astronomy
TRANSCRIPT
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OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
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SOLAR SYSTEM OVERVIEW
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM INCLUDES: ●SUN●EIGHT PLANETS & THEIR SATELLITES●THREE DWARF PLANETS●ASTEROIDS●COMETS●METEOROIDS
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THE PLANETSJUPITER SATUR
N
URANUS
NEPTUNE
EARTH
PLUTO
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ADD THE SUN
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HOW SMALL ARE WE?
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ASTEROIDS
Most lie between Mars and Jupiter●Microplanets: small, rocky bodies●Irregular shapes
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●Large, "dirty snowballs"●Composition:
●Frozen gases●Rocky and metallic materials
●Produces a glowing head called the coma and a tail that points away from the sun
COMETS
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COMET HALE-BOPP
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METEOROIDSMETEOROID – small solid particle that travels through spaceMETEOR – when a meteoroid enters Earth’s atmosphere, “shooting star”METEORITE – when a meteoroid reaches the Earth’s surface
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WHICH ONE OF THESE IS NOT LIKE THE OTHERS?
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RIGHT! PLUTO
DOES NOTBELONG…
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THREE MAIN CATEGORIES OF OBJECTS IN OUR SOLAR
SYSTEM: 1. PLANETS: The eight worlds starting with Mercury and moving out to Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
2.SMALL SOLAR SYSTEM BODIES: All other objects orbitingthe sun.
3.DWARF PLANETS: Pluto and any other round object that "has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit, and is not a satellite."
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EARLY HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY
ASTRONOMY: the study of the UNIVERSEANCIENT GREEKS – Golden age of early astronomy
• Used geometry and trigonometry to measure sizes and distances of the sun and moon
• ARISTOTLE – the Earth is round• GEOCENTRIC MODEL –Earth is the center
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EARLY HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY
Birth of modern astronomy 1500s and 1600sFive noted scientists
1. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)⚫Concluded Earth was a planet⚫HELIOCENTRIC MODEL – Sun is the center
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EARLY HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY
2. TYCHO BRAHE (1546-1601) ●Made most precise observations
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Early History of Astronomy3. JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630)
●Planets revolve around the Sun●Three laws of planetary motion
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EARLY HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY
4. GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642) ●Constructed a telescope and saw the universe in a new way
●Discovered:●Four moons of Jupiter●Planets appeared as disks●Phases of Venus●Features on the Moon●Sunspots
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EARLY HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY
5. SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1643-1727)●Law of universal gravitation●Explained planetary motion
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TELESCOPESTools used to help astronomers see CELESTIAL (space)
objects with greater detail by:
1. GATHERING MORE LIGHT than your eye can (dim objects are easily seen)2. MAGNIFYING IMAGES to separate distant objects from one another
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HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPEOVER 350 MILES FROM EARTH
Hubble Space Telescope Size:Length: 43.5 ft (13.2 m)Weight: 24,500 lb (11,110 kg)Maximum Diameter: 14 ft (4.2 m)Hubble is nearly the size of a large school bus—but it can fit inside a space shuttle cargo bay.
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HUBBLE FOUND THAT GALAXIES ARE SPEEDING AWAY FROM EACH OTHER,
CONSISTENT WITH A GENERAL EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE.
THIS IS CALLED THE BIG BANG.
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DEEP SPACE IMAGE
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OPTICAL TELESCOPES Use lenses and mirrors to collect starlight and
light reflected off of planets
Two main types:⚫REFRACTING – simple refractors uses two lenses.
One lens collects the light, and the other magnifies the image.
⚫REFLECTING – uses a large curved mirror to gather and focus the light. Another lens magnifies the image.
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REFRACTING – SIMPLE OPTICAL TELESCOPE
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REFLECTING– ADVANCED OPTICAL TELESCOPE
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OPTICAL TELESCOPES
Keck TelescopesSummit view of the twin Keck telescopes, located at 13,600 atop a dormant volcano in Hawaii.
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KEPLER’S LAWS1. THE LAW OF ELLIPSESThe Path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus.
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2. THE LAW OF EQUAL AREASAn imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of each planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
KEPLER’S LAWS
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3. THE LAW OF HARMONIESCompares the orbital period and radius of orbit of a planet to those of other planets.
KEPLER’S LAWS
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Astrophotography
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Classification of Galaxies based on shape!Spiral-
Irregular-
Elliptical-
Galaxies are a system of stars, gases, dust and other matter that orbits a common center of gravity.
Scientists that are searching for new solar systems look for clouds of gas and dust.
All galaxies are made of the same materials.
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How do we know other stars have planets?Periodic dimming of stars
Milky Way Galaxy• Our solar system is surrounded by newly formed
stars.
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THE WAY WE MOVEROTATION
REVOLUTIONPROCESSION
TILTNUTATION
BARYCENTER
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WHAT IS ROTATION?
The turning or spinning of a body on its axis.
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EARTH’S ROTATION
The average ROTATION PERIOD of the Earth with respect to the SUN is 24 hours (the mean solar day).
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Rotation effects the core.• Earth’s liquid metal outer core spins because of
rotation.• The solid metal inner core does not spin.• This phenomenon creates the magnetosphere• The magnetosphere diverts harmful solar
radiation from space away from Earth’s surface.• The interaction of the charged particles with
Earth’s magnetosphere creates something amazing.
• Auroras boreales
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WHAT IS REVOLUTION?The motion of a body along a path around some point in space. This is also called ORBITAL MOTION
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EARTH’S REVOLUTION
It is the orbital period of EarthIt is the orbital period of Earth, equal to 365.25636042 mean solar days.
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What is Precession?The slight movement of Earth’s axis over 26,000 years.
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DIURNAL MOTION OF STARSWe cannot detect earth’s rotation, so it appears to us as if the stars (and Sun and Moon and planets)
are rotating around us: they rise in the east and set in the west, once
a day.This is called DIURNAL MOTION.
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TILT OF EARTH ON AXIS
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A FEW MORE WAYS TO MOVENUTATION
–the wobbleChange in the angle of the axis (1/2 degree)
BARYCENTERThe point between two objects where they balance each other. Example: The moon always faces theEarth, due to the force of gravity fromboth objects. “Dark Side of the Moon”
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LIFE CYCLE OF STARS
The lifespan of stars varies from thousands of years for massive stars to billions for smaller stars. Our Sun, which is of average mass, is predicted to live for about 10 billion years (it is about halfway through).
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HERTZSPRUNG - RUSSELL DIAGRAM
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TILT OF EARTH ON AXIS
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SPECIAL DAYS OF THE YEAR• WINTER SOLSTICE first day of winter, shortest day of the year
• VERNAL EQUINOX first day of spring, equal day and night
• SUMMER SOLSTICE first day of summer, longest day of the year
• AUTUMNAL EQUINOX first day of autumn (fall), equal day and night
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Seasons
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DEFINITIONOne of the four periods of the year
(spring, summer, autumn, and winter), beginning astronomically at an equinox
or solstice, but geographically at different dates in different climates.
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SPRING• Begins on the vernal equinox• Usually occurs on March 21 or 22 in the northern hemisphere
• Tilt neither toward or away from sun• Equal day and Night
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SUMMER• Begins on the summer solstice • Usually occurs on June 21 or 22 in the northern hemisphere
• Tilt toward the sun• Longest day of the year
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FALL• Begins on the autumnal equinox• Usually occurs on September 22 or 23 in the northern hemisphere
• Tilt neither toward or away from sun• Equal day and night
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WINTER• Begins on the winter solstice• Usually occurs on December 21 or 22 in the northern hemisphere
• Tilt away from sun• Shortest day of the year
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Land masses predict temperature• Land heats up and cools fast• Water heats up and cools slowly• Water also stores solar energy• The more land in the temperate zone, the
warmer the Earth will be. • What was the weather like during this
time?
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WHAT CAUSES SEASONSTILT! Either toward or away from the sun.
•Tilt TOWARD the sun is maximized during Northern Hemisphere summer in late June (the "summer solstice"). ⚫The amount of sunlight reaching the Northern Hemisphere is at a
maximum.
•Tilt AWAY from the sun is maximized during Northern Hemisphere winter in December (the “winter solstice").⚫a minimum of sunlight reaches the Northern Hemisphere.
**The seasons are reversed in the Southern Hemisphere
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INTERESTING FACTS• The sun is actually closest to the Earth during Northern Hemisphere winter (not summer).
• Because of this, the amount of sunlight averaged over the whole Earth, is as much as 7% more intense in the winter than the summer.
• Despite this fact, the global-average surface temperature is warmer in Northern Hemisphere summer, due to the much greater expanse of land there, and since land heats to a higher temperature than the ocean does.
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LIFE CYCLE OF STARS
The lifespan of stars varies from thousands of years for massive stars to billions for smaller stars. Our Sun, which is of average mass, is predicted to live for about 10 billion years (it is about halfway through).
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HERTZSPRUNG - RUSSELL DIAGRAM
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Energy from the Sun
Essential Question: Describe the energy required for the sun to transmit electromagnetic radiation across the solar system?
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LAYERS OF THE SUN• Interior: core⚫cannot be seen⚫where nuclear fusion occurs
• PHOTOSPHERE ⚫Photo =“light” Sphere = “ball” ⚫visible “surface” of the sun
• Sol has consumed about half its energy!• Atmospheric layers• CHROMOSPHERE – thin layer of hot gases⚫CORONA – “crown” outermost portion, produces the solar
wind⚫Earth’s magnetic field blocks the winds from reaching our surface
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PRODUCTION OF ENERGY
• COMBUSTION – burning fossil fuels
• RENEWABLE SOURCES – capture energy from the sun, wind, water to produce electricity
• NUCLEAR REACTIONS – when atomic particles interact to form different particles⚫FUSION ⚫FISSION
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FUSION• Done in the interior of the sun• Less massive nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei
• 4 hydrogen atoms fuse into 1 helium atom.• This requires a high tempto fuse. 15,000,000℃ • Outward pressure keepsstars from collapsing
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FISSION• Able to do on earth (Nuclear Energy)• More massive nuclei are bombarded by neutrons and split to less massive nuclei
• Emits heat energy
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Stars• Large stars burn through fuel quickly and die fast• Small stars burn slowly, but have less radiant
energy.• H-Hydrogen and He-Helium are the major
elements found in stars.
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ENERGY FLOWEnergy is transferred by ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONThis includes all energy types that travel as waves from X-rays to visible light to microwaves and radio wavesSolar energy (0.023%) is used by plants through photosynthesis to make chemical energy (sugar).Light is required for life.
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FORMS OF ENERGY PRODUCED
LIGHT ⚫Acts like a wave and particle⚫Photons are a stream of particles that push on matter⚫This push is what causes a comet’s tail
HEAT⚫The sun is extremely hot (15 million K at core)⚫Waves of heat are ejected into space at all angles
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LIFE CYCLE OF STARS
The lifespan of stars varies from thousands of years for massive stars to billions for smaller stars. Our Sun, which is of average mass, is predicted to live for about 10 billion years (it is about halfway through).
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HERTZSPRUNG - RUSSELL DIAGRAM