associate professor dr. patana anurakpongsatorn department of …¸าร... · 2008. 11. 27. ·...

Phytorem/Patana AnurakPhytorem/Patana Anurak

Phytoremediation

Associate Professor Dr. Associate Professor Dr. PatanaPatana AnurakpongsatornAnurakpongsatornDepartment of Environmental ScienceDepartment of Environmental Science

Faculty of ScienceFaculty of ScienceKasetsartKasetsart UniversityUniversity


Remediation: conatminated soils

DigDig--and dumpand dumpEncapsulationEncapsulationWashingWashingPhysicochemical techniquesPhysicochemical techniques-- ImmobilizationImmobilization-- ExtractionExtraction

Adverse effects: biological activity, soil structure Adverse effects: biological activity, soil structure and fertilityand fertilitycostlycostly


Natural attenuation

Natural attenuation defined as the natural, Natural attenuation defined as the natural, nonengineerednonengineered process of degradation of process of degradation of xenobioticsxenobioticsby the indigenous microbial population.by the indigenous microbial population.

It is the simplest form of bioremediation.It is the simplest form of bioremediation.

US.EPA defines Natural attenuation or intrinsic US.EPA defines Natural attenuation or intrinsic remediation as a combination of degradation, remediation as a combination of degradation, dispersion, dilution, sorption, volatilization and dispersion, dilution, sorption, volatilization and chemical and biological stabilization of contaminants.chemical and biological stabilization of contaminants.


Phytoremediation

PhytoremediationPhytoremediation is defined as the use of plants to is defined as the use of plants to remove pollutants from the environment or to render remove pollutants from the environment or to render them harmless.them harmless.

Ideal plant species to remediate pollutant Ideal plant species to remediate pollutant contaminated soil would be a high biomass contaminated soil would be a high biomass producing crop that can both tolerate and producing crop that can both tolerate and accumulate the contaminants of interest.accumulate the contaminants of interest.


Phytoremediation

Site restorationSite restorationPartial decontaminationPartial decontaminationMaintenance of biological activity and Maintenance of biological activity and physical structure of soilphysical structure of soilPotentially cheapPotentially cheapVisually unobtrusive Visually unobtrusive Possibility of Possibility of biorecoverybiorecovery of metalsof metals


คุณสมบัตขิองพืชที่เหมาะตอการทํา Phytoremediation

มีการเจริญเติบโตเร็วมีการเจริญเติบโตเร็ว

มีความทนทานตอสารพิษมีความทนทานตอสารพิษ

เปนพืชที่งายตอการปลูกและดูแลรักษาเปนพืชที่งายตอการปลูกและดูแลรักษา

มีวงจรชีวิตสั้นมีวงจรชีวิตสั้น

ขยายพันธุหรือสืบพันธุไดในอัตราสูงขยายพันธุหรือสืบพันธุไดในอัตราสูง

มีปรมิาณของมวลชีวภาพมากมีปรมิาณของมวลชีวภาพมาก

มีการสะสมสารพิษหรือโลหะหนักที่ระดบัสูงมีการสะสมสารพิษหรือโลหะหนักที่ระดบัสูง


PhytoremediationPhytoremediation


Phytoremediation processes to remove organic pollutants from soils

Phytorem/Patana AnurakPhytorem/Patana Anurakhttp://www.cee.vt.edu/ewr/environmental/teach/gwprimer/phyto/bigdeep.gif


Methods of application

In situ In situ phytoremediationphytoremediation

Ex situ Ex situ phytoremediationphytoremediation with relocated with relocated contaminantscontaminants--In vivoIn vivo--In vitroIn vitro


In situ phytoremediation

Placement of live plants in Placement of live plants in -- contaminated surface water, soil or sediment contaminated surface water, soil or sediment that is contaminated, orthat is contaminated, or-- in soil or sediment that is in contact with in soil or sediment that is in contact with contaminated groundwatercontaminated groundwater

Contaminant must be physically accessible to Contaminant must be physically accessible to the rootthe rootIf If phytomechanismphytomechanism consists of only uptake and consists of only uptake and accumulation, the plants may be harvested and accumulation, the plants may be harvested and removed from the site after remediation for removed from the site after remediation for disposal or recovery of the contaminants. disposal or recovery of the contaminants.


In vivo phytoremediation with relocated contaminants

The sites where the contaminant is not The sites where the contaminant is not accessible to the plants, such as in deep accessible to the plants, such as in deep aquifers.aquifers.

The contaminant is extracted using mechanical The contaminant is extracted using mechanical means, then transferred to temporary means, then transferred to temporary treatment area .treatment area .

After treatment, cleansed soil or water can be After treatment, cleansed soil or water can be returned to original place and the plants may returned to original place and the plants may be harvested for disposalbe harvested for disposal


In vitro phytoremediation

Applying via component or live plants such as Applying via component or live plants such as extracted enzymes, plant extracts to a extracted enzymes, plant extracts to a contaminated pond or wetland or enzyme contaminated pond or wetland or enzyme impregnated porous barrier in a contaminated impregnated porous barrier in a contaminated groundwater plume.groundwater plume.

Plant exudates which are released under stress Plant exudates which are released under stress (tarragon, (tarragon, Artemisia Artemisia dracunculasdracunculas varvar satiyasatiya))

Limitation: length of time that enzyme remain Limitation: length of time that enzyme remain active active


Mechanisms of phytoremediation

Phytoextraction/phytoaccumulationPhytoextraction/phytoaccumulationPhytopumpingPhytopumping and water balance controland water balance controlPhytostabilizationPhytostabilizationPhytotransformation/phytodegradationPhytotransformation/phytodegradationPhytovolatilizationPhytovolatilizationRhizodegradationRhizodegradation


Phytoextraction/phytoaccumulation

PhytoextractionPhytoextraction is the removal of a is the removal of a contaminant from the soil , ground water contaminant from the soil , ground water or surface water by live plantor surface water by live plant

PhytoaccumulationPhytoaccumulation occurred when the occurred when the contaminant taken up by plant is not contaminant taken up by plant is not degraded rapidly or completely, resulting degraded rapidly or completely, resulting in an accumulation in the plant.in an accumulation in the plant.

Phytorem/Patana AnurakPhytorem/Patana Anurakที่มาที่มา::wwwwww..ceecee..vtvt..eduedu/...//.../gwprimergwprimer//phytophyto//accumaccum..gifgif

PhytoextractionPhytoextraction


Phytoextract


Limitation of Pb phytoextraction

Two major limitationsTwo major limitations

1.1. Low Low PbPb bioavailability in soil, and bioavailability in soil, and 2.2. The poor translocation of The poor translocation of PbPb from from

roots to shoots.roots to shoots.


Hyperaccumulator plantsCapable to Capable to accimulateaccimulate potential potential phytotoxicphytotoxic elements more elements more than 100x concentration than those of than 100x concentration than those of nonaccumulatorsnonaccumulators..Have strongly expressed metal sequestration mechanisms.Have strongly expressed metal sequestration mechanisms.

Some species may capable of Some species may capable of molishingmolishing metals from lessmetals from less--soluble soil fractions compared to soluble soil fractions compared to nonaccumulatorsnonaccumulators..Metal concentrations in shoots of Metal concentrations in shoots of hyperacculatorshyperacculators normally normally exceed those in roots.exceed those in roots.

Metal Metal hyperaccumulationhyperaccumulation has the ecological role of providing has the ecological role of providing protection against fungal and insect attack.protection against fungal and insect attack.

Such plants are endemic to area of natural mineralization Such plants are endemic to area of natural mineralization and mine spoils. Exp.: and mine spoils. Exp.: ThlaspiThlaspi sppspp. (. (BrassicaceaeBrassicaceae) can ) can accumulate more than 3%accumulate more than 3% Zn, 0.5% Zn, 0.5% PbPb, 0.1% , 0.1% CdCd in their in their shoots and some shoots and some sppspp. of . of AlyssumAlyssum ((BrassicaceaeBrassicaceae) shown to ) shown to accumulate over 1% Ni.accumulate over 1% Ni.


Hyperaccumulation plant:

heavy metal hyperaccumulation is defined as accumulation of more than 0.1 % by dry weight in plant tissue (0.01 % for Cd)

common element (Fe, Mn) hyperaccumulation is defined as more than 1 % by dry weight in plant tissue (0.01 % for Cd)

If remediation goal is to harvest after hyperaccumulated, then selected the plant which be able to translocate the contaminant from root into above ground tissue, such as shoots, and leaves, is more easy than harvest the root (if the contaminant remained in the root).


Limitation of hyperaccumulator

By plant productivity and concentration of By plant productivity and concentration of metals achieved.metals achieved.

Zn Zn hyperaccumulatorhyperaccumulator, , ThlaspiThlaspicaerulescenscaerulescens,, are limited for using in the are limited for using in the field because of individual plants are very field because of individual plants are very small and slow growing. small and slow growing.


Phytopumping

PhytopumpingPhytopumping and water balance controland water balance controlRemove or minimize migration of Remove or minimize migration of contaminantscontaminantsPlants as organic pumps, as part of the Plants as organic pumps, as part of the transpiration processtranspiration processWillow tree (Willow tree (SalixSalix sppspp.).) may use up to 200 may use up to 200 L of water per dayL of water per dayTreat systems for contaminated Treat systems for contaminated groundwater in shallow aquifersgroundwater in shallow aquifers


Phytostabilizationminimize migration of contaminants in soilsminimize migration of contaminants in soilsAdvantage of plant roots ability to alter soil Advantage of plant roots ability to alter soil environmental conditions, such as pH and soil environmental conditions, such as pH and soil moisture contentmoisture contentRoot exudates cause metals to precipitate, thus Root exudates cause metals to precipitate, thus reducing bioavailabilityreducing bioavailabilityAdvantage over Advantage over phytoaccumulationphytoaccumulation is the is the disposal of the metaldisposal of the metal--laden plant material is not laden plant material is not requiredrequiredBy choosing and maintaining an appropriate By choosing and maintaining an appropriate cover of plant species, coupled with appropriate cover of plant species, coupled with appropriate soil amendments, it may be possible to stabilize soil amendments, it may be possible to stabilize certain contaminants (particularly metals) in soil certain contaminants (particularly metals) in soil and reduce the interaction of these and reduce the interaction of these contaminants with associated biotacontaminants with associated biota


•Phytostabilization


Processes in Phytostabilization


Phytotransformation/phytodegradationPlant enzymes or enzyme coPlant enzymes or enzyme co--factorsfactors

Plants can degrade aromatic rings in the absence of Plants can degrade aromatic rings in the absence of microorganismmicroorganism

Phenol degraded by horseradish, potato ( Phenol degraded by horseradish, potato ( SolanumSolanumtuberosumtuberosum) and white radish () and white radish (RaphanusRaphanus sativussativus)) that that contains contains peroxidaseperoxidase

Poplar tree (Poplar tree (PopulusPopulus sppspp.) are capable to transform .) are capable to transform Trichloroethylene, TCE in soil and ground waterTrichloroethylene, TCE in soil and ground water

Interested enzymes in Interested enzymes in phytoremediationphytoremediation: : dehydrogenasedehydrogenase(transform chlorinated compounds), (transform chlorinated compounds), peroxidaseperoxidase(transform (transform phenolicphenolic compounds), compounds), nitroreductasenitroreductase(transform explosive and other nitrate compounds), (transform explosive and other nitrate compounds), nitrilasenitrilase (transform (transform cyanatedcyanated aromatic compounds) and aromatic compounds) and phosphatasephosphatase (transform organophosphate pesticides).(transform organophosphate pesticides).

Phytorem/Patana AnurakPhytorem/Patana Anurakที่มาที่มา::httphttp://://onlineonline..caupcaup..washingtonwashington..eduedu//coursescourses//larc433larc433//PhytoPhyto//ComponentsComponents..htmhtm

Phytodegradation


Phytovolatilization

Plants convert a contaminant into volatile form, Plants convert a contaminant into volatile form, thereby removing the contaminant from the soil thereby removing the contaminant from the soil or water from a contaminated site.or water from a contaminated site.

Plants, possibly in association with Plants, possibly in association with microorgaismsmicroorgaisms, convert selenium to , convert selenium to dimethyldimethylselenideselenide. It is a less toxic, volatile form of . It is a less toxic, volatile form of selenium.selenium.

Some transgenic plants (e.g. Arabidopsis Some transgenic plants (e.g. Arabidopsis thaliana) converted organic and inorganic thaliana) converted organic and inorganic mercury salts to volatile, elemental form.mercury salts to volatile, elemental form.


Phytovolatile


Rhizodegradation

It is a biological treatment of a contaminant by It is a biological treatment of a contaminant by enhanced bacterial and fungal activity in the enhanced bacterial and fungal activity in the plant plant rhizosphererhizosphere..The The rhizosphererhizosphere is a zone of increased microbial is a zone of increased microbial density and activity at the root surface (e.g. density and activity at the root surface (e.g. legume).legume).Plants and Plants and microoranismsmicrooranisms often have symbiotic often have symbiotic relationship making the root zone or relationship making the root zone or rhizosphererhizospherean area of very active microbial activity.an area of very active microbial activity.Plants can moderate the geochemical Plants can moderate the geochemical environment in the environment in the rhizosphererhizosphere, providing idea , providing idea conditions for bacteria and fungi to grow and conditions for bacteria and fungi to grow and degrade organic contaminants. degrade organic contaminants.


Rhizodegradation

Plant litter and root exudatesPlant litter and root exudates provide nutrients such as provide nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate, reducing the need to add costly nitrate and phosphate, reducing the need to add costly fertilizer.fertilizer.

Plant roots penetrate the soil, providing zones of Plant roots penetrate the soil, providing zones of aeration and stimulate aerobic biodegradation.aeration and stimulate aerobic biodegradation.

Many plant molecules released by root die back and Many plant molecules released by root die back and exudateexudate resembled with contaminants and being as coresembled with contaminants and being as co--substrates. Exp. substrates. Exp. PhenolicPhenolic substances released by substances released by plants can stimulate the growth of PCBplants can stimulate the growth of PCB--degrading degrading bacteria. bacteria.

Phytorem/Patana AnurakPhytorem/Patana Anurak Rhizoshere


Rhizofiltration


Phytostimulation

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Phytorem/Patana AnurakPhytorem/Patana Anurak Soil column model


Combined mechanisms

PhytoextractionPhytoextraction and and phytovolatilizationphytovolatilizationfor removing excess selenium in soil.for removing excess selenium in soil.Poplar tree extracted the TCE from Poplar tree extracted the TCE from groundwater (groundwater (phytoextractionphytoextraction) and TCE ) and TCE was degraded with in the plant was degraded with in the plant ((phytodegradationphytodegradation))


FactorsFactors affecting chemical uptake and distribution within Factors affecting chemical uptake and distribution within

living plantsliving plantsPhysical and chemical properties of the compounds Physical and chemical properties of the compounds (water soluble, vapor pressure, molecular weight, (water soluble, vapor pressure, molecular weight, octanoloctanol--water partition coefficient, water partition coefficient, KowKow))

Environmental characteristics (temperature, light)Environmental characteristics (temperature, light)

Contaminated media: soil (pH, organic matter, CEC, Contaminated media: soil (pH, organic matter, CEC, moisture content), water (pH, temperature)moisture content), water (pH, temperature)

Plant characteristics ( type of root system, type of Plant characteristics ( type of root system, type of enzymes) enzymes)


Chelating agents, EDTA

EDTA (EDTA (EthylenediaminetetraaceticEthylenediaminetetraacetic acid)acid)

InceasingInceasing metal (esp. metal (esp. PbPb) ) desorptiondesorptionfrom soil into soil solution and also from soil into soil solution and also greatly increased the translocation of greatly increased the translocation of metal from root to shoot through metal from root to shoot through prevention of cell wall retention.prevention of cell wall retention.


การศึกษาการเปรียบเทียบประสิทธิภาพการสะสมสังกะสีใน

ผักกาดเขียวปลี (Brassica juncea Coss.)

และผักกาดเขียวกวางตุง (Brassica chinesis Linn.)

ที่มา :www.uky.edu/.../raft_veg/float.htg/must1215.jpg

และ www.omafra.gov.on.ca/.../facts/98-03315.jpg

ผักกาดเขียวปลี ผักกาดเขียวกวางตุง


Brassica juncea

ผักกาดเขียวปลีIpomoea carnea

ผักบุงฝรั่งที่มา: www.uky.edu/.../raft_veg/float.htg/must1215.jpg, http://jardin-mundani.info/solanaceae/innoxia.jpgและ

http://www.hear.org/pier/imagepages/singles/ipomoea_carnea_ecoport_43724.htm

Dhatura innoxia

ตนลําโพง

Phytorem/Patana AnurakPhytorem/Patana Anurakhttp://ourgardengang.tripod.com/whsuckitup.htm


The EndThe End

associate professor dr. patana anurakpongsatorn department of …¸าร... · 2008. 11. 27. ·...

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