atomic bombs - indico€¦ · bombs dropped on japan fission bomb history 1934 1938 1939 1942 1945...
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Atomic Bombs History, Operation and Effects
Adriana Dias, Elysia Sharma, Dave Yeeles
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History The development of fission and fusion bombs
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Szilárd proposes nuclear chain reaction Fermi induces radiation by bombarding uranium with neutrons
Hahn and Strassman detect barium after doing that Meitner interprets this as fission
Germany and USA realise military potential Einstein warns Roosevelt about possibility of Nazi bombs
Manhattan Project begins
Bombs dropped on Japan
Fission Bomb History
1934
1938
1939
1942
1945
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Fusion Bomb History
Fermi mentions the idea of fusion bombs Teller works on the idea
First Soviet test
First American test
Tsar Bomba detonated, largest man-made explosion
1941
1949
1952
1961
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Fusion Bomb History
First American test 1952
Before After
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Tsar Bomba 57 megaton bomb
10 times more powerful than World War II
1400 times more powerful than Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined
Capable of 100 Mt
History
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Operation Physical Mechanisms Behind Nuclear Weapons
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2 main types; fission and fusion.
Enriched U-235 used as fuel.
Neutrons created by “neutron generator”
Po and Be separated by foil.
Foil broken when subcritical masses come together.
Po emits α particle.
α particle collides with Be-9 to create Be-8, neutrons released.
Operation
Sample of enriched Uranium
Outline
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“Gun” which fires one mass into the other
Operation Fission Bomb Triggers
• “ – Explosives fire
subcritical masses together
– Strikes sphere and starts process in neutron generator
– Fission initiated leading to the bomb exploding
“Gun” trigger mechanism
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» U-235 acts as tamper » Plutonium-239 core surrounded by explosives
• Trigger by implosion
Operation Fission Bomb Triggers
Implosion trigger mechanism
– Explosives fired
creating shockwaves
– Core compressed and fission begins
– Bomb explodes
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Primary boosted-fission component and secondary fusion component.
C
- Fission bomb explodes giving off X-rays
- Heat causes tamper to expand and burn away, exerting pressure on fuel
- Fuel compressed 30 fold - Shockwave initiates fission - Lithium tritium. - Pressure and temperature sufficient
for fusion. - Neutron from fusion initiate fission in
U-238
Operation Fusion Bomb
Fusion bomb components
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Effects Physical consequences of nuclear detonation
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Direct Effects Blast damage
Thermal radiation
Indirect Effects Electromagnetic pulse
Ionizing radiation
Effects Effects
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• Blast – 40-50% of total energy • Thermal radiation – 30-50% of total energy • Ionizing radiation – 5% of total energy • Residual radiation – 5-10% of total energy
Nuclear radiation
Effects Effects
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Estimate size of the damage caused by the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagazaki [1]
Effects Blast Damage
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Optimum burst height for a given ground range [2]
Effects Optimum Burst Height
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Static overpressure - the sharp increase in pressure exerted by the shock wave.
Dynamic overpressure - drag exerted by the blast winds required to form the blast wave.
Effects Blast Wave Phenomena
Effects of the blast wave
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Emitted as:
Visible light
Infra-red
UV light
Bigger range than blast range
Effects Thermal Radiation
Main hazards are:
Burns
Eye injuries
Causes fires
Example of fire due to thermal radiation and explosion due to blast wave
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Gamma rays produce high energy electrons through Compton Scattering These electrons interact with the Earth’s magnetic field and create a nuclear electromagnetic pulse
Effects Electromagnetic Pulse
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Neutrons
Gamma rays
Alpha particles
Electrons
Effects Ionising Radiation
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Developments Post-WWII Advancements in Nuclear Weapons
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Tsar Bomba detonation [4]
Hydrogen Bomb Developments
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Zone of total destruction of the Tsar Bomba [5]
Destruction Zone Developments
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[6]
Comparison Developments
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[8]
Nuclear Stockpiles Developments
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"Now, I am become Death, the destroyer of
worlds." - J. Robert Oppenheimer
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[1] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abombdamage1945.svg
[2] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blastcurves_psi.svg
[3] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nukecloud.png
[4] - http://www.bestcoolfacts.com/the-most-powerful-artificial-explosion-in-human-historytsar-bomba
[5] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tsar_Bomba_Paris.png
[6] - http://blog.markloiseau.com/2010/02/tsar-bomba-the-biggest-bomb-ever/
[7] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_nuclear_weapons_yield-to-weight_comparison.svg
[8] - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-17511816
Sources