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Furnishing Training Package

Support Material

LMFFM2005A

Join solid timber

Participant Name: …………………………………...

A U S T R A

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© Australian National Training Authority (ANTA) 2004

Level 11, AMP Place

10 Eagle StreetBRISBANE QLD 4000

Phone: (07) 3246 2300

Fax: (07) 3246 2490

All rights reserved. This work has been produced initially with the assistance of funding provided

by the Commonwealth Government through ANTA. This work is copyright, but permission is

given to trainers and teachers to make copies by photocopying or other duplicating processes for

use within their own training organisation or in a workplace where the training is being conducted.

This permission does not extend to the making of copies for use outside the immediate training

environment for which they are made, nor the making of copies for hire or resale to third parties.

For permission outside of these guidelines, apply in writing to Australian National Training

Authority.

The views expressed in this version of the work do not necessarily represent the views of ANTA.

Australian National Training Authority does not give warranty nor accept any liability in relation

to the content of this work.

Project Management

Sue Woodward

Jack Cunningham

Di Paton

General Manager – Light Manufacturing Training Australia

Project Coordinator – Light Manufacturing Training Australia

Senior Project Officer – Australian National Training Authority

Project Consultants

Furnishing Training Victoria Mark Kelly – Executive Officer/Project Manager

Alison Porter – Project Officer

Kirsten Stollery – Instructional Designer

Douglas Mawson Institute of TAFE – Technical Writer

Joanna Price – Graphic Artist/Developer

Techtrain/Mark Kelly – Content Editors

Bryon Stanley/Henry Johnson/

Hermann Oltrop/Glenn Hickey – Technical Editors

Alison Porter – Word Processor

Published by:

Australian Training Products Ltd

Level 25, 150 Lonsdale St

Melbourne 3000

Phone: +61 3 96550600 Fax: +61 3 9639 4684

www.atpl.net.au e-mail: [email protected]

First published: July 2004

Stockcode: atp9530

ISBN: 0 642 80272 6

LMFFM2005A - Join solid timber (Master Pack)

Printed by: Document Printing Australia, Melbourne, Australia

AEShareNet: S

Version: 1

Release date: 20/07/2004

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LM FFM2005A – Join sol id t imber

© Australian National Training Authority 2004 Pag e i

P:\AALLPROJECTS\2002\LMF02\Support\HeaderID_8939\atp9530\lmf02_18494.doc

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Content

About this resource ......................................................................................... 1

Copyright ...................................................................................................................1

How do I use this resource? .......................................................................................2

What do I have to do? ................................................................................................3

How will I be assessed?..............................................................................................5

What other resources are available?...........................................................................6

Key words ......................................................................................................... 7

Introduction...................................................................................................... 9

Manufactured boards.................................................................................................9

Solid Timber...............................................................................................................9

Joining solid timber..................................................................................................11

Preparing for work ........................................................................................ 13

Health and safety .....................................................................................................13

Material Safety Data Sheets .................................................................................... 15

Planning the work sequence....................................................................................25

Quality procedures ..................................................................................................27

Quality Assurance...................................................................................................28

Selection of work area, tools and equipment ............................................................29

Preparation of materials ............................................................................... 35

Types of timber.........................................................................................................35

Adhesives .................................................................................................................39

Use of adhesives and glues.......................................................................................43

Selecting timber .......................................................................................................47

Converting timber....................................................................................................51

Defects......................................................................................................................57

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Selecting joining processes...................................................................................... 63

Marking timber for joining........................................................................... 73 Joining timber.......................................................................................................... 73

Cut materials to length............................................................................................ 74

Plane face and edge.................................................................................................. 75

Thickness................................................................................................................. 76

Laying out materials................................................................................................ 77

Clamping................................................................................................................. 79

Re-machining .......................................................................................................... 80

Checking work......................................................................................................... 81

Finalising operations..................................................................................... 83

Cleaning up and maintaining equipment ............................................................... 83

Disposing of materials............................................................................................. 83

Activities ........................................................................................................... 1

Worksheets................................................................................................................. 3

Learning Checklist................................................................................................... 15

Assessment Checklist .............................................................................................. 17

Appendix A ...................................................................................................... 1

Range Statement ....................................................................................................... 3

Evidence Guide.......................................................................................................... 5

Key Competency Levels............................................................................................. 8

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About this resourc e

Welcome to competency unit LMFFM2005A – Join solid timber. In this

resource you will be learning about joining solid timber.

The purpose of this resource is to provide you with the underpinning

knowledge required to assist you in completing an assessment in competency

unit LMFFM2005A – Join solid timber. This resource also contains worksheets

to test your underpinning knowledge, a learning checklist to monitor your

experiences and an assessment checklist so you can monitor what you will

need to do to meet the requirements of an assessment.

Industry trainers and Registered Training Organisations (RTO’s) may use this

resource as a learning and assessment tool. It is not compulsory and is

provided as a support to the Furnishing Training Package LMF02. Trainers

and RTO’s may choose to use alternative material. However, while

conducting accredited training, trainers must comply with the Australian

Quality Training Framework (AQTF). The AQTF can be viewed at

www.anta.gov.au.

This resource is one of forty units developed by Furnishing Training Victoria

on behalf of Light Manufacturing Training Australia, with funding from the

Australian National Training Authority, to support the implementation of theFurnishing Training Package LMF02.

The unit of competency this resource relates to is a specialist skill unit for the

following qualifications.

• Certificate II LMF20302 – Furniture Making

• Certificate III LMF30302 – Furniture Making

• Certificate III LMF30402 – Furniture Making (Cabinet Making)

• Certificate III LMF30502 – Furniture Making (Wood Machining)

Copyright

Parts of this resource (text and graphics) may have been reproduced from the

ABC Furnishing Modules Learner Guides. This material is copyright material

and has been reproduced with the kind permission of the Australian National

Training Authority (ANTA).

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How do I use this resource?

This resource is divided into four main sections.

• A learning resource, which contains underpinning knowledge and

background information on joining solid timber.

• Worksheets to test your underpinning knowledge of joining solid

timber.

• A learning checklist which allows you to monitor your experiences in

joining solid timber.

• An assessment checklist which will help you demonstrate competency.

It is suggested that to meet all the requirements of this resource you will need

to complete the following tasks:

• Read the information contained in the learning unit.

• Complete the worksheets as instructed.

• Have your answers checked by your trainer.

• Work with your trainer to practise joining solid timber.

•Read the assessment checklist.

• Complete an assessment.

If you are having difficulties completing this resource because you do not

have sufficient background knowledge or literacy skills, you should ask your

trainer for assistance.

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What do I have to do?

To achieve competence in this unit you will need to demonstrate the required

level of skills and knowledge for each of the elements involved in joining solid

timber.

The elements are:

• Prepare the work

• Layout and prepare materials

• Join solid timber

• Finalise operation and maintain equipment.

A copy of the complete unit of competency LMFFM2005A – Join solid timber

is attached in Appendix A. If you are unsure of the meaning of the elements

and/or performance criteria you should ask your trainer for assistance.

To demonstrate competence in this unit you will also need to:

• demonstrate a knowledge of:

- the types, characteristics (including cupping, expansion,

twisting, bowing, spring and grain direction), uses andlimitations of timbers

- the interpretation of plan representation of furniture design

- joining techniques and their effect on timbers

- the types of sawing methods, including back sawn and quarter

sawn, and the impact of these on joining

- the preparation of drawings/set-outs

- the identification of hand and/or power tools, materials,

equipment, processes and procedures

- workflow in relation to furniture production Evidence Guide

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• demonstrate the ability to:

- collect, organise and understand information related to work

orders, basic plans, and safety procedures

- communicate ideas and information to enable confirmation of

work requirements and specifications, coordination of work

with site supervisor, other workers and customers, and the

reporting of work outcomes and problems

- plan and organise activities, including the preparation and

layout of the worksite and the obtaining of equipment and

materials to avoid any back tracking, workflow interruptions or

wastage

- work with others and in a team by recognising dependenciesand using cooperative approaches to optimise workflow and

productivity

- use mathematical ideas and techniques to correctly complete

measurements, calculate area and estimate material

requirements

- use pre-checking and inspection techniques to anticipate

installation problems, avoid reworking and avoid wastage

- use the limited workplace technology related to the installation

of underlay and gripper strips, including tools, equipment,calculators and measuring devices

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How will I be assessed?

Your trainer and/or assessor will decide with you how and when you will be

assessed. Your assessment activity will include joining at least four solid

timber tops. The solid timber tops must have a minimum of three sections and

use a minimum of four different widening joins.

Your assessment should allow you to demonstrate all the skills and

knowledge required for joining solid timber.

This unit may be assessed in conjunction with other units of competency. Your

trainer and/or assessor will tell you if you will be assessed this way.

Are there any p rereq uisites?

There are no compulsory prerequisites in the Furnishing Training Package. It

is recommended that prior to undertaking competency unit LMFFM2005A –

Join solid timber, you should have successfully completed the following unit/

s of competency.

• LMFFM2001A – Use furniture making sector hand and power tools

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What other resources are available?

To assist you completing competency unit LMFFM2005A – Join solid timber,

the following resources have been suggested and should be available to you to

do this competency.

Web sites

• Search ‘joining timber’

• http://www.nohsc.gov.au

Texts

• Walton, J.A. 1993, Woodwork in Theory and Practice, The Australian

Publishing Co, New South Wales.

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Key words

Adhesive A natural or synthetic substance using evaporation or

chemical reaction to dry or set and hold two or more

pieces together

Button or table

clip

Either metal or timber, used to fasten down table tops

Carcase The body part of a cabinet

Countersink A cone shape boring in timber to receive a screw head

so that the surface of the screw is at, or lower than the

timber surface

Cup When a board has become hollow across its width,

usually away from the heart side

Face mark A mark to indicate the prepared and true tested face of

a piece of timber

Face-edge mark A mark on the edge of a piece of trued timber like a

‘V’, with the point of the ‘V’ pointing towards the face

markFigure A technical term for the grain of a piece of wood,

especially when used as a decorative feature

Flush Level or even with the surrounding surfaces

Slot screwing The clearance hole is elongated or enlarged to allow

for expansion and contraction of the timber. Used

where one piece of timber is secured to another,

having the grain direction at right angles to each other

such as drawer runners and kickers in solid timber

construction

Traversing To plane diagonally across the surface of joined timber

boards in order to flatten the surface

Twist Timber that is twisted in its length in a spiral or screw

like way

Tangential Growth rings on the end grain of timber that are part

of a circle

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Introduction

In the furnishing industry, furniture makers refer to and use two basic groups

of timber product, manufactured board and solid timber.

Manufac tured boards

Manufactured boards are a processed glued timber product. The common

names for these products are hard board, eg masonite, medium density

fibreboard (MDF), plywood or particle board. In most cases manufactured

boards are made from plantation thinnings. Manufactured board products

have in many cases, replaced solid timber or used in conjunction with solid

timber components in the furniture industry.

Manufactured boards can be used as a substitute in a number of ways. For

example, today manufactured board is commonly used in kitchen

manufacture and some casegoods as well as for doors and door-surrounds,

decorative mouldings, rails, skirtings and cornices.

You can learn more about manufactured boards in other units in this series.

Solid Timber

Solid timber is the term used to describe natural pieces of timber or wood that

has been cut to a usable size from a particular species of tree.

Solid timber is commonly used in furniture manufacturing and building

construction. Solid timber is a very versatile product, it is available in many

different species each having different advantages and disadvantages. Solid

timber can be divided into two categories, hardwood (pored wood) and

softwood (non-pored wood).

You need to have a little background knowledge of the differences between

softwood and hardwood before you are able to make choices of timber for

particular tasks. The difference between the two timbers is not related to

hardness or softness but rather to their botanical nature. Surprisingly, Balsa,

which is used extensively for lightweight model construction, is a hardwood.

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Hardwoods generally have broad leaves and covered seeds.

Hardwood leaves and covered seed

Softwoods generally have needle shaped leaves and uncovered seeds, eg pine

cones.

Softwood leaves and uncovered seeds

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Joining solid timber

When planning a joining task, there are four areas that are important to

consider, they are:

• the selection of an appropriate species of timber that is suitable to the

design requirements and function of the particular timber component

• the particular cut of the timber, whether back sawn or quarter sawn

• the figure, grain selection and placement of each component in the

piece of furniture to best suit the properties of the timber

• the methods of work and joining that allow the timber to move freely(working of the timber). Timber continues to expand and contract as it

reacts to changes in moisture content in the air.

In this unit, the following topics are covered:

• preparing for work

• preparation of materials

• joining timber

• finalising operation.

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Preparing for work

When preparing to join solid timber you need to consider a number of issues

that contribute to a safe and effective workplace.

In this section we will look at:

• health and safety

• the job requirements

• planning the work sequence

• quality procedures

• the selection of:

- work area

- tools and equipment.

Hea lth and safety

Following workplace health and safety procedures is very important to make

sure you and your workmates are not injured at work. You need to be aware

of your responsibilities at all times. Your responsibilities include knowingabout:

• Occupational Health & Safety (OH&S) legislation

• manual handling

• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

OH&S legislation

All states and territories have Occupational Health and Safety legislation that

must be followed by all workplaces. This legislation covers:

• building codes

• material safety management systems

• hazardous substances & dangerous goods codes

• manual handling

• PPE

• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).

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Workplaces also need to work within the boundaries of state and territory

environmental legislation and health regulations. It is a good idea to find out

what the regulations are for your local area.

Manual handling

Before starting any manual handling procedure (lifting, lowering, pushing,

pulling or carrying), you must first assess the situation. This assessment is

called ‘sizing up the load’. In a familiar handling situation, where all the

characteristics of the load, surroundings and handler are known, this step will

be carried out automatically; but in unfamiliar circumstances, or when the

loads are variable, a deliberate appraisal should be made.

The general principles for most handling procedures are:

• position the body correctly before starting

• use the legs to raise and lower loads, to set the load moving and to

provide momentum for horizontal movement when pushing or pulling

• use body weight together with the first 2 points to counter loss of

balance and to assist in moving loads.

These manual handling strategies are particularly important when joining

solid timber. When you start a joining task the materials you will be using are

likely to be difficult to handle because of their length, then once complete the

joined timber could be quite heavy and difficult to manage.

Personal Protective Equipment

Away from work, you may choose your own clothing to suit yourself, but

work clothes and protective clothing are designed for your protection. You

must wear the correct clothing and equipment to protect yourself from

possible serious injury both in the short term and the long term.

When joining solid timber you must use your personal protective equipment

(PPE). PPE is designed to protect you from immediate dangers. The PPE you

will or may need for joining solid timber includes:

• eye protection – safety goggles or glasses

• hearing protection – ear plugs or muffs

• suitable footwear – steel capped boots or sturdy leather shoes

• protective clothing – overalls or similar protective clothing

• breathing apparatus – dust masks or respirators.

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Material Safety Data Sheets

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are an important part in the correct

handling, transporting, storage and application of hazardous goods and

substances.

The MSDS list all the relevant safety details that might affect:

• the user

• future processes

• the materials themselves

• other goods, substances and/or materials that the referenced materials

are likely to come in contact with.

MSDS satisfy Australian Standards on the responsibilities of the manufacturer

and those who are likely to be associated with the substance at any stage of its

life.

An example of the headings and their content in a materials safety data sheet

are given on the following pages. If you have difficulty understanding any of

the information on the MSDS, the national code of practice for the preparation

of Material Safety Data Sheets NOHSC: 2011 provides a definition for each of

the recommended information categories. This is available on their web site,

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Content of a MSDS

Date of issue

This section provides the date of issue for the MSDS not the product

manufacture date. Check if it is up to date (not more than 5 years old).

Manufac turer's or supp lier’s de tails

This section tells you how to contact the supplier.

• Company

• Address

• Telephone Number

• Emergency telephone number (Australia)

Identifica tion sec tion

This section is where you can check identification against the label (make

sure you have the right MSDS)

• Product names

• Other names

• Manufacturer’s product code

• UN number

UN numbers apply to substances classified as dangerous goods. Some

hazardous substances may also be dangerous goods and/or scheduled

poisons.

• Dangerous Goods class and subsidiary risk

• Hazchem code

• The Hazchem code is for responding to road emergencies such asspills.

• Poison schedule number

• Packaging group

Use

This section is where you find the uses recommended or intended by the

manufacturer and methods of application. These should be followed to

ensure safe use.

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Physica l de sc ription a nd prope rties

This section covers a wide range of technical information on properties

such as melting point, flash points and flammability. Also has information

on reactivity with other common substances, which is very important

when considering safe use and storage.

Ingredients

This section gives you the chemical identity of each hazardous ingredient.

The CAS number also identifies each ingredient. In some cases generic

names and a range of concentrations (eg. 30 – 60%) are used.• Chemical name

• CAS number

• Proportions

Health hazard information

This section covers all the health and protective information

• Health effects

- acute

• swallowed• eye

• skin

• inhaled

Here you find the short-term effects of exposure to the product by relevant

routes of exposure (if any).

• chronic

These are the long term effects (if any).

• First aid

This gives first-aid instructions for each relevant route of exposure and a

list of any first aid facilities required in the workplace.

• Advice to doctor

This is for use by medically trained personnel.

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Prec autions for use

Exposure standards (Worksafe)

• This section details exposure standards for contaminants in air,

which must not be exceeded, if applicable or available. Not all

substances will have exposure standards. This does not cover the

dermal (skin) or oral (mouth) routes of exposure.

• Engineering controls

This section gives ways of reducing exposure, for example ventilation

methods.

• Personal protection

This section gives specific types of protective clothing (eg. type of gloves,

apron) and respirator if required, to reduce exposure.

• Flammability

Here you find the steps to avoid fires and explosions.

Safe handling informa tion

Storage and transport

• Safe storage and transport requirements including any chemical

incompatibility.

Spills and disposal

• Information on suitable methods to avoid spills, materials to absorb

spills and suitable methods of disposal.

Fire/explosion hazards

• This section includes information for fire fighting and emergency

services. Indicates any dangerous decomposition or combustion

products. Shows the types of fire extinguishers you should use.Other information

Contact point (Australia)

This section is where you find the direct telephone number and job titles of

the person to contact for more information.

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Job requirements

The job requirements for a solid timber joining task can be found in the workinstructions. Work instructions contain details such as:

• the processes to be used

• the type and quantity of materials

• the finish requirements

• the finished quantity requirements.

Work instructions vary from very detailed information to a simple list or

verbal instructions from your supervisor.

Following work instructions and procedures helps:

• reduce the risk of injury to yourself and others

• reduce the risk of damage to goods, equipment and products

• maintain required production and output.

Elements of a Cutting a nd Costing list

Most furniture makers use cutting and costing lists as a form of workinstruction.

Traditionally, the cutting list was written on plywood and sealed with a

substance such as shellac to help preserve it for use at a future date. However,

today it is more likely to be a computer print out, laminated in plastic to

protect it. With computer technology, cutting lists are stored on disk and can

be changed and/or re-printed as required.

The cutting list is an integral part of the communication process in wood

machining, cabinet making and furniture making. In conjunction with the full

size set-out or rod, it provides each person involved in a project with all of the

necessary information to manufacture the project accurately. The set-out and

cutting list is a package of information. Each one compliments the other. They

should be kept in a safe place.

A cutting list shows the complete material requirements for one piece only. If

more than one unit is to be produced, then the number of pieces is multiplied

by the number of units required.

The following pages show a sample cutting list for a bed side cabinet.

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Cutting list – job: bedside c ab inet

I t e m N o .

D e s c r i p t i o

n P a r t N a m e

Q u a n t i t y

L e n g t h

W i d t h

T h i c k n e s s

M a t e r i a l

R e m a r k s

1 Ends Stiles 4 675 55 20 Oak

2 Rails 4 238 55 20 Oak *

3 Muntins 2 575 35 20 Oak *Add 10

mm fromfitting

4 Panels 4 575 110 4 Oak

Ply

*

5 Top 1 450 380 20 Oak Boards

joined

from 22

mm

material

6 Edge RailsFront

4 395 55 20 Oak *

7 Back Top 1 395 45 20 Pine *

8 Int. Bottom 2 395 45 16 Pine *

9 Base Front 1 385 65 20 Oak

10 Sides 2 335 65 20 Oak

11 Back 1 360 65 20 Pine *

12 Door Stiles 2 305 45 20 Oak

13 Rails 2 340 50 20 Oak

14 Panel 1 215 290 4 Oak

Ply

*

15 Bead 2 520 8 6 Oak Moulded

16 Drawer Front 1 370 80 20 Oak

17 Sides 2 305 80 12 Pine *

18 Back 1 370 60 12 Pine *

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Cutting list – job: b edside cab inet

I t e m N o .

D e s c r i p t i o

n P a r t N a m

e

Q u a n t i t y

L e n g t h

W i d t h

T h i c k n e s

s

M a t e r i a l

R e m a r k s

19 Bottom 1 300 355 4 Pine

Ply

*

20 Carcase Back 1 675 400 4 Pine

Ply

21 Shelf Panel 1 390 300 4 Oak

ply

22 Bottom Panel 1 370 300 4 Pine

Ply

23 Drawer

Runners

2 280 20 20 Pine *

24 Kickers 2 240 20 20 Pine *

25 Cleats 4 240 20 16 Pine *

26 Corner

Blocks

4 60 20 20 Pine *

*Denotes Cut To Length - all others to be left 10 mm longer than given

length

(All measurements are in millimetres.)

The cutting list has many columns. Each column has a specific purpose. The

previous cutting list contains the common column headings used. They are

the:

•item no

• description/part name

• quantity

• length

• width

• thickness

• material

•

remarks

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Item No.

Each item or component is assigned a number in ascending order. Sometimes

this is replaced with letters from the alphabet. It is quite common for the wood

machinist to label or mark each component machined with the item number

rather than the description for easy identification by the cabinet maker.

Desc ription/ Part Nam e

All part names are written in this column, usually in a systematic sequence to

prevent a component being left out. One method of deciding how to list the

part names is to picture how the project is to be constructed and assembled

piece by piece or in sections, and enter each part name in that order as they

would be used.

Quantity

After each part name is entered, the quantity required of each component is

listed. This information is calculated from the full sized set-out or rod.

Length

The length of each part is always measured in the direction in which the grainruns. This also applies to manufactured boards where face veneers or wood

grain patterns apply. Care must be taken as there are times when a width

measurement can be greater than the length. All measurements are stated in

millimetres. It is not necessary to write ‘mm’ in the column beside the

dimension.

Note

It is very important that the dimensions on the cutting list are accurate.Material machined incorrectly is costly and time consuming.

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Width and Thickness

These measurements refer to the end section size of each solid timber

component (width x thickness). The width is the larger of the two sizes.

Manufactured board materials are simply measured in length (along the grain

where appropriate) x the width (across the grain) x the thickness. Where there

is no grain or pattern on the board, then the length is always the longer of the

two sizes. When joining solid timber tops, components are entered on the

cutting list, it is usual to enter the finished length, width and thickness in their

respective columns. The remarks column is used to tell you that those

components are to be joined.

Material

Due to the wide variety of timbers, manufactured boards and timber products

used in the furniture industry, it is important to complete each item in the

material column. Sometimes where components are not seen, eg, corner

blocks, cleats, drawer runners and guides, it is suggested for economical

reasons to mark in the column against these items ‘suitable timber’. You can

then select timber that is suited to that need. Often, these components are

small in length and section and can be machined from off-cuts of good quality

timber that might otherwise be waste.

Remarks

All cutting lists should follow a set pattern. A tradesperson will understand

most general requirements. This column is used to explain special

requirements.

Remarks may include items such as:

• how the timber is dressed

• special requirements for joining

• details about mouldings

• details about shaped components.

Dressed timber – is generally referred to as DAR (dressed all round) or PAR

(planed all round) but where shaped work is to be carried out, it may only

need to be planed two sides. Therefore, D2S (dressed two sides) or P2S

(planed two sides) is entered in the ‘Remarks’ column.

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Planning the work sequenc e

The purpose of planning a work sequence is to:

• eliminate unnecessary work

• ensure full use of machinery

• prevent delays

• to make the factory run more efficiently and economically

• make full use of timber stacks.

A work sequence should be planned in a way that will minimise handling.This ensures that the minimum amount of time is spent at each machine or

process.

Planning out the work sequence also ensures that you complete or receive the

components as they are needed and will not be held up waiting for particular

pieces of the job.

The following are two examples of work sequence. The first would suit a

custom furniture maker and the second would suit a production or volume

manufacturer.

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Example one

The work sequence for joining a solid timber top in a custom furniture

enterprise could be:

• Select the timber from the rack or the pack of timber

• Dock timber to an approximate length according to the measurements

recorded on the cutting list

• Machine a face and edge, straight and flat, and at 90° to each other

using the under hand surface planner (Buzzer)

• Machine to width and thickness using the panel planer (Thicknesser)

• Match the boards in relation to colour, grain direction figure and type

of cut (back sawn or quarter sawn)

• Mark out and machine the joining type to be used, eg biscuit joins or

dowels

• Glue and clamp together and allow drying time depending on the

adhesive used checking for flatness of the panel

• Re-machine to the final thickness removing waste from both faces

• Buzz one edge straight and square to the face

• Re-dimension the panel to the final size using the sliding table saw

making sure to start with the buzzed edge against the fence.

Examp le two

This is a work sequence for joining a solid timber top in a volume production

enterprise.

• Cut to length using an optimising docking saw

• Machine a match join on the joining edges using moulding machinewith power feed

• Glue and clamp the panels together allowing time for the adhesives to

cure

• Thickness to final dimension using a wide belt sander

• Dimension to final length and width.

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Now complete Worksheets Questions 1 – 5 in your

Activities Booklet.

Quality proc edures

You can maintain the required job quality by checking the job at each stage of

the process.

Quality control is the name given to the process of checking that products

(and sometimes services) meet the standard set by the organisation. Thesechecks are usually carried out after the products have been manufactured.

Those that pass the check are accepted and those that fail are reworked or

scrapped.

Checking the quality of a product after it has been made is an expensive, and

less satisfactory way of trying to make sure customers receive only good

products, so in recent years quality control has generally been replaced by

‘quality assurance’.

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Quality Assurance

Quality assurance is an important factor in planning your work.

When effective quality principles are practiced by businesses they tend to

generate benefits resulting in improved quality, which in turn leads to

increased productivity, sales, and customer satisfaction.

Quality assurance is a term used to describe the introduction, documentation

and standardisation of quality systems and all the procedures that go with

them to give us, and our customers, confidence that all our products or

services will meet their requirements.

Quality Assurance is achieved by:

• providing a clear vision or idea of what quality is and how it can be

achieved.

• providing support and commitment to the process.

• developing policy and procedures.

• providing empowerment for people to solve customer problems and

produce quality.

• providing support, encouragement, or coaching.

• establishing customer information systems to find out whether

customers are happy with the products.

• creating self-managing work teams that are able to solve the customers'

problems.

• providing training.

• establishing quality and productivity targets.

•providing positive feedback, encouragement, support and informationabout achievement of targets.

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Sam ple c hec klist

Item Quality requirements

Dining chair Correct

size

Correct

position

Matches

template

Correct

timber

Correct

finish

polish

Seat height

Back rest

height

Foot rest

position

Colour

Seat Height

Other

Selec tion of work a rea , tools and equipmentThe selection of a work area and your tools and equipment is critical to

making sure that the product you are making is of a high standard.

Work a rea

A suitable work area needs to be set aside for the joining of solid timber. The

area must be able to cope with the static machines, tools and equipment you

are likely to use. When organising your work area remember to allow for the

length of the raw material as well as the finishing area of the joined solidtimber. The work area must be safe in accordance with the appropriate OH&S

legislation and MSDS.

Tools and equipment

Joining solid timber requires the use of machines and other tools and

equipment depending on the job to be done. The following tables identify the

static machines, tools and equipment you may use and what they are used for

and some basic safety and maintenance.

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Mac hines Use Safety c hec k and ma intenanc e

Panel planer(Thicknesser)

Reducing the joined solid

timber to its

final thickness

Check quality of bladeKeep machine clean and clear

Check safety features like the on/off

switch

Check safety features

Ensure dust extraction is operating

effectively

Spindle

moulder

Profiling timber

edges forwidening joins

Check quality of blade

Keep machine clean and clear


switch

Check safety features


effectively

Sanders

(wide belt,

stroke,portable or

orbital or

finishing)

Prepare surfaces

to final finish

ready forpolishing or

finishing



switch


effectively

Check abrasive belts or papers

Vertical and

horizontal

drills

Join preparation

eg dowels

Check quality of drill bits



switch and guards

Biscuit

machines

(plate joiner)

Cutting groove

in edge to be

joined

Keep tool clean and clear


switch and including power supply

Ensure dust extraction is connected

and operating effectively

Measuring

tapes and rules

Marking and

checking all

measurements

Keep clean and stored correctly

Use only for intended purpose

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Mac hines Use Safety c hec k and ma intenance

Hammers Tapping timberinto position

(face of timber

should be

protected to

avoid damaging

the surface)

Keep face clean and clear ofsubstances eg oil, glue, coatings

Store correctly

Mallets Tapping timber

into position

Keep clean avoid hitting sharp

objects and damaging the face

Squares Checking thetimber to make

sure it is square

Keep clean and store separatelyfrom other tools to avoid damage

Bevels Transfer angles

from one piece

of timber to

another

Keep clean and store separately

from other tools to avoid damage

Chisels Traditionally

used to cut joins

by hand, now

more commonly

used for tidy up

work such as

scraping

removing excess

glue or clearing

cuts


from other tools to avoid damage to

the blade

Keep sharp and store to avoid

damage and injury

Planes Traditionally

used to prepare

surfaces readyfor assembly by

hand



the blade

Hand saws Hand cut timber Keep clean and store separately


the blade

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Mac hines Use Safety c hec k and ma intenanc e

Portablepower saws

Rarely used,however can

take the place of

a docking saw

Check safety features like the on/offswitch and including power supply

and guards


effectively (if fitted)

Portable

power drills

Rarely used in

joining solid

timber, could be

used for join

preparation egdowels in

conjunction

with dowelling

jig


switch and including power supply

Check quality of drill bits

Pneumatic

tools

Can be used in a

variety of

situations

depending on

the design of the

tool for exampleclamping,

drilling,

screwing and

sanding

Oil according to manufacturers

specifications and keep clean. Make

sure air supply is maintained and

free of excess moisture

Clamps Holding timber

in place while

adhesives cure.

Keep clean and free of cured

adhesives, dust and dirt

Note

All static machines, tools and equipment need to be checked for safe and

effective operation before they are used.


Activities Booklet.

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Preparation of materials

Successfully joining solid timber will show off the timbers natural beauty and

strength. To achieve a high quality outcome it is important to understand the

structure of timber. Having that understanding will ensure appropriate

consideration is given to the selection, joining method and techniques used in

joining.

In this section we will look at:

• types of timber

• adhesives

• selecting timber

• converting timber

• selecting joining processes.

Typ es of timber

There are many different species of timber that are used in the furnishing

industry. Some of the more commonly used and available are included in the

following table with information on their characteristics.

Blackwood

Origin Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales.

Timber Hard, golden brown in colour with coarse texture.

Straight grain with occasional waves.

Workability Easy to work, takes a high polish and bends easily.

Weight Moderately heavy.

Uses: Furniture, panelling, boat building, decorative veneers,

show–wood furniture, flooring.

Availability Generally readily available, often used as a substitute

for teak.

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Tasmanian oa k or mountain ash

Origin Tasmania and Victoria.

Timber Hard, pale brown in colour, usually straight grained

with an open texture. Prominent growth rings, tough

and strong.

Workability Good bending qualities, easily worked with hand tools.

Polishes well.

Weight Heavy.

Uses General building, furniture, joinery, paper pulp, show–

wood furniture.

Availability Generally readily available.

Jarrah

Origin Western Australia.

Timber Dark red colour with coarse but even interlocking grain.Workability Glues and bends easily, but needs care when nailed.

Weight Heavy.

Uses Furniture, joinery, doors, show–wood furniture.


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European beec h

Origin Common in Europe.

Timber Pale brown or creamy in colour with red, brown centre

when dried. Fine, even texture with a straight grain.

Workability Easy to work and glue, may need pre–drilling when

nailed. Gives a very smooth finish and can be steam

bent.

Weight Fairly heavy.

Uses Cabinet making, bentwood furniture, veneer, plywood.

Availability Limited quantities imported.

Silver ash

Origin Northern NSW, Queensland and New Guinea.

Timber Coarse texture and straight grained.

Workability Glues, stains and bends well and is easy to work.

Weight Varies from light to heavy.

Uses Furniture, sporting goods, boat building, show–wood

furniture.

Availability Limited quantities available.

Western red cedar

Origin West coast of North America.

Timber Very soft, red–brown centre and white around the

outside. Straight grained with coarse texture, resistant to

decay and borers.

Workability Too soft, would not hold staples.

Weight Very light.

Uses Garden or outdoor furniture, cladding, lining boards.


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Queensland kauri

Origin Northern Australia. Sourced overseas from NZ, Damar

Minyak from Malaysia.

Timber Straight grained fine textured wood with a lustrous

surface. Colour varies from cream–brown to pinkish.

Not durable.

Workability Works well with hand and power tools, can be brought

to a fine finish.

Weight Light.

Uses Concealed parts in quality furniture or whole painted or

stained items.


Note

These are a selection of timbers only. There are many hundreds of

eucalypts and other timbers used widely and in varying quantities inAustralia. Many other timbers are imported for use in Australia, eg

American Oak, Walnut, Baltic Pine, Oregon, Maple, Mahogany. These

timbers come from North and South America, Europe and Asia.

Adhesives

There is a large range of adhesives appropriate to the wood industry. On a

number of occasions you have been told about adhesives. Before you

commence joining solid timber you should have a better understanding ofadhesives.

What a re a dhesives

Adhesives may be defined as substances which are capable of holding

materials together by surface bonding. Adhesives are used widely in the

furnishing industry for furniture construction, fixing joins permanently

together, inlaying, veneering, plywood and particleboard manufacture.

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Adhesives or glues

Glues once referred only to products, which were derived from organic

materials (natural products), such as animal and casein glues, while the term

adhesive was used to describe products derived from synthetic resins (man-

made adhesives), such as polyvinyl acetate (PVA), urea-formaldehyde contact

adhesive and epoxy resin. Today, most glue is made from synthetic resin

bases so the term adhesive is used interchangeably with glue.

Adhesives are needed to join solid timber together. It is crucial that the correct

adhesive is chosen to suit the various timbers in relation to colour, hardness,

density and stability of the timber used as many Australian timbers haveproved difficult to glue due to their characteristics and properties.

It is also important that the information that appears on the MSDS in relation

to the usage and storage of adhesives is followed.

Two of the most common materials you are likely to use when joining solid

timber are epoxy resin and PVA adhesives. Both these products have very

specific first aid requirements should they be mishandled. The following

tables outline the first aid requirements for these products. You should make

yourself familiar with them.

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Epoxy Resin

First Aid

Ingestion Eye Conta c t

Resin Part A

Rinse mouth with water.

Give water to drink.

Do not induce vomiting.

Resin Part A

Irrigate eye with copious amounts

of water.

Remove clothing if contaminated

wash skin.

Hardener Part B

Can result in vomiting, nausea,

irritation of the gastrointestinal

tract.

Hardener Part B

As above.

Seek medical advice. Seek medical advice.

Hand ling a nd Storing

Store in a cool place out of direct sunlight.

Classified as a combustible material maintained in accordance with

AS1940.

Keep container closed at all times.

Hazardous material requiring careful handling

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PVA Adhesives

First Aid

Ingestion Eye / Skin Contac t

Rinse mouth with water.

Drink plenty of water.

Drink water after vomiting.

Irrigate with water while eye held

open.

InhalationRemove victim from area.

Avoid exposure yourself.

Skin contactWash with water.

Remove contaminated clothing

wash skin.

Seek medical advice. Seek medical advice.

Hand ling a nd Storing

Store in a cool place out of direct sunlight.

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Use of adhesives and glues

The use of adhesives in joining solid timber is very important, selecting and

using the correct adhesives will ensure the quality of the job.

Choosing the right adhesive

There are many types of adhesive commercially available; it is often difficult

to match the properties of the adhesive to the particular requirements of the

job. There are three major factors you must consider before deciding on which

adhesive to use. These are:

• cost

• type of material to be bonded

• the prevailing atmospheric conditions under which the adhesive must

bond.

Cost is a major consideration in selecting an adhesive. Prices vary greatly,

however PVA and urea-formaldehyde are usually cheaper than the epoxy

type.

Types of adhesives appropriate to join solid timber include:

• PVA

• formaldehyde adhesives including phenol and urea

• epoxy resins eg araldite.

Note

The adhesive reacting with the metal sash clamp can stain the timber. To

eliminate the problem, place a piece of paper between the clamps and thematerial. If the timber is stained a solution of oxalic acid and warm water

will help to remove the stain from the timber.

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Join fa ilure

Correct gluing is essential in furniture construction. When a glue join fails, it

could be because of incorrect formulation, an excessive cure time or the glue

may be past the used by date or shelf life.

As a general rule, a gluing problem is frequently the result of several small

factors that when combined, cause the problem. It is important to be alert for

contributing factors in glue join failure.

One common problem is excessive moisture content in the timber, that is,

timber that has not been seasoned correctly or has been exposed to large

amounts of surface water. Some situations may call for water resistant or

water proof glues.

Anatomy

When a glue join is examined, there are five links. The strength of the join is

equal to the strength of the weakest of these five links. A good join will be

stronger than the timber itself.

Link 1

‘The middle’, or the first link is the strength of the glue itself. If the proper

adhesive has been chosen and if it has been handled correctly (stored at the

right temperature, not too old, correct catalyst added, etc) then this link is very

strong.

Links 2 and 3

The next links on either side of the ‘middle link’ are most often the cause of

glue-line failure. Weakness results because the adhesive cannot attach itself to

the timber. The problem may be oily timber like teak or poorly fitting joins,

glue with appropriate properties must be used to compensate for these

inconsistencies.

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Links 4 and 5

These links represent the strength of the surface of the timber. It is possible

through machining or sanding to damage the timber surfaces so that they are

not as strong needed.

A study in the US Forest Products Laboratory has shown that abrasive planing

damages surface fibres more than knife planing, causing possible problems for

joins in exterior situations.

What makes a g ood glue join

There are five stages in forming a good glue bond. These stages are critical to

achieving a strong high quality finish.

Stag e 1

The adhesive must flow to form a fairly smooth continuous film over the

surface of the timber. If the adhesive doesn’t flow, marks from the spreading

pattern will usually be visible. The adhesive won’t flow if it’s too thick, too

cold, the timber is too hot or too cold, the surface of the timber is dirty or if

there is insufficient adhesive.

Stag e 2

Next, the adhesive must transfer to the opposite or mating surface. This

requires pressure and enough adhesive to make the transfer. The adhesive

must be able to flow and not have begun to set and harden. Usually a failure

in Stage 2 will be seen by having the adhesive only on one part of a join. Not

enough pressure and pre-curing are common causes. Often the lack of

pressure is a result of ‘non flat’ surfaces. Pre-curing is often caused by

excessive assembly time or timber being too dry. Not enough adhesive can be

a problem as well.

Stag e 3

When pressure is applied, the adhesive penetrates the surface pores. The

pressure does not force the glue into the timber cells however except for those

few cells exposed on the surface.

This action provides mechanical strength for the bond. Such mechanical

strength provides shear resistance, but has little tensile (pulling apart)

strength.

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Stag e 4

Good glue joins are a result of good molecular bonds between the molecules

in the timber and the adhesive. For this bonding to occur, the timber and

adhesive must be in close contact.

Sometimes the timber surface is contaminated or is chemically unable to bond.

This is called a ‘non wetting’ surface. (Imagine trying to glue two pieces of

timber together that have oil on their surfaces.) Ensure surfaces are clean of

any contaminants or select an adhesive appropriate for such conditions.

There are three common causes of failure at this stage:

• the timber surfaces have not been freshly prepared (a surface several

days old may be too old)

• the timber surfaces have foreign material on it, eg oil

• the shelf life of the adhesive or glue is past its used by date.

Stag e 5

The final stage is the solidifying of the adhesive. Failure to solidify may be

caused by too cold a temperature, pH problems or adhesive/catalyst problems.

The rate of solidifying of PVA is influenced by the moisture content of thetimber, the drier the timber, the faster the glue sets and by temperature, the

higher the temperature, the faster the setting time.

When using the epoxy resins the correct mixture of resin and catalyst is very

important as too much catalyst will weaken the join, causing a brittle glue line.

Insufficient will not harden the glue allowing movement between the joined

members, causing an uneven surface after polishing.


Activities Booklet.

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Selec ting timber

When selecting timber for joining it is very important that you choose

carefully. The following information should be considered when you select

timber.

Timber ready for use is called seasoned. This means that most of the fluid has

been removed from the cells and the walls of the cells have a controlled

specific moisture content. When processed into joined solid timber, the timber

must be seasoned.

This seasoning can be done in many ways but there are two main methods –naturally or kiln dried. Both methods remove the excess moisture. The kiln

dried method of drying timber in temperature and humidity controlled ovens

is much preferred because it is controlled, faster and there is less loss of

product through cracks caused by shrinkage.

Plantation grown timbers are now available and processing methods are in

controlled environments. Australian Standards have been put in place so that

when purchasing timber you will know the characteristics and quality of the

product. You will see a rating stamped on timbers when they are purchased

i.e. F5, F8 etc (Refer to the Australian Standards whenever further knowledgeabout a particular rating is needed). This is generally used for building

timbers. Furniture timbers generally do not carry these markings.

While timbers can appear to be similar, their structures can be very different.

Dense woods such as Black Bean (an Australian hardwood), have less air and

more fibre in their make up than some Meranti timbers (an imported

hardwood). Black Bean can weigh twice that of an equal size piece of Meranti.

The more dense timbers are generally more difficult to bond with adhesives.

This is due to the smaller size and number of empty cells or pores which can

form anchor points for the glues.

The secret to selecting timber is in the structure of the wood. Hardwood has

many pores within its grain that run through its entire length. Softwood does

not have the same pores.

When selecting timber choose lengths which are of the same size in sections

and then add 15 to 20 mm to the length. The longest lengths are cut first so

that shorter lengths may be cut from the off-cuts. Group similar sizes saves set

up times on other machines. The length of timber you select should be long

enough to cut one or several pieces minimising waste.

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When selecting timber from stock for machining, you need to consider the

following points:

• The appropriate width and thickness of each board should be selected

to allow for the least amount of waste. Timber is commercially milled

and sold to the furniture industry as kiln dried, sawn boards. Most

timber is also sold in standard lengths, widths and thicknesses. You

should select the closest size over the size finished you need.

• Timber is sold by length in graduations of 0.3 metric units (300 mm). A

minimum length of 0.9 metre and a maximum of 6.0 metres would be

the available range depending on the species of timber and the

availability of stock held. Generally, stock lengths or the most common

lengths for furniture timbers range from 1.8 metres to 4.2 metres long.

• When considering the width of boards, the variations can be extreme

depending again on the species of timber, availability and mill

practices. Widths of boards can range from 75 mm wide and up to 300

mm wide but varying species can provide wider boards. The boards

are milled in gradations of 25 mm. Common widths are 75 mm, 100

mm, 150 mm, 200 mm, 250 mm and 300 mm.

Distortion of boards takes place during drying because timber does not shrink

equally in all directions.

The movement parallel to the growth rings is about double that at right angles

to the growth rings. Therefore, a back sawn board can shrink as much as twice

that of a quarter sawn board (depending on the species).

Grain patterns and direc tion

If defects are found in the timber you need to either replace it or place it in an

unseen position where the strength of the piece is not compromised. Some

defects can enhance the appearance of the surface.

The visual power of timber grain is constantly at work in furniture. Even in

furniture made from the plainest timber, the grain pattern can have a

considerable visual.

When drawer fronts are to be constructed of solid timber, it is important to try

to maintain the continuity of the grain pattern across the faces. If two or more

fronts are beside each other, try to cut them out of the same board

When selecting and joining timber for door panels, the grain direction and

final appearance must be considered. Wide back sawn boards should be

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selected for door panels as the visual effects will be far more pleasing than

that of quarter sawn boards.

Balance should be considered when selecting boards. For example, if panels

are in pairs they should have similar grain patterns.

All of these previous ideas form common practice and make a piece of

furniture look consistent and like it matches.

Timber struc ture

Each piece of timber is unique, from the original tree you can observe many

features, these features become the features that highlight the piece of

furniture you make. The timber structure is best described in four ways

• growth rings

• medullary rays

• heartwood

• sapwood.

Growth rings

The so called annual rings are sheath or cone-like layers of wood formed each

growing season. Variations are produced by periodic changes in the rate of

growth caused by the climactic conditions, eg winter, summer and fires.

Overall a tree reacts to the climate, the better the growing season the bigger or

wider the growth ring. During a year of average rainfall and sunny days a tree

will grow at its normal rate. During years of draught a tree will be less active

and not grow as much due to lack of water. This will cause a smaller growth

ring.

Events such as bush fire and floods can also be scientifically identified ingrowth rings.

Medullary rays

These are lines or groups of thin walled cells running radially from the bark to

the pith or intermediate growth rings. The rays distribute and store food

materials to the cambium layer and adjacent living cells of the sapwood.

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Heartwood

This is the fully developed wood surrounding the pith. It supports and gives

rigidity to the tree.

Sap wood

This is the immature and newly grown woody tissue produced by the

cambium layer. Sapwood contains active water-producing cells, which convey

water and mineral solution absorbed by roots to the leaves.

Growth rings

Sapwood

Heartwoodor Truewood

Pith

Cambiumlayer } }

Bark

Medullary rays

Cross section of log

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Converting timber

When joining solid timber it is important to understand the advantages of the

growth ring pattern on boards.

There are three main methods of conversion:

• back sawn

• quarter sawn

• live sawn.

Boards are also cut to standard thicknesses with 25 mm, 38 mm, 50 mm, 75mm and 100 mm being the normal sizes milled.

Bac k sawing

When back sawing, the log is sawn so that the width of the boards is

tangential to the growth rings. This method is used widely throughout North

America, New Zealand and Australia for converting timber used in the

Furniture industry.

The main disadvantage of this sawing method is that boards tend to ‘cup’away from the heart (centre of the log).

Timber such as Red Cedar, King William Pine, Jarrah, Douglas Fir,

Coachwood and Blackwood are usually back sawn, to expose pleasant feature

markings of the growth rings on soft tissue. Back sawn boards are used for

tool handles, steam bending, cabinetwork, tabletops, shelving, beams and

bearers.

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Cut 3 Cut 2

Cut 1

Back sawing (Tangential, Flat or Slash cut)

The advantages of back sawing timber include:

• less shrinking in thickness compared to quarter sawn timber

• nails and other fixings are accepted without splitting

•decorative surface grain is revealed in some timber species

• decorative knots are revealed in the cross section

• wider boards can be obtained.

The disadvantages of back sawing timber include:

• boards tend to cup more

• gum veins can show across the face of the timber, especially in

eucalypts

• shrinking can occur in the width of the timber.

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Quarter sawing

Quarter sawing is used to convert logs into boards, which have their width in

the general direction of the medullary rays. The logs have to be turned

frequently to new positions, especially for fully quarter sawn boards.

Quarter cut boards from timbers which have distinct rays such as Oak, She-

Oak and Silky Oak show decorative medullary ray figure markings called

‘silver grain’ Timber with interlocked grain such as Queensland Maple,

Walnut and Mahogany show ribbon or stripe figure when quarter sawn, and

those having wavy grain produce wavy, curly and fiddle back figure.

Quarter sawn boards are preferred for flooring and decking, as they have

good wearing surfaces and wear evenly without splintering. Quarter sawn

boards are preferred for interior finish, mouldings, architraves, furniture, sash

and door frames, as they retain their shape better than other cuts.

Quarter sawing (radially cut)

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The advantages of quarter sawing include:

•reduced cupping and warping than back sawn timber

• less ‘movement’ when exposed to changes in temperature and

humidity

• gum veins are shown only as a line on the surface of the timber

• the surface grain is more resistant to wear than that of back sawn

timber.

The disadvantages to quarter sawing include:

• knots, if present, show as spokes across the surface of the board

• a tendency to split when nailing through the face

• a less decorative surface grain is presented.

Live sawing

Live sawing is when the log is cut into boards by a series of parallel saw

blades. This is a relatively cheap method of conversion, as the log is not

turned during the machining process.

Live sawing

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The advantages to live sawing include:

•reduced costs and increased time efficiency

• mix of various types of conversions in the one method.

The disadvantages to live sawing include:

• boards tend to cup more

• gum veins can show across the face of the timber, especially in

eucalypts

• shrinking can occur in the width of the timber

•

knots, if present, show as spokes across the surface of the board• a tendency to split when nailing through the face

• a less decorative surface grain is presented.

Back sawn and live sawn methods are the most commonly used because they

are the fastest methods and return the highest volume of board conversion

from each log.

Seasoning timber

It is important when joining solid timber to used season timber only.

Unseasoned timber is very unstable and is more likely to bow, twist or cup.

Moisture content

All timber contains some water. This water content or ‘moisture content’ is

expressed as a percentage of the weight of water present in the timber in

relation to the weight of a similar of dry wood.

In a similar sense the air around us contains some moisture. If a piece of

timber contains more moisture than the air around it, then it will slowly dry

out until it has the same moisture content as the air. If a timber has excessive

moisture then it will affect the stability and holding ability of the adhesive

used.

Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) refers to the state where the timber has

the same moisture content as the air around it.

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If the moisture content of the air around you is 12% (12% of its bulk is water)

and a piece of timber has a moisture content of 12%, then it has reached a

point of equilibrium moisture content. Its moisture content is equal to that of

the atmosphere.

The moisture content of timber is never constant, it will fluctuate with

seasonal changes. There will be seasonal swelling and shrinking. This is

referred to as the ‘working of the wood’. This is evident in doors, drawers, etc,

which may become tight or hard to open and close during long periods of

humid weather, even though they have been in use for years.

Seasoning is simply the drying out of most of the moisture from the timber.

The aim of seasoning is not to dry the water completely from the wood, but

rather to bring it to a point of equilibrium moisture content (EMC).

In Australia the average moisture content of the air varies. Timber that is used

should be seasoned to the EMC of the area. If the timber is to be fitted inside a

centrally heated building, then its moisture content must match that of the air

in the building. This can be as low as 6–8%, quite different to the moisture

content outside.

There are two distinct stages in the seasoning of green timber. This is because

the moisture exists in the timber in two forms. Firstly as free moisture which is

held in the cell cavities, and secondly as ‘combined moisture’ which exists in

the cell walls.

During the first stage of seasoning the wood, cells give up their free moisture

from the cell cavities. The combined moisture in the cell walls remains until

the cell cavity is empty. This condition is referred to as fibre saturation point

at which time the moisture content is around 30%. Shrinkage of the timber

does not commence until the fibre saturation point has been reached.

Shrinkage begins as the cell walls begin to dry up the combined moisture andit continues until the seasoning is complete.

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Defects

When logs have been converted into boards some problems or defects become

obvious.

A ‘defect’ is any irregularity occurring in or on the timber, which may lower

its strength, durability or value, this may also be detrimental to the finished

component when joining solid timber.

Defects may be ‘natural’ or ‘artificial’. Natural defects are those, which are

present in a growing tree, such as growth defects, grain irregularity, shakes

and knots. Artificial defects are caused by careless handling, incorrectconversion and seasoning techniques and inadequate protection of the timber.

Defects in timber can have a serious affect on the finished piece. Some defects

can affect the:

• strength of the timber

• potential use and value of the timber

• overall appearance of the timber (aesthetics).

You must have a thorough knowledge of the:• various types of defects and the terms used to identify them

• effect that the defect will have on the strength and appearance of the

timber.

It is important when joining solid timber to use seasoned timber only.

Unseasoned timber is very unstable and is more likely to bow, twist or cup.

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Natural defec ts in timber

Defects in timber can be due to several influences such as tree growth, insects

or the environment. Common defects caused during the growing process are

Ring, Cup and Heart shake. A shake is a partial or full separation between

adjoining layers of wood due to relief of growth stresses present in the stem at

the time of felling. A star shake is a number of heart shakes that occur together

in the same log in the form of a star. Felling shakes and star shakes occur after

the felling process.

Common natural defects are shown in the following:

Ring/ Cup Shak e

This is a fine crack between

the growth rings which cause

the strength of a piece of

timber to be compromised.

Hea rt Shake

A split extending from the

pith. This type of shake exists

in the log before conversion.

Felling Shake

This is a fine, irregular like

crack, which extends across

the face or edge or both faceand edge. These sections

should not be used where

weight and support is

required

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Gum PocketsCracks in the timber, which

contains gum. These are often

marketed as natural features

along with other defects in

furniture and floating grade

timbers.

Gum veins

Gum deposits in veins or

blotches on the surfaces of the

timber.

Structural strength is affected

when the gum deposit is

loose and does not contain

wood fibres.

Insec t and termite holes

Termites, borers and insectsmake holes and tunnels in the

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KnotsKnots are sections of branch

in the timber.

There are several types of

knots and all affect the

strength and appearance of

timber in different ways.

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Other de fec ts in timber

Once timber has completed the seasoning process it is stable and ready for

joining. When selecting solid timber for joining the following needs to be

taken into account if defects are present.

• Is the defect likely to be in a primary highly visible area, eg top, front,

door panel or secondary, less obvious position such as an end?

• Does the defect have the potential to downgrade the overall

appearance and function of the piece or alternatively enhance the

surface appearance without likely surface movement potential?

Other defects that are found in cut timber are shown the following:

Spring

Spring is a curvature along

the edges of timber.

Bow

Bow is a curvature along the

faces of the timber

Convex face

Concave face

Cup

Cup is a curvature across the

faces of timber. This effect is

most common on back sawn

boards.

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TwistTwist is a distortion across

the face which rotates the

ends of the timber in opposite

directions.

Surface Chec ks

These are shallow cracks

extending along the grain on

the face or edge.

Surface checks do not usually

affect the strength of the

timber but they do

downgrade the appearance.

Want a nd Wane

Want and wane is the absence

of wood from the edge of a

piece of timber. Timber can

often be described as havinga ‘waney’ edge.

Now complete Worksheets Questions 14 – 18 in yourActivities Booklet.

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Selec ting joining p roc esses

When joining solid timber there are a number of edge joining methods that

may be used.

Butt A traditional method of joining, which

requires less work in preparation than most.

Dowel Also a traditional method of joining where

dowels are used to strengthen the butt joins.

Plate join or biscuit join A recent innovation where compressed

beech ‘biscuits’ are glued into matching

tangential slots cut in adjacent edges with a

biscuit joiner. The resulting join is quick to

prepare and strong.

Machine moulded edge

join

Profiles are run on the edge. This is a faster

method of joining and reduces the potential

of cutting/moulding through

biscuits/dowels in later processes.

Slip-tongue(Grove and Feather)

A traditional method where a groove ismachined into each edge and a feather of

timber or plywood is glued and inserted

creating a greater glued surface area.

The following pages contain examples of the previous join construction

methods. You will notice on the following pages that the face of all pieces

appear to have a triangular shape marked on them.

This is common in the furnishing industry. It shows which piece fits where.

When joined the markings will complete the triangle. When the pieces arematched and sitting next to each other before joining they are marked in this

way.

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Butt jo in

Position sash clamps onto the workbench. Use as many clamps as necessary to

support the boards at about 600 mm intervals. Place the boards on the clamps

leaving the first board face up and stand the other pieces on edge so that the

triangle marks face away from you. Apply a thin bead of adhesive to each

board; enough to cover the entire edge when the adhesive is spread.

Butt join

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Dowelled joins

Dowel joins are one of the most common adhesive-based furniture assembly

joins. Dowelling is a simple, inexpensive and reliable means of making

various types of joins. Dowel joins have three main advantages.

• Allows precise alignment of parts without special jigs or fixtures.

• Machining is simple, only drilling machines are required.

• The dowels reinforce the joins.

Types of dowels

Multi-

fluted

Single

Fluted

Single

Spiral

Multi-

spiral

Plain Toothed

Drilling

The fit of the dowel in the hole is critical to the strength of the join. It is

important to select a correctly sharpened and sized drill bit. If the dowel is tootight, the timber may split. If it is too loose, the join will not align correctly and

will be weak.

Dowel holes should be cleanly machined with no loose or torn fibres. All loose

shavings should be cleared from the holes. Spiral grooved and multi-grooved

dowels are generally preferred over plain dowels since they allow air and

excess glue to escape from the dowel holes.

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Depth of dowel holes

Dowel holes should be drilled to a combined depth of 2 – 3 mm deeper than

the length of the dowel.

Dowel length Hole depth for each side

50 mm

44 mm

38 mm

30 mm

26 mm

23 mm

20 mm

16 mm

Dowel d iameter

The diameter of the dowel should be approximately one half of the thickness

of the timber.

Timber thickness Dowel diameter

12 mm

16 mm

19 mm

6.5 mm

8 mm

9.5 mm

Dowe l p ositioning

Dowels should be placed approximately 25 - 40 mm in from each end of the

finished solid timber size. Dowels should be spaced approximately 100 – 200

mm apart depending on the length of the join.

Note

Where you place the dowels should also be considered if the timber is to be

edge moulded. Forward planning and a calculation of further processing

will help you work out where the dowels can go.

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Dowel join

Tighten the clamps under the boards just enough to butt them together and

check for alignment. Avoid over-tightening the clamps as the boards may

buckle up at the joins.

Place a third clamp across the top of the boards centering it between the two

underneath. Finish tightening all of the clamps in turn until there are no gaps.

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Plate joining (b iscuit)

Apply enough adhesive along the edges and into each slot inserting the

biscuits as you go. Assemble the boards quickly to prevent the biscuits from

expanding and becoming difficult to insert or causing damage. Position the

clamps in the same manner as for dowel joins. Dried adhesive can blunt

cutters and clog abrasive bells limiting their life and effectiveness.

Remove as much excess adhesive as possible using a plastic putty knife or

damp cloth before the glue dries.

Plate joining (biscuit)

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Mac hined finger / lightning join

This join is produced on a spindle moulder for production purposes. Panel

doors, tops and ends are often produced in quantity using this type of join.

There are many variations of the finger join joining profile. Machined finger

joins are glued and clamped in the same way as butt joins, you must make

sure the adhesive covers all of the surfaces.

Machined finger / lightning join

Tongue and g roove jo in

A tongue on one piece of timber fits into a groove on the second piece to form

this join. Tongue and groove joins are used for flooring boards, matchboards,

and vertical wall panelling.

Tongue and groove is joined in the same way as the machined finger joins.

Tongue and groove

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Groove and fea ther

A groove is produced in each edge and a strengthening feather (slip tongue);

usually plywood is inserted to form this join. Table and bench tops are often

joined this way.

Groove and feather joins follow the same method as the plate joins (biscuit).

Groove and feather

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Rebated join

The edges of the pieces to be joined are rebated. This provides a larger

adhesive area. Rebate joins are used when making table tops, desktops and

shelving.

Rebated join


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Marking timber for joining

When you have selected the timber to be joined and have decided how it will

be laid out to achieve the desired grain pattern, direction and colour you

should mark the pieces while they lay together with a marking that will help

you identify the order in which the pieces will be joined.

Joining timber

When your materials, work space, static machines, tools and equipment are

prepared ready for joining you can commence the joining process. The process

of joining solid timber has six key stages that you must consider they include:

• cut materials to length

• plane face and edge

• thickness

• laying out materials

• clamping

• re-machine after joining.

Note

All relevant safety precautions must be observed at all times when setting

up, operating, and maintaining machines. Appropriate and approved

personal protective equipment must always be used when operating static

machinery.

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Cut ma teria ls to leng th

This is the first stage, this is when you select and dock the solid timber to

length. This is normally done to a size slightly larger than the finished size,

this is called oversizing. The amount you would normally allow is

approximately 25 mm to the length. When you cut materials to length you

must complete the task economically and with a minimum of waste.

It is at this stage that you would cut out surface checks, unwanted gum veins

or other defects.

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Plane face and edge

Before planing timber on a surface planer, the material must be checked for

straightness and defects. The timber may have stones embedded in it or

staples driven into one end. If the timber is bowed, the hollow side should be

placed down on the table to dress the face side. If the material is twisted, the

material should be placed on the infeed table and rotated and held to remove

roughly the same amount of material from the two opposite corners that are in

contact with the table. Two or more cuts may be necessary to dress the face

straight and flat. The timber grain on the bottom surface must point away

from the direction of cutter rotation to ensure a clean cut.

If the timber is not bowed or twisted, the best side is selected for the face and

the timber is planed with the grain to produce a smooth finish.

Plane the face surface first then the face edge. Before planing the face edge, it

is important to check that the fence is square to the table.

Planing

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Thic kness

The next stage is to thickness the boards. The best way to achieve a good

finish is to pass the material through the thicknesser on its edge first then

when you are satisfied that the finish is of the required standard you can

adjust the machine and complete the second pass, the second pass will dress

the face of the timber, it is important to keep the pre-dressed face down on the

machine table.

Thicknessing reduces the timber to parallel sizes as indicated on the cutting

list. Remember, these are the other size measurements. This allows for resizing

the finished size later.

Thicknesser

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Laying out materials

Once prepared, the timber should be laid out ready for joining.

Edge joined boards should look like a single board when completed.

Experiment with the boards to match colour and grain patterns as closely as

possible to create a pattern that is visually interesting. The boards should also

be arranged so that the grain direction is the same on all of the pieces and that

the growth rings (heart sides) on adjacent boards are alternated.

The boards are considered to be matched if, when placed edge to edge:

• the grain direction on all boards faces in the same direction

• the growth rings on adjacent boards are alternated

• the colour and figure matches as closely as possible.

Grain direction

When joining to obtain wide boards, you can select quarter sawn timber thiswill help you to avoid cupping and excessive movement in the width.

Generally more boards will be required using this method. Also the surface

will be straight grained as back sawn boards will show more figure.

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Joining wide boards

If back sawn boards are used for widening, locate them with their heart sides

facing alternate surfaces to reduce the effects of cupping. If this is not done the

joined boards will cup over the entire width.

Cupping

Arrange the boards before final machining of the edges so that the grain runs

in the same direction, growth rings are alternated and colour and figure is

matched as closely as possible

Arranging boards

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Clamping

One of the most important stages in joining solid timber is the clamping of the

timber.

As you have reading this resource, there are a number of factors that

contribute to a good or poor solid timber join.

When clamping you must be careful to place the clamps in the best position,

about 600 mm apart maximum, and make sure they are set in from the edge so

that no damage or danger can be caused.

When clamping you need to clamp following the organisation’s policy.

Remember to place the clamps alternating from top to bottom or the joined

solid timber.

Clamps in position

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Re-machining

When all the edge widening joins have dried thoroughly and the clamps

removed, the panels must be prepared for final thicknessing in accordance

with the cutting list.

One face must be traversed by hand planing or surfaced on a buzzer to ensure

you have a flat surface to thickness the joined timber. If the joined timber has

not had one face dressed before it is passed through the thicknesser, the panel

may be dressed to the required thickness with a twist or cup in it. This is due

to the thicknesser holding the component flat on the bed of the machine and

allowing it to return to the shape it had before thicknessing.

Select the face that requires a minimum amount of hand planing to flatten the

surface. Proceed as described in the following.

Plane diagonally across one face of each panel taking care to work with the

grain. Tilt the plane to check for straightness or use a steel ruler or straight

edge.

Traversing or flattening one face

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When the joined timber has been traversed, machine it to the correct thickness

in accordance with the cutting list.

Place the joined timber onto the thicknesser table with the flattened surface

down and with the grain direction pointing towards you.

Only remove half of the extra thickness allowed for the joining process in the

first cut.

When the first pass has been completed, rotate the panel end over, set the

machine to the final thickness and machine the panel with the previously

machined side down to the table.

The panel is now ready to be cut to final length and width. This information isobtained from the job specifications. The work is usually carried out on a

panel saw. Each end and each side will need to be cut.

End cutting is usually completed by taking the minimum amount off one end

then cutting the second end of the final size.

You need to be careful cutting sides, if you cut too much off one side the

joined timber won’t appear even. Usually you should cut to an even amount

outside each of the closest joins.

Checking work

The final joins should be checked against job specifications and quality

standards. Each workplace has its own set of standards for joining solid

timber you must make yourself aware of these standards and follow them.

A good way to check your work is to check it against the set-out. This will tell

you if your work meets the required size, accuracy fit and finish.

If the joined solid timber does not meet the required specifications orstandards, you should follow the workplace procedures for re working. If you

cannot rework the product you should always try to salvage the timber for a

smaller project, this will eliminate or at least reduce waste in the workplace.

Now complete Worksheets Questions 23 & 24 in your

Activities Booklet.

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A c

t i v i t i e s

Activities

LMFFM2005A

Join solid timber

Name: ………………………………………………

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Worksheets

The following activities are provided for you to self check your knowledge of

the competency unit LMFFM2005A – Join solid timber. You may refer to the

information in this resource to help you answer the questions, however, your

answers should be based on your workplace.

1. List five of the topics that are covered in the OH&S legislation.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

2. What personal protective equipment should you use when joining

solid timber?

3. In your workplace what adhesives are used and what is the first aid

response for those adhesives according to the MSDS?

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4. Describe the work sequence for a volume manufacturer.

5. Describe the relevance of MSDS data to suppliers and users of the

product.

6. What are the three (3) most common static machines used to join solid

timber in your workplace.

(a)

(b)

(c)

7. Explain the term ‘traversing’.

8. List four (4) natural timber defects.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

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9. List two (2) types of knots found in solid timber.

(a)

(b)

10. Explain in simple terms the meaning of the following:

Moisture content

Equilibrium moisture content (EMC)

Seasoning

Air seasoning

Kiln seasoning

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11. Define the term ‘adhesive’.

12. Name three (3) factors you must consider when determining what type

of adhesive to use.

(a)

(b)

(c)

13. Two of the most common materials you are likely to use when joining

solid timber are epoxy resin and PVA adhesives. What should you do if

the material comes into contact with your eyes?

Epoxy resin

PVA adhesives S A

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14. Briefly describe the five (5) links associated with the strength of a glue

join.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

15. Describe the five (5) stages in forming a good glue bond when joining

solid timber.

(a)

(b)

©

(d)

(e)

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16. List five (5) hand and power tools that are used in your workplace to

join solid timber.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

17. Describe the main characteristics of back sawn timber and its uses.

18. What are the features of quarter cut timber and its uses? S A

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19. There are a number of different solid timber joining methods. What

type of joining methods are used in your workplace?

20. There are a number of different solid timber joining methods, what

type of joining method could your workplace use that they don’t

currently, based on the equipment you have available?

21. Why should you lay out the materials prior to commencing the joining

process?

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22. Identify and name the following widening joins and briefly state where

they could be used.

Name:

Use:

Name:

Use:

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Name:

Use:

Name:

Use:

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Name:

Use:

23. List the six (6) key stages of joining timber.

(a)

(b)

(c)(d)

(e)

(f)

24. How does moisture content in solid timber contribute to join failure?

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25. What policies and procedures does your workplace have for keeping

the workplace clean in the joining solid timber area?

26. Solid timber must be disposed of correctly. How does your workplace

deal with this issue?

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Lea rning Checklist

Your trainer will work with you to demonstrate and explain how to join solid

timber.

You may find it helpful to tick the boxes on the checklist as you experience

each learning point listed.

The following points will be covered.

Using work instructions to determine job requirements includingprocess, materials, finish and quantity.

Planning the work sequence.

Determining procedures for, and checking quality at each stage of

the process.

Following workplace health and safety requirements, including

personal protection needs, throughout the work.

Selecting a suitable work area for the task.

Identifying and checking tools and equipment suitable for the task

and for safe and effective operation.

Selecting and checking timbers for defects.

Selecting joining processes and preparing for the joining processes

including measuring, marking and cutting to size timbers for

joining and preparing and laying out timbers for joining.

Using machinery is in accordance with workplace procedures,including use of personal protective equipment.

Applying adhesives according to workplace procedures and/or

manufacturers’ instructions.

Completing a final trim and finishing to specifications.

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Checking completed work against required quality standards.

Cleaning the work area, hand and/or power tools, machinery and

equipment including, maintenance and storage requirements in

accordance with workplace procedures.

Tagging and reporting faulty and/or defective equipment in

accordance with workplace practices.

Dealing with off-cuts and unused materials including collecting

and storing for reuse or disposing of waste and scrap by following

workplace procedures.

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Assessment Checklist

Competency is to be demonstrated by joining solid timber in accordance with

the performance criteria, the range statement and the evidence guide within

the unit of competency.

(see Appendix A – LMFFM2005A – Join solid timber)

Your assessor will check the following points.

Did the pa rtic ipant: Assessor

Sign

Part’pant

Sign

Date

Interpret work orders and locate and

apply relevant information?

Apply safe handling requirements for

equipment, products and materials,

including use of personal protective

equipment

Follow work instructions, operating

procedures and inspection practices to:• minimise the risk of injury to

self and others

• prevent damage to goods,

equipment and products

• maintain required production

output and product quality

Identify and use hand and/or power

tools and equipment that may include

measuring tapes or rulers, hammers,mallets, squares, bevels, chisels,

planes, hand saws, power saws, power

drills, biscuit machines, pneumatic

tools, dowel jigs, hoses, clamps,

pincers panel saw, cross-cut saw, rip

saw, surface planers, panel planer,

spindle moulder, sanders and vertical

and horizontal drills

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Did the pa rtic ipa nt: Assessor

Sign

Part’pant

Sign

Date

Use the hand and/or power tools and

equipment according to workplace

procedures and manufacturers

instructions for the use of the hand

and/or power tools and equipment?

Carry out work is in accordance with

legislative obligations, environmental

legislation, relevant health regulations,

manual handling procedures and

organisation insurance requirements?

Work effectively with others and use

workplace procedures relating to

reporting and communications

including using some discretion,

judgement and problem solving skills

in joining solid timber?

Modify activities to cater for variations

in workplace contexts and

environment?

Demonstrate a knowledge of:

• the types, characteristics

(including cupping, expansion,

twisting, bowing, spring and

grain direction), uses and

limitations of timbers

• the interpretation of plan

representation of furniture

design• joining techniques and their

effect on timbers including

widening joins and joining

methods such as butt, dowel

moulded edge join (finger-join,

tongue and groove, zig-zag)

biscuit join slip-tongue join

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Did the pa rtic ipant: Assessor

Sign

Part’pant

Sign

Date

• types of sawing methods,

including back sawn and

quarter sawn, and the impact of

these on joining

• the preparation of drawings/set-

outs?

Demonstrate the ability to:

• Collect, organise and

understand information related

to work orders, basic plans, and

safety procedures

• Communicate ideas and

information to enable

confirmation of work

requirements and specifications,

coordination of work with site

supervisor, other workers and

customers, and the reporting of

work outcomes and problems• Plan and organise activities,

including the preparation and

layout of the worksite and the

obtaining of equipment and

materials to avoid any back

tracking, workflow interruptions

or wastage

• Work with others and in a team

by recognising dependencies

and using cooperative

approaches to optimise

workflow and productivity

• Use mathematical ideas and

techniques to correctly complete

measurements, calculate area

and estimate material

requirements

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Did the pa rtic ipa nt: Assessor

Sign

Part’pant

Sign

Date

• Use pre-checking and inspection

techniques to anticipate

installation problems, avoid

reworking and avoid wastage

• Use the limited workplace

technology related to the

installation of underlay and

gripper strips, including tools,

equipment, calculators and

measuring devices

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This assessment was cond uc ted at (insert p lac e o f assessment)

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

On the (insert date o f assessment)

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

At (insert time of a ssessment)

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

Assessor’s Name (p lea se print)

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

Assessor’s Signa ture:

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

Assessor’s Reg istered Training Organisation:

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

Participant’s Nam e (p lease p rint)

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

Participant’s Signa ture:

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

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Appendix A

LMFFM2005A Join solid timber

Unit Descriptor This unit covers the competency to join solid timber

required for the manufacture of solid timber flat

surfaces.

Element Performanc e Criteria

1 Prepare for

work

1.1 Work instructions are used to determine job

requirements including process, materials,

finish and quantity

1.2 Work sequence is planned

1.3 Procedures are determined for checking

quality at each stage of the process

1.4 Workplace health and safety requirements,

including personal protection needs, are

observed throughout the work

1.5 Suitable work area is selected for the task

1.4 Tools and equipment suitable for application

are identified and checked for safe and

effective operation

2 Layout and

prepare

materials

2.1 Timbers are selected and checked for defects

following work instructions

2.2 Suitable joining processes are selected and

prepared2.3 Timbers are prepared for joining and laid

out

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Element Performance Criteria

3 Join timber 3.1 Timbers are measured, marked and cut tosize

3.2 Machinery is used in accordance with

workplace procedures, including use of

personal protective equipment

3.3 Adhesives are applied according to

workplace procedures and/or

manufacturers’ instructions

3.4 Final trim and finishing are completed to

specifications

3.5 Work is checked against required quality

standards

4 Finalise

operation

and

maintain

equipment

4.1 Work area is cleaned, hand and/or power

tools and equipment are cleaned,

maintained and stored in accordance with

workplace procedures

4.2 Machinery is cleaned and left in a safe mode

4.3 Faulty and/or defective equipment is tagged

and reported in accordance with workplace

practices

4.4 Off-cuts and unused materials are collected

and stored for reuse or disposal following

workplace procedures

4.5 Waste and scrap materials are dealt with

following workplace procedures Range

Statement

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Range Statement

The Range Statement provides advice to interpret the scope and context of this

unit of competency, allowing for differences between enterprises and

workplaces. It relates to the unit as a whole and facilitates holistic assessment.

The following variables may be present for this particular unit:

Joining

techniques

• Joining techniques are to cover widening

joins, including the following edge joining

methods:- butt, dowel

- moulded edge join (finger-join,

tongue and groove, zig-zag)

- biscuit join

- slip-tongue join

Unit context • OH&S requirements include legislation,

building codes, material safety management

systems, hazardous substances and

dangerous goods code and local safe

operating procedures

• Work is carried out in accordance with

legislative obligations, environmental

legislation, relevant health regulations,

manual handling procedures and

organisation insurance requirements

• Work requires individuals to demonstrate

some discretion, judgement and problem

solving skills in joining solid timber

• Competency may be demonstrated inworkplaces involved in the manufacture of

solid timber furniture, domestic furniture,

commercial furniture, kitchen and bathroom

cabinets and/or furniture components

Machines • Machines may include: panel saw, cross-cut

saw, rip saw, surface planers, panel planer,

spindle moulder, sanders and vertical and

horizontal drills

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Tools andequipment

•Tools and equipment may include, but arenot limited to: measuring tapes or rulers,

hammers, mallets, squares, bevels, chisels,

planes, hand saws, power saws, power drills,

biscuit machines, pneumatic tools, dowel

jigs, hoses, clamps and pincers

Materials • Materials to be used may include but are not

limited to: solid timber, plywoods, adhesives,

abrasives and cleaning materials

Personal

protectiveequipment

• Personal protective equipment is to include

that prescribed under legislation, regulationsand enterprise policies and practices

Information and

procedures

• Workplace procedures relating to the use

and operation of tools and equipment

• Workplace instructions, including job sheets,

plans, drawings and designs

• Workplace procedures relating to reporting

and communications

• Manufacturers’ instructions for the use of

equipment and materials

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Evidence Guide

The Evidence Guide identifies the critical aspects, knowledge and skills to be

demonstrated to confirm competency for this unit. This is an integral part of

the assessment of competency and should be read in conjunction with the

Range Statement.

Critical Aspec ts of

Evidence

• Interpret work order and locate and apply

relevant information

•

Apply safe handling requirements forequipment, products and materials,

including use of personal protective

equipment

• Follow work instructions, operating

procedures and inspection practices to:

- minimise the risk of injury to self and

others

- prevent damage to goods, equipment

and products

- maintain required production outputand product quality

• Join at least four solid timber tops of a

minimum of three sections and using a

minimum of four different widening joins

• Work effectively with others

• Modify activities to cater for variations in

workplace contexts and environment

Underpinning

Knowledge

• Types, characteristics (including cupping,

expansion, twisting, bowing, spring andgrain direction), uses and limitations of

timbers

• The interpretation of plan representation of

furniture design

• Joining techniques and their effect on timbers

• Types of sawing methods, including back

sawn and quarter sawn, and the impact of

these on joining

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UnderpinningKnowledge –

cont.

•Preparation of drawings/set-outs

• Identification of hand and/or power tools,

materials, equipment, processes and

procedures

• Workflow in relation to furniture production

Evidence Guide

Underpinning

Skills

• Information. Collect, organise and

understand information related to work

orders, basic plans, and safety procedures

•Communication. Communicate ideas andinformation to enable confirmation of work

requirements and specifications,

coordination of work with site supervisor,

other workers and customers, and the

reporting of work outcomes and problems

• Planning. Plan and organise activities,

including the preparation and layout of the

worksite and the obtaining of equipment and

materials to avoid any back tracking,

workflow interruptions or wastage

• Teamwork. Work with others and in a team

by recognising dependencies and using

cooperative approaches to optimise

workflow and productivity

• Mathematical ideas and techniques. Use

mathematical ideas and techniques to

correctly complete measurements, calculate

area and estimate material requirements

•Solve problems. Use pre-checking andinspection techniques to anticipate

installation problems, avoid reworking and

avoid wastage

• Use of technology. Use the limited workplace

technology related to the installation of

underlay and gripper strips, including tools,

equipment, calculators and measuring

devices

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ResourceImplications

Access to plans, hand and/or power tools,equipment, joining and finishing materials,

woodworking machinery, and a work area.

Method of

AssessmentAssessment methods must confirm consistency of

performance over time and in a range of workplace

relevant contexts.

Assessment should be by direct observation of

tasks and questioning on underpinning knowledge.

Assessment should be conducted over time and

may be in conjunction with assessment of otherunits of competency.

Context(s) of

AssessmentAssessment may occur on the job or in a workplace

simulated facility with relevant process equipment,

materials, work instructions and deadlines.

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Key Competency Levels

NB: These levels do not relate to the Australian Qualifications

Framework. They relate to the seven areas of generic competency

that underpin effective workplace practices.

There are three levels available with:

• Level 1 where work is within set conditions and process

• Level 2 where the management or facilitation of conditions or

process is exercised; and• Level 3 where the design and/or development of conditions or

process is required.

Collect, analyse and organise information Level 1

Communicate ideas and information Level 1

Plan and organise activities Level 2

Work with others and in teams Level 1

Use mathematical ideas and techniques Level 1

Solve problems Level 2

Use technology Level 2

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