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Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy

ASTR 4800 - Space Science: Practice & PolicyToday: Legacies of Apollo & New Explorations – Guest

lecture by Greg Schmidt

• Next class: The Origin & Evolution of the Moon – guest lecture by Dr. Bill Bottke. Reading is on class webpage.

• HW #3 due on Sep. 30.

Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy

Class ExerciseWas the Apollo Program a success? Write one bullet for “yes” and one bullet why it is was not a success.

Greg SchmidtDirector, SSERVI

CU Space Policy Class

Sept. 25, 2019

Legacies of Apollo and New Missions to the Moon

Apollo Lunar Exploration Program

Science-Engineering-Operations Synergism!

Apollo Lunar Exploration Program

Science-Engineering-Operations Synergism!

Apollo Lunar Exploration Program

Science-Engineering-Operations Synergism!

Apollo Lunar Exploration Program

Science-Engineering-Operations Synergism!

Apollo Lunar Exploration Program

Science-Engineering-Operations Synergism!

Apollo Lunar Exploration Program

Science-Engineering-Operations Synergism!

Apollo Lunar Exploration Program

Science-Engineering-Operations Synergism!

Apollo Lunar Exploration Program Apollo Captured Hearts and Minds

Apollo NeedlepointA moment of national unity

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Apollo – the navigation(CNN)– Sending astronauts to the moon and returning them to Earth took thousands of people solving problems no had faced before. One of those people was Stanley Schmidt, chief of the NASA Ames Dynamic Analysis Branch in California.

"My father had been assigned the problem of navigating to the Moon and, as he told it to me, it was a very difficult problem," said Greg Schmidt, Stanley's son and director of NASA's Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute at Ames. "They didn't have a mathematical solution to it. It involved taking a number of different sources of information and combining them in an optimal way to get the best estimate of where your spacecraft is at any time, how fast you're going and other variables, too."

The Dark Years1972-1994

Clementine Mission

Launch date: 25 January 1994 from Vandenberg AFB

Objective: observe the Moon and test sensors and

components under extended exposure to space

environment. Achieved global imaging as well as

altimetry coverage from 60 degrees S to 60 degrees N.

Lunar Prospector Mission

Launch date: 6 January 1998 from Cape Canaveral

Objective: low polar orbit investigation of the Moon.

This included mapping the surface composition and

locating lunar resources, measuring magnetic and

gravity fields, and studying outgassing events.

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)

Launch date: 18 June 2009 from Cape Canaveral

Objective: map lunar surface, continued lunar science

and exploration to support future robotic and human

lunar missions.

Lunar CRater Observing and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)

Launch date: 18 June 2009 from Cape Canaveral

Objective: confirm the presence or absence of water ice in

a permanently shadowed crater near a lunar polar region.

RADIATION | Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation

INFRARED | Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment

ULTRAVIOLET | Lyman Alpha Mapping Project

NEUTRONS | Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector

ELEVATION | Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter

SUNLIGHT | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera

RADAR | Mini-RF Technology Demonstration

LRO Instruments

NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment

Explorer (LADEE)

Launch date: 7 September 2013 from the Mid-Atlantic

Regional Spaceport

Objective: study the lunar exosphere and dust in the

Moon's vicinity.

Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL)

Launch date: 10 September 2011 from Cape Canaveral

Objective: map gravity field and geological structure of

the Moon

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The Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project (LOIRP) recovered Images from all 5 Lunar Orbiters Missions. Archived tapes stored since 1960s were read using restored tape drives and digitally remastered at 4x the dynamic range and 2x the resolution of archived USGS images. All images delivered to PDS; could be useful in detecting cratering record from past 50 years-- possible citizen science project?

Original Remastered

A Convergence of Scientific Discoveries

Advancing exploration through lunar and planetary science…

Planetary differentiation processes

Regolith, dust and plasma interactions

Addressing

fundamental and

applied science

questions and

human spaceflight

concerns

Volatiles and other

potential resources

Transformative Lunar Science – A SSERVI white paper

• Establish period of giant planet migration

• Provide absolute chronology for Solar System events

• Understand the lunar water cycle

• Evaluate solar wind interactions with lunar surface and extend record of past extreme space weather events

• Characterize lunar interior

• Use vantage of lunar farside to view the universe

Science Enables Exploration & Exploration Enables Science

Both Enable Commerce

Lunar Resources

SCIENCE EXPLORATION

Composition

Abundance

Regolith Properties

Environmental Conditions

Lateral Distribution

Vertical DistributionRenewability/Age

Isotopic

composition

Yield

Extractability

Storage

Cost

Market

Processing

Transport

COMMERCE

Data buys

Lunar Science for Landed Missions

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• Commercial lunar industry promises greatly increased opportunities for landed missions, and thus science.

• Question: where are the priority sites?

• Lunar Science for Landed Missions workshop conducted 10-12 January 2018

• Co-sponsored by SSERVI and LEAG; Greg Schmidt and Clive Neal co-chairs

• Objective: determine near-term priority targets for lunar landed missions

• Invited talks summarized science and human exploration drivers as well as previous efforts

• Major lunar commerce presence; 2 panel sessions with 8 international companies

• Contributed talks described target areas on the Moon for near-term in-situ science, network science and sample return in a variety of scenarios

• Draft report available at https://lunar-landing.arc.nasa.gov

Landing Site Example – Gruithuisen Domes

Science Themes Exploration Themes Mobility Required? In Situ or Sample Return

S.2, S.3, S.5, A.1 1 and 3 No Both

LROC WAC LOLA

LOLA

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Earth’s Moon Altitude

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Nearside Farside

SPA Basin

Earth’s Moon Crust Thickness

Nearside Farside

Moon’s - Composition

Understand and Utilize the Special Water Cycle of the Moon

1. Identify the origin of water • Return samples for representative lunar pristine rocks

• Measure in-situ, then obtain samples from polar deposits

2. Document mobility of volatiles on the Moon with time• Orbital measurements across latitudes at different time-of-day

• Long-lived in-situ monitoring

3. Measure the magnitude of these resources [Are any renewable?]

• Global assessment with modern orbital remote sensing

• In-situ analyses at poles, pyroclastic deposits, young areas, etc.

Polar

Interior

Surface

H2O

Polar

South Pole North Pole

LCROSS

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Water ReleasedDuring Meteor Showers

Small micro-meteorites Large micro-meteorites

Shock Wave

Subsurface Water Released

Polar

Interior

Surface

H2O

Polar

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Exploration & Science

As humans explore the Solar System, what questions remain for potential near-term destinations?

How can Science enable human exploration?

How can human exploration advance science?

After a decade of integrating lunar and exploration-related research, SSERVI is poised to play a central

role in NASA's new lunar program.

Space Policy Directive – 1Reinvigorating America’s Human Space Exploration Program

“Lead an innovative and sustainable program of

exploration with commercial and international

partners to enable human expansion across the solar

system and to bring back to Earth new knowledge

and opportunities.

Beginning with missions beyond low-Earth orbit, the

United States will lead the return of humans to the

Moon for long-term exploration and utilization,

followed by human missions to Mars and other

destinations.”

NASA is also charged with landing the first woman

and next man at the South Pole of the Moon by 2024.

Artemis Phase 1: To the Lunar Surface by 2024

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Lunar Transport System (Ascent, Descent, Transfer)

Orion/EuropeanService Module

Gateway Phase One

Gateway is Essential for 2024 Landing

Six Days to Orbit the Moon

Fast-track to Lunar Surface OperationsSSERVI teams providing rapid response to Vice President’s directive to land astronauts on the lunar surface within five years.

• In anticipation of the directive, the CLSE team led by LPI and JSC completed a landing site and traverse study of the south polar region (e.g., see figure).

• Teams initiated five new projects to assist with lunar surface operations at the South Pole

• Working with JSC thermal engineers to assess the thermal environment at the lunar South Pole.

• Study of boulders and boulder tracks around the South Pole to evaluate conditions that affect rover trafficability (CLSE)

• Study of the geology of the South Pole to identify an integrated set of science & exploration targets (CLSE)

• Study of cargo and crew lander dust-pluming effects to evaluate distance and/or local South Pole topography needed to protect existing surface assets (collaborative CLSE & CLASS effort)

• Telerobotic studies using ISS, laboratory, and Virtual/Augmented Reality simulations (collaborative NESS, FINESSE, & CLSE effort)

• CLSE also redirected funds to fast-track contributions to land astronauts on the Moon within five years

• Providing lunar surface expertise to NASA civil servants

• SSERVI providing channel to support non-civil servant work to meet aggressive five year schedule

• Teams are moving forward to do the hard work asked of the nation last week. There is a lot to do!

Two traverses designed for crew rovers that

explore potential water ice-bearing regions

with high-value science targets and ISRU

potential. The landing site, in this case, is a

few kilometers from the South Pole.

Traverse study is a CLSE result, recently

published in Advances of Space Research

(Allender et al. 2019).

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• Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS)

Two deliveries per year

Drive to enable community-driven science

• Instrument Development and Delivery

Instruments for CLPS

Maturation of instrument concepts (DALI)

• VIPER Polar Rover

NASA-built rover to the lunar surface in late CY2022

Delivery by CLPS provider via on-ramp for enhanced capability

• Follow on missions (commercial rovers) approximately every 24 months

• Long Duration Rover Investments

• Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission Operations

• Lunar SmallSats

SIMPLEX

CubeSats/SmallSats delivered into lunar orbit by CLPS

• Apollo Next Generation Sample Analysis (ANGSA)31

Lunar Discovery and Exploration Program

• Contract awards announced November 29:

• Services will be acquired through Task Orders

• First Lunar Surface Transportation Task Order awarded May 2019

• Expected Task Order cadence of 2 per year

• Future on-ramps for additional providers and as more capabilities are needed

On-ramp RFP for enhanced lander services capability to be released soon.

Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS)

Astrobotic Technology, Inc Firefly Aeronautics, Inc. Masten Space Systems, Inc.

Deep Space Systems Intuitive Machines, LLC Moon Express

Draper Lockheed Martin Space Orbit Beyond

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• Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS)

Two deliveries per year

Drive to enable community-driven science

• Instrument Development and Delivery

Instruments for CLPS

Maturation of instrument concepts (DALI)

• VIPER Polar Rover

NASA-built rover to the lunar surface in late CY2022

Delivery by CLPS provider via on-ramp for enhanced capability

• Follow on missions (commercial rovers) approximately every 24 months

• Long Duration Rover Investments

• Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission Operations

• Lunar SmallSats

SIMPLEX

CubeSats/SmallSats delivered into lunar orbit by CLPS

• Apollo Next Generation Sample Analysis (ANGSA)

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Lunar Discovery and Exploration Program (LDEP)

VIPER: The Intersection Between Exploration and Science

Common Objectives• The spatial distribution and form of volatiles:

The what, where and how much

• The relationship between the distribution and

forms to environmental context, such as

temperature

• The reservoirs, sources, sinks and history

Late

ral

Dis

trib

uti

on

Ver

tica

l

Dis

trib

uti

on

Form

of

the

Wat

er

The

chem

istr

y

and

iso

top

es

The

Co

nte

xt

Explo

ration

An understanding of the spatial distribution and

form of volatiles: The what, where and how much.

An understanding of the relationship between the

distribution and forms to environmental context

such as temperature

An understanding of the reservoirs, sources, sinks

and history

Scie

nce

Observations

Mission Features• Multi-lunar day duration at South Pole (for Dec. 2022

launch)

• Designed to traverse 10s of kilometers

• Provides feed forward to follow-on missions and resource

maps of visited sites and extrapolation to orbital data sets

Looking forward

- Bridenstine’s challenges: Will the third time (SEI,

Constellation, now Artemis) be the charm?

- Bringing in both sides of the aisle

- Pelosi: “As far as having a woman step foot on the moon, our hopes are riding on you.”

- What’s different now?

- Nascent lunar industry (GLXP)

- Sustainability?

- New science points toward ISRU

- Discovery of water is a game changer

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• Although Kennedy started Apollo, attempts to return

to the Moon since have been by Republican

presidents (Bush I, Bush II and Trump). Why has this

happened? How can a lunar return appeal more to the

other side of the aisle?

• What do you see as the biggest challenges of creating

a truly sustainable return to the Moon?

• How big of an economic opportunity do you think will

be revealed by lunar commerce?

• You’ve all been asked to think of the reasons “why we

explore.” Another question for you – why do we not

explore? (ref the “dark years” – 1972-1994).

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A little gedanken..

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Future Moon

Living off the Land

Science & Exploration

Multi-planet Species

Fuel Depot

Mining

Manufacturing

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QUESTIONS?

Backup

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VIPER Payload: Neutron Spectrometer System (NSS)NSS (NASA ARC/Lockheed Martin ATC)PI: Rick Elphic (NASA ARC)

Instrument Type: Two channel neutron spectrometer

Key Measurements: NSS assesses hydrogen and bulk composition in the top meter of regolith, measuring down to 0.5% (wt) WEH to 3swhile roving

Operation: NSS is on continuously while roving

Instrument Name NSS

Mass [kg], CBE 1.9*

Dimensions [cm] Sensor Module:21.3 x 32.1 x 6.8Data Processing Module:13.9 x 18.0 x 3.0

Power [W] 1.6

Sensitivity WEH to >0.5 wt% water-equivalent at 10 cm/s

Accuracy 5 – 10% absolute

*Total Mass Breakdown:• Sensor Module: 1284g• Data Processing Module: 287g\• 2-m cable harness, DPM-SM: 147g • Heaters and misc.: 170g

Sensor Module (HVPS and

Front-End Electronics)

Thermal neutron detector

Epithermal neutron detector Data Processing Module

VIPER Payload: Near InfraRed Volatiles Spectrometer System (NIRVSS)

NIRVSS (ARC, Brimrose Corporation)

PI: Anthony Colaprete (NASA ARC)

Instrument Type: NIR Point Spectrometer, 4Mpxl Panchromatic Imager with 7 LEDs, four channel thermal radiometer

Key Measurements: Volatiles including H2O, OH, and CO2 and, minerology, surface morphology and temperatures

Operation: On continuously while roving and during drill operations

Primary Measurements:Components• AOTF NIR Point Spectrometer: 1300-4000nm• Spectrometer Context Imager (SCI): 4Mpxl imager with seven LEDs between

340-940nm• Longwave Calibration Sensor (LCS): IR flux and surface temperature down to

<100K to ± 5K• Lamp: Dual filament tungsten lamp provides even, calibrated light source when

in shadow

Spec. Fiber Aperture

IR Lamp

SCI

LEDs

LCS

Spectrometer Bracket Assembly

Instrument Name NIRVSS

Mass [kg] 3.57 kg (not including Fiber)

Dimensions [cm]

Spectrometer Module:18x18x8.5Observation Bracket20.4x13x15.1

Power [W], AvgSpectrometer = 12Bracket Assembly = 5.26Lamp = 12.3

SensitivityRange: 1.2 to 4.0 mmSNR>100 at 2 and 3 mmWater Ice to <0.25%

Accuracy Radiance to <25%

VIPER Payload: Mass Spectrometer Observing Lunar Operations (MSolo)

Instrument Name MSolo

Mass, CBE 6 kg

Dimensions 15.5 x 20 x 46 cm

Power Average 35 W while scanning

Detectors Faraday Cup (MDPP* 1.5e-12 Torr)

Electron Multiplier (MDPP* 2e-15 Torr)

MSolo (KSC, INFICON, NSF– SHREC Space Processor, & Blue Sun – Virtual Machine Language)PI: Janine Captain (NASA KSC)

Instrument Type: Quadrupole mass spectrometer

Key Measurements: Identify low-molecular weight volatiles between 2-100 amu, unit mass resolution to measure isotopes including D/H and 018/016

Operation: Views below rover and at drill cuttings, volatile analysis while roving and during drill activities

14 cm

20 cm

46 cm

15.5 cm

MSolo Instrument

MS Sensor

*MDPP – minimum detectable partial pressure @ m/z 28 with open ion source

VIPER Payload: The Regolith and Ice Drill for Exploring New Terrain (TRIDENT)

Instrument Name TRIDENT

Mass [kg], CBE 18 (includes launch locks). Can be reduced for lander deployment.

Dimensions (stowed) [cm] 27 x 22 x 177 (for 1-m depth). Can be reduced for lander deployment.

Power [W] Idle: < 5Augering: ~20 nominal, 175 maxPercussion: 0 nominal, 150 max

Telemetry (while operating) ~3.4 kbits/s

TRIDENT (Honeybee Robotics)PI: Kris Zacny

Instrument Type: 1-meter hammer drill

Key Measurements: Excavation (and potential delivery) of subsurface material to 100 cm; Subsurface temperature vs depth; Strength of regolith vs depth (info on ice-cemented ground vs. ice-soil mixture).

Operation: Performs subsurface assays down to 100 cm in <1 hr, depositing cuttings at surface for inspection by other instruments.

TRL6 Drill Lunar cryo-chamber tests at GRC

SIMPLEx-2: Lunar Trailblazer (PI: Ehlmann, Caltech | DPI: Klima, APL)

An ESPA-Grande sized craft, deployable from any GTO orbit, Trailblazer uses nested measurement sets

from

1) High-resolution Volatiles and Minerals Moon Mapper (HVM3): a JPL-built imaging spectrometer

(0.6-3.6 μm)

2) Lunar Thermal Mapper (LTM): University of Oxford-built multispectral thermal camera (7-100 μm)

to determine the form, abundance, and distribution of water on the Moon. Distribution is mapped a

function of latitude, time-of-day, soil maturity, and lithology. Terrain-scattered light is used to map in

permanently shadowed craters. Bonus science: compositional maps of igneous lithology

M3 OH/H2O map

• Trailblazer addresses major scientific questions about the Moon and water cycles on airless

bodies directly from the Planetary Science Decadal Survey.

• Trailblazer also forges a path for future exploration by evaluating locations of the operationally useful deposits of water and providing compositional basemaps of landing zones

LROC view in

permanently shadowed

polar regions

Exa

mpl

e da

tase

t:

Flig

thtS

yste

m:

Lunar Trailblazer

(5-m w/ panels

deployed)

• 13 payloads selected on Feb 21, 2019

Near-ready or ready-to-fly payloads

Open to science, technology and exploration type payloads

NASA Provided Lunar Payloads (NPLP)

Instrument Name Payload Classification Lead Organization

SEAL: Surface and Exosphere Alterations by Landers Entry, Descent, & Landing NASA GSFC

Linear Energy Transfer Spectrometer Instrument - Spectrometer NASA JSC

Stereo Cameras for Lunar Plume-Surface Studies (SCALPSS) Entry, Descent, & Landing NASA LaRC

Solar Cell Demonstration Platform for Enabling Long-Term Lunar Surface Power Power Technology Demonstration NASA GRC

Near-Infrared Volatile Spectrometer System Instrument - Regolith Properties NASA ARC

Neutron Spectrometer System Instrument - Neutron Spectrometer NASA ARC

Lunar Node 1 (LN-1) Navigation Demonstrator Navigation NASA MSFC

Neutron Measurements at the Lunar Surface Instrument - Neutron Spectrometer NASA MSFC

PROSPECT Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometer (PITMS) for Lunar Surface Volatiles Instrument - Mass Spectrometer NASA GSFC

Development of NASA Provided Lunar Payload: Fluxgate Magnetometer Instrument - Magnetometer NASA GSFC

Low-frequency Radio Observations from the Near Side Lunar Surface Instrument - Radio Frequency NASA GSFC

Navigation Doppler Lidar (NDL) for Precise Velocity and Range Sensing Entry, Descent, & Landing NASA JSC

Mass Spectrometer Observing Lunar Operations (M-SOLO) Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer NASA KSC

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• 12 payloads selected on July 1, 2019

Near-ready or ready-to-fly payloads

Open to science, technology and exploration type payloads

Lunar Surface Instrument and Technology Payload

(LSITP)

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