الرحیم الرحمن اللہ بسم

Supervisor Dr. Zafar Iqbal Sb

Chairman Mass Media Department

presented by Atif Sherazi

MS( Media Studies)IIUI

• History of the Subaltern Classes;• The Concept of ‘’ Ideology”• Cultural Themes; Ideological Material

Topic

Antonio Gramsci1891-1937

• Born in Sardinia, Italy, in January of 1891,

The Prison Notebooks were a series of essays written by the Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci. Gramsci was imprisoned by the Italian Fascist regime in 1926. The notebooks were written between 1929 and 1935, when Gramsci was released from prison on grounds of ill-health. He died in April 1937.

Introduction

• 1.The term subaltern is used in postcolonial theory.

• 2. The exact meaning of the term in current philosophical and critical usage is disputed.

• 3. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak use it in a more specific sense. She argues that subaltern is not just a classy word for oppressed, for Other, for somebody who's not getting a piece of the pie....

• The term subaltern derives from Latin sub - (below, under) plus alter (other) oralternus (alternate), which produced subalternus (subordinate). It designated a lower-ranking, even an inferior, individual. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, subaltern was employed as a military term. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, under the influence of Marxism, nationalism, postcolonialist theory, and feminism, subaltern has come to be used broadly to represent subordination in social, political, religious, and economic hierarchies.

What is colonialism • Colonialism is the control that a country or government holds over the territory

and the people in a foreign country. England colonized many areas in the world. They had colonies in India, colonized Ireland and parts of North America. Spain also had colonies in the Americas as did France. Colonialism has existed at one time or another in almost every continent in the world. The Dutch also colonized parts of the globe.

• The concept of Colonialism is to be used in a method of expansion of a country's ownership of land, resources, and economic advancement. Some of the countries who were most active in setting up new colonies seemed to believe that it was their duty to help bring less educated and poorer societies into their fold so they could teach them a new culture and expand their horizons. Some countries simply did it to get their hands on the material resources of the new country.

Colonialism

Subalterns in Colonialism

What is colonialism • Colonialism is the basis of the concept of mercantilism, which is

an imperial idea that suggests that colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country and should be governed accordingly. When a country develops colonies, or acquires them, it becomes an empire. "The sun never sets on the British Empire" because at any given time, the sun was up somewhere in the world where a British colony existed.

• There are other types of colonialism, such as economic colonialism. When your economy is the dominant source of trade and jobs for another country or region, it could be said to be a type of economic colony of the larger one.

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Colonialism

post-colonialism:

• By definition, postcolonialism is a period of time after colonialism, and postcolonial literature is typically characterized by its opposition to the colonial. However, some critics have argued that any literature that expresses an opposition to colonialism, even if it is produced during a colonial period, may be defined as postcolonial, primarily due to its oppositional nature.

Post colonialism

post-colonialism:• post-colonialism: Broadly a study of the effects of colonialism

on cultures and societies. It is concerned with both how European nations conquered and controlled "Third World" cultures and how these groups have since responded to and resisted those encroachments. Post-colonialism, as both a body of theory and a study of political and cultural change, has gone and continues to go through three broad stages:– an initial awareness of the social, psychological, and

cultural inferiority enforced by being in a colonized state– the struggle for ethnic, cultural, and political autonomy– a growing awareness of cultural overlap and hybridity

Subaltern Meaning• Subaltern, meaning ‘of inferior rank’, is a term

adopted by Antonio Gramsci to refer to those groups in society who are subject to the hegemony of the ruling classes.

• http://histheory.tripod.com/subaltern.html

SUBALTERN

1. In postcolonial terms, everything that has limited or no access to the cultural imperialism is subaltern-a space of difference. Now who would say that's just the oppressed? The working class is oppressed. It's not subaltern. Many people want to claim subalternity. Subaltern was first used in a non-military sense by Marxist Antonio Gramsci.

2.The subaltern classes, by dentition, are not united and cannot unite until they are able to become a “State” their history, therefore, is intertwined with that of civil society, and thereby with the history of States and groups of States.

• The term subaltern is used in postcolonial theory. The exact meaning of the term in current philosophical and critical usage is disputed.

• Antonio Gramsci used it to refer to a group of people oppressed in the society.

• Subaltern was first used in a non-military sense by Marxist Antonio Gramsci.

• Antonio used it to refer to a group of people oppressed in society

• http://anilpinto.blogspot.com/2011/02/history-of-subaltern-classes-concept-of.html

• A subaltern is someone with a low ranking in a social, political, or other hierarchy. It can also mean someone who has been marginalized or oppressed.

• From the Latin roots sub- ("below"), and alternus ("all others"),subaltern is used to describe someone of a low rank (as in the military) or class (as in a caste system). Subalterns occupy entry-level jobs or occupy a lower rung of the "corporate ladder." But the term is also used to describe someone who has no political or economic power, such as a poor person living under a dictatorship.

• Definitions of subaltern

History of the Subaltern Classes

• In the state there are two groups one is the ruling classes and the other is the subaltern classes. Ruling classes those who handling the State power. They are the dominating class. The Subaltern classes are part the ‘civil society’. They are intertwined with the civil society, and thereby with the history of the States and the groups of State.

Subaltern Classes

• Subaltern classes may include peasants, workers and other groups denied access to ‘hegemonic’ power. Since the history of the ruling classes is realized in the state, history being the history of states and dominant groups, Gramsci was interested in the historiography of the subaltern classes

• http://histheory.tripod.com/subaltern.html

Subalterns of Subcontinent

SUBALTERN CLASSES

• In the state there are two groups one is the ruling classes and the other is the subaltern classes.

• Ruling classes those who handling the State power. They are the dominating class. 

• The Subaltern classes are part the ‘civil society’. • They are intertwined with the civil society, and

thereby with the history of the States and the groups of State.

The Concept of ‘Ideology’ and Cultural Themes: Ideological Material

The Concept of ‘Ideology’ and Cultural Themes: Ideological Material

1.Ideology’was an aspect of ‘sensationalism’. Different meanings of ‘ideology’ was ‘science of ideas, analysis of ideas’ and ‘investigation of the original ideas’. Ideas derived from sensations.

2.Ideology contains a negative value judgment in Marxist philosophy, the Ideology as the ‘Base’ and praxis as a superstructure.

Ideology assumed

• Ideology assumed a negative value judgment in Marxist philosophy. Must be analyzed as a superstructure.

• Ideology as distinct from structure – structure changes ideology, not the opposite.

• Given political solution is “ideological”

• Ideology is pure appearance, useless

CULTURAL THEMES – IDEOLOGICAL MATERIAL

• 1.Ideological structure influences by cultural media the press (books, newspapers, periodicals, etc.) as well as libraries, associations, clubs, even architecture and layout of the streets cultural propaganda. Ideology is molded by media culture, in overt and discreet ways.

• 2. Schools have both coercive and non-coercive influence i.e. mandatory education and education at the discretion of the curriculum planner or instructor.

The main elements of error in assessing the value of ideologies within Marxist philosophy are….

• 1. The base always determines the super structure but the super structure cannot determine the base.

• 2. If any political solution is ideological, it is side-lined as being impractical and inferior.

• 3. Ideology is only superficial; it does not have any concrete effects.

References

• http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Subaltern.aspx

• http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0174.xml

• http://via.lib.harvard.edu/via/deliver/chunkDisplay?_collection=via&inoID=385882&recordNumber=9&chunkNumber

• http://www.enotes.com/topics/postcolonialism/critical-essays/postcolonialism

• http://anilpinto.blogspot.com/2011/02/history-of-subaltern-classes-concept-of.html

• • http://anilpinto.blogspot.com/2011/02/history-of-s

ubaltern-classes-concept-of.html• • http://histheory.tripod.com/subaltern.html• https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=picture+of+

prision+notebook&biw=1024&bih=667&tbm=isch&imgil=-Vul-SjFqfXckM%253A%253BjmxKxSiW5sUL-M%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fpustakapelajar.co.id%25252Fbuku%25252Fprison-notebooks-antonio-gramsci%25252F&source=iu&pf=m&fir=-Vul-SjFqfXckM%253A%252CjmxKxSiW5sUL-M%252C_&usg=__m526LkK6hkLMT_9_bSBhopfYCfU%3D&ved=0CDgQyjdqFQoTCK7248SxmsgCFUQ8FAod1HoACQ&ei=sooJVq7VGcT4UNT1gUg#imgrc=-Vul-SjFqfXckM%3A&usg=__m526LkK6hkLMT_9_bSBhopfYCfU%3D