atomic structure pp
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Atomic StructureAtomic StructureModern TheoryModern Theory
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Subatomic particlesSubatomic particles
ProtonsProtons
1.1. Positively charged particle located inPositively charged particle located in
nucleusnucleus2.2. Mass = 1.673 e 24 g or 1.0073 uMass = 1.673 e 24 g or 1.0073 u
3.3. Always moving (atomic vibration)Always moving (atomic vibration)
4.4. Composed on 2 Up quarks and 1 DownComposed on 2 Up quarks and 1 Down
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More Subatomic ParticlesMore Subatomic Particles
NeutronsNeutrons
1.1. Subatomic particle located in nucleusSubatomic particle located in nucleus
with no electrical chargewith no electrical charge2.2. Mass = 1.675 e 24 g or 1.0087 uMass = 1.675 e 24 g or 1.0087 u
3.3. Decays into proton, electron, andDecays into proton, electron, and
electron anti-neutrinoelectron anti-neutrino4.4. Composed of one Up quark and 2 DownComposed of one Up quark and 2 Down
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More Subatomic ParticlesMore Subatomic Particles
ElectronsElectrons
1.1. Very small negatively charged subatomicVery small negatively charged subatomic
particle in orbit around nucleusparticle in orbit around nucleus2.2. Mass = 1.1 E 29 g or 0.000 549 uMass = 1.1 E 29 g or 0.000 549 u
3.3. Mass = 1/1836 of protonMass = 1/1836 of proton
4.4. Moves rapidly and is easily acceleratedMoves rapidly and is easily accelerated
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DefinitionsDefinitions
Leptons: no perceptible internal structureLeptons: no perceptible internal structure
with spin (examples: electron, neutrino,with spin (examples: electron, neutrino,
muon)muon)
Hadrons: particles composed of quarksHadrons: particles composed of quarks
(examples: protons, neutrons)(examples: protons, neutrons)
Quarks: building blocks of hadronicQuarks: building blocks of hadronic
particles (in increasing size: Up, Down,particles (in increasing size: Up, Down,
Charm, Strange, Top, Bottom)Charm, Strange, Top, Bottom)
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Matter vs AntimatterMatter vs Antimatter
For every particle there is a correspondingFor every particle there is a corresponding
antiparticle. These particles andantiparticle. These particles and
antiparticles have identical mass and spinantiparticles have identical mass and spin
but opposite charges.but opposite charges.
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DefinitionsDefinitions
Atomic Number (Z): number of protons inAtomic Number (Z): number of protons in
the nucleus (if atom is electricallythe nucleus (if atom is electrically
balanced it will also be the # of electrons)balanced it will also be the # of electrons)
Atomic Mass (M): see definition in classAtomic Mass (M): see definition in class
Mass Number (A): sum of protons andMass Number (A): sum of protons and
neutrons in nucleusneutrons in nucleus
Nucleons: particles that make up theNucleons: particles that make up the
nucleus of an atomnucleus of an atom
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More DefinitionsMore Definitions
Element: pure form of substance, madeElement: pure form of substance, madeup of only one kind of atom -- elementsup of only one kind of atom -- elementsare simple substances that cannot beare simple substances that cannot be
decomposed or changed into anotherdecomposed or changed into anotherelement by chemical meanselement by chemical means
Atom: smallest particle of elementAtom: smallest particle of element
Molecule: 2 or more atoms bondedMolecule: 2 or more atoms bondedchemically together, has a definite,chemically together, has a definite,invariable composition and structureinvariable composition and structure
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IonsIons
Ions are atoms that have lost or gainedIons are atoms that have lost or gained
electronselectrons
CaCa loses 2 electrons: Caloses 2 electrons: Ca2+2+
20 p20 p++ 20 p20 p++
20 e20 e--
18 e18 e--
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IsotopesIsotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same elementIsotopes are atoms of the same element
but with different number of neutronsbut with different number of neutrons
(mass numbers will be different but atomic(mass numbers will be different but atomic
numbers will be the same)numbers will be the same)
example: Boron example given in classexample: Boron example given in class
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Hydrogen IsotopesHydrogen Isotopes
Natural hydrogen (1 proton and 1 electron)Natural hydrogen (1 proton and 1 electron)
Deuterium (1 proton, 1 electron, 1Deuterium (1 proton, 1 electron, 1
neutron)neutron)
Tritium (1 proton, 1 electron, 2 neutrons)Tritium (1 proton, 1 electron, 2 neutrons)
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CompoundsCompounds
Compounds are two or more elementsCompounds are two or more elements
chemically joined (held together bychemically joined (held together by
chemical bonds)chemical bonds)
There is a fixed proportion of elements byThere is a fixed proportion of elements by
weightweight
Properties are different from componentsProperties are different from components
Compounds can be separated only byCompounds can be separated only by
chemical meanschemical means
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MixturesMixtures
Mixtures are two or more substancesMixtures are two or more substances
(elements or compounds or both) that do(elements or compounds or both) that do
not combine chemically during the mixing.not combine chemically during the mixing.
There is a variable proportion ofThere is a variable proportion of
componentscomponents
Properties remain the same as beforeProperties remain the same as before
mixingmixing
Parts can be separated by physical meansParts can be separated by physical means
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Mixture SubTypesMixture SubTypes
Heterogeneous: divide mixture into 2Heterogeneous: divide mixture into 2
halves and get different compositionhalves and get different composition
Homogeneous: divide mixture into 2Homogeneous: divide mixture into 2
halves and they are identicalhalves and they are identical
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More Mixture typesMore Mixture types
Emulsion: mixture of 2 immiscible liquidsEmulsion: mixture of 2 immiscible liquids
(ones that dont mix), examples = oil &(ones that dont mix), examples = oil &
vinegar dressing, paint, hand crmevinegar dressing, paint, hand crme
Alloy: mixture of 2 or more metals meltedAlloy: mixture of 2 or more metals melted
together having new and differenttogether having new and different
properties, examples: bronze, brass,properties, examples: bronze, brass,
pewterpewter Amalgam: mixture containing mercuryAmalgam: mixture containing mercury
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SolutionsSolutions
A solution is a liquid homogeneousA solution is a liquid homogeneous
mixture containing a dissolved substancemixture containing a dissolved substance
1.1. Solvent = component in largestSolvent = component in largest
concentrationconcentration
2.2. Solute = component in smallestSolute = component in smallest
concentrationconcentration
3.3. Aqueous = solvent is waterAqueous = solvent is water
4.4. Tincture = solvent is alcoholTincture = solvent is alcohol
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More on SolutionsMore on Solutions
Dilute solutions: small amount of soluteDilute solutions: small amount of solute
compared to amount of solventcompared to amount of solvent
Concentrated solution: contains moreConcentrated solution: contains more
solute than a dilute solutionsolute than a dilute solution
Saturated solution: when solvent cannotSaturated solution: when solvent cannot
hold any more solute at a givenhold any more solute at a given
temperaturetemperature
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TypesTypes
Suspension: heterogeneous mixtureSuspension: heterogeneous mixture
where visible particles will settle outwhere visible particles will settle out
Colloids: particles small enough that theyColloids: particles small enough that they
do not settle out and are usually too smalldo not settle out and are usually too small
to be visible (examples = gelatin, coldto be visible (examples = gelatin, cold
cream, lipstick, shaving cream)cream, lipstick, shaving cream)
Emulsion: colloid of 2 liquids (examples =Emulsion: colloid of 2 liquids (examples =
mayonnaise or salad dressing)mayonnaise or salad dressing)
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More TypesMore Types
Gels: colloid in which liquid particles areGels: colloid in which liquid particles are
spread out in a solid (examples = gelatin,spread out in a solid (examples = gelatin,
jelly, stick deodorant)jelly, stick deodorant)
Aerosol: colloid in which solid or liquidAerosol: colloid in which solid or liquid
particles are suspended in a gasparticles are suspended in a gas
(examples: fog or smoke)(examples: fog or smoke)
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Mixture Separation TechniquesMixture Separation Techniques
Filtration: part must be solubleFiltration: part must be soluble Distillation: must know boiling points of twoDistillation: must know boiling points of two
liquidsliquids
Recrystallization: must know melting pointsRecrystallization: must know melting pointsand crystal structuresand crystal structures
Solubility: must know nature of substancesSolubility: must know nature of substances
Size, magnetic/electrical attraction, densitySize, magnetic/electrical attraction, density Chromatography: must know affinity toChromatography: must know affinity to
surface versus affinity to solvent usedsurface versus affinity to solvent used
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Law of Conservation ofLaw of Conservation of
Mass/EnergyMass/Energy
Finite amount of matter and energy inFinite amount of matter and energy in
universeuniverse
Matter to energy and energy to matterMatter to energy and energy to matter
changes occurchanges occur
Energy can be changed in form (seeEnergy can be changed in form (see
examples in class) without loss to universeexamples in class) without loss to universe
Matter can be changed in form or stateMatter can be changed in form or state
without loss to universewithout loss to universe
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Laws of ThermodynamicsLaws of Thermodynamics
First law: conservation of energyFirst law: conservation of energy
Second law: entropy increases in allSecond law: entropy increases in all
natural processesnatural processes
Third law: we cannot reach absolute zeroThird law: we cannot reach absolute zero
Zeroth law: If TZeroth law: If Taa= T= T
bband Tand T
bb= T= T
ccthen Tthen T
aa==
TTcc (thermal equilibrium in balance)(thermal equilibrium in balance)
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4 Forces in Nature4 Forces in Nature
Gravity: force is dependent on mass andGravity: force is dependent on mass and
the distance between objectsthe distance between objects
Electromagnetism: affects all electricallyElectromagnetism: affects all electrically
charged objectscharged objects
Strong Nuclear Force: binds together theStrong Nuclear Force: binds together the
particles of nucleusparticles of nucleus
Weak Nuclear Force: responsible forWeak Nuclear Force: responsible for
nuclear decay (radioactivity)nuclear decay (radioactivity)
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MolesMoles
The number of moles of any substance isThe number of moles of any substance ischaracterized by the coefficientcharacterized by the coefficient
The mass of one mole of a substance is shownThe mass of one mole of a substance is shown
in the formula massin the formula mass One mole of any substance containsOne mole of any substance contains
6.02 E 23 particles6.02 E 23 particles
One mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L of volumeOne mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L of volumeat standard temperature and pressureat standard temperature and pressure