In war today, some 90 per-cent of casualties are civil-ians, most of them womenand children. In compari-son, during the two worldwars only 5 percent of casu-alties were civilians. The

goal of warring factions today isno longer for one side to assertitself over the other, but rather tohumiliate the other, to destroy itslivestock, its granaries, to deci-mate its community, says OlaraA. Otunnu of Uganda, theUnited Nations special represen-tative for children and armedconflict. Anything goes in whathas been termed “total war,” hesays. “This is the world turnedupside down.”

Otunnu was the keynotespeaker at the U.S. Institute ofPeace awards banquet for thewinners of its 1999 NationalPeace Essay Contest. The ban-quet was held June 23 at theMeridian International Center inWashington, D.C.

More than 2,500 studentsfrom 50 states, the District ofColumbia, U.S. territories, and

Inside

3 TRAININGU.S. Police forKosovo

4 AFRICASeeking Peace

6 CAPITALCAMPAIGN

7 HAGUE APPEALGlobal GrassrootsPeace Initiative

UN I T E D STAT E S IN S T I T U T E O F PE AC E ■ WA S H I N G TO N, DC

AUGUST 19 9 9

Vol. V, No. 5

‘Total War’ Targets CiviliansWinners of the Institute’s peace essay contest say that although they have grownup in a violent world, they have great hopes for contributing to world peace.

Top left(left to right):RebeccaBradburd,RichardSolomon,JeanmarieHicks, andAnikaBinnendijk.

Top right: OlaraA. Otunnu

American high schools overseasparticipated in this year’s contest,writing an essay on various mea-sures that can be taken to preventviolent international conflict. Some 50 state-level winners visit-ed Washington June 19–24 toparticipate in an educational pro-gram, including a three-day simu-lation exercise focused on the warbetween Ethiopia and Eritrea andcurrent negotiations to end it. Thewinners also met with senior U.S.government and foreign embassyofficials, members of Congress,and other experts. Each state-level

winner received a $1,000 collegescholarship. The contest andrelated programs were organizedby Heather Kerr-Stewart, educa-tion specialist, and Janice Hoggs,program assistant.

Institute president Richard H.Solomon announced the threenational winners at the awardsbanquet. Jeanmarie Hicks ofRapid City, S.D., won first placeand a $10,000 scholarship; AnikaBinnendijk of Bethesda, Md.,won second place and a $5,000scholarship; and Rebecca Bradburd

See Peace Essay, page 2

of Williamstown, Mass., won third place and a$2,500 scholarship.

Essay contest winners said that Otunnu’s speechreally touched them, as they have grown up in aworld deeply troubled by violence, ethnic cleansing,and genocide. Hicks said in an interview that manyin this country have become desensitized to violencethrough vicarious and excessive exposure in themedia and popular culture. Still, she says she is hope-ful about the future because she has met so manypeople who want to help those who are suffering.

Bradburd, one of the participants who spoke atthe banquet, said that the Washington program,especially the simulation and role-play exercises,“made peace messier, no longer the shining thing Iwrote about in my essay, but more of an imperfectreality.” She said she now knows that achieving

2Peace EssayContinued from page 1Peace essay

contest winnersmet with policy-makers and government officials andengaged in simu-lation exercises.

peace and changing the world is a lot more compli-cated than it seems at first.

Binnendijk said in an interview that growing upduring a time of genocide in Rwanda and ethniccleansing in the Balkans has given her a more nega-tive view of humankind. “I have seen the violenceand human rights violations as the way things are. It definitely presents a challenge.”

Most recently, seeing children and youth likeherself as victims of ethnic cleansing in Kosovomade the challenge “much more real and immedi-ate,” she said. “It has inspired me to try with my lifeto prevent that sort of thing from happening again.”The other students who came to Washington arealso totally involved in wanting to save the world,she said. “You caught us at an idealistic stage of ourlives.”

3

Peace Watch (ISSN 1080-9864) ispublished six times a year by theUnited States Institute of Peace, anindependent, nonpartisan federalinstitution created by Congress to

promote research, education, and training on the peaceful resolutionof international conflicts. The views expressed herein do not neces-sarily reflect the views of the Institute or its board of directors.

To receive Peace Watch, write to the Editor, Peace Watch,United States Institute of Peace, 1200 17th Street NW, Suite 200,Washington, DC 20036-3011. For general information call 202-457-1700, fax 202-429-6063, e-mail: usip_requests@usip.org, or checkour web site: www.usip.org.

President: Richard H. Solomon Executive Vice President: Harriet Hentges

Publications Director: Dan SnodderlyEditor: Cynthia Roderick

Production Coordinator: Marie MarrPhoto Credits: Bill Fitz-Patrick, staff

Board of DirectorsChairman: Chester A. Crocker. Vice Chairman: Max M. Kampelman.Members: Dennis L. Bark, Theodore M. Hesburgh, Seymour MartinLipset, W. Scott Thompson, Allen Weinstein, Harriet Zimmerman.Members Ex Officio: Phyllis Oakley, Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research; Daniel H. Simpson, Vice President,National Defense University; Walter B. Slocombe, Department ofDefense; Richard H. Solomon, Institute president (nonvoting).

The Institute Trains Po l i c efor De p l oyment to Ko s ovoWhile the fighting in Kosovo is over, violence andethnic hatreds continue to erupt throughout theSerbian province. NATO peacekeepers stationed in Kosovo to monitor the cease-fire are anxiouslywaiting for the promised deployment of 3,000international police to maintain civil order In aneffort to quickly prepare U.S. civilian police to par-ticipate in the international force, a U.S. Instituteof Peace training team is providing training in con-flict resolution to some 400 civilian police officersfrom all over the United States who are scheduledto ship out to Kosovo in August. The trainees willbe part of the United Nations peacekeeping mis-sion in Kosovo (UNMIK), which will comprisepolice from 42 other countries.

Barbara Wien and Lewis Rasmussen, programofficers in the Institute’s Training Program, arehelping to prepare the U.S. police for the chal-lenges and conditions they will face on the groundin Kosovo. They are teaching methods to de-esca-late conflicts and techniques for negotiating diffi-cult situations through role-plays and simulations.Two trainings were held in July and another twoare scheduled for August.

4

he international communitycan help bring about a lastingpeace in the Congo by pro-

viding strategic, focused assistancethat would help implement andsustain the recent peace agree-ment there, says Africa specialistDavid R. Smock of the U.S.Institute of Peace.

Smock, who is director of theInstitute’s Grant Program andhead of its Africa initiative, trav-eled to eastern Congo, Burundi,and Rwanda for two weeks in Julyto assess the prospects for the Julypeace agreement, still awaitingfinal signatures from rebel leaders.Smock was accompanied by John

Prendergast, an executive fellowat the Institute and special adviserto the State Department.Prendergast served as director ofAfrican affairs at the NationalSecurity Council in 1997–99 aspart of his executive fellowship.

At the end of the trip,Prendergast joined U.S. specialenvoy Anthony Lake in anotherround of shuttle diplomacy inAddis Ababa and Asmara in aneffort to end the war betweenEritrea and Ethiopia. After that,Prendergast went to Algiers,where he worked with UnitedNations and Organization forAfrican Unity representatives to draw up a detailed peace planbetween the two countries. Healso closed out the CentralAfrican mission by traveling to Uganda and Kinshasa.

Peace in Congo

Smock notes the complexity ofthe war in the Congo, which hasaffected a large part of the conti-nent. While it looks like a civilwar between the Congolese gov-ernment and Congolese rebelforces, foreign troops from sixcountries in the region are alsoinvolved, including governmentforces from Angola, Burundi,Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda, andZimbabwe. Additionally, rebelgroups from four of those coun-tries are also fighting in theCongo; and Sudan is supportinggovernment forces and some ofthese rebel militias. On top ofthat, opportunistic warlords ofvarious backgrounds have theirown troops in the fray.

The situation is further com-plicated by parallel civil wars inAngola and Burundi and cross-border insurgencies involving

Rwanda and Uganda. In signingthe Lusaka peace agreement inJuly, the countries and variousother parties to the conflict havecommitted to disarm the militiagroups, but it is not clear that theyhave the will or the capability todo so, Smock says.

“Despite the complexity anddifficulty of implementing theagreement, this is the best anyonecan expect,” Smock says.Prendergast adds, “It’s not apanacea, but it is an importantfirst step and requires robustinternational support.”

Smock and Prendergast metwith over 150 leaders in the fourcentral African countries wherethey traveled. Throughout theregion they met with rebel leaders,government officials, civil societyleaders, military officers, and busi-nesspeople.

While the willingness of theparties to sign the agreement iscommendable, they need supportto encourage follow-through on

for in Central Africa

Focused, strategic assistance can help stabilize the region.

Prospects Pe a c e

David Smockand JohnPrendergastmet with offi-cials inRuhengeri,Rwanda. Pierre Buyoya, president of Burundi

the terms of the accord. It isunlikely that the internationalcommunity will send in troops toenforce the peace and disarmmilitias, Smock stresses. At thesame time, “we can’t just wash ourhands and say ‘let the Africans doit,’ so resources must be providedto support the provisions of theagreement that allow regionalgovernments to undertake thisdifficult task.”

To help disarm the militias,the international community canprovide transportation and techni-cal advice, including intelligenceabout militia troop movements.Resolving conflict in surroundingcountries would also help buildthe peace in Congo. In Rwanda,reconciliation between the Tutsiand Hutu, further progress towarddemocratization, and economicmeasures—providing better roads,agricultural supplies, and credit,for example—would persuadesome of the Rwandan Hutu

rebels, particularly the youngerones who were not participants inthe genocide, to return and settledown, Smock notes.

He concludes that these andrelated measures would not

require large amounts of assis-tance, but rather carefully focused,strategically allocated assets thatcould make a significant differ-ence in bringing peace to Congoand the region.

5

U.S. Policy Toward North Korea

Former secretary of defense William Perry (second from left) briefsthe Institute's Korea Working Group on his recommendations for

U.S. policy toward North Korea at a June meeting. President Clintonassigned Perry to assess U.S. policy on North Korea and to make rec-ommendations for future policy. Perry is expected to make his recom-mendations public late this summer or in the fall.

The working group, chaired by Patrick Cronin, director of researchand studies, and program officer William Drennan, brings together toppolicymakers, government officials, and academic and think tankexperts to discuss critical issues on the Korean peninsula.

U.S.-Russia Relations

Ashton Carter (left), Ford Foundationprofessor of science and international

affairs at Harvard University’s KennedySchool of Government, presided over a Julymeeting of the Institute’s Russia WorkingGroup. Carter, who served as assistant sec-retary of defense for international securitypolicy in 1993–96, had just returned from afact-finding trip to Russia. The workinggroup session was organized by TaraSonenshine (right), the Institute’s senioradviser, and program officer Lauren Van Metre.

Among a broad range of issues, participants explored how the U.S.-Russia security relationship will be defined in the decade ahead, wheneach country is governed by a new president; actions the United Statescan take to avoid crises or a sharp deterioration in relations during theelection period stretching from late 1999 through 2000; and what presi-dents Clinton and Yeltsin still might accomplish in the areas ofEuropean security, arms control, and military-to-military relations.

With a grant from the Institute,Youth in Reconstruction of theWorld in Destruction, a civil societygroup, is working on reconciliationand rebuilding of homes in Burundi.

In recent months, the U.S. Institute of Peacehas received a number of donations that

bring the Capital Campaign coffers overthe million-dollar mark. In addition, astrong group of supporters has offered tohelp with the campaign, including for-

mer U.S. senators Nancy KassebaumBaker and Paul Simon, Washingtonentrepreneur and builder Abe Pollin, Gen.

Colin L. Powell (ret.), and former national securityadviser Lt. Gen. Brent Scowcroft (ret.). Formerpresident George Bush has also pledged his support.

The Institute is raising $50 million from founda-tions, corporations, and individuals to build a centerdedicated to the peaceful management and resolutionof world conflicts. The building will be constructedat the northwest corner of the National Mall inWashington, D.C.

The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, aprivate California foundation with a strong commit-ment to conflict resolution, recently granted theInstitute $150,000 in support of the CapitalCampaign. One of the top 20 foundations in thecountry, the Hewlett Foundation seeks to promotethe well-being of humankind. Also, individual donorsrecently contributed over $50,000 that will bematched dollar-for-dollar, thanks to the generosity ofArthur and Barbara Crocker of Naples, Fla., whomade a $180,000 challenge grant to the campaign.

“The Hewlett Foundation and the Institute ofPeace share a deep commitment to research andtraining in conflict resolution in internationalaffairs,” says Institute president Richard H.Solomon. “We are grateful for their generous sup-port and the gifts of many individuals for whomworld peace is a major goal.”

Former secretary of state George Shultz serves ashonorary chair of the Institute’s Capital Campaign,and the Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh, presidentemeritus of the University of Notre Dame andInstitute board member, serves as honorary co-chair.The Rev. Sidney Lovett, a long-time Institute sup-porter who served on the Institute's inaugural boardof directors, is now clerk of the campaign’s advisorycommittee.

6

Capital CampaignTops $1 Million Mark

Other volunteers who have recently joined tohelp the campaign include:

Chester A. Crocker, Institute board chair, James R.Schlesinger professor of strategic studies at GeorgetownUniversity's School of Foreign Service, and formerassistant secretary of state for African affairs (1981–89);

Stephen J. Hadley, a partner in the law firm of Shea &Gardner, Washington, D.C., and former assistantsecretary of defense for international security (1989–93);

Max M. Kampelman, former ambassador to thenegotiations on nuclear and space arms in Geneva,ambassador and head of the U.S. delegation to theConference on Security and Cooperation in Europe(CSCE), and vice chair of the Institute's board ofdirectors;

Marc E. Leland, head of Marc E. Leland and Associatesand former assistant secretary of international affairs atthe U.S. Treasury (1981–84);

Seymour Martin Lipset, Hazel professor of public policyat George Mason University's Institute of Public Policyand member of the Institute of Peace’s board;

Peter R. Rosenblatt, president of the Fund for Democracyand Development and former ambassador tonegotiations on the future political status of the TrustTerritories of the Pacific Islands (1977–81);

Elspeth Davies Rostow, Stiles professor of Americanstudies emerita at the Lyndon B. Johnson School ofPublic Affairs, University of Texas, and former Instituteboard member, who served as both chair and vicechair;

Enid C. B. Schoettle, former head of advocacy and exter-nal relations at the United Nations Department ofHumanitarian Affairs and former director of the FordFoundation’s international affairs program;

John Wallach, journalist and author, former senior fellowat the Institute (1997–98), and founder of the Seeds ofPeace program;

John C. Whitehead, former Goldman, Sachs co-chair,former deputy secretary of state, and notedphilanthropist;

Frank G. Wisner, vice chair for external affairs at theAmerican International Group and former ambassadorto Zambia (1977–82), the Philippines (1991–92), andIndia (1994–97); and

Harriet Zimmerman, vice president of the AmericanIsraeli Public Affairs Committee and a member of theInstitute’s board.

An impressive

list of volun-

teers joins the

Institute of

Peace's

efforts to

raise $50 mil-

lion to build

a new head-

quarters near

the National

Mall.

7

H ow insane is this idea thatyou can stop war?” asksCora Weiss, president of

the Hague Appeal for Peace.“Well, how insane was it to thinkyou could stop apartheid? Orcolonialism? Or slavery? . . . Wehave a chance now to define thenew century before it starts.”

Weiss, who has devoted mostof her life to the internationalpeace movement, is the leader ofthe Hague peace campaign, aworldwide effort to put an end towar. The campaign seeks to cre-ate a culture of peace for the newmillennium in which violent con-flict is seen as illegitimate, illegal,and fundamentally unjust, sheexplains.

Weiss—along with JohnCavanagh, director of theInstitute for Policy Studies, and

The HagueAppeal

for Pe a c eA grassroots movement

is organizing globally to end a culture of war

and violence.

addresses the root causes of war,humanitarian and human rightslaw and institutions, the preven-tion of violent conflict, and disar-mament.

The conference launched sev-eral major initiatives, including aglobal campaign for peace educa-tion. Indeed, peace education wasone of the most popular issuesdiscussed at the conference, Weisssaid. “We need the fourth R—reading, writing, ‘rithmetic. . . and reconciliation,” she said.

Cavanagh stressed that, tobuild momentum for a globalpeace movement, it is necessary toinclude those who are fighting theeconomic root causes of war,including the widening gapbetween rich and poor that hasresulted in part from economicglobalization.

Although issues like economicglobalization may seem over-whelming to confront, it wasvisionary leadership that helpedmobilize citizens on behalf of civilrights, women’s rights, and humanrights generally in the last century,Cavanagh said. Today, it isextremely difficult to bring peopletogether because of increasingsocial fragmentation, but theremarkable success of the confer-ence served as “a reminder of theneed to think big and do big.”

In addition to leadership, peo-ple and organizations need“immediate and specific objectives,. . . a practical program to makearmed conflict rare,” Dean said.The conference’s initiatives andagenda for peace seek to help dothat. Also, a series of regional con-ferences is planned to maintainthe momentum of the conference.

Over the course of the fourdays, Dean said he heard someextraordinary discussions amongpeople about their hopes andplans for a more peaceful and justworld. “I never heard so manydreams.”

Cora Weiss

Jonathan Dean, adviser on inter-national security issues for theUnion of Concerned Scientists—discussed the Hague Appeal forPeace’s recent conference at aU.S. Institute of Peace currentissues briefing on May 25.

The conference—held May11–15 in The Hague,Netherlands—brought togethernearly 10,000 participants from100 countries, including UnitedNations secretary general KofiAnnan, Queen Noor of Jordan,Archbishop Desmond Tutu ofSouth Africa, and more than adozen Nobel Peace laureates.Joseph Klaits, director of theU.S. Institute of Peace’s JenningsRandolph fellowship program,and William A. Stuebner, advis-er to the rule of law initiative,also attended the event.

Most conference participantsrepresented nongovernmentalorganizations. “These are the newabolitionists,” Klaits observed,“and like earlier movements theimpetus for change is comingfrom civil society, not from gov-ernment.” The conference orga-nizers chose to do their post-event Washington briefing atUSIP, Klaits said, because theybelieve that the Institute, with itsunique bridge-building missionlinking governments and citizens,has a role to play as this grass-roots campaign develops.

Participants at the conferenceattended more than 400 workinggroups, panel discussions, andrelated activities. The confer-ence’s organizing and coordinat-ing committees, in consultationwith the participating organiza-tions and individuals, drew up a50-point plan—The HagueAgenda for Peace and Justice forthe 21st Century—which is avail-able on the organization’s web-site: www.haguepeace.org. Theagenda, adopted by the UnitedNations after the conference,

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The Institute welcomesDaniel Serwer as directorof the Balkans Initiative.A noted Balkans expertformerly with the StateDepartment, Serwer willoversee and coordinate allBalkans work at theInstitute and will chair theBalkans Working Group,which brings together rep-resentatives of government agencies, think tanks,and nongovernmental organizations who are experton Balkans matters. Serwer was a senior fellow atthe Institute in 1998–99.

Daniel Serwe r. . .

❜❜

❛❛❛❛

Jordanians, Pa l e s t i n i a n s ,and the HashemiteK i n g d o min the Middle East Peace ProcessADNAN ABU-ODEHForeword by William B. Quandt

Even if one does not agree with Adnan Abu-Odeh’s depiction, it is impos-sible to ignore the power of his portrayal.

This is a book that sheds light on one of the most sensitive seams in ourregion—the seam between the Jordanians and the Palestinians—at a timewhen many statesmen are attempting to sow new seeds of hope in a rockyand historically rich land.

—Shimon Peres, Former Prime Minister of Israel

August 1999 ■ 237 pp. ■ 6 x 9$19.95 (paper) ■ 1-878379-88-7$37.50 (cloth) ■ 1-878379-89-5

To ord e r, call 800-868-8064 (U.S. only) or 703-661-1590N e w B o o ksN e wB o o ksUSIP PRESS