atp why do we use it for energy? atp: adenosine triphosphate consists of adenosine + 3 phosphates...
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ATP: Adenosine TriphosphateATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
Consists of Adenosine + 3 PhosphatesConsists of Adenosine + 3 Phosphates Highly unstable moleculeHighly unstable molecule 3 phosphates each highly negative repel each other 3 phosphates each highly negative repel each other
(like the wrong end of a magnet)(like the wrong end of a magnet) Hence a phosphate group is removed through Hence a phosphate group is removed through
hydrolysis energy is released (-7.3 kcal/mole) and hydrolysis energy is released (-7.3 kcal/mole) and breaks down into the more stable molecule ADP. breaks down into the more stable molecule ADP.
ATP: Pictures
Where does the Negativity come from? Oxygen
Oxygen
I thinkhe’s a bitunstable…don’t you?
How does ATP store energy?How does ATP store energy?
PO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–OPO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–OPO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–O
Each negative POEach negative PO44 more difficult to add more difficult to add a lot of stored energy in each bonda lot of stored energy in each bond
most energy stored in 3rd Pi = releases energy ∆G = -7.3 kcal/mole
3rd Pi is hardest group to keep bonded to molecule
Bonding of negative PBonding of negative Pi i groups is unstablegroups is unstable spring-loadedspring-loaded PPi i groups “pop” off easily & release energygroups “pop” off easily & release energy
Instability of its P bonds makes ATP an excellent energy donor
AMPAMPADPATP
Can’t store ATP good energy donor,
not good energy storagetoo reactivetransfers Pi too easilyonly short term energy
storage carbohydrates & fats are
long term energy storage
ATP / ADP cycleATP / ADP cycle
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second
Whoa!Pass me
the glucose(and O2)!
ATP
ADP Pi+
7.3 kcal/mole
cellularrespiration
CAPTURING THE ENERGYIN LIGHT
The process by which organisms obtain energy directly from sunlight is called photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
ENERGY FOR LIFEPROCESSES
Autotrophs: Plants, Algae, Autotrophs: Plants, Algae, and some Bacteria.and some Bacteria.
Autotrophs store energy in various organic compounds, primarily carbohydrates.
Photosynthesis involves a complex series of chemical reactions: Biochemical Pathway
Products used in cellular Products used in cellular respiration.respiration. The Basic
BiochemicalPathway
LIGHT ABSORPTION INCHLOROPLASTS
Light Reactions or Light Dependent Reactions
They begin with the absorption of lightin chloroplasts.
OverviewOf the
Light Reaction
LIGHT REACTIONSLIGHT REACTIONS
1.1. ELECTRON TRANSPORT ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN: PHOTOSYSTEMS II CHAIN: PHOTOSYSTEMS II AND IAND I
2.2. RESTORING RESTORING PHOTOSYSTEM IIPHOTOSYSTEM II
3.3. CHEMIOSMOSISCHEMIOSMOSIS
Photosystem
I & II
Photosynthesis AnimationPhotosynthesis Animation
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/photosynthesis.swfflashanimat/metabolism/photosynthesis.swf
LIGHT INDEPENDENT LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONSREACTIONS
KNOWN AS THE KNOWN AS THE CALVIN CALVIN CYCLECYCLE..
COCO2 2 IS FIXED INTO ORGANIC IS FIXED INTO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: CARBON COMPOUNDS: CARBON FIXATION.FIXATION.
THREE MAJOR STEPS, WHICH OCCUR WITHIN THE STROMA.
Calvin
Cycle
How do Plants
CaptureCO2?