at89rfd-11: usb mouse with flash memory reference design

AT89RFD-11: USB Mouse with Flash Memory Reference Design..............................................................................................

User Guide

AT89RFD-11 User Guide 1

7648A–USB–06/06

Section 1Introduction ........................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 Features....................................................................................................1-11.2 Introduction ...............................................................................................1-11.3 Key Reference Design Objectives ............................................................1-2

Section 2Reference Design Overview ................................................................. 2-3

Section 3Theory of Operation.............................................................................. 3-5

3.1 Mouse Buttons ..........................................................................................3-53.2 Z-Wheel ....................................................................................................3-53.4 Sensor interface........................................................................................3-73.5 USB...........................................................................................................3-8

Section 4Firmware Architecture......................................................................... 4-15

Section 5Schematic & BOM .............................................................................. 5-17

Section 1Introduction

1.1 Features • One MCU = 2 devices (mouse and mass storage controllers) and one USB hub• No hub required• USB 2.0 Full Speed compliance• 1 ms minimum Polling Interval • Low Power bus-powered device• Supported by all Microsoft O/S from Windows® 2000 and later• 256 MB Nand Flash memory supported (driver supports memories up to 1GB)• High speed motion detection up to 20 ips (inches per second) and 8 G• Up to 800 CPI resolution• No mechanical moving parts• ISP (In System Programming) to upgrade the firmware• 2K E2PROM to store parameters• Project sources availble with royalty free licence agreement

1.2 Introduction This design guides describes the design of a composite device (mouse & mass storagedevice) using the AT89C5131A Atmel microcontroller and the Avago ADNS-3030 opti-cal sensor. The firmware implementation section describes the firmware architecture toimplement a composite device with the mouse and the memory functions. The Appendixcontains the hardware implementation and the BOM of this reference design.

AT89RFD-11 User Guide -1

7648A–USB–06/06

A familiarity with the AT89C5131A-M microcontroller (datasheet available on atmel website www.atmel.com), the ADNS 3030 sensor (datasheet available on avago web sitewww.avagotech.com) and the USB specification (http://www.usb.org) is assumed.

1.3 Key Reference Design Objectives

1. Offer a complete solution based on a full speed mouse with a mass storage capability.

2. Highlight the AT89C5131A benifits to manage two devices simultaneously.3. Highlight the low power benifit of the ADNS 3030.4. Flash based development platform to facilitate customization and firmware

upgrade.

+ =

-2 AT89RFD-11 User Guide

7648A–USB–06/06

Section 2Reference Design Overview

The reference design offers a full speed mouse with a mass storage capability to allowthe user to save and exchange files using his mouse. This solution is based on a doubleenumeration (composite device) process to allow the management of both devices withone microcontroller the AT89C5131A-M. The mouse is based on the ADNS-3030 Avagosensor to collect the X, Y motion value. An optical quadrature encoder provides the Z-wheel movement. Each of the button switches is pulled up normally and provides aGround when depressed.

Figure 2-1. .Reference Design Overview

AT89C5131A-MATMEL

microcontroller

AVAGOADNS-3030

Optical MouseSensor

MOSIMISO

SCLK

STDW

NCS

Z OpticsWheel

Quadraturesignals

Left Button

Middle Button

Right Button

Nand FlashMemory

I/Os

Control&

command

MOTION


7648A–USB–06/06

Section 3Theory of Operation

3.1 Navigation Technology

The heart of the optical navigation sensor is a CMOS image array. An LED and an opti-cal system illuminate the surface that the sensor is navigating on. The texture of thesurface casts bright and dark spots forming distinct images as the sensor is movedacross the surface. A Digital Signal Processing (DSP) engine and its built-in algorithmevaluate these images and determine the magnitude and direction of the movement.The motion data is made available in the delta_X and delta_Y registers for the systemcontroller to retrieve. An extensive power saving topology is implemented within theADNS-3030 navigation engine. A Motion pin (output) is available to act as the systeminterrupt. As long as there is no motion the system can remain in Sleep mode allowingmaximum battery power saving. Based on the last detected motion the optical naviga-tion engine enters various power saving modes when no new motion occurs. Thesepower saving features are particularly beneficial for wireless.

Figure 3-1.


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3.2 Sensor This reference design features the ADNS-3030 optical navigation engine. It contains anImage Acquisition System (IAS), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), and a three-wireSerial Peripheral Interface consists of the serial clock (SCLK), the master-in/slave-out(MISO) and the master-out/slave-in (MOSI). In addition two signals, Motion, is an outputintended to act as an interrupt to the microcontroller whenever the ADNS-3030 sensesmotion, and SHTDWN, is an input pin to set the sensor in shutdown mode. When themouse is moved the ADNS-3030 alerts the system controller by activating the Motionsignal. At the same time the ADNS-3030 accumulates the horizontal and vertical dis-placements (count per inch, or cpi) in its Delta_X and Delta_Y registers respectively.The ADNS-3030 deactivates the Motion signal as soon as movement stops. The mousemotion can be also detected by checking if the MOT bit (bit 7 in Motion register) is set.The SmartSpeed technology automatically optimizes the frame rate by examining theacquired images of the surface. It also manages the integrated LED driver to coordinatewith the shutter. The system controller reads the motion information and reports it to thePC to update the cursor position. The advantages of using ADNS-3030 optical sensorare the efficient power management, high tracking accuracy, and efficient communica-tions with the optical sensor via the full duplex SPI port. To learn more about sensor’stechnical information, please visit the Avago web site at http://www.avagotech.com

Figure 3-2. Sensor interface

3.3 Mouse Buttons Mouse buttons are connected as standard switches. These switches are pulled up bythe pull up resistors inside the microcontroller. When the user depresses a button, theswitch will be closed and the pin will be pulled LOW to GND. A LOW state at the pin isinterpreted as the button being depressed. A HIGH state is interpreted as the button hasbeen released or the button is not being depressed. In this reference design there arethree switches: left, Z-wheel (middle), and right.

AT89C5131A-MATMEL

microcontroller

AVAGOADNS-3030

Optical MouseSensor

MOSIMISO

SCLK

STDW

NCS

MOTION


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Figure 3-3. Mouse Buttons

3.4 Z-Wheel The motion of Z-wheel is detected using the quadrature signal generated by optical sen-sors. Two phototransistors are connected in a source-follower configuration formingChannel A and Channel B. An infrared LED shines, causing the phototransistors to turnon. In between the phototransistors and LED is a pinwheel that turns on the mouse ballrollers. The fan of this pinwheel is mechanically designed to block the infrared light suchthat the phototransistors are turned on and off in a quadrature output pattern. Everychange in the phototransistor outputs represents a count of mouse movement. Compar-ing the last state of the optics to the current state derives directional information. Asshown in the Figure below, rotating the wheel forward produces a unique set of statetransitions, and rotating the wheel backward produces another set of unique statetransitions.

Figure 3-4. Optics Quadrature Signal Generation

Left Button

Middle Button

Right Button

AT89C5131A-MP1_0

P1_2

P1_1


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3.5 Memory The target memory used with this reference design is a Nand Flash memory (MicronM29F2G08AAB) of 256 MBytes. This memory allow the user to save and exchange dataand files with any PC.

The Nand Flash memory is connected to the AT89C5131A-M as below. P0 and P2 portsare mandatory in order to access the Nand Flash using MOVX instructions.

Figure 3-5. Nand Flash memory interface

3.6 USB

3.6.1 Multiple Enumeration (composite device)

Thanks to its seven endpoints, the AT89C5131A-M can manage several USB devicessimultanuously using the multiple enumerations functionality (composite device). Thisfunctionnality allows the user to declare one device with several interfaces. Each inter-face is seen and managed as a stand-alone device from the PC point of view. In ourcase we declare two interfaces: one to manage the mass storage device and the otherto manage the HID mouse device.

To be able to manage two interfaces, the microcontroller should have at the least a con-trol endpoint and the sum of the endpoints required by both interfaces. For example forthis reference design we need 1 endpoint for control transfer, 1 endpoint for mouse and2 endpoints for mass storage, which means that we need 4 endpoints to make thisapplication.

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7648A–USB–06/06

Figure 3-6. Multiple Enumeration

From the PC point of view, the reference design is presented as two stand-alonedevices. The figure below shows how the device appears in the device manager.

Devicedescriptor

Configurationdescriptor

Interfacedescriptor

Mass Storage

InterafcedescriptorHID mouse

Endpoint INdescriptor

HIDdescriptorEndpoint OUT

descriptorEndpoint INdescriptor

Reportdescriptor

Physicaldescriptor

Mass StorageDevice

Mouse Device


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Figure 3-7. Device Manager Multiple Enumeration

3.6.2 HID Mouse Overview The USB mouse application is a simple data exchange between the PC and the mouse.

The PC asks the mouse if there is a new data available each P time (polling intervaltime), the mouse will send the data if it is available, otherwise it will send a NAK (NoAcknowlodge) to tell the PC that there is no data available now.

The data sent to the PC is called report. This report has the structure below :

Figure 1. USB report structure

The X, Y are collected thanks to the sensor.


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The button values are updated following the button switches state (1 if depressed, 0 ifreleased).

The scroll wheel value is updated using the motion of Z-Wheel as explained in section4.2

3.6.3 Mass Storage Overview

The Mass Storage application is simply file transfer between the PC and the device.

The USB data exchange for this application is based on the SCSI (Small Computer Sys-tem Interface) commands which use two bulk endpoints (one IN and one OUT) toperform the status and data transfer. The endpoint 0 (control endpoint) is used only toperform the enumeration process, the errors management and to determine the LUN(Logical Unit Number) value.

In other words, the Mass Storage application is a set of SCSI commands send by thehost to manage the file transfers.

The Mass Storage class allows one device to manage several memories at the sametime thanks to the LUN.

Figure 3-8. Mass Storage Application Overview

The standard enumeration process (USB chapter 9 support) is performed through thedefault control endpoint. This process consists of a set of parameters sent by the deviceto the host to identify the device class and load the appropriate drivers. This parametersare called the descriptors.

The SCSI command are performed through both endpoints (IN or OUT). Each SCSIcommand is decoded and transmitted to the appropriate memory through a commandset (Read, Write, is memory present, is memory write protected,...).

The memory answers are converted in SCSI status before being wrapped in USB CSW(Command Status Wrapper) and sent to the USB Host controller. Because the USB busis a single master bus (the USB Host), each data transfer is initiated by the USB Host,following a specific Command-Data-Status flow (see figure below)


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Figure 3-9. Command/Data/Status Flow

The CBW (Command Block Wrapper) contains some USB information such as the LUNaddressed, the length of the SCSI command, and of course, it also contains the SCSIcommand for the memory.

The CSW (Command Status Wrapper) contains the SCSI status. If the status is GOOD,the Host will send the next following command. If the status is different from GOOD(FAILED, PHASE ERROR,...), the host will ask for more information regarding the errorby sending a REQUEST SENSE command.Note: Please refer to Mass Storage Application Note (available on www.atmel.com) for more

details

3.6.4 Power Management Although this is not a wireless design it is worthwhile to mention the low-power feature ofthe ADNS-3030.

The ADNS-3030 has three power-saving modes. Each mode has a different motiondetection period, affecting response time to mouse motion (Response Time). The sen-sor automatically changes to the appropriate mode, depending on the time since the lastreported motion (Downshift Time). The parameters of each mode are shown in the fol-lowing table. Mode Response Time (nominal) Downshift Time (nominal)

Each rest mode successively decreases in power consumption. The ADNS-3030 con-sumes typically 32 µA in Rest 3 mode. Parameter Symbol Minimum Typical MaximumUnits Notes DC Supply Current In various modes.

Mode Response Time (nominal) Downshit Time (nominal)

Rest1 16.5 ms 237 ms

Rest 2 82 ms 8.39 s

Rest 3 410 ms 504 s


7648A–USB–06/06

3.6.4.1 Motion Pin Timing The motion pin is a level-sensitive output that signals the microcontroller when motionhas occurred. The Motion pin is lowered whenever the Motion bit is set; in other words,whenever there is data in the Delta_X or Delta_Y registers. Clearing the Motion bit (byreading Delta_Y and Delta_X, or writing to the Motion register) will set the Motion pinhigh. This feature further contributes to the system power saving. As long as the ADNS-3030 is not sensing motion the microcontroller can enter its own sleep mode as long asit is capable of waking up from an interrupt by the Motion pin.

3.6.4.2 LED Mode For power savings, the LED will not be continuously on. ADNS-3030 will flash the LEDonly when needed. This is fully automated and managed by the ADNS-3030. As a resultthe ADNS-3030 consumes only about 4 mA of average current while in the active mode.

Parameter Symbol Minumum Typical Maximum Units Notes

DC Supply IDD 3.9 13

mA

Average current,including LED current.No load on MISO, MOTION.

Current In 0.63 2.3

Various 0.13 0.5

Modes 0.032 0.15


7648A–USB–06/06

3.6.5 ISP The ISP (In System Programming) allows the user to upgrade the firmware using theUSB port . To use this feature the user needs Fl ip software (avai lable onwww.atmel.com).

Please follow the below instruction to put the reference design in ISP mode:1. Unplug the reference design from the PC.2. Push the button located on the bottom of the reference desgin (see the figure

below)

Figure 3-10. ISP Button

3. Plug the reference design to the PC4. Release the button5. Check the Device Manager, and you should see the same icon (Jungo® icon) as

shown in the figure below. If not, start again from the step1 6. Launch Flip software and start upgrading your firmware

ISP Button


7648A–USB–06/06

Figure 3-11. Device Manager


7648A–USB–06/06

Section 4Firmware Architecture

The firmware of this reference design is written in C language. The main files areexplained below:

• usb_task.c: This file manages the USB enumeration, the SCSI command, the USB mouse motion (X,Y motion, buttons click, scroll wheel motion) and the USB events (suspend, resume, reset...)

• usb_enum.c: This file contains the USB endpoint 0 management routines corresponding to the standard enumeration process (refer to chapter 9 of the USB specification). This file calls routines of the usb_user_enum.c file for non-standard request management. The enumeration parameters (descriptor tables) are contained in the usb_user_configuration.c file.

• usb_user_enum.c: This file contains the non-standard USB requests.• usb_user_configuration.c: This file contains the enumeration parameters (USB

descriptors)• sensor.c: This file contains the functions to initialize the sensor and the wheel,

manage the sensor access (read, write) and the wheel motion detection.• ctrl_access.c: This file manages the interface between the USB and the target

memory using the LUN (Logical Unit Number).• nf.c: This file contains the high level NF with 2Kb page routines• nf_mem.c: This file contains the interface routines of Nand Flash memory• The figure hereunder shows the firmware architecture implementation


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Figure 4-1. Firmware Architecture Implementation

USB enumeration management(usb_user_enum.c, usb_enum.c,

usb_user_configuration.c,scsi_decoder.c)

usb driver (usb_drv.c)MCU driver (mcu_drv.c)

SPI driver (spi_lib.c)Nand Flash driver (nf_drv.c)

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API

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MCU/Mouse/Memoryhardware

sensor & wheelmanagement

(sensor.c)

tasks management(usb_task.c)

-enumeration process

-Mass Storage SCSI command management

-USB mouse report management

usb_task()-polling call

Is_usb_mouse_event()-interrupt call each SOF (1ms)

-Check if mouse motion OK-check if button pressed or released-check if wheel motion OK-Fill the USB mouse report out

-Enumeration process management-SCSI command management

-USB requests management-USB descriptors declaration-SCSI commands decoder

-sensor and wheel initialization-read and write sensor functions-wheel interrupt management

memory management(ctrl_access.c, nf.c,

nf_mem.c)-manage the access to the memory-manage the NF memory state,read, write...


7648A–USB–06/06

Section 5Schematic & BOM

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7648A–USB–06/06

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7648A–USB–06/06

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7648A–USB–06/06

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7648A–USB–06/06

5.1 Bill Of Materials

Item QTY Description Value Designators1 6 Capacitor 1 µF, 10%, Tantalum, 16V C1, C3, C5, C8, C9, C172 2 Capacitor 22 pF C10, C113 5 Capacitor 10 nF, 10% C2, C4, C6, C12, C134 4 Capacitor 100 nF C7, C15, C16,C185 1 Capacitor 2.2 nF, 10% C146 1 LED Navigation D1 7 1 LED IR, Scroll wheel D2 8 1 Connector 4-pin Male Header J19 Cable assembly USB, Type A to pigtail, Not on schematic

10 1 Connector Housing 4 position, DO NOT INSTALL Not on schematic11 4 Terminal Crimp, install on Item 9 Not on schematic12 1 Resistor (0805) 10 R113 1 Resistor (0805) 2.2 k R214 1 Resistor (0805) 100 R415 2 Resistor (0805) 4.7 k R5, R616 2 Resistor (0805) 10 k R3, R817 1 Resistor (0805) 100, 10% R718 1 Resistor (0805) 1.5 k R919 2 Resistor (0805) 27, 1% R10, R1120 1 Switch PUSH-BUTTON SW121 1 Switch Left SW222 1 Switch Right SW323 1 Switch Scroll SW424 1 IC Optical navigation sensor U125 1 IC Microcontroller U226 1 IC Quadrature encoder U327 1 IC Flash memory, 2G U428 1 IC Voltage regulator U529 1 Crystal 24 MHz Y130 1 LED clip not shown on schematic31 1 Lens not shown on schematic


7648A–USB–06/06

Printed on recycled paper.

7648A–USB–06/06

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