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Plant AnatomyATLAS
S.Y. 2012-2013 TFCD1
Sir Jasper John ObicoInstructor
Table of ContentsExercise 9
The Primary Structure of the Stem...............................................................1
Exercise 10The Secondary Structure of the Stem.........................................................8
Exercise 11The Nodal Anatomy of the Stem...................................................................17
Exercise 12Vines and Anomalous Stems.........................................................................19
Exercise 13Vascular Cryptogams....................................................................................23
Exercise 14The Root Anatomy...........................................................................................30
Exercise 15The Leaf Anatomy...........................................................................................39
S T E M
Exercise 9The Primary Structure of the
Stem
Content:
o Cucurbita c.s.
Bicollateral Bundle of
Cucurbita
Phloem tissue of Cucurbita
c.s. showing sieve plate
o Coleus c.s.
o Helianthus c.s.
o Zea mays c.s.
mature vascular bundle of
Zea mays
o Young stem of Muntingia
calabura c.s.
o 1-yr old stem of Tilia c.s.
Terminologies:o Dermal Tissue System – consists of the epidermis and
cuticle
o Epidermis – outer covering of the stem for protection
and prevents loss of water
o Cuticle – waxy covering of the epidermis made up of cutin
o Trichomes – epidermal appendages found in some stems
used to prevent loss of water and herbivory
o Ground Tissue System – background tissue that fills the
spaces between epidermis and vascular tissue
o Phloem – transports food and nutrients
o Bundle cap – cluster of dead, fibrous, thick-walled
sclerenchyma cells providing support for phloem tissue
o Sieve tube members – large, living, elongated cells that
lack a nucleus at maturity; become vertically aligned to
form sieve tubes
The Primary Structure of the Stem 1
Plant Anatomy Atlas
o Sieve plate – found at the end walls of sieve tube;
contains sieve areas
o Companion cells – small, nucleated parenchyma cells
connected to sieve tube cells that assist them
o Xylem – transports water and minerals
o Tracheids – elongated, thick-walled cells with closed
tapered ends; dead at functional maturity and lumens are
connected through pits in the walls
o Vessel members – large, dead, cylindrical cells that
become joined end to end to form vessels
o Vascular Cambium – tissue located between the xylem
and phloem which actively divides in some plants to give
rise to secondary tissues
o Hypodermis – underlying layer of sclerenchyma after the
epidermis providing support in some plants like Zea mays
o Conjunctive Tissue – parenchymatous ground tissue
found in monocots without piths
The Primary Structure of the Stem 2
Epidermis
Cortical parenchyma
Vascular Bundle
Pith Cavity
Cucurbita c.s.Pith
Pericyclic Fibers
CS of Cucurbita stem showing
bicollateral bundle
External Vascular Cambium
Metaxylem
Outer phloem
Protoxylem
Internal Vascular Cambium
Inner phloem
Plant Anatomy Atlas
The Primary Structure of the Stem 3
Sieve plate
Sieve tube
Companion Cell
CS of Cucurbita stem showing sieve plate
Pith
Endodermis
Pericyclic fibers
Vascular
bundles
Cortex
Coleus stem c.s.
Plant Anatomy Atlas
The Primary Structure of the Stem 4
Helianthus stem c.s.
Helianthus stem showing fascicular and interfascicular cambium
Pith
Bast fibers
xylem
phloem
Vascular bundle
Cortical collenchy
ma
epidermis
Interfascicular
cambium
Fascicular cambium
phloem
xylem
Plant Anatomy Atlas
The Primary Structure of the Stem 5
Zea mays stem c.s. Zea mays stem
showing vascular bundles
Epidermishypodermis
Vascular
bundles
Conjunctive tissue
Metaxylem
Protoxylem
lacuna
Bundle sheath
phloem
Plant Anatomy Atlas
The Primary Structure of the Stem 6
Young Tilia stem c.s.
Epidermis
pith
cortex
xylem
phloem
Vascular
cambium
pith
phloem
xylem
epidermis
trichome
cortex
Young Muntingia calabura stem c.s.
Plant Anatomy Atlas
The Primary Structure of the Stem 7
Exercise 10The Secondary Structure of the
Stem
Content:o Tilia stem cs.
• Periderm of Tilia
stem
o Tilia wood ts.
o Tilia wood rs.
o Muntingia stem cs.
o Lenticels of stems
cs.
o Mature Pinus stem
cs.
• Resin canal of Pinus
o Pinus Is.
Terminologies:•Lenticel- limited part of the periderm in
which the phellogen is more active than
elsewhere and produces a tissue that has
numerous intercellular spaces
•Periderm- protective tissue of secondary
origin which replaces the epidermis in
stems and roots that increase in thickness
by secondary growth
The Secondary Structure of the Stem 8
Plant Anatomy Atlas
• Resin duct- in conifers, this occur in
vascular and ground tissues of all plant
organs and are, structurally, long
intercellular spaces lined with resin-
producing epithelial cells
• Ray initials- type of cell consisting the
vascular cambium that are elongated,
axially oriented and have tapering ends
• Axial initials- another cell type found
in the vascular cambium that are
almost isodiametric cells, smaller and
round to angular in shape
The Secondary Structure of the Stem 9
Tilia stem cs.
Closer look
on Tilia stem
Phloem fibers
Annual rings
pith
epidermis
cortexDilated
phloem rayphloe
mVascular cambium
Early wood
late wood
Plant Anatomy Atlas
The Secondary Structure of the Stem 10
Tilia radial section
Tilia tangential section
tracheids
Ray cells
Multiseriate Ray
cells
tracheids
Plant Anatomy Atlas
The Secondary Structure of the Stem 11
lenticel
Filling tissues
Lenticel phellog
en
lenticel
Filling tissues
Lenticel phellog
en
Nerium stem - lenticel
Sambucus stem - lenticel
Plant Anatomy Atlas
The Secondary Structure of the Stem 12
Vascular cambium
Muntingia mature stem cs.
pith
epidermis
pith
Primary
xylem
Secondary phloem
phloem
Dilated phloem ray
epidermis
Xylem rays
Plant Anatomy Atlas
The Secondary Structure of the Stem 13
xylem
Resin canal
phellem
phellogen
cortex
phloem
xylem
phellem
phellogen
cortex
phloem
pith
Resin canal
Pinus mature stem cs.Plant Anatomy Atlas
The Secondary Structure of the Stem 14
Pith
Xylem trachei
ds
Resin canal
Xylem rays
Resin canal
Xylem trachei
ds
Resin canal
Casing cells
cortex
Resin canal in cortex
Resin canal in xylem
Xylem raysPlant Anatomy Atlas
The Secondary Structure of the Stem 15
Resin canal
Uniseriate ray
cells
tracheids
Uniseriate ray
cells
Pinus tangential section
Tangential section showing ray cells
Plant Anatomy Atlas
The Secondary Structure of the Stem 16
Exercise 11The Nodal Anatomy of the Stem
Content:o Chichirica stem,
selected cs from serial
section
o Tradescantia stem,
selected cs from serial
section
Terminologies:o Leaf gap- also called lacuna; space in
the vascular cambium filled with
parenchyma
o Leaf trace- vascular tissues supplying
the leaf
o Unilacunar type-each leaf produces
one leaf gap
o Trilacunar type-two “lateral” gaps are
formed
o Multitlacunar type-more then three
gaps are produced
The Nodal Anatomy of the Stem 17
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Leaf Trace
Leaf Gap
Pith
Chichirica cs. “Unilacunar type”
Pith
Leaf GapLeaf Trace
Vascular Tissues
Tradenscantia cs. “Multilacunar type”,
Plant Anatomy Atlas
The Nodal Anatomy of the Stem 18
Exercise 12Vines and Anomalous Stems
Content:o Aristolochia elegans
stem cs.o Bignonia javanica
stem cs.
o Bauhinia stem cs.o Bougainvilla
spectabilis stemTerminologies:o Medullary bundles - vascular bundles in the
pith; result of the dedifferentiation of the pith
parenchyma to vascular cambium therefore
producing vascular tissues.
o Included phloem - phloem found in xylem;
result of the dedifferentiation of the xylem
parenchyma to vascular cambium therefore
producing phloem.
o Giant rays - result of the unusual activity of
the vascular cambium; the vascular cambium
produces rays instead of vascular tissues.
o Phloem panels - result of the unidirectional
activity of the vascular cambium; vascular
cambium produces phloem instead of the
usual phloem outward and xylem inward.
Vines and Anomalous Stems 19
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Aristolochia elegans cs
Lenticel
Cortex
Crushed pith
Vascular
bundle
Aristolochia elegans cs
Bast fibers
Cortex
Crushed
phloemGiant rays
Periderm
Bast fibers
Xylem
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Vines and Anomalous Stems 20
Bignonia javanica cs.
Periderm
Pith
Bast fiber
Cortex
Vascular
tissues
Bignonia javanica cs
Bast fiber
(cap)Phloem
Bast fiber
(band)Xylem
Lenticel
Phloem pannel
Vascular
cambium
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Vines and Anomalous Stems 21
Bougainvilla spectrabilis csc
Medullary
bundlePith
Medullar
y bundle
Xylem
Phloem
Starch
sheathCortex
Periderm
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Bougainvilla spectrabilis cs
Vines and Anomalous Stems 22
Exercise 13Vascular Cryptogams
Content:o Pteris (common fern)
stem cs.
o Pteridium aqualinum
(Bracken Fern) stem cs.
o Equisetum (Horsetail)
stem cs.
o Selaginella (Spike Moss)
stem cs.
o Lycopodium (Ground Pine)
stem cs.Terminologies:o Cryptogams- hidden gametes
o Protostele- a stele wherein xylem is
located in the center instead of a pith
o Haplostele-a protostele where the
phloem surrounds the xylem
o Dictyostele- if multiple gaps in the
vascular cylinder exist in any one
transverse section.
o Plectostele- a protostele wherein the
xylem are in form of strands
o Actinostele- a star-shaped protostele
Vascular Cryptogams 23
Plant Anatomy Atlas
o Siphonostele- a stele with a pith
o Atactostele- a siphonostele
wherein the vascular bundles are
arranged spirally
o Eustele- a siphonostele wherein
the vascular bundles are arranged
in a circle
o Ectophloic Siphonostele- a
siphonostele wherein the phloem
has completely surrounded the
xylem
o Amphiphloic Siphonostele- a
siphonostele wherein the phloem
placed both inside and outside of
the xylem
Vascular Cryptogams 24
Epiderm
iscortex
stele
pericyc
leprotoxyle
mmetaxyle
mphloe
mendoder
mis
Pteris cs. “dictyostele”
Amphicrib
ral bundle
with
exarch
xylem
developme
nt
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Vascular Cryptogams 25
Pteridium cs.“dictyostele”
protoxyle
mmetaxyle
m
pericycle
phloem
cortex
stele
Amphicrib
ral bundle
with
mesarch
xylem
developme
nt
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Vascular Cryptogams 26
Equisetum cs.“eustele”
Collateral
bundle
with
endarch
xylem
developme
nt
Pith
cavity
cortex
epider
mis
Carinal
canal
vallecul
ar canal
Vascul
ar
bundle
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Vascular Cryptogams 27
Selaginella cs.“haplostele”
Concentric
bundle
epiderm
isLeaf
trace
stele
endoder
mismetaxyle
mphoem
protoxyle
m
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Vascular Cryptogams 28
Lycopodium cs.“plectostele”
Xylem
embedd
ed in
phloem
endoderm
isprotoxyle
mmetaxyle
mphloem
pericycle
stele
cortex
epiderm
is
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Vascular Cryptogams 29
R O O T
Exercise 14Root Anatomy
Content:
o Ranunculus old root cs.
o Ranunculus young root
cs.
o Mongo young root cs.
o Mongo old root cs.
o Phaseolus young root
cs.
o Phaseolus mature root
o Zea mays root cs.
o Commelina root cs.
o Pinus root cs.
Terminologies:•Epidermis – Uniserate layer of collapsed and
partially destroyed cells covering the entirety of
the root.
•Periderm - protective tissue of secondary
origin which replaces the epidermis in stems
and roots that increase in thickness by
secondary growth
•Resin duct- in conifers, this occur in vascular
and ground tissues of all plant organs and are,
structurally, long intercellular spaces lined with
resin-producing epithelial cells
•Cortex - outer layer of tissue immediately
below the epidermis of a stem
Root Anatomy 30
Plant Anatomy Atlas
or root. Relatively thicker in roots than in stems.
• Pericycle - inner layer of cells in the cortex of a root
and of some stems, surrounding a vascular bundle.
Responsible for diverting all conduction of material
into symplast.
• Endodermis - inner layer of cells in the cortex of a
root and of some stems, surrounding a vascular
bundle. Responsible for diverting all conduction of
material into symplast.
• Taproot system – type of root system where radicle
is prominent and lateral roots grow from it. Typical of
eudicots.
• Fibrous root system – type of root system where
radicle is not prominent and consists rather of several
adventitious roots forming from the first root/radicle.
Typical of monocots.
Root Anatomy 31
Ranunculus young root cs. “tetrarch” unlignifi
ed
endoder
mis
endodermi
s
protoxylem
cortex with
starch
grains
cortex with
starch
grainsstele
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Root Anatomy 32
Ranunculus mature root cs. “tetrarch”
stele
cortex with
starch
grains
endodermi
sprotoxylem
phloem
metaxylem
cortex with
starch
grains
lignified
endoderm
is
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Root Anatomy 33
epider
miscorte
xStele
protoxyl
em
phloe
m
Phaseolus young root cs. “tetrarch”
Not yet developed metaxylem
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Root Anatomy 34
Phaseolus mature root cs.
epider
mis
corte
x
Emergi
ng
lateral
root
Secondary
xylem
phloe
mEmerging
lateral rootpericyc
le
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Root Anatomy 35
epider
mis
endoder
mis
corte
x
Zea mays root cs. “polyarch”
pith
xyle
mphloe
m
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Root Anatomy 36
Commelina root cs. “polyarch”
endoder
mis
protoxyl
emmetaxyl
em
pith
stele
corte
x
epidermi
s
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Root Anatomy 37
Pinus root cs.
Tilia old root cs.
Xylem
tracheid
s
Resin
duct
phloe
m
peride
rm
Primary
xylem
Annual
rings
Secondary
xylem
Dilated
phloem
rays
phloem
peride
rm
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Root Anatomy 38
L E A F
Exercise 15Leaf Anatomy
Content:oPinus leaf cs.
oCycas leaf cs.
oZea mays leaf
cs.
oNerium oleander
leaf cs.
oIxora leaf cs.
oFicus elastica
leaf cs.
oSyringa vulgaris
leafcs.
oBougainvilla
spectabilis leaf
cs.
Terminologies:o Mesophyll- ground tissue of the leaf
o Unifacial- palisade is present on both
sides of the leaf
o Bifacial- palisade is present on one side
while spongy layer on the other side.
o Uniform- the mesophyll appears
homogeneous
o Lamina- the flat portion of the leaf
o Midrib- the large middle vein of the leaf
o Vein- the vascular system in the leaf
Leaf Anatomy 39
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Pinus leaf cs.
Resin
duct
phloe
m
Endoder
mis
xylem
epidermi
s
One leaf
-uniform
mesophyll
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Leaf Anatomy 40
Cycas leaf cs.
Unifacial
mesophyll
Upper
epidermi
s
hypoder
mispalisade
mesophyl
l
Transfusi
on tissue
Lower
epidermi
s
Sunken
stomata
midv
ein
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Leaf Anatomy 41
Zea mays leaf cs.
Bundle
sheath
extension
phloem xylem
Bundle
sheath
Uniform
mesophyll
Bullifor
m cells
stomat
a
Epiderm
al cells
vein
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Leaf Anatomy 42
Unifacial
mesophyllNerium oleander leaf cs.
midrib
Stomat
al crypt
Multiseriat
e
epidermal
cells
Palisade
mesophyl
lLower
epidermi
s
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Leaf Anatomy 43
bifacial
mesophyll
Ixora leaf cs.
midrib vein
xylem
phloem
epider
mispalisad
evein
spongy
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Leaf Anatomy 44
unifacial
mesophyl
l
Cystolith
in
lithocyst
midrib
palisad
e
vein
Multiseriat
e
epidermis
midvei
n
Ficus elastica leaf cs.
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Leaf Anatomy 45
mesop
hyll
Commiss
ural
bundles
epider
mis
Syringa vulgaris leaf cs.
Bifacial
mesophyll
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Leaf Anatomy 46
Bifacial
mesophyll
Bougainvilla spectabilis leaf cs.
midrib
epider
mispalisad
espongy
Plant Anatomy Atlas
Leaf Anatomy 47