.State the relationship between the curvature of the mirrors and their focal length.

[5 marks](c) Figure 1.3 shows a cross section of a parabolic reflector used in a car headlamp. The

headlamp has two bulbs, X and Y, Bulb X is located at the focal point of the reflectorwhile bulb Y is above bulb X.

Figure 1.3Explain what happens to the light rays from the bulb when only;(i) Bulb X switched on,(ii) Bulb Y is switched on

You may use diagrams to illustrate your answers.[4 marks]

(d) You are given two pieces of plane mirror measuring 5 cm x 6 cm to make periscope.(i) Using these mirror and other materials, describe how you would make the periscope.

[4 marks](ii) Explain why the image observed through the periscope using plane mirrors are not

very clear.[2 marks]

(iii) Suggest modification that can be made to the periscope to produce clearer andbigger images

[4 marks]

60

SPM 2006, Section B, No. 9 [20 Marks]2 Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show the light rays from two identical objects passing through

the convex lenses, J and K. Both the lenses produce virtual images. F is the focal point for

each lens.

Diagram 9.1

Diagram 9.2

(a) (i) What is meant by virtual image ?[1 marks]

(ii) With reference to Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2, compare the thickness of thelenses, the focal length and the size of image produced by the lenses J and K.Relate the size of the image with the focal length to make a deduction regarding therelationship between the power of the lens and the focal length.

[5 marks]

(b) Explain why a piece of paper burns when placed under a convex lens aimed towardshot sun rays.

[4 marks]

61

(c) You are given two convex lenses, P and Q, with focal length 40 cm and 5 cmrespectively.Both the lenses are used to build a simple astronomical telescope at normal adjustment.

(i) Using the two lenses, explain how you are going to build the simple astronomicaltelescope.

[6 marks]

(ii) Suggest modifications that need to be done on the telescope to produce clearer andbigger images.

[4 marks]

62

CHAPTER 5 : LIGHT

SPM 2005, Section C, No. 11 [20 Marks]1 (a)Figure 11.1

Figure 11.1

(i) Define the power of a lens[1 marks]

(ii) Give two reasons why R is used as the objective lens of the telescope.[2 marks]

(iii) Using lenses R and S, draw a ray diagram on Figure 11.1 to show the formation ofthe final image by the telescope at normal adjustment. Use a scale of 10 cm to1cm.

[5 marks]

(iv) Calculate the magnification of the final image formed by the telescope at normaladjustment.

[2 marks]

(b) Presbyopia is an inability of the eye to adjust the focussing of far and near objects. Thisis usually happens when we get old, where the ciliary muscle is less able to change theshape of the eye lens to focus the image on the retina, as shown in Figure 11.2 and11.3

Figure 11.2 Figure 11.3As an optician, you have three designs of lenses, X, Y and Z, in your shop.The cross-section of X, Y and Z are shown in Figure 11.4

63

Figure 11.4

(i) Choose the most suitable design of lens in Figure 11.4 to correct the sight of aperson with presbyopia and explain the suitability of the design.

(ii) Explain why the other two designs are not suitable.Either low or high refractive index glass can be used to make the lenses.

(iii) Which type of glass is most suitable to make the lens chosen in (b)(i) ?Give reason for your choice.

[10 marks]

SPM 2008, Section C, No. 11 [20 Marks]2 Diagram 11 shows a light signal traveling through an optical fibre made of glass.

Diagram 11(a) Name the phenomenon involved at Y.

[1 mark](b) (i) State two changes that happen to the light ray when it passes from air into the optical

fibre at X.[2 marks]

(ii) Explain why the light ray follows the path shown in Diagram 11.1 when it hits the wallof the optical fibre at Y.

[2 marks]

64

(c) The optical fibre in Diagram 11.1 can be used in telecommunications and medicine.You are asked to investigate the characteristics of optical fibres for use in these fields asshown in Table 11.

Table 11Explain the suitability of each feature of optical fibre in Table 11 for use in telecommunicationsand medicine. Determine the most suitable optical fibre that is capable of carrying the largestnumber of signals simultaneously.

[10 marks](d) Diagram 11.2 and Diagram 11.3 show a ray of light passing into glass and diamond

respectively.[ Refractive index : Glass = 1.50 ; Diamond = 2.42 ]

Diagram 11.2 Diagram 11.3(i) Calculate the critical angle of diamond and of glass.

[2 marks](ii) Copy Diagram 11.2 and Diagram 11.3 and complete the path of the light ray in glass

and in diamond until it finally emerges from each object.[3 marks]

Opticalfibre

Features of optical fibre

Comparisonbetween

refractive index ofthe inner core, ni,

and the outercladding, n0

FlexibilityPurity of theinner core.

P Single fine optical fibres ni > n0 High Very high

QBundles of fine paralleloptical fibres

n0 > ni Low Low

RBundles of fine paralleloptical fibres

ni > n0 High Very high

S Single fine optical fibres ni > n0 Low High

TBundles of fine paralleloptical fibres

n0 > ni High High

ats phy 09 f4 p2

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