atmosphericandbiological environmentalmonitoring · [email protected] prof. dr. man bock gu college...
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Atmospheric and BiologicalEnvironmental Monitoring
Young J. Kim · Ulrich Platt ·Man Bock Gu · Hitoshi IwahashiEditors
Atmosphericand BiologicalEnvironmentalMonitoring
Editors
Prof. Dr. Young J. KimGwangju Institute of Science &
Technology (GIST)Department of Environmental Science
and Engineering261 Cheomdan-gwagiroBug-gu, Gwangju 500-712Republic of [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Man Bock GuCollege of Life Sciences
and Biotechnology,Korea UniversitySeoul 136-701Republic of [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Ulrich PlattInstitute of Environmental PhysicsUniversity of HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 229D-69120 [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Hitoshi IwahashiHealth Technology Research CenterNational Institute of AdvancedIndustrial Science and TechnologyMidorigaoka, 1-8-31Ikeda, Osaka [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4020-9673-0 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-9674-7DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-9674-7Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009921994
c© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without writtenpermission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose ofbeing entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Cover images (from left to right): The automated observatory on PICO-NARE experimental site, photocourtesy of Bruno Vieira; ADEMRC mobile atmospheric measurement laboratory, photo courtesy ofYoung J. Kim; Photograph of genetically engineered bacteria emitting bioluminescence upon the dose oftoxic materials, courtesy of Man Bock Gu; SAPHIR Atmosphere Simulation Chamber, photo courtesy ofAndreas Wahner.
Cover design: deblik
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
The extent of harmful effects of pollution on atmospheric, terrestrial and aquaticenvironments can be translated into extreme temperature changes, dirty air, cleanwater shortages, and increased incidence of toxicity that harms every life on earth.Within a lifetime, our environment is changing drastically. Much of the informationof environmental pollution impacts needs to be studied, from the mechanism of toxicnanoparticles on the molecular level to the detection of trace gases on the satelliteperspective. It is therefore essential to develop advanced monitoring techniques, effi-cient process technologies and health impact assessment tools to fill the gaps in ourscientific knowledge.
This edition of “Atmospheric and Biological Environmental Monitoring” isa handful of recent developments and techniques from environmental scientistsin well-diversified fields. These collections of manuscripts are extracts from therecently concluded “7th International Symposium on Advanced EnvironmentalMonitoring” organized by the ADvanced Environmental Monitoring and ResearchCenter (ADEMRC), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Koreaand held on February 25–28, 2008 in Honolulu, Hawaii. The three parts highlightimportant aspects of emerging environmental monitoring technologies: AtmosphericEnvironment, Contaminants Control Process, and Environmental Toxicity Assess-ment. Observational tools presented in the first part ranges from in-situ measurementsto satellite remote sensing for atmospheric monitoring. Highlighted in the second partis the recently developed water quality monitoring system for lake stratification andmembrane technologies for detection and removal of contaminants. Lastly, toxicitymonitoring of endocrine disruptors and nanoparticles are highlighted in the third partwith new discoveries.
Our sincerest gratitude goes to the authors and researchers of these studies, for theirparticipation and contribution to this book. We also like to thank all reviewers for pro-viding scientific insights necessary to ensure the quality of this publication. We grate-fully acknowledge Dr. Robert Doe, Publishing Editor and Nina Bennink of Springer,for their continued support and encouragement towards the fulfilment of this publica-tion. Most of all, members of the symposium organizing committee deserves the mostcredit for the success of the symposium. The critical suggestions that all of you haveshared were instrumental to the enhancement of this collection of manuscript. Finally,all these efforts would not be realized without the financial support of the Korea
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vi Preface
Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) through the Advanced EnvironmentalMonitoring Research Center at Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology.
Gwangju, Republic of Korea Young J. KimHeidelberg, Germany Ulrich PlattSeoul, Republic of Korea Man Bock GuOsaka, Japan Hitoshi Iwahashi
About the Editors
Young J. Kim Ulrich PlattEditor EditorDirector, Advanced Professor and DirectorEnvironmental Monitoring Institute ofResearch Center Environmental PhysicsProfessor, Department of University of HeidelbergEnvironmental Science Im Neuenheimer Feldand Engineering 229 D-69120 HeidelbergGwangju Institute of GermanyScience and Technology E-mail: [email protected] Cheomdan-gwagiroBug-gu, Gwangju 500-712Republic of KoreaE-mail: [email protected]
vii
viii About the Editors
Man Bock Gu Hitoshi IwahashiEditor EditorProfessor and Vice Dean, Health TechnologyCollege of Life Sciences Research Centerand Biotechnology, National Institute ofKorea University Advanced IndustrialSeoul 136–701 Science and TechnologyRepublic of Korea Midorigaoka, 1-8-31E-mail: [email protected] Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577
JapanE-mail: [email protected]
Contents
Part I Atmospheric Environment Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Two- and Three Dimensional Observation of Trace Gasand Aerosol Distributions by DOAS Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Ulrich Platt, Klaus-Peter Heue and Denis Pohler
Atmospheric Aerosol Monitoring from Satellite Observations:A History of Three Decades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Kwon H. Lee, Zhanqing Li, Young J. Kim and Alexander Kokhanovsky
Digital Photographic Technique to Quantify Plume OpacityDuring Daytime and Nighttime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Ke Du, Mark J. Rood, Byung J. Kim, Michael R. Kemme, BillFranek and Kevin Mattison
Scanning Infrared Remote Sensing System for Detection,Identification and Visualization of Airborne Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . 51Ulrich Klenk, Eberhard Schmidt and Andreas Beil
Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Trace Gases (NO2 and SO2)from SCIAMACHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Chulkyu Lee, Randall V. Martin, Aaron van Donkelaar, AndreasRichter, John P. Burrows and Young J. Kim
An Advanced Test Method for Measuring Fugitive DustEmissions Using a Hybrid System of Optical Remote Sensing andPoint Monitor Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Ram A. Hashmonay, Robert H. Kagann, Mark J. Rood, Byung J.Kim, Michael R. Kemme and Jack Gillies
Aerosol Sampling Efficiency Evaluation Methods at the US ArmyEdgewood Chemical Biological Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Jana Kesavan and Edward Stuebing
Smog Chamber Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Seung-Bok Lee, Gwi-Nam Bae and Kil-Choo Moon
Aerosol Concentrations and Remote Sources of AirborneElements Over Pico Mountain, Azores, Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Maria do Carmo Freitas, Adriano M.G. Pacheco, Isabel Dionısio andBruno J. Vieira
ix
x Contents
Part II Contaminants Control Process Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Removal of Selected Organic Micropollutants from WWTPEffluent with Powdered Activated Carbon and Retentionby Nanofiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Kai Lehnberg, Lubomira Kovalova, Christian Kazner, ThomasWintgens, Thomas Schettgen, Thomas Melin, Juliane Hollender andWolfgang Dott
Development of Vertically Moving Automatic Water MonitoringSystem (VeMAS) for Lake Water Quality Management . . . . . . . . . . 179Dongil Seo and Eun Hyoung Lee
Part III Environmental Toxicity Monitoring and Assessment . . . . . . . 191
Toxicity of Metallic Nanoparticles in Microorganisms- a Review . . . . . 193Javed H. Niazi and Man Bock Gu
Environmental Monitoring by Use of Genomicsand Metabolomics Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Tetsuji Higashi, Yoshihide Tanaka, Randeep Rakwal, Junko Shibato,Shin-ichi Wakida and Hitoshi Iwahashi
A Gene Expression Profiling Approach to Study the Influence ofUltrafine Particles on Rat Lungs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Katsuhide Fujita, Yasuo Morimoto, Akira Ogami, Isamu Tanaka,Shigehisa Endoh, Kunio Uchida, Hiroaki Tao, Mikio Akasaka,Masaharu Inada, Kazuhiro Yamamoto, Hiroko Fukui, MiekoHayakawa, Masanori Horie, Yoshiro Saito, Yasukazu Yoshida,Hitoshi Iwahashi, Etsuo Niki and Junko Nakanishi
Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Nervous System Related GeneExpression: Comprehensive Analysis of Medaka Fish . . . . . . . . . . . 229Emiko Kitagawa, Katsuyuki Kishi, Tomotaka Ippongi, HiroshiKawauchi, Keisuke Nakazono, Katsunori Suzuki, Hiroyoshi Ohba,Yasuyuki Hayashi, Hitoshi Iwahashi and Yoshinori Masuo
Assessment of River Health by Combined Microscale ToxicityTesting and Chemical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Sagi Magrisso and Shimshon Belkin
Saccharomyces cerevisiae as Biosensor for Cyto- and GenotoxicActivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251Jost Ludwig, Marcel Schmitt and Hella Lichtenberg-Frate
The Application of Cell Based Biosensor and Biochipfor Environmental Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Junhong Min, Cheol-Heon Yea, Waleed Ahmed El-Said and Jeong-Woo Choi
Fabrication of Electrophoretic PDMS/PDMS Lab-on-a-chipIntegrated with Au Thin-Film Based Amperometric Detection forPhenolic Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Hidenori Nagai, Masayuki Matsubara, Kenji Chayama, Joji Urakawa,Yasuhiko Shibutani, Yoshihide Tanaka, Sahori Takeda and Shinichi Wakida
Contents xi
Swimming Behavioral Toxicity in Japanese Medaka (Oryziaslatipes) Exposed to Various Chemicals for Biological Monitoringof Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285Ik Joon Kang, Junya Moroishi, Mitoshi Yamasuga, Sang Gyoon Kimand Yuji Oshima
The Effects of Earthworm Maturity on Arsenic Accumulationand Growth After Exposure to OECD Soils Containing MineTailings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295Byung-Tae Lee and Kyoung-Woong Kim
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Contributors
Mikio Akasaka, Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology(EMTECH), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569; Japan Industrial Technology Association(JITA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0046, Japan.
Gwi-Nam Bae, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong,Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea, [email protected]
Andreas Beil, Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany,www.bdal.com
Shimshon Belkin, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Instituteof Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel,[email protected]
John P. Burrows, Institute of Environmental Physics and Remote Sensing, Univer-sity of Bremen, Bremen, Germany, [email protected]
Kenji Chayama, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Instituteof Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda,Osaka 563-8577, Japan; Facurity of Science and Technology, Konan University, 8-9-1Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
Jeong-Woo Choi, College of Bionano technology, Kyungwon University,Seongnam, Gyunggi-Do, 461-701, Korea, [email protected]
Isabel Dionısio, Technological and Nuclear Institute; E.N. 10, 2686-953 Sacavem,Portugal, [email protected]
Wolfgang Dott, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Hygiene and EnvironmentalMedicine, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany,[email protected]
Ke Du, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois,205 N. Mathews Ave. Urbana, IL, USA 61801, [email protected]
Waleed Ahmed El-Said, Interdisciplenary Program of Integrated Biotechnology,Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea.
Shigehisa Endoh, Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology(EMTECH), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST), Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan.
xiii
xiv Contributors
Bill Franek, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Air, 9511 WestHarrison Street, Des Plaines, IL 60016, USA
Maria do Carmo Freitas, Reactor-ITN, Technological and Nuclear Institute; E.N.10, 2686-953 Sacavem, Portugal, [email protected]
Katsuhide Fujita, Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Instituteof Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba,Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan; Tel & Fax: +81-29-861-8260, [email protected]
Hiroko Fukui, Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda,Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
John Gillies, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute 2215Raggio Parkway Reno NV 89512 USA. Tel: 775-764-7035 Fax:775-674-7016,[email protected]
Man Bock Gu, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul136-701 Republic of Korea, [email protected]
Ram A. Hashmonay, Advanced Air Monitoring Solutions, ARCADIS. 4915Prospectus Drive, Suite F Durham, NC 27713, [email protected]
Mieko Hayakawa, Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Instituteof Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda,Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
Yasuyuki Hayashi, GeneFrontier, Corp., Todai-kashiwa-Plaza 306, 5-4-19,kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
Klaus-Peter Heue, Institute of Environmental Physics, INF 229, University ofHeidelberg, Germany
Tetsuji Higashi, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Instituteof Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda,Osaka 563-8577, Japan, [email protected].
Juliane Hollender, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology(Eawag), Uberlandstr. 133, CH 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
Masanori Horie, Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Instituteof Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda,Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
Masaharu Inada, Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology(EMTECH), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST), Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
Tomotaka Ippongi, GeneFrontier, Corp., Todai-kashiwa-Plaza 306, 5-4-19,kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
Hitoshi Iwahashi, Health Technology Research Center, National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology, Midorigaoka, 1-8-31 Ikeda, Osaka563-8577 Japan, [email protected]
Robert H. Kagann, Advanced Air Monitoring Solutions, ARCADIS, NorthCarolina, USA
Contributors xv
Ik Joon Kang, Aquatic Biomonitoring and Environmental Laboratory, Division ofBioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences. Kyushu University Graduate School,Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
Hiroshi Kawauchi, GeneFrontier, Corp., Todai-kashiwa-Plaza 306, 5-4-19,kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
Christian Kazner, RWTH Aachen University, Department of Chemical Engineer-ing, Turmstr. 46, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
Michael R. Kemme, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center -Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL), Farber DriveChampaign, IL 61826-9005, USA, [email protected].
Jana Kesavan, US ARMY Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, AMSRD-ECB-RT-TA E5951, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010,USA, [email protected]
Byung J. Kim, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61826, USA
Kyoung-Woong Kim, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering,Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, SouthKorea, [email protected]
Sang Gyoon Kim, Bio monitoring Group, SEIKO Electric Co., Ltd., Tenjin 3-20-1,Koga, Fukuoka, 811-3197, Japan.
Young J. Kim, Advanced Environmental Monitoring Research Center. Professor,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Sci-ence and Technology, 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro Bug-gu, Gwangju 500-712 Republicof Korea, [email protected]
Katsuyuki Kishi, Japan Pulp & Paper Research Institute, Inc., 5-13-11, Kannondai,Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan.
Emiko Kitagawa, Human Stress Signal Research Center, National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa,Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
Ulrich Klenk, University of Wuppertal, Department of Safety Engineer-ing/Environmental Protection, D-42097 Wuppertal – Germany, www.uws.uni-wuppertal.de, [email protected]
Alexander Kokhanovsky, Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bre-men, Bremen, Germany
Lubomira Kovalova, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Hygiene and Environ-mental Medicine, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; and, Swiss FederalInstitute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Uberlandstr. 133, CH 8600Dubendorf, Switzerland
Byung-Tae Lee, Department of Chemistry & Geochemistry, Colorado School ofMines, Golden, CO 80401, USA, [email protected]
Chulkyu Lee, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Dalhousie Univer-sity, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, [email protected]
xvi Contributors
Eun Hyoung Lee, M-Cubic Inc., Migun Technoworld, 533 Yongsan-dong,Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-500, Korea, [email protected]
Kwon H. Lee, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, Department of Atmo-spheric and Ocean Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA,[email protected]
Seung-Bok Lee, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong,Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea, [email protected]
Kai Lehnberg, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Hygiene and EnvironmentalMedicine, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
Zhanqing Li, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, Department of Atmo-spheric and Ocean Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Hella Lichtenberg-Frate, University of Bonn, IZMB, Molekular Bioenergetics,Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany, [email protected]
Jost Ludwig, University of Bonn, IZMB, Molekular Bioenergetics, Kirschallee 1,53115 Bonn, Germany
Sagi Magrisso, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Institute of LifeSciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
Randall V. Martin, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, DalhousieUniversity, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada;and, Harvard-Smithsonian Center forAstrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA, [email protected]
Yoshinori Masuo, Human Stress Signal Research Center, National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa,Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan, [email protected]
Masayuki Matsubara, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Insti-tute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka 1-8-31,Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan; and, Facurity of Science and Technology, Konan Uni-versity, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
Kevin Mattison, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Air, 9511West Harrison Street, Des Plaines, IL 60016, USA
Thomas Melin, RWTH Aachen University, Department of Chemical Engineering,Turmstr. 46, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
Junhong Min, College of Bionano technology, Kyungwon University, Seongnam,Gyunggi-Do, 461-701, Korea
Kil-Choo Moon, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong,Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea, [email protected]
Yasuo Morimoto, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupa-tional and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahata nishi, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka,807-8555, Japan
Junya Moroishi, Aquatic Biomonitoring and Environmental Laboratory, Divisionof Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences. Kyushu University Graduate School,Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
Contributors xvii
Hidenori Nagai, Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Instituteof Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda,Osaka 563-8577, Japan
Junko Nakanishi, Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability(RISS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST),Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
Keisuke Nakazono, GeneFrontier, Corp., Todai-kashiwa-Plaza 306, 5-4-19,kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
Javed H. Niazi, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University,Anam-dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-701, South Korea, [email protected]
Etsuo Niki, Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda,Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
Akira Ogami, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupa-tional and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahata nishi, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka,807-8555, Japan
Byung-Keun Oh, Departen of Chemical and Bomolecular Engineering, SogangUniversity; Interdisciplenary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang Univer-sity, Seoul 121-742, Korea
Hiroyoshi Ohba, GeneFrontier, Corp., Todai-kashiwa-Plaza 306, 5-4-19,kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
Yuji Oshima, Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Division of Biore-source and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School,Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
Adriano M.G. Pacheco, CERENA-IST, Technical University of Lisbon; Av.Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, [email protected]
Ulrich Platt, Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, INF 229,D-69120 Heidelberg Germany, [email protected]
Denis Pohler, Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, INF229, Heidelberg, Germany
Randeep Rakwal, Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Instituteof Advanced In-dustrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda,Osaka 563-8577; 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
Andreas Richter, Institute of Environmental Physics and Remote Sensing, Univer-sity of Bremen, Bremen, Germany, [email protected]
Mark J. Rood, Ivan Racheff Professor of Environmental Engineering, Env. Eng.& Sci. Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University ofIllinois, 205 N. Mathews Ave. Urbana, IL 61801, USA, [email protected] website:http://aqes.cee.uiuc.edu/
Yoshiro Saito, Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda,Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
xviii Contributors
Thomas Schettgen, RWTH Aachen University, Department and Outpatient Clinicof Occupational and Social Medicine, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
Eberhard Schmidt, University of Wuppertal, Department of SafetyEngineering/Environmental Protection, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany,www.uws.uni-wuppertal.de
Marcel Schmitt, University of Bonn, IZMB, Molekular Bioenergetics, Kirschallee1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
Dongil Seo, Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungnam National Uni-versity, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea, [email protected]
Junko Shibato, Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Institute ofAdvanced In-dustrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda,Osaka 563-8577; 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
Yasuhiko Shibutani, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi, Osaka535-8585, Japan
Edward Stuebing, US ARMY Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, AMSRD-ECB-RT-TA E5951, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD21010, USA
Katsunori Suzuki, GeneFrontier, Corp., Todai-kashiwa-Plaza 306, 5-4-19,kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
Sahori Takeda, Reseach Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, NationalInstitute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka1-8-31, Ike-da, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
Isamu Tanaka, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupa-tional and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahata nishi, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka,807-8555, Japan
Yoshihide Tanaka, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Instituteof Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda,Osaka 563-8577, Japan
Hiroaki Tao, Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology(EMTECH), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST), Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
Kunio Uchida, Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology(EMTECH), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST), Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
Joji Urakawa, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda,Osaka 563-8577, Japan; and, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi,Osaka 535-8585, Japan
Aaron van Donkelaar, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Sciences,Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, [email protected]
Bruno J. Vieira, Reactor-ITN, Technological and Nuclear Institute; E.N. 10,2686-953 Sacavem, Portugal, [email protected]
Contributors xix
Shin-ichi Wakida, Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Instituteof Advanced In-dustrial Science and Technology (AIST),1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda,Osaka 563-8577; 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
Thomas Wintgens, RWTH Aachen University, Department of Chemical Engineer-ing, Turmstr. 46, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
Kazuhiro Yamamoto, Research Institute of Instrumentation Frontier (RIIF),National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
Mitoshi Yamasuga, Bio monitoring Group, SEIKO Electric Co., Ltd., Tenjin3-20-1, Koga, Fukuoka, 811-3197, Japan
Cheol-Heon Yea, Department of Chemical and Bomolecular Engineering, SogangUniversity, Seoul 121-742, Korea
Yasukazu Yoshida, Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Instituteof Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda,Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
Part IAtmospheric Environment Monitoring
Two- and Three Dimensional Observation of Trace Gasand Aerosol Distributions by DOAS Techniques
Ulrich Platt, Klaus-Peter Heue and Denis Pohler
Abstract Spatially resolved measurements of tracegas abundances by satellite have revolutionised thefield of large-scale tropospheric chemistry observa-tion and modelling during recent years. Now a simi-lar revolution is imminent on local and regional scales.A key role in these advances is played by spatiallyresolving spectroscopic techniques like active andpassive – DOAS tomographic measurements of two-dimensional trace gas distributions, as well as groundbased and airborne Imaging DOAS (I-DOAS) obser-vation of 2D- and 3D- trace gas patterns. A particu-larly promising approach is the combination of tomo-graphic techniques with imaging – DOAS on airborneplatforms, which can provide three-dimensional tracegas distributions. While satellite-based 2D – mappingof trace gas distributions is now in widespread use forglobal and regional investigations aircraft based instru-ments allow complementary studies at much higherspatial resolution (tens of meters instead of tens ofkm). Since state of the art instruments can be employedrather than technology from the last decade (which isdictated by reliability requirements and long lead timesof satellite experiments) novel approaches like tomo-graphic techniques or Short-Wave Infra-Red (SW-IR)observations can be applied. Technological approachesand sample results are discussed.
Keywords Trace gas · Tropospheric chem-istry · Imaging DOAS · Airborne
U. Platt (�)Institute for Environmental Physics, INF 229,University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
1 Introduction
Spatially resolved measurements of trace gas abun-dances by satellite have revolutionised the field oflarge-scale tropospheric chemistry observation andmodelling during recent years. Now time is ripe fora similar revolution of local and regional atmosphericmeasurements. Similar progress of modelling andassociated improvement in our understanding of atmo-spheric processes on local and regional scales can beexpected. The trace gas measurements discussed hererely on the well-known Differential Optical Absorp-tion Spectroscopy (DOAS), see e.g. Platt et al. (1979),Platt and Stutz (2008). This technique can be appliedin active mode, i.e. using an artificial light source orpassive mode relying on natural light sources i.e. solarradiation.
2 Spatially ResolvedDoas – Measurements
Spatially resolving spectroscopic techniques can bedivided in several categories:
(1) Range resolved LIDAR techniques.(2) Tomographic techniques, which derive the spa-
tial information from path averaged measurementsover a multitude of (intersecting) paths.
(3) Imaging DOAS (I-DOAS) observation of trace gaspatterns.
A particularly promising approach is the combina-tion of tomographic techniques with I-DOAS on air-borne platforms, to provide three-dimensional tracegas distributions.
3Y.J. Kim et al. (eds.), Atmospheric and Biological Environmental Monitoring,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-9674-7 1, c© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009
4 U. Platt et al.
2.1 Active DOAS Tomography
The active Long-Path DOAS (LP-DOAS) techniqueis a combination of multiple LP-DOAS measurementswith tomographic inversion techniques. Typically sev-eral dozen individual light paths are used to probe theconcentration field from different directions. Ideallythe measurements are performed simultaneously; how-ever, frequently hardware limitations dictate sequen-tial measurements at the individual paths. For examplein a recent experiment encompassing the city centreof Heidelberg (Pohler et al. 2007) three “multi-beam”DOAS instruments (Pundt and Mettendorf 2005) atdifferent locations were combined with several reflec-tors each for a total of 20 light paths (see Fig. 1), abouthalf of which could be operated simultaneously. Nev-ertheless, one complete measurement cycle requiredless than 10 min. The area covered is about 3.5 by4 km2. For each light path the average concentration ofseveral trace gases (see Fig. 2) are evaluated accord-ing to DOAS principles. Using special tomographicinversion techniques (e.g. Laepple et al. 2004, Hartlet al. 2006) which consider the irregular arrangementof light paths within the probed area two-dimensionaltrace gas distributions are derived using least-squaresminimum norm solutions. The reconstruction gridemployed is indicated by the yellow lines in Fig. 1(bottom). Concentration fields of five trace gases (NO2,SO2, O3, HCHO, and HONO, see Fig. 2) couldbe simultaneously retrieved at a time resolution of15 min.
Highest NO2 levels were found in the late eveningand morning hours especially in the regions near high-traffic roads (Fig. 3). Due to the wind direction fromsouth west, the emissions are dispersed to north-east.We can conclude that the local high NO2 concentra-tions occur due to emissions from traffic during rushhours. The highest SO2 levels (peaking in the south)arose in the early morning hours, probably due to mostsmall home heating systems resuming operation. Areasin the north and north-west heated by a district heat-ing network or by gas furnaces show no increased SO2
concentration. We conclude that the high SO2 levelsare mainly due to emissions from small oil-fired homeheating systems.
Overall, the results show that active LP-DOAStomography is a suitable technology for monitoringspatial variations of trace gas distributions at good
temporal resolution. Nevertheless, the effort requiredin technology and manpower was found to be con-siderable, therefore simpler approaches are desired.A potentially much simpler technique is the Topo-graphic Target Light Scattering – DOAS described inthe following Section 2.2, however it has the disad-vantage of requiring sun-light, thus nighttime measure-ments are not possible. Efforts in making active DOASinstruments more reliable and easier to use resulted inthe replacement of thermal light sources (i.e. Xe-arclamps) by light emitting diodes (Kern et al. 2006). Dueto their long lifetime and low power consumption oper-ation of active LP-DOAS instruments become muchsimple and more cost effective. Within their (rathernarrow) spectral emission interval (10–20 nm) com-parable brightness can be achieved, potentially detri-mental Fabry-Perot etalon effects can be overcomeby techniques described by Sihler (2007). Anothernovel approach to simplify active LP-DOAS instru-ments is based on the replacement of the traditionaldual Newton-type transmitting/receiving telescope bya fibre coupled telescope, where different quartz fibresin a bundle act as transmitters and receivers. Whilegreatly simplifying the optical setup and its mechanicalstability this approach at the same time can enhance thelight throughput by a factor of three (Tschritter 2007,Merten 2008, Merten et al. 2009).
2.2 Topographic Target Light Scattering –DOAS (ToTaL-DOAS)
An approach potentially providing path averaged tracegas measurements suitable for tomographic inversionwith little logistic effort is the topographic target-DOAS technique (Frins et al. 2006). In brief, this tech-nique derives trace gas column densities on horizontalpaths defined by the instrument at the close end (Sclose)and a topographic target (e.g. a building) at the farend (Sfar) as sketched in Fig. 4. By ratioing scatteredsun-light spectra obtained by pointing the telescope ata diffuser plate close to the instrument and the radia-tion returned from a distant topographic target the solarFraunhofer structure and the sections of the light pathsbetween the (near and far) targets and the sun cancel. Ineffect one obtains the difference S = Sfar − Sclose, fromwhich the average concentration along the nearly hori-zontal section of the light path (path 2 in Fig. 4) can bederived by dividing S by the known distance L to the
DOAS Techniques 5
Fig. 1 Measurement geometry in Heidelberg with three Multi-beam DOAS-telescopes located at the top of the buildingslabelled “IUP”, “SAS” and “HD-Druck”. The light beams (whitelines) are directed to 20 retro reflector arrays. Top panel: Sketch
of the 3-D arrangement of telescopes and retro reflector arrays.Bottom panel: Map of Heidelberg with light beams (white lines).The yellow lines indicate the grid used for the tomographic 2Dreconstruction of the trace gases shown in Figs. 2 and 3
6 U. Platt et al.
SO2
21.9.2006 3:00
wind direction
2.59
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Fig. 2 Tomographic reconstructed distributions (in ppb) ofNO2, SO2, O3, HCHO, and HONO in the centre of Heidelbergas measured on Sept. 21, 2006 between 3:00 am and 6:00 am
local time. Colour scales give mixing ratios in ppb, note differ-ent scales for the different species
far target. This simple approach assumes that the tracegas concentration in the vertical sections (paths 1, 3)are equal at above close and far target. This may actu-ally be the case if a plume exists between instru-ment and far target. Also, even if there are differencesbetween paths 1, 3 their influence may not be largesince the horizontal section (several km) may be muchlonger than the inversion height determining the col-umn densities across paths 1, 3. Finally, possible largerdifferences will show up in the tomographic inversionof the 2D-trace gas distribution and can be taken intoaccount in a further iteration.
In other words a small number of, passive (and thussimple) instruments can determine dozens or even hun-dreds (depending on geometry and desired temporalresolution) of path-averaged trace gas concentrations.Disadvantages is the requirement of daylight for the
measurement, also the useable spectral range is limitedto wavelengths where radiation is provided by the sunand can penetrate the Earth’s atmosphere (in particu-lar only radiation with wavelengths longer than 300 nmwill be available). While already measurements usingthis technique were reported (Frins et al. 2006, 2008,Louban et al. 2008), its large scale application inarrangements allowing tomographic inversions stillhave to be explored.
2.3 Airborne Imaging – DOAS (I-DOAS)
Another approach to obtain 2D trace gas con-centration fields is the Airborne Imaging DOAStechnique. This technique was originally developed
DOAS Techniques 7
5.67
5.11
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[ppb]
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[ppb]
9th Feb. 00:008th Feb. 21:008th Feb. 18:008th Feb. 15:00
9th Feb. 12:00 9th Feb. 15:009th Feb. 09:009th Feb. 06:009th Feb. 03:00
Fig. 3 Tomographic reconstructed distributions (in ppb, seecolour scales) of NO2 (rows 1, 3) and SO2 (rows 2, 4) onFebruary 8/9, 2006. Data are 3 h averages with beginning at the
given local time. The area and the reconstruction grid are indi-cated by yellow lines in the map of Fig. 1. The main wind direc-tion during this period was from south-west
8 U. Platt et al.
Spectrometer + Telescope
Topographic Target
1 T
2
3
Close Target
Fig. 4 The principle of ToTaL-DOAS (Frins et al. 2008). Tracegas column measurements are made alternately directing thetelescope to the far (topographic) target and to the close target(dashed line). In both cases scattered sunlight is the light source,with the far target trace gas concentrations are averaged over
paths 1, 2 resulting in Sfar; using the close target only light path3 is employed giving By taking the difference Sfar − Sclose theaverage concentration along the nearly horizontal section of thelight path (2) can be derived
Alti
tude
abo
ve g
roun
d
1scan/second
Swath width 50 pixel
nn-1
n-2n-3
Fig. 5 The principle ofairborne imaging DOASmapping of 2D trace gasdistributions
DOAS Techniques 9
for ground based mapping of two-dimensional (hor-izontal and vertical) mapping of trace gas plumes(Lohberger et al. 2004, Louban et al. 2008). This tech-nique makes use of a one dimensional imaging spec-trograph, which produces a separate spectrum for eachpoint along the entrance slit. This is accomplished byreplacing the usual one dimensional (diode array orCCD) by a two-dimensional version with one dimen-sion (e.g. line direction) yielding spectral informationand the other (e.g. column) yielding spatial informa-tion. DOAS evaluation of each spectrum (line) yieldsa “column” consisting of up to several hundred tracegas optical densities corresponding to different posi-tions of light entrance along the spectrograph entranceslit. In airborne I-DOAS applications (see Fig. 5) themotion of the plane results in longitudinal informationwhile the imaging spectrometer (equipped with a two-dimensional detector) generates a swath perpendicularto the flight direction (lateral).
wind
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36NO
2 SCD [1016 molec/cm2]
Fig. 6 Airborne I-DOAS mapping of the 2D NO2 slant-column distribution in the plume originating from the Secunda fuel refinery(South Africa) as measured on Oct. 5, 2006, at 4500 m flight altitude above ground. The measurements (coloured stripe) cover atotal distance of 11.9 km, at a swath Width of 1.9 km, the swath is 27 pixles wide (73 m by 148 m each)
The longitudinal resolution is usually determinedby the exposure time of the spectrograph and the air-craft ground speed. The lateral resolution is given bymagnification and resolution of the optical system andthe flight altitude, as described by Heue et al. (2008).Obviously the number of lateral pixles can not exceedthe numbers of lines on the detector.
A series of successful airborne measurements ofNO2 and SO2 distributions in the Highveld area (SouthAfrica) were conducted. Examples illustrating thecapability of the technique to map emission plumes areshown in Figs. 6 and 7. More results and evaluationse.g. to determine trace gas emissions by the plants arereported by Heue et al. (2008). Figure 6 shows a sec-tion of the NO2 slant-column density distribution inthe plume originating from the Secunda fuel refinery(South Africa) measured on Oct. 5, 2006 overlaid ona Google earth photograph. The aircraft was flying atan altitude of 4500 m above ground. The flight trajec-
10 U. Platt et al.
0 2 4 6 8
–800–600–400–2000200400600800
3530 3540 3550 3560 3570 3580 3590
5
10
15
20
25
Column #lin
e #
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14NO
2 SCD [1016 molec/cm2]
flight directionwind dire
ction
Dis
tanc
e [m
]
Distance [km]
Fig. 7 Airborne I-DOASmapping of the 2D NO2
distribution at the Duvha plant(South Africa) as measured onOct. 5, 2006, at 4500 m flightaltitude above ground. Themeasurements cover a totaldistance of 3.6 km, at a swathwidth of 1.7 km, the swath is27 pixles wide (63 m by163 m each)
tory intersected the plume at nearly right angle (winddirection was approx. west-north-west, see arrow inFig. 6) showing peak NO2 SCD’s in the centre ofthe plume approaching 4·1017 molec.cm−2. Assuminga plume of circular cross section with a radius of 500 mthis SCD would correspond to an average NO2 concen-tration of 4·1012 molec.cm−3 (or a mixing ratio around170 ppb).
3 Summary and Outlook
In recent years several techniques relying on active aswell as on passive DOAS principles have been devel-oped, which allow two-dimensional mapping of atmo-spheric trace gases relevant for atmospheric chemistryincluding NO2, SO2, O3, CH2O, CHOCHO, HONO,BrO, and aromatic compounds at high sensitivity.Spatial resolution ranges from several 10 m to several100 m. It is anticipated that the applications of thesetechniques will lead to a similar advance in our under-standing of local and lower regional scale physico-chemical processes in the atmosphere as satellite mea-surements have provided for larger regional and globalscales.
Active tomographic techniques have shown theirstrength in a first, promising application (Pohleret al. 2007), however further technological develop-ment will be required to make instruments simpler andmore reliable. Promising technologies include devel-opments to replace the thermal light sources by Lightemitting diodes (Kern et al. 2006) and to employ novelfibre optics (Merten et al. 2009).
As showed in Section 2.3 the two-dimensional dis-tribution of trace gases can be determined in a hori-zontal plane (along the flight track and perpendicularto the flight direction), however no information aboutthe third dimension, i.e. the altitude distribution of theobserved trace gases can be gained directly. Althoughindirect information on the altitude can be deducedfrom independent data e.g. stack height or boundarylayer thickness. To address the aspect directly futuresystems will combine several imaging spectrometersobserving the same air mass under different viewingdirections as illustrated in Fig. 8 showing an examplewith three independent instruments.
Tomographic reconstructions, as shown in Heue2005, will allow to derive 2D trace gas concentrationsin a (nearly) vertical plain defined by the directionof flight and the vertical (i.e. the line from the air-craft to the centre of a particular ground pixel) usingthe information from the three instruments recordedat a series of successive aircraft positions. Combiningthis information with the I-DOAS approach true three-dimensional reconstructions of trace gas distributionsbelow the aircraft will be derived.
nadir45° adjustable
Fig. 8 I-DOAS mapping of the 3D trace gas distribution com-bining imaging DOAS and tomographic principles
DOAS Techniques 11
References
Frins, E., Bobrowski, N., Platt, U. and Wagner, T. 2006. Tomo-graphic MAX-DOAS observations of sun illuminated tar-gets: a new technique providing well defined absorptionpaths in the boundary layer. Appl. Opt., 45, 24, 6227–6240.
Frins, E., Platt, U. and Wagner, T. 2008. High spatial reso-lution measurements of NO2 applying topographic targetlight scattering-differential optical absorption spectroscopy(ToTaL-DOAS). Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7595–7601.
Hartl, A., Song, B.C. and Pundt, I. 2006. 2D reconstructionof atmospheric concentration peaks from horizontal longpath DOAS tomographic measurements: parameterisationand geometry within a discrete approach. Atmos. Chem.Phys., 6, 847–861.
Heue, K.-P. 2005. Airborne multi AXis DOAS instrument andmeasurements of two-dimensional tropospheric trace gas dis-tributions, dissertation, institut fur umweltphysik, UniversitatHeidelberg.
Heue, K.-P., Wagner, T., Broccardo, S.P., Piketh, S.J., Ross, K.E.and Platt, U. 2008. Direct observation of two-dimensionaltrace gas distributions with an airborne imaging DOASinstrument. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6707–6717.
Kern, C., Trick, S., Rippel, B. and Platt, U. 2006. Applicabil-ity of light-emitting diodes as light sources for active DOASmeasurements. Appl. Opt., 45, 2077–2088.
Laepple, T., Knab, V., Mettendorf, K.-U. and Pundt, I. 2004.Longpath DOAS tomography on a motorway exhaust gasplume: numerical studies and application to data from theBAB II campaign. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1323–1342.
Lohberger, F., Honninger, G. and Platt, U. 2004, Ground-basedimaging differential optical absorption spectroscopy of atmo-spheric gases. Appl. Opt., 43, 24, 4711–4717.
Louban, I., Pıriz, G., Platt, U. and Frins, E. 2008. Measure-ment of SO2 and NO2 applying ToTaL-DOAS from a remotesite. J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt., 10, 104017 (6pp), doi:10.1088/1464-4258/10/10/104017.
Merten, A. 2008. Neues design von langpfad-DOAS-instru-menten basierend auf faseroptiken und anwendungen deruntersuchung der urbanen atmosphare. Doctoral ThesisRuprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg.
Merten, A., Tschritter, J. and Platt, U. 2009. New design ofDOAS-long-path telescopes based on fiber optics. submittedto Appl. Opt.
Platt, U., Perner, D. and Patz, H. 1979. Simultaneousmeasurements of atmospheric CH2O, O3 and NO2 bydifferential optical absorptions. J. Geophys. Res., 84,6329–6335.
Platt, U. and Stutz, J. 2008. Differential optical absorptionspectroscopy, principles and applications, Springer, XV, 597p. 272 illus., 29 in color. (Physics of Earth and Space Envi-ronments), ISBN 978-3-540-21193-8.
Pohler, D., Hartl, A. and Platt, U. 2007. Tomographic LP-DOASmeasurements of 2D trace gas distributions above the cityof Heidelberg, Germany, Proc. 6th Internatl. Conf. on UrbanAir Quality, Limasso, Cyprus, March 27–29.
Pundt, I. and Mettendorf, K.U. 2005. Multibeam long-pathdifferential optical absorption spectroscopy instrument: adevice for simultaneous measurements along multiple lightpaths. Appl. Opt., 44, 23, 4985–4994.
Sihler, H. 2007, Light-emitting diodes as light sources in spec-troscopic measurements of atmospheric trace gases. DiplomaThesis, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena.
Tschritter, J. 2007. Entwicklung einer DOAS-Optik der3. Generation und ein vergleich mit herkommlichensystemen. Diploma Thesis, Ruprecht-Karls University,Heidelberg.
Atmospheric Aerosol Monitoring from SatelliteObservations: A History of Three Decades
Kwon H. Lee, Zhanqing Li, Young J. Kim and Alexander Kokhanovsky
Abstract More than three decades have passed sincethe launch of the first satellite instrument used foratmospheric aerosol detection. Since then, variouspowerful satellite remote sensing technologies havebeen developed for monitoring atmospheric aerosols.The application of these new technologies to differ-ent satellite data have led to the generation of mul-tiple aerosol products, such as aerosol spatial distri-bution, temporal variation, fraction of fine and coarsemodes, vertical distribution, light absorption, and somespectral characteristics. These can be used to infersources of major aerosol emissions, the transportationof aerosols, interactions between aerosols and energyand water cycles, and the involvement of aerosols withthe dynamic system. The synergetic use of data fromdifferent satellite sensors provides more comprehen-sive information to better quantify the direct and indi-rect effects of aerosols on the Earth’s climate. Thispaper reviews how satellite remote sensing has beenused in aerosol monitoring from its earliest beginningsand highlights future satellite missions.
Keywords Satellite · Instrument · Remote sens-ing · Aerosol · Monitoring
1 Introduction
Atmospheric aerosols are defined as suspended par-ticles (solid or liquid) in a gas medium. The parti-
K.H. Lee (�)Department of Atmospheric and Ocean Science, Earth SystemScience Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland,College Park, MD 20740, USAe-mail: [email protected]
cles that compose aerosols range in size from nanome-ters to tens of micrometers, depending on whetherthey originate from natural sources (e.g., pollens, sea-salt, wind-blown dust, volcanic ash) or from man-made sources (e.g., smoke, soot, biomass burning).Aerosols can contribute to a reduction in visibil-ity (Trijonis et al. 1991) and a decline in humanhealth (Davidson et al. 2005) as well as affectingclimate change (IPCC 2007). To fully understandaerosol effects, their characteristics (quantity, compo-sition, size distribution, and optical properties) must beknown on local to global scales (Kaufman et al. 2002).
Aerosol properties have been typically acquiredusing ground-based point measurements. Details con-cerning aerosol properties have been obtained fromin-situ measurements, such as from aircraft or bal-loons, but these were limited to a few aerosol intensivemeasurement campaigns. Examples of such campaignsinclude the International Global Atmospheric Chem-istry (IGAC) programs (IGAC 1996), the TroposphericAerosol Radiation Forcing Observation Experiment(TARFOX) (Russell et al. 1999) and three AerosolCharacterization Experiments such as ACE-1 (Bateset al. 1998), ACE-2 (Raes et al. 2000), and ACE-Asia(Huebert et al. 2003). The use of satellites to mon-itor aerosols has the advantage of providing routinemeasurements on a global scale and is an importanttool for use in improving our understanding of aerosolproperties.
The first visual observations of atmospheric aerosoleffects were made from the manned spacecrafts.Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin observed clouds and theirshadows, as well as optical phenomena due to thepresence of aerosols, during the first manned spaceflight on the spacecraft Vostok on April 12, 1961.These first observations were visual in nature but in
13Y.J. Kim et al. (eds.), Atmospheric and Biological Environmental Monitoring,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-9674-7 2, c© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009
14 K.H. Lee et al.
subsequent space flights, photography was used bycosmonaut G. S. Titov (Vostok-2, August 6, 1961),cosmonaut V. V. Tereshkova (Vostok-6, June 16,1963), K. P. Feoktistov (Voskhod, October 12, 1964),A. A. Leonov (Voskhod-2, March 18, 1965), and oth-ers. They took photos of the horizon in order to esti-mate the vertical distribution of aerosols. A. G. Niko-laev and V. I. Sevastyanov (Soyuz-9, June 1, 1970)used hand-held spectrophotometers to measure thespectrometry of the twilight and daylight horizons, aswell as that of clouds and snow. This instrument wasalso used in several follow-up missions. Stratosphericaerosol measurements using a hand-held sun photome-ter were made on the Apollo-Soyuz in 1975 (Pepinand McCormick 1976). Further information on the firstinstrumental observations of the planet from mannedaircrafts is given by Lazarev et al. (1987).
The first detection of aerosols from an un-mannedspacecraft was achieved by the Multi Spectral Scan-ner (MSS) onboard the Earth Resources TechnologySatellite (ERTS-1) (Griggs 1975; Fraser 1976; Mekleret al. 1977) and the first operational aerosol productswere generated from the TIROS-N satellite launchedon 19 October 1978. The Advanced Very High Res-olution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard TIROS-N wasoriginally intended for weather observations but itscapability was expanded to the detection of aerosols.The Nimbus-7 was launched on 25 October 1978, car-rying the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement instru-ment (SAM) (McCormick et al. 1979) and the TotalOzone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS). While theTOMS was not originally designed for aerosol moni-toring, it has since provided the longest measurementrecord of global aerosols from space (Herman et al.1997; Torres et al. 2002). These launches thus markedthe beginning of an era of satellite-based remote sens-ing of aerosols that has lasted over three decades todate.
Advances in satellite monitoring capabilities haveresulted in the generation of many valuable scien-tific datasets from local to global scales, which areuseful to researchers, policy makers, and the gen-eral public. Satellite instruments give us the ability tomake more accurate measurements on a nearly dailybasis across a broader geographic area and across alonger time frame. This paper reviews various space-borne sensors used in the remote sensing of aerosolsand the associated data products retrieved from satel-lite measurements. Section 2 presents an overview of
satellite remote sensing data and instruments. Variousaerosol retrieval techniques applied to satellite datais introduced in Section 3. In Section 4, the acquisi-tion of satellite data and applications, including inter-comparisons, climatologies, and synergy studies, arediscussed. The prospects for future missions are high-lighted as well.
2 Satellite Observations for AerosolMonitoring
Space agencies, such as the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration (NASA), the NationalOcean and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA), theEuropean Space Agency (ESA), le Centre Nationald’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) in France, the JapaneseAerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the ChinaMeteorological Administration, the Royal NetherlandsMeteorological Institute (KNMI), and the GermanAerospace Centre (DLR), have launched many satel-lite instruments. Table 1 shows a timeline of satel-lite missions from 1972 to 2006 and a summaryof the features for each sensor. Aerosol monitoringfrom space has, in the past, been accomplished usingsatellite data not explicitly designed with this appli-cation in mind. Historical satellite observations stillin operation are the TOMS and AVHRR series. TheAVHRR has been primarily used for the surveillanceof weather systems and the monitoring of sea sur-face temperatures (SST) and land vegetation indices(VI). The TOMS was originally designed for deriv-ing the total ozone content in the atmosphere. Asa by-product, aerosol information has been success-fully extracted from both sensors, such as aerosol opti-cal depth/thickness (AOD/AOT, �) from the AVHRR(Stowe et al. 1997) and the UV-absorbing aerosolindex (AI) from the TOMS (Herman et al. 1997; Hsuet al. 1999).
Information concerning aerosols was also inferredfrom other later sensors, such as the Sea-viewingWide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), and the Moder-ate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS);the near-future Visual/Infrared Imager RadiometerSuite (VIIRS) will continue in this vein. The Sea-WiFS, developed for studying marine biogeochemi-cal processes, has been employed to produce aerosol
Atmospheric Aerosol Monitoring from Satellite Observations 15
Table 1 The history of platforms and sensors used to derive aerosol properties from space# of bands
Launch End Platform Instrument (wavelengths (�m)) Accuracy Referencea
1972 1978 Landsat(ERTS-1) MSS 4(0.5–1.1) �(10%) Griggs (1975)1974 1981 SMS-1, 2 VISSR 5(0.65–12.5)1975 Present GOES-1∼12 VISSR 5(0.65–12.5) �(18∼34%)b Knapp et al. (2002)1975 1975 Apollo-Soyuz SAM 0.83 – McCormick et al. (1979)1977 2005 GMS-1∼5 VISSR 4(0.45–12.5) – –1978 1980 TIROS-N AVHRR 4(0.58–11.5) – –1978 1993 Nimbus-7 SAM-2, 1 �ext(10%) McCormick et al. (1979)
CZCS, 6(0.443–11.5) – –TOMS 6(0.312–0.380) – –
1979 1981 AEM-B SAGE 4(0.385,0.45,0.6,1.0) �ext(10%) Chu and McCormick (1979)1979 Present NOAA-6∼16 AVHRR 5(0.58–12) �(10%)c, �(3.6%)d Stowe et al. (1997)
Mishchenko et al. (1999)1984 2005 ERBS SAGE-2 4(0.386–1.02) �ext(10%) Chu et al. (1989)1997 Present TRMM VIRS 5(0.63–12) �(35%), �(±0.5) Ignatov and Stowe (2000)1991 1996 SPOT-3 POAM-2 9(0.353–1.060) �ext (∼20%) Randall et al. (1996)1991 1999 ERS-1 ATSR, 4(1.6, 3.7, 11, 12) – –
GOME 4(0.24–0.79) – Torricella et al. (1999)1992 2005 UARS- HALOE 8(2.45–10.01) reff(±15%), �ext(±5%) Hervig et al. (1998)1994 1994 SSD LITE 3(0.355, 0.532, 1.064) �(�1)/�(�2)(<5%) Gu et al. (1997)1995 Present ERS-2 ATSR-2, 7(0.55–12) �(<0.03), �(30%) Veefkind et al. (1999)
GOME 0.24–0.791996 Present Earth Probe TOMS 6(0.309–0.360) �(20∼30%)e Torres et al. (2002)1996 1997 ADEOS POLDER, 9(0.443–0.910) �(20∼30%)f, Herman et al. (1997)
ILAS, 2(0.75–0.78, 6.21–11.77) – –OCTS 7(0.412–0.865) – –
1997 Present OrbView-2 SeaWiFS 8(0.412–0.865) T(5∼10%) Gordon and Wang (1994)1998 Present SPOT-4 POAM-3 9(0.354–1.018) �ext(±30%) Randall et al. (2001)1999 Present TERRA MODIS, 36 (0.4–14.4) �(5∼15%)g, Remer et al. (2005)
MISR 4 (0.45∼0.87) �(10∼20%) Kahn et al. (2005)2001 2005 METEOR-3M SAGE-3 9(0.385–1.545) �ext(5%), �(5%) Thomason et al. (2007)2001 Present PROBA CHRIS 62(0.4–1.05) – Barnsley et al. (2004)2001 Present Odin OSIRIS 0.274–0.810 �ext(15%) Bourassa et al. (2007)2002 Present AQUA MODIS – – –2002 Present ENVISAT AATSR, 7(0.55∼12.0) �(0.16), Grey et al. (2006)
MERIS, 15(0.4–1.05) �(∼0.2), Vidot et al. (2008)SCIAMACHY 0.24–2.4 AI(∼0.4) Graaf and Stammes (2005)
2002 2003 ADEOS-2 POLDER-2, 9(0.443–0.910) – –ILAS-2, 4(0.75–12.85) –, Zasetsky and Sloan (2005)GLI 36(0.38–12) �(∼0.1) Murakami et al. (2006)
2002 Present MSG-1 SEVIRI 12(0.6–13.4) �(0.08) Popp et al. (2007)2003 2003- ICEsat GLAS 2(0.532, 1.064) �ext(10%),�(20%) Palm et al. (2002)2004 Present AURA OMI, 3(0.27–0.5) �(30%), Torres et al. (2007),
HIRDLS 21(6–18) �ext(5∼25%) Froidevaux andDouglass (2001)
2004 Present PARASOL POLER-3 8(0.44–0.91) – –2006 Present CALIPSO CALIOP 2(0.532, 1.064) – –aReferences of the validation study for accuracy listed here.bAccuracy for operational GOES aerosol retrieval may apply for other GOES series.cAccuracy for single channel AVHRR aerosol retrieval algorithm may apply for other AVHRR series.dAccuracy for two channel AVHRR aerosol retrieval algorithm may apply for other AVHRR series.eAccuracy for TOMS AOT retrieval from Nimbus-7 to Earth Probe.fmay apply for the POLDER-2 and -3.gsame to the MODIS/Aqua.