ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 33

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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 44

ATM OCN 100 - ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2004Summer 2004LECTURE 1BLECTURE 1B

OBSERVATIONS of OBSERVATIONS of EARTH'S ATMOSPHEREEARTH'S ATMOSPHERE

A. INTRODUCTION:A. INTRODUCTION: Practical Questions Practical Questions– What constitutes the atmosphere?What constitutes the atmosphere?– What can we learn about the atmosphere?What can we learn about the atmosphere?– Why do we want to know about it?Why do we want to know about it?

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Earth-rise over MoonEarth-rise over MoonApollo 8 22 Dec 1968 NASA-JSCApollo 8 22 Dec 1968 NASA-JSC

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 88

B. THE PLANET EARTH & B. THE PLANET EARTH & EARTH SYSTEMS EARTH SYSTEMS Uniqueness of Planet EarthUniqueness of Planet Earth

– Water PlanetWater Planet– The planet with lifeThe planet with life

Subsystems or Components of Planet Subsystems or Components of Planet Earth SystemEarth System– Lithosphere (Geosphere)Lithosphere (Geosphere)– AtmosphereAtmosphere– HydrosphereHydrosphere– CryosphereCryosphere– Biosphere (& Anthrosphere)Biosphere (& Anthrosphere)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 99

B. THE PLANET EARTH & B. THE PLANET EARTH & EARTH SYSTEMS EARTH SYSTEMS

Uniqueness of Planet EarthUniqueness of Planet Earth– Water PlanetWater Planet– The planet with lifeThe planet with life

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1010

Components of Planet Earth SystemComponents of Planet Earth System NASA Apollo 17 (Dec 1972) NASA Apollo 17 (Dec 1972)

ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE LITHOSPHERE

(Geosphere)(Geosphere)

HYDROSPHEREHYDROSPHERE

CRYOSPHERECRYOSPHERE

BIOSPHEREBIOSPHERE(& ANTHROSPHERE) (& ANTHROSPHERE)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1111

From Geog. 101 UW-Stevens PointFrom Geog. 101 UW-Stevens Point

Interactions within SystemInteractions within System– WeatheringWeathering– Hydrological cycleHydrological cycle

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1212

C. SURVEY of PLANET EARTH’S C. SURVEY of PLANET EARTH’S ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE

Importance of Earth's atmosphereImportance of Earth's atmosphere

– Moderates temperature of planet;Moderates temperature of planet;– Shields life from harsh space Shields life from harsh space

environment;environment;– Provides life with water, oxygen, Provides life with water, oxygen, etc. etc.

Overall Dimensions of Earth's atmosphereOverall Dimensions of Earth's atmosphere

– About 100 km (62 mi) thick;About 100 km (62 mi) thick;– Compare with 6370 km (3950 mi) Compare with 6370 km (3950 mi)

earth radius; earth radius; but ....but ....

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1414

NORMALIZED DENSITY PROFILEUS STANDARD ATMOSPHERE 1976

0

20

40

60

80

0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%

PERCENT OF SEA LEVEL DENSITY

ALTI

TUD

E [k

m]

100100 kmkm

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1515

SUNRISE FROM SPACESUNRISE FROM SPACE

From STS-47 (JSC-NASA)From STS-47 (JSC-NASA)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1616

C. SURVEY OF PLANET EARTH’S C. SURVEY OF PLANET EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE (con’t)(con’t)

Importance of Earth's atmosphereImportance of Earth's atmosphere Overall Dimensions of Earth's Overall Dimensions of Earth's

atmosphereatmosphere Comparison with other components Comparison with other components

of Earth Systemof Earth System

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1717

MASS

[1 E 21 kg] % BY MASS

ATMOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE LITHOSPHERE

0.05137 1.4300 5.983

0.070% 19.277% 80.653%

EARTH 7.4182 100.000%

ESTIMATED MASSES of EARTH ESTIMATED MASSES of EARTH SYSTEM COMPONENTSSYSTEM COMPONENTS

[Source: J.Y. Wang, 1975][Source: J.Y. Wang, 1975]

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1818

D. WEATHER-CLIMATE ELEMENTSD. WEATHER-CLIMATE ELEMENTS

What we need to KnowWhat we need to Know– Weight (mass), Energy, Constituents, Motion of Weight (mass), Energy, Constituents, Motion of

Atmosphere at a given time.Atmosphere at a given time. Observed Weather-Climate ElementsObserved Weather-Climate Elements

From pages 7 & 8 of text:From pages 7 & 8 of text:– AIR PRESSUREAIR PRESSURE– AIR TEMPERATURE (Max. & Min Temps)AIR TEMPERATURE (Max. & Min Temps)– ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY (Rel. Humidity & ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY (Rel. Humidity &

Dewpoint)Dewpoint)– PRECIPITATION (24-hr totals)PRECIPITATION (24-hr totals)– CLOUD TYPE, AMOUNT (Sky Cover)CLOUD TYPE, AMOUNT (Sky Cover)– WINDS (SPEED & DIRECTION)WINDS (SPEED & DIRECTION)

MADISON’S CURRENT MADISON’S CURRENT WEATHERWEATHER

Sky/WeatherSky/Weather LGT RAIN LGT RAIN TemperatureTemperature 69 69 Dew PointDew Point 65 65 Relative Humidity 86%Relative Humidity 86% Wind S9Wind S9 Pressure 1010.5 mbPressure 1010.5 mb

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2020

E. PROBING THE ATMOSPHEREE. PROBING THE ATMOSPHERE

Surface vs. AloftSurface vs. Aloft– Locations Locations – ProblemsProblems– Need for standardized & synchronous Need for standardized & synchronous

observationsobservations Surface Weather StationSurface Weather Station

– Human observer, Human observer, – Thermometers, barometers, rain gauges, Thermometers, barometers, rain gauges,

wind instruments, wind instruments, etc.etc.

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2121

Traditional Surface Weather StationTraditional Surface Weather Station (See Fig. 2.8, Moran (2002))(See Fig. 2.8, Moran (2002))

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2222

Automated Weather Station Automated Weather Station (ASOS)(ASOS) (See Fig. 2.7, Moran (2002))(See Fig. 2.7, Moran (2002))

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2323

NWS & FAA Automatic Weather StationsNWS & FAA Automatic Weather Stations

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Automated Weather BuoyAutomated Weather Buoy

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First Order Stations & Cooperative First Order Stations & Cooperative Observer Network Observer Network (National Climate Data Center, 2001)(National Climate Data Center, 2001)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2626

Locations of NWS Forecast OfficesLocations of NWS Forecast Offices Fig. 2.6 Moran (2002)Fig. 2.6 Moran (2002)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2727

E. PROBING THE ATMOSPHEREE. PROBING THE ATMOSPHERE (con’t.)(con’t.)

Weather Aloft:Weather Aloft:Other Observation Tools/PlatformsOther Observation Tools/Platforms– Need for Need for

Rugged instrumentsRugged instrumentsRemote sensingRemote sensing

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2828

Manned Balloons Manned Balloons (18(18thth & 19 & 19thth Centuries) Centuries)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2929

Weather Kites Weather Kites (ca. 1894)(ca. 1894)

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Aircraft Weather ObservationsAircraft Weather Observations (ca. 1934)(ca. 1934)

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RadiosondeRadiosonde

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Inflation of a radiosonde balloon Inflation of a radiosonde balloon See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)

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Radiosonde prepared for launch Radiosonde prepared for launch See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)

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Radiosonde Radiosonde (con’t.)(con’t.) See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002) See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)

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Radiosonde launched Radiosonde launched See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)

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Radiosonde Radiosonde (con’t.)(con’t.)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3838

Computer display of sounding at NWS OfficeComputer display of sounding at NWS Office See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4040

NWS Upper Air Network NWS Upper Air Network See Fig. A.2 Moran (2002)See Fig. A.2 Moran (2002)

GCOS = Global Climate Observing SystemGCOS = Global Climate Observing System

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Stratospheric BalloonsStratospheric Balloons

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Meteorological Rockets Meteorological Rockets (Rocketsondes)(Rocketsondes)

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Weather Radar Weather Radar See Pg. 157-160 Moran (2002)See Pg. 157-160 Moran (2002)

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Principles of Weather RadarPrinciples of Weather Radar(in reflectivity mode)(in reflectivity mode)

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Weather Radar Weather Radar (con’t.)(con’t.)

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Weather Radar Weather Radar (con’t.)(con’t.)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4747

NWS RadomeNWS Radome See Fig. 7.19 Moran (2002)See Fig. 7.19 Moran (2002)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4848

Radar Display ConsoleRadar Display Console From J.M. Moran & WES Project of AMSFrom J.M. Moran & WES Project of AMS

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Radar Display in Reflectivity ModeRadar Display in Reflectivity Mode

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5050

Principles of Weather RadarPrinciples of Weather Radar(in velocity or Doppler mode)(in velocity or Doppler mode)

See Fig. 7.21, Moran (2002)See Fig. 7.21, Moran (2002)

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Radar Display in Doppler ModeRadar Display in Doppler ModeVan Wert, OH tornado 10 Nov 2002 fromVan Wert, OH tornado 10 Nov 2002 from Ft. Wayne, IN NWS Doppler Radar Ft. Wayne, IN NWS Doppler Radar

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NWS DOPPLER RADAR SITES NWS DOPPLER RADAR SITES

(See also Fig. 2.6, Moran (2002))(See also Fig. 2.6, Moran (2002))

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5353

Current NWS Radar Reflectivity Current NWS Radar Reflectivity

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5454

Composite National Radar ImageComposite National Radar Image

See Fig. 1.11 – Moran (2002)See Fig. 1.11 – Moran (2002)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5555

Weather Satellites and the Weather Satellites and the Space Science & Engineering Center Space Science & Engineering Center (SSEC)(SSEC)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5656

See Fig. 1.6 – Moran (2002)See Fig. 1.6 – Moran (2002)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5757

Early GOES SatelliteEarly GOES Satellite

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5858

Geosynchronous SatelliteGeosynchronous Satellite Imaging Field of ViewImaging Field of View

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5959

ATS-III in 1968ATS-III in 1968

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Recent GOES SatelliteRecent GOES Satellite

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6161

GOES-11 in 2000GOES-11 in 2000

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6262

Nighttime lights from DMSP SatellitesNighttime lights from DMSP Satellites

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6363

Visible vs. IR ImagesVisible vs. IR Images

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6464

Current Visible Satellite ImageCurrent Visible Satellite Image

See Fig. 1.8 – Moran (2002)See Fig. 1.8 – Moran (2002)

White = Reflective Clouds White = Reflective Clouds

Dark = Night Dark = Night

Dark = Low reflection oceans

Dark = Low reflection oceans

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6565

Current Infrared Satellite ImageCurrent Infrared Satellite Image

White = Cold Clouds White = Cold Clouds

See Fig. 1.9 – Moran (2002)See Fig. 1.9 – Moran (2002)

Dark = Warm Surface Dark = Warm Surface

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6666

Current Water Vapor Satellite ImageCurrent Water Vapor Satellite Image

White = Moist, rising air & Clouds White = Moist, rising air & Clouds

See Fig. 1.10 – Moran (2002)See Fig. 1.10 – Moran (2002)

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Man Computer Data Acquisition System Man Computer Data Acquisition System (McIDAS) at SSEC/UW-Madison(McIDAS) at SSEC/UW-Madison

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6868

See Fig. 1.7 – Moran (2002)See Fig. 1.7 – Moran (2002)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6969

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7070

TIROS TIROS in 1960sin 1960s

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7171

TIROS I (1960) vs. NOAA 15 (2000)TIROS I (1960) vs. NOAA 15 (2000)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7272

Polar Orbiting (POES) SatellitePolar Orbiting (POES) SatelliteNOAA-M Summer 2002NOAA-M Summer 2002 GFSC-NASAGFSC-NASA

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7373

Weather Satellites and the Weather Satellites and the Space Science & Engineering Center Space Science & Engineering Center (SSEC)(SSEC)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7474

MODIS in 2000MODIS in 2000(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7575

MODISMODIS

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7676

Wind ProfilerWind Profiler (FSL)(FSL)

See Pg. 186 Moran (2002)See Pg. 186 Moran (2002)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7878

Wind Profiler Network Wind Profiler Network (FSL)(FSL)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7979

Current Wind Profile at Blue River, WICurrent Wind Profile at Blue River, WI

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8080

F. VISUALIZING THE WEATHER:F. VISUALIZING THE WEATHER:THE SURFACE WEATHER MAPTHE SURFACE WEATHER MAP

Meaning of synoptic weather analysisMeaning of synoptic weather analysis– synopticsynoptic:: ““synsyn” ” = same + = same + ““opticoptic” ” = to see= to see

Goal of synoptic weather analysisGoal of synoptic weather analysis Requirements for synoptic weather analysisRequirements for synoptic weather analysis

– Same time of observationSame time of observation– Uniform instruments & Uniform instruments &

observation techniques observation techniques

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8181

MAP of TIME ZONESMAP of TIME ZONES( from U.S. Naval Observatory, 1996) See pg. 14, Moran (2002)( from U.S. Naval Observatory, 1996) See pg. 14, Moran (2002)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8282

F. THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP F. THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP (con’t.)(con’t.)

Historical perspectiveHistorical perspective– First weather map in 1819 of 1783 Storm;First weather map in 1819 of 1783 Storm;

– Early U.S. Weather maps in 1870’sEarly U.S. Weather maps in 1870’s..

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8383

Surface weather map Sep. 1872Surface weather map Sep. 1872

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8484

NWS Surface weather map June 2004NWS Surface weather map June 2004

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8585

F. THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP F. THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP (con’t.)(con’t.)

Interpretation of modern surface Interpretation of modern surface weather maps weather maps where...where...

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8686

Sample Modern Weather MapSample Modern Weather Map Figure 1.3, Moran (2002)Figure 1.3, Moran (2002)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8787

ON THE SURFACE WEATHER MAPON THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP Pressure systems

– Isobars (“iso” + “bar”)

– Highs & Lows Winds

– Circulation around Highs & Lows

– The “Hand-twist Model”

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8888

Map View of Flow around High Map View of Flow around High Pressure Fig. 1.3A, Moran (2002)Pressure Fig. 1.3A, Moran (2002)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8989

Air Converging AloftAir Converging AloftSee Fig. 8.20, Moran (2002)See Fig. 8.20, Moran (2002)

HH

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9090

Map View of Flow around Low PressureMap View of Flow around Low Pressure

Fig. 1.3B, Moran (2002)Fig. 1.3B, Moran (2002)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9191

Air Diverging AloftAir Diverging Aloft Fig. 8.21, Moran (2002)Fig. 8.21, Moran (2002)

LL

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9292

ON THE SURFACE WEATHER MAPON THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP Pressure systems Winds Clouds

Mainly around lows Temperature Patterns

– Isotherms (“iso” + “therms”) Fronts

– Cold fronts, warm fronts & stationary fronts

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9393

Warm FrontWarm Front

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9494

Cold FrontCold Front

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9595

Stationary FrontsStationary Fronts

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9696

Current Surface Weather Map Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar

IsobarsIsobars

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9797

Current Visible Satellite ImageCurrent Visible Satellite Image

Reflective CloudsReflective Clouds

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9898

Current Temperatures (Current Temperatures (°°F) & IsothermsF) & Isotherms(“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)(“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9999

Current Surface Weather Map Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar

IsobarsIsobars

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 100100

Rule of Thumb!Rule of Thumb!

Weather Systems move:Weather Systems move: From West to East in From West to East in

midlatitudesmidlatitudes but …but …

From East to West in tropicsFrom East to West in tropics

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 101101

Yesterday’s Surface Weather Map Yesterday’s Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar

IsobarsIsobars

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 102102

Current Surface Weather Map Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar

IsobarsIsobars

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 103103

Tomorrow AM Forecast MapTomorrow AM Forecast Map