assignment #4 eimear tynan final
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Student work_Assignment #4TRANSCRIPT
F R A G M E N T A T I O NA L O N G 3 0 ⁰ E
E i m e a r T y n a n
A S S I G N M E N T # 4
# 1
THE QUEST:
PASSWORD: FRAGMENTATION STRATEGY: A LINE LINE OF LONGITUDE : 40,008 km Study area 32km; Location: Finnmark
PURPOSE OF LINE: LINE OF EXPLORATION + RANDOM FINDINGS
INTENDED USE: TO MAP THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE TO FIND CONNECTIONS ON MACRO, MESO AND MICRO LEVEL
CONSIDERATIONS: TIME, DISTANCE, MOVEMENT, SCALE
To continue exploring the theme of fragmentation through the use of a line of longitude. Layers will be examined, along longitude 30⁰ E in Finnmark, at different scales. These layers may hold a powerful charge for seeing the north
in a different light. It will help to evaluate the conditions that made these places exist and to understand the dynamic relationship between activity and place.
30⁰ E
FINNMARK
LINE OF LONGITUDE - BACKGROUND
Lon·gi·tude - from Latin longitudo Long = length
tudo= state or condition
# 2 Images: L:Board of Longitude c.1714, London; R: Harrison’s prize-winning longitude watch, completed in 1759. Source: Cambridge Digital Library
Compass by Edw
ard Chafe. Source: Cambridge Digital Library
M
ap So
urce: B
arents
Porta
l web
site.
Accesse
d 20-10-2013
30
⁰ E
GREENWICH MERIDIAN LINE
The first coloured aerial photograph of the South Pole by Emil Schulthess, The Exact geographic position of the South Pole, near the Amundsen-Scott Station, 1958.Superimposing a graphic of longitudinal lines radiating from the South Pole was used to make sense of such an isotropic environment (Cosgrove, D and Fox, William, L., 2010)
LONGITUDINAL LINE 30⁰ E
5⁰ E
5⁰ E
10⁰ E
10⁰ E
GLOBAL SCALE NATIONAL SCALE15⁰ E
15⁰ E
20⁰ E
20⁰ E
25⁰ E
25⁰ E
GREENWICH MERIDIEN LINE
Map Source: Google Earth
Map Source: Google Earth
# 3
30⁰ E
30⁰ E - APPROACH
STUDY AREA
30⁰ E
Map Source: Norge Digitalt
S ø r V a r a n g e r
The study area, 30⁰ E, will be examined as follows:
1. Perspectives of different users
2. Territory analysis
3. Focus areas or “Hot Spots” along the line
4. Conclusion
# 4
30⁰ E
Original source: www.slowresearch.org; Illustrations using AutoCAD and Photoshop
Illustrations using AutoCAD
USER PERSPECTIVE
DRIVING SPEEDS AND FIELD OF VISION: what we see depends on speed of movement
1.5m
15m(but varies) 1.8m
1.2m 0.2m
3m
25 kmh 35 kmh 40 kmh 50 kmh
ABILITY TO SEE 270⁰ - 360⁰ DURING MOVEMENT
THE BUMBLEBEE
THE LEMMING
chubby
AVERAGE SPEEDS:
AVERAGE HEIGHT:
RESTRICTED VIEWS
THE REINDEER
THE SNOWY OWL
THE HIKER
THE DRIVER
# 5
1.2m
USERS AND DIFFERENT FIELDS OF VISION ALONG 30⁰ E
Source: Contour Data from Norge Digitalt; Analysis in Autodesk Civil 3D
Analysis of 360⁰ sight lines around each user with a 2km radius.
The user is placed in the centre of each circle and lines of sight are calculated.
THE BUMBLEBEE
THE LEMMING
LEGEND
Full view
Partial view
No view
THE REINDEERTHE SNOWY OWL THE HIKER
# 6
32 elevations at 1km intervals
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
# 7
WALK THE LINE: TOPOGRAPHY ALONG 30⁰ E
0 1000 m
Source: Norge Digitalt; Profiles produced using Autodesk Civil 3D
LESSER WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE
MIGRATORY ROUTES
ELECTRICITY LINES
KIRKENES
LANGFJØRDEN
BJØRNVATN
SVANVIK
PASVIK ELVA
HESSENGBJØRNEVATN
BJØRNEVATN IRON-ORE MINE
SANDNES
OVERVIEW: LINE+BORDERS
PROMENANT PLACES ALONG 30⁰ E
FLIGHT PATHS
kirkenes airport
# 8
TERRITORY ANALYSIS: OVERGROUND ELEMENTS
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD Source: FlightRadar 24; Diagram: using AutoCAD Source: http://www.piskulka.net/
International flight pathsDomestic flight paths
10km0
# 9
TERRITORY ANALYSIS: SURFACE ELEMENTS
WATER SYSTEMS
ROAD AND RAIL TOPOGRAPHY
BUILDINGSOVERVIEW: LINE+BORDERS
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
Different elements were mapped with information given 1km on either side of longitude 30⁰ E
2km
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
Main roadsBjørnevaten mine roadsRail
5km
5km 5km
5km
10km0
# 10
TERRITORY ANALYSIS: LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS
OVERVIEW: LINE+BORDERS
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
5km
AutoCAD tracings using Autodesk Map 3D
Source: Norgeskart; re-drawn in AutoCAD
LOW
HER
BACE
OU
S LA
YER
SHRU
B LA
YER
MAR
SH/P
EATL
ANDS
30⁰ E PROFILE SHOWING LANDSCAPE TYPES
FIEL
D SY
STEM
S
Open area (Åpent område)
Woodland (Skog)
Marsh/peat (Myr)
Lake (Innsjø)
Cropland (Dyrket mark)
0
50
100moh
km
North South
150
5 10 15 20 25 30
10km0
TERRITORY ANALYSIS: MAIN ACTIVITIES
SUB-SURFACE LAYERS
MINING MILITARYREINDEER SUMMER GRAZINGOVERVIEW: LINE+BORDERS
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
Mine tailings dumped into Langfjorden (2010)
Mine area (2010)Map source: Bing Maps; Illustra-tions using AutoCAD Map 3D
Map source: www.ngu.no; re-worked in Adobe Illustrator Map source: www.ngu.no; re-worked in Adobe Illustrator
# 11
GEOLOGY PERMAFROST
TERRITORY ANALYSIS: SUB-SURFACE LAYERS
Øyegneis-granitt Thin moraine
Kvarsitt
Ambifolit og glimmerskifer Bare rock
Klonglomerat
Basalt Thick marine depositsGranitt-granodioritt Thick strand depositsGlimmer gneis Fill materialGabbro Peat-Marsh
10km0
# 12
TERRITORY ANALYSIS: MAPPING THE INVISIBLE
NORWAY/RUSSIA BORDER (Estd. 1826) PROTECTION AREA (1961 DESIGNATION)MINING + MINERAL LICENCES
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD Source: www.ngu.no; Diagram produced in AutoCAD Source: NorgeDigitalt; Diagram produced in AutoCAD
TERRITORY ANALYSIS: COMBINATIONS AND CONFLICTS
MINING + WATER COURSES MINING + URBANISATION +REINDEER GRAZINGOVERVIEW: LINE+BORDERS
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
5km 5km
Bjornevatn Mine
Water
Bjornevatn Mine waste
Urban area
Bjornevatn mine
Mining licences
Summer reindeer grazing areas10km0
“HOT SPOTS” ALONG 30⁰ E
OVERVIEW: “HOT SPOTS” BASED ON LAND USE
# 13
Source: Bing Maps
RUSSIA
NORWAY
THE FARM
THE BORDER
30⁰
AGRICULTURE
BORDER
MINE
VILLAGES
FJORD
REINDEER GRAZING
THE VILLAGE AND THE MINE
THE FJORD
# 14
HOT SPOT #1 : THE BORDER
HOT SPOT #2 : THE FARM
Source: http://www.pasvikelva.no/index.php?page_id=2&lang_id=2&article_id=125
The border between Norway and Russia was established.
The Norwegian-Finnish border was closed for the movement of reindeer. This had conse-quences for reindeer-herding Sami, as new grazing lands had to be found. It was howev-er difficult for the authorities to enforce the agreement along the border.
Finland and the Soviet Union signed the peace treaty in Dorpat. Petsamo-Suenjel be-came a Finnish area when the border was drawn between Soviet-Russia and Finland inas-much as Finland was independent. Russia was now no longer a neighbour of Norway.
The Finnish-Russian War between Finland and the Soviet Union. Finland had to surren-der parts of its territory to the Soviet Union.
World War II begins. Norway is occupied by Germany.
Finland’s border with the Soviet Union was changed. Petsamo and Suenjel became Soviet territory. Norway acquired the Soviet Union as its neighbour in the east. Movement across the border was strictly limited. Sør-Varanger was liberated by the Red Army as the first area to be liberated in Norway.
The Soviet Union is dissolved. Russia becomes an independent republic.
The drawing of the border in 1826 between Norway and Russia cut right across the siida areas. Three siidas were inside the Norwegian-Russian communal district:•The Njavddam siida (Neiden siida) had its summer settlement in Neiden and its winter settlement in what is now Finland. •The Paccvei siida (Pasvik siida) used both sides of the Pasvik river•The Peisen siida (Petsjenga siida) was in Russia
THE HIGH NORTH - MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRSThe terrestrial environment in the High North is generally less affected by local activity than areas further south. This is partly because the cold climate results in low biological production in much of the region, and in consequence population density is low and there is little human activity.
http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/documents/propositions-and-reports/reports-to-the-storting/2011-2012/meld-st-7-20112012-2/8.html?id=697770
1920
-194
4
1751
1826
1852
1920
1939
1940
1944
1991
1809
1826
3km
HOT SPOT #3 : THE VILLAGE AND THE MINE
HOT SPOT #4 : THE FJØRD
THE HIGH NORTH - MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRSThere is growing global demand for mineral raw materials, and their prices are rising, and this is creating opportunities for new activities and value creation. However, the extraction of metals and minerals involves physical disturbance of the natural environment and requires sound management of waste and pol-lutants, and can result in environmental problems.
http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/documents/propositions-and-reports/reports-to-the-storting/2011-2012/meld-st-7-20112012-2/8.html?id=697770
THE HIGH NORTH - MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRSThe conservation of the wild salmon stocks in North Norway is an important issue, and the cumulative environmental effects on these stocks must not be allowed to increase. These stocks contribute to value creation in the region, and they are an important part of the natural resource base for Sami culture.
http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/documents/propositions-and-reports/reports-to-the-storting/2011-2012/meld-st-7-20112012-2/8.html?id=697770
# 15
3km
3km
CONCLUSION
1. ACTIVITY MORE CONCENTRATED ON THE NORTH SIDE OF THIS LINE OF STUDY2. DIFFERENT PRESSURES ON VULNERABLE LANDSCAPES CAUSED BY DIFFERENT AC-
TIVITIES/LAND USES3. LITTLE PROTECTION FOR PLANT HABITATS THAT ARE SEEN TO HAVE LOW VALUE
BUT VITALLY IMPORTANT FOR REINDEER GRAZING AND WILDLIFE4. URBAN DEVELOPMENT APPEARS INCOHERENT AND DISJOINTED : THE THREE
VILLAGES: BJORNEVATN, HESSING AND SANDNES ARE GRADUALLY MERGING. NO CLEAR IDENTITY.
AGRICULTURE
MINING
DUMPING
REINDEER HERDING
URBAN
SETTLEMENT
REFERENCES AND BACKGROUND READING
Arctic Portal website, http://arcticportal.org/
Barents Portal website, http://barentsportal.com/barentsportal_v2.5/index.php/en/ (accessed 11 Nov 2013)
Cambridge Digital Library, http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/longitude (accessed 15 Nov 2013)
Cosgrove, D and Fox, William, L (2010) Photography and Flight. Reaktion Books Ltd., London.
Desvigne, M (2009) Intermediate Natures. Birkhäuser. Basel Boston Berlin
Jones, M. and Olwig, K. (2008) Nordic Landscapes. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis London
Kartverket website, http://beta.norgeskart.no/#10/1077226/7798606/+land (accessed 27 Oct 2013)
Miljø Direktoratet website, http://www.miljødirektoratet.no/no/Tjenester-og-verktoy/Kart/ (accessed 14 Oct 2013)
McHarg, Ian. L (1992) Design with Nature. Wiley . Canada
Norge Digitalt website, http://159.162.103.4/norgedigitalt.no/?_to=914 (accessed 12 Oct 2013)
Norges geologiske undersøkelse website, http://www.ngu.no/no/hm/Kart-og-data/ (accessed 20 Nov 2013)
Norsk Ornitologisk Forening website, http://www.birdlife.no/ (accessed 30 Nov 2013)
Sobel, D. (2005) Longitude-The true story of a lone genius who solved the greatest scientific problem of his time. Walker & Company.