assignment in pe 2

8/9/2019 Assignment in PE 2

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Ma. Elissa Pagulayan

OFA31

ASSIGNMENT IN P.E.

Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of 5 players try to score points against oneanother by placing a ball through a 10 foot (3.048 m) high hoop (the goal) under organized rules.Basketball is one of the most popular and widely viewed sports in the world.

[1]

History of Basketball

In early December 1891, Dr. James Naismith,[2]

a Canadian-born physical education professor

and instructor at the International Young Men's Christian Association Training School[3]

(YMCA) (today, Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA, sought a vigorous

indoor game to keep his students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long NewEngland winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in

gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.05 m) elevatedtrack. In contrast with modern basketball nets, this peach basket retained its bottom, and balls

had to be retrieved manually after each "basket" or point scored; this proved inefficient,however, so a hole was drilled into the bottom of the basket, allowing the balls to be poked out

with a long dowel each time. The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were finallyreplaced by metal hoops with backboards. A further change was soon made, so the ball merely

passed through, paving the way for the game we know today. A soccer ball was used to shootbaskets. Whenever a person got the ball in the basket, his team would gain a point. Whichever

team got the most points won the game.[4]

The baskets were originally nailed to the mezzaninebalcony of the playing court, but this proved impractical when spectators on the balcony began to

interfere with shots. The backboard was introduced to prevent this interference; it had theadditional effect of allowing rebound shots.[5] Naismith's handwritten diaries, discovered by his

granddaughter in early 2006, indicate that he was nervous about the new game he had invented,which incorporated rules from a children's game called "Duck on a Rock", as many had failed

before it. Naismith called the new game "Basket Ball".[6]

The first official game was played in the YMCA gymnasium on January 20, 1892 with nine

players. The game ended at 1-0; the shot was made from 25 feet (7.6 m), on a court just half thesize of a present-day Streetball or National Basketball Association (NBA) court. By 18971898

teams of five became standard.

Positions

1. point guard: usually the fastest player on the team, organizes the team's offense bycontrolling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right player at the right time

2. shooting guard: creates a high volume of shots on offense; guards the opponent's bestperimeter player on defense


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3. small forward: often primarily responsible for scoring points via cuts to the basket anddribble penetration; on defense seeks rebounds and steals, but sometimes plays more

actively4. power forward: plays offensively often with his back to the basket; on defense, plays

under the basket (in a zone defense) or against the opposing power forward (in man-to-

man defense)5. center: uses height and size to score (on offense), to protect the basket closely (ondefense), or to rebound.

Terms

Shooting- Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball throughthe basket

Rebounding- The objective of rebounding is to successfully gain possession of thebasketball after a missed field goal or free throw, as it rebounds from the hoop orbackboard. This plays a major role in the game, as most possessions end when a team

misses a shot. There are two categories of rebounds: offensive rebounds, in which the ballis recovered by the offensive side and does not change possession, and defensive

rebounds, in which the defending team gains possession of the loose ball. The majority ofrebounds are defensive, as the team on defense tends to be in better position to recover

missed shots.

Passing- A pass is a method of moving the ball between players. Most passes areaccompanied by a step forward to increase power and are followed through with the

hands to ensure accuracy.

Dribbling- Dribbling is the act of bouncing the ball continuously with one hand, and is arequirement for a player to take steps with the ball. To dribble, a player pushes the ball

down towards the ground with the fingertips rather than patting it; this ensures greatercontrol.

Blocking- A block is performed when, after a shot is attempted, a defender succeeds inaltering the shot by touching the ball. In almost all variants of play, it is illegal to touchthe ball after it is in the downward path of its arc; this is known as goaltending.

Hand Signals


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HAND SIG

NAL = 20 SECOND TIME OUT

HAND SIGNAL = 24 SECOND VIOLATION

HAND SIGNAL = 3 POINTER

HAND SIGNAL = 3 SECOND RULE

HAND SIGNAL = BASKET INTERFERENCE

HAND SIGNAL = BLOCKING


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HAND SIGNAL = CANCEL SCORE/PLAY

HAND SIGNAL = CHARGING

HAND SIGNAL = DESIGNATE OFFENDER

HAND SIGNAL = DIRECTION OF PLAY

HAND SIGNAL = DOUBLE FOUL


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HAND SIGNAL = GOALTENDING

HAND SIGNAL = HOLDING

HAND SIGNAL = ILLEGAL DEFENSE

HAND SIGNAL = ILLEGAL DRIBBLE

HAND SIGNAL = ILLEGAL HANDS


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HAND SIGNAL = ILLEGAL SCREEN

HAND SIGNAL = ISOLATION

HAND SIGNAL = JUMP BALL

HAND SIGNAL = LOOSE BALL FOUL

HAND SIGNAL = PERSONAL FOUL

HAND SIGNAL = PUSHING

HAND SIGNAL = TECHNICAL FOUL


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HAND SIGNAL = TIME-IN

HAND SIGNAL = TIME-OUT

HAND SIGNAL = TRAVELING

Rules of Basketball

James Naismith published his rules for the game of "Basket Ball" that he invented: [1]

1.) The ball may be thrown in any direction with one hand, the ball may be batted in anydirection with one or both hands, but never with the fist.

2.) A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catchesit, allowance to be made for a man running at good speed.

3.) The ball must be held in or between the hands; the arms or body must not be used for holding

it.

4.) No shouldering, holding, striking, pushing, or tripping in any way of an opponent. The firstinfringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the second shall disqualify him until

the next basket is made or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of thegame. No substitution shall be allowed.


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5.) A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violations of Rules 3 and 4 and such as described inRule 5.

6.) If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents.

7.) A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket andstays there (without falling), providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal.If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.

8.) When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field and played by the firstperson touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The

thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any sidepersists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on that side.

9.) The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when

three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have power to disqualify people according to

Rule 5.

10.) The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to

which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made andkeep account of the baskets, with any other duties that are usually performed by a scorekeeper.

11.) The time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest between.

12.) The side making the most points in that time is declared the winner.

13.) Coaches need to at least play each player on the team at least once through out the game.

This game is very different than the one played today. For example, dribbling and most physical

contact are not allowed. Some of this evolution is discussed below.

Players, substitutes and teams and teammates

Naismith's original rules did not specify how many players were to be on the court. In 1900, fiveplayers became standard, and players that were substituted were not allowed to re-enter the

game. Players were allowed to re-enter a game once from 1921, and twice from 1934; suchrestrictions on substitutions were abolished in 1945 when substitutions became unlimited.

Coaching was originally prohibited during the game, but from 1949, coaches were allowed to

address players during a time-out.

Originally a player was disqualified on his second foul. This limit became four fouls in 1911 andfive fouls in 1945, still the case in most forms of basketball where the normal length of the game

(before any overtime periods) is 40 minutes. When the normal length is 48 minutes (this is thecase with the National Basketball Association in the United States and the National Basketball

League in Australia, among others) a player is accordingly disqualified on his sixth foul.


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Shot clock and Time limits

The first time restriction on possession of the ball was introduced in 1933, where teams wererequired to advance the ball over the center line within ten seconds of gaining possession. This

rule remained until 2000, when FIBA reduced the requirement to eight seconds, the NBA

following suit in 2001.

In 1936 the three-second rule was introduced. This rule prohibits offensive players from

remaining near their opponents' basket for longer than three seconds (the precise restricted area isalso known as the lane or the key). A game central to this rule's introduction was that between

the University of Kentucky and New York University. Kentucky coach Adolph Rupp did nottake one of his referees with him, despite being warned of discrepancies in officiating between

the midwest and east by Notre Dame coach George Keogan, and the game became especiallyrough. Because of this game and others 6'-5" UK All American center Leroy Edwards is

generally recognized as the player responsible for the 3 second rule.

While the rule was originally adopted to reduce roughness in the area between big men, it is nowconsidered to prevent tall offensive players from gaining an advantage by waiting close to thebasket. When the NBA started to allow zone defense in 2001, a three-second rule for defensive

players was also introduced.

Fouls, free throws and violations

Dribbling was not part of the original game, but was introduced in 1901. At the time, a playercould only bounce the ball once, and could not shoot after he had dribbled. The definition of

dribbling became the "continuous passage of the ball" in 1909, allowing more than one bounce,and a player who had dribbled was then allowed to shoot.

Running with the ball ceased to be considered a foul in 1922, and became a violation, meaningthat the only penalty was loss of possession. Striking the ball with the fist has also become a

violation. From 1931, if a closely guarded player withheld the ball from play for five seconds,play was stopped and resumed with a jump ball; such a situation has since become a violation by

the ball-carrier. Goaltending became a violation in 1944, and offensive goaltending in 1958.

Free throws were introduced shortly after basketball was invented. In 1895, the free throw linewas officially placed fifteen feet (4.6 m) from the basket, prior to which most gymnasiums

placed one twenty feet (6.1 m) from the basket. From 1924, players that received a foul wererequired to shoot their own free throws. One free throw shot is awarded to a player who was

fouled while making a successful field goal attempt. If the field goal attempt is unsuccessful, orif the player was not fouled in the act of shooting, two free throw shots are awarded (three if the

player was attempting a three-point field goal).

Charge is physical contact between an offensive player and a defensive player. In order to drawan offensive charge the defensive player must establish legal guarding positioning in the path ofthe offensive player. If contact is made, the officials would issue an offensive charge. No points


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will be allowed and the ball is turned over. The defensive player may not draw an offensivecharge in the "restricted zone" (see below for more details). [2]

Blocking is physical contact between the offensive player and the defensive player. Blocking

fouls are issued when a defensive player interferes with the path of the offensive player in the

shooting motion. Blocking fouls are easily called when the defensive player is standing in the"restricted zone".[2]

Restricted zone: In 1997, the NBA introduced an arc of a 4-foot (1.22 m) radius around thebasket, in which an offensive foul for charging could not be assessed. This was to prevent

defensive players from attempting to draw an offensive foul on their opponents by standingunderneath the basket. FIBA will adopt this arc with a 1.25 m (4 ft 1.2 in) radius starting in

2010.[3]

Scoring and Court markings

Originally only the number of goals was counted, and when free throws were introduced theywere considered one goal each. In 1896 this changed to two points for a field goal and one pointfor a free throw. The American Basketball Association introduced a three-point field goal, which

was one scored from beyond the three-point field goal arc, when it began in 1967. FIBAintroduced its three-point line 6.25 meters (20 ft. 6 in.) from the center of the basket in 1984. The

NCAA adopted the three-point line at 19-feet, 9 inches in 1986. For the 2008-09 season, thedistance has been expanded to 20-feet, 9-inches in men's games but remains at 19 ft. 9 in. for

women's contests.

The restricted area, also known as the free throw lane, had its width increased from 6 feet to 12feet (1.8 to 3.7 m) in 1951. In 1956, FIBA adopted a trapezoidal lane, 3.6 metres (11 ft 10 in)

wide at the free throw line and 6 metres (19 ft 8 in) wide at the baseline.In 1961, the NBAincreased this width to 16 feet (4.9 m). Both these lanes have since remained.

Equipment

The goal is placed 10 feet (3.05m) above the court. Originally a basket was used, so the ball hadto be retrieved after each made shot. Today an open-bottom hoop is used instead.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_basketball

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_signals_of_basketball

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