atoms, orbitals & functional groups
DESCRIPTION
Atoms, Orbitals & Functional Groups. The Periodic Chart & Elements. The Elephant of Elements. Introduction. The Periodic Chart Is a listing of known elements Element A substance composed of atoms having an identical number of protons in each nucleus. Common Elements. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Introduction
The Periodic Chart Is a listing of known elements
Element A substance composed of atoms
having an identical number of protons in each nucleus.
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Common Elements Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen make up
96.5% of the human body weight Individually, the following elements make up 0.1-
1.5% of the human body weight Sodium Magnesium Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Potassium Calcium
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Description
The smallest particle of an element All known elements are found on the
Periodic Chart. Has two main sections
Nucleus Out Shell
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Introduction
There are three subatomic particles Protons
Found within the nucleus
Neutrons Found within the
nucleus Electrons
Found in the outer shell
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Introduction
Protons Positive charge
Neutrons Neutral charge
Electrons Negative Charge Surround the atom Used in the formation of chemical
bonds
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Shells (aka Energy Levels)
Shells may be thought of as layers in which electrons are found.
Represented pictorially by the Bohr Model.
The shells, represented by numbers, contain a maximum number of electrons 1 = 2 e-
2 = 8 e-
3 = 18 e-
4 = 32 e-
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Valence Electrons
The number of electrons found in the most outer shell.
Used to determine the type of, and how many, chemical bonds that are made.
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Orbitals The volume of space, around the nucleus, where
electrons are found. **Used to calculate the number of electrons
found in shells Represented by letters Each orbital also has a maximum number of
electrons s = 2 p = 6 d = 10 f = 14
The electron configuration displays the orbitals, and number of electrons found within, surrounding an atom.
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Hybrids
Developed by Linus Pauling in 1931 Showed mathematically how orbitals on
an atom, can combine and hybridize, to form equivalent atomic orbitals.
The concept explains how carbon forms four equivalent tetrahedral bonds but does not explain why it does so.
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The Equation The equation A = Z +
N is used to calculate the atomic mass and the number of subatomic particles*.
Atomic Mass (A) The absolute atomic
mass of an atom Atomic Number (Z)
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
N The number of
neutrons
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Question
If the atomic mass of an element is 29, and the number of neutrons is 15, what element am I talking about? A = Z + N 29 = Z + 15 Z = 29 - 15 Z = 14 What element has an atomic number of
14? Si (Silicon)
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Description & Importance
A functional group is an atom, or group of atoms, that is responsible for the specific properties of an organic compound. Organic compounds must contain
carbon.