assigmnt agr
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Introduction
Herbarium Herbarium is collection of preserved, dried and mounted plant specimens systematically
named and arranged for used in systematic botany. These specimens may be whole part of the plant
or plant part. The plant usually in dried forms mounted on sheet or also kept in alcohol or other
preservative such as formaldehyde. In mycology to describe an equivalent collection of preserved
fungi is often used the same term.
The term can also refer to the building where the specimens are stored or the scientific
institute that not only stores but researches these specimens. Herbariums are often used as reference
material in describing plant taxa.
Herbaria utilize a standard system of organizing their specimen into herbarium cases.
Herbaria are essential for the study of plant taxonomy, the study of geographic distribution and the
stabilizing of nomenclature specimen housed in herbaria may be used to catalogue or identify the
flora of an area. Herbaria also have proven very useful as source DNA for use in taxonomy and
molecular systematic.
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Weeds
Weed in general sense is plant that is considered by the user of the term to be a nuisance and
normally applied to unwanted plant in human – controlled settings especially farm field and garden
but also lawns, park wood and other areas. More specifically the farm is often used to describe native
or nonnative plant that grow and respond aggressively. Generally a weed is plant in an under sired
place.
Weed may be unwanted for a number of reasons they might be unsightly or crowd out or
restrict light to more describe plants or use limited nutrients from the soil. They can harbor and
spread plant pathogen that infect the quality of crop or horticultural plants. Some weeds are nuisance
because they have thorns or pickle some have chemicals that cause skin irritation or are hazardous if
eaten or have parts that come off and attach to fur or clothes.
CUCURBITACEAe
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The Cucurbitaceae or cucurbit family (also commonly referred to as the cucumber,gourd, melon, or pumpkin family) is a medium-sized plant family, primarily foundin the warmer regions of the world. It is a major family for economically importantspecies, particularly those with edible fruits. Some of these represent some of theearliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds. Some have medicinaland other uses. The family is distinct morphologically and biochemically fromother families and is therefore considered monophyletic. General opinion is that itis closest allied phylogenetically with the Begoniaceae in the order Violales. Anumber of genera are not clearly defined and are in need of modern monographictreatments.
COMPOSITAE Asteraceae or Compositae, (the aster, daisy, or sunflower family), comprise the largest family of vascular plants. The family has more than 22,750 currently accepted species, spread across1620 genera, and 12 subfamilies. The largest genera are Senecio (1,500 species), Vernonia (1,000species), Cousinia (600 species) and Centaurea (600 species).
Most members of Asteraceae are herbaceous, but a significant number are also shrubs, vinesand trees. The family is distributed throughout the world, and is most common in the arid and semi-arid regions of subtropical and lower temperate latitudes.[6]
Many economically important products come from composites, including cooking oils, lettuce, sunflower seeds, artichokes, sweetening agents, and teas. Several genera are also verypopular with the horticultural community, these include marigolds, chrysanthemums, dahlias, zinnias, and heleniums.
Eupatorium
Eupatorium is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae, containing from 36to 60 species depending on the classification system. Most are herbaceous perennial plants growing to 0.5 – 3 m tall. A few are shrubs. The genus is native to temperate regions of the
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Northern Hemisphere. Most are commonly called bonesets, thoroughworts or snakeroots.The genus is named for Mithridates Eupator, king of Pontus.
Dennstaedtiaceae
Dennstaedtiaceae is one of fifteen families in the order Polypodiales, the most derivedfamilies within monilophytes (ferns). It includes the world's most abundant fern, Pteridium aquilinum (bracken). Members of the order generally have large, highly divided leaves andhave either small, round intramarginal sori with cup-shaped indusia (e.g. Dennstaedtia ) orlinear marginal sori with a false indusium formed from the reflexed leaf margin (e.g.Pteridium ). The morphological diversity among members of the order has confused pasttaxonomy, but recent molecular studies have supported the monophyly of the order and thefamily. The reclassification of Dennstaedtiaceae and the rest of the monilophytes waspublished in 2006, so most of the available
gramineae(Poaceae) A monocotyledo-nous family containing the grasses, which number about 9000 species in
about 620 genera. Grasses generally have long narrow parallel-veined leaves inserted distichously on a
round hollow stem. The inconspicuous flowers are usually borne in a terminal panicle, spike, or
raceme consisting of a number of spikelets. Each flower is surrounded by two bracts. The fruit is a
*Grasses are the dominant vegetation in savannas, prairies, and steppes. Economically they are the
most important family of plants as they contain all the cereals, which are man's staple diet. Wheats
(Triticum), maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza saliva), barley (Hordeum vulgare), oats (Avena sativa), rye
(Secale cereale), sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), and sorghums {Sorghum) are all grasses. They
are also widely planted for pasture and fodder.
LEGUMINOSAE This is one of the largest and most useful plant families. - 17,000 species, distributed almost throughout the
world. It includes many well-known vegetables particularly of temperate regions (Beans, Peas), ornamental trees
in tropical regions (Bauhinia, Flamboyant, Cassia), fodder crops (Clover, Lucerne) and weeds (Vetches and
Trefoils), and their growth habits vary from ground cover and aquatic to shrubs, climbers and trees. Many
species of trees in this family are important for their timber
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS PLANT FAMILY:
Leaves, Stem & Roots ~ The leaves of this plant family are placed alternately up the stem, and are pinnate orbipinnate. In some species, the leaves are able to close together at night (nyctinasty), and in some species ofMimosa they close when touched. The roots are one of the most easily recognisable features of this plant family.Most species have irregular nodules on the roots which enable the plant to absorb nitrogen from the air in the
soil and convert it into the nitrogen the plant needs for growth. This enables the species to grow and producecrops in poor soil.
Flowers ~ Many members of the Leguminosae family have flowers of the typical 'pea' type. These are composedof one large back petal (the standard), two side petals called wings and two lower petals fused together to forma 'keel'. In members of the family which have other flower shapes, there are still five petals. The flowers mayoccur individually, or in large clusters.
Recently, the international panel of botanists who rule on these things decided that all plant families ought tohave the same ending (-aceae), and be named after a plant typical of the family. This has resulted in severalgroups which were previously sub-families of the Leguminosae being elevated to family status. These new plantfamilies include Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae and Papilionaceae. The differences which separate the members ofthese new families may be unidentifiable to the non-botanist, and the similarities which they share as membersof the Leguminosae family are still the easiest way to identify these plants.
Seeds ~ It is the seedpods that give this family its original name. The typical pea-pod shape is a legume. It isalways a single chamber, although it may be constricted between the individual seeds. The pod may contain justone or several seeds, and they are usually large, and sometimes brightly coloured. The coat of the individualseed is often watertight. Each seed contains a large embryo and little endosperm, so they often germinatequickly once the seedcoat is punctured.
Cyperaceae
name for this plant, cyperus edge, referring to the sharp edges on the leaves of many species.
Cyperus , from the Greek Sedges are herbs usually found in moist areas. Stems maybe angular,often 3-sided, internodes solid. The grass-like leaves have a leaf-sheath which is usually closed
unlike grasses and there is no ligule. Spikelets are subtended by one or more glumes,
perianth is absent or replaced by bristles etc. Stamens 1-3, anthers basifixed, connective often
forms an appendage. Fruit is an achene or nut, style often persistent.
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Melastomataceae Melastoma , from the Greek words melas black and stoma mouth because the mouth is stained
black or dark purple by the berries. Trees, shrubs and herbs sometimes climbing; leaves
opposite and decussate, simple, palmately-nerved, no dominant midrib but cross veins
prominent. Flowers 4-5-merous, hypanthium formed by the basal fusion of floral parts,
appendages usually present on the staminal filaments, dehiscence by pores, staminodes
common. Ovary superior to inferior; fruit a capsule or a berry.Ornamentals and several
serious weeds in this family.
Moraceae
The Moraceae are monoecious or dioecious trees shrubs, lianas, or rarely herbs comprising 40genera and 1,000 species, nearly all with milky sap. The leaves are simple and alternate orrarely opposite. The stipules are small and lateral or sometimes they form a cap over the budand leave a cylindrical scar. The flowers are unisexual and minute, and are usually denselyaggregated. These aggregations frequently take the form of pendulous aments or catkins.Usually, the perianth consists of 4 or 5 undifferentiated tepals, but sometimes fewer or noperianth segments are present. A typical male flower has four stamens, one opposite eachperianth segment. The female flowers have a bicarpellate pistil, generally with two styles,although one may be suppressed. The ovary is superior or inferior and contains a singlependulous ovule in a solitary locule. Fruit types include drupes and achenes that are often
coalesced or otherwise aggregated into a multiple accessory fruit
GLEICHENIACEAE The forked ferns are the family Gleicheniaceae. They are sometimes – like all ferns and therelated horsetails – placed in an infradivision Monilophytes of subdivision Euphyllophytina, allowing for more precise phylogenetic arrangement of the tracheophytes. Moreconventionally, the name Pteridophyta, ranked as a division, is used in lieu of theMonilophytes. The formerly independent families Dicranopteridaceae andStromatopteridaceae are nowadays generally included in the Gleicheniaceae, whereas the
Dipteridaceae and Matoniaceae, though closely related, are considered spearate families bymost authors.
These tropical ferns are the most widespread living lineage of Gleicheniales. Their rhizomes have a "vitalized" protostele or in some taxa a solenostele. The leaves are indeterminate, withpseudodichotomously forked leaves except in Stromatopteris , and free veins. The sori areabaxial but not marginal and carry 5-15 exindusiate round sporangia each. These have atransverse-oblique annulus and contain 128 to 800 bilateral or globose-tetrahedral spores. The
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sori and sporangia mature at the same time, and the spores grow into surface-dwelling greenprothalliums beset with club-shaped hairs.
Objectives There are three objectives in this experiment.
First, is learning how to prepare a herbarium. Student should collect 20
or more than specimens. Those specimens must press and preserved. Student
should prepare a pair of press wood and newspaper. The specimen is place on a
piece of newspaper and cover by other newspaper. Place at the middle of the
press wood and clamp it. After that, is labeling the specimens with detailed
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information on where and when the plant was collected,habitat,local
name,scienticic name and family name.
Second, is to study about the weeds. Weed is plant that is considered by
the user of the term to be a nuisance and normally applied to unwanted plants
in human-controlled setting especially farm field and garden. Generally, weed is
plant in an undesired place.
Lastly the objective, is to appreciate all organisms especially plant
(weed). All specimens have advantage. All specimens had make things.
Specimens very important to reduce the degree Celsius of our world.
AppreciationASSALAMMUALAIKUM,
Praise God because with his blessing, I can finish this assignment on time
that lecturer given to me with successful.
Firstly, bigger thank you for my AGR lecturer, Sir Mohd Firdaus bin Abdul
Aziz. He teaching and helping me doing and finishing this assignment. Sir
Firdaus always spend their time when I need his advice when doing this
assignment. He helps me when searching scientific name and he teach me many
about it.
I also want say thank you to my family because they support me time I do
this assignment. My family help me when I search weeds at home. They also
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give me idea to do this assignment. They also give money for me to buy things
that important for this assignment. My parent always supports me.
Besides that, I would like to extend my special thank you to my entire
classmate and my friends in Diploma in Plantation and Management (DPIM) for
all precious time, support and help me to find the weeds. They also explain to
me how to create the assignment. They very kindness heart to help me.
Finally, I hope this assignment can give me some knowledge and
experience about the weeds. This assignment can give me more information.
Lastly, once again I would like to say thank you to everyone.
Contents
Appreciation
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SUMMARY
Objectives
Introduction
Herbarium Weeds
Weeds family
Specimens
Summary
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Alhamdulillah, finally I have finishing this assignment. I have got much knowledge
from this assignment. I now know about their functions, scientific names, common name,
their family and their habitat location is natural.
From this assignment, I have study about family weeds. I found from Curcurbitaceae,
Compositae ,Melastomaceae, Leguminosae, Gleicheniaceae, Moraceae, Graminaeae,Cyperaceae, Dennstaedtiaceace , and Eupatorium. The family of weeds is vast and these are a
few from each of them.
I also know how to recognize one weed from another by only looking at their
stems,leaves and roots.
References
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People
1. Mr. Mohd Firdaus bin Abdul Aziz
2. Miss Adib Nafisah bt Jamiran
3.
Friends4. Family members
Books1. Stern’s Introductory To Plant Biology
Authers : James E. Bidlack and Shelly H. Jansky
Published by : McGraw-Hill(2008)
2. Plant Structure And Function
Authers : Satrr And Taggart
Published by: Publisher Biology Jack C.Carey(2001)
3. Rumpai, Panduan Berilustrasi
Published by : Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka,Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
Authers : Ahmad Azly Bin Mohd Yusof
Internet1. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/weeds
2. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbarium
3. http//www_public.jcu.edu.au/discovernature/plantfamily/index,htm
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COMMON NAME Pokok Kapal Terbang
SCIENTIFIC NAME Chromolaena adorata
FAMILY NAME Compositeae
HABITAT Dry area
LOCATION FOUND UiTM N9
DATE FOUND 1 July 2011
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COMMON NAME Rumput Tahi Ayam
SCIENTIFIC NAME Ageratum conyzoides
FAMILY NAME Asteraceae
HABITAT Dry area
LOCATION FOUND UiTM N9
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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COMMON NAME Pokok Senduduk
SCIENTIFIC NAME Melastoma malabathricum
FAMILY NAME Melastomaceae
HABITAT Dry area
LOCATION FOUND UiTM N9
DATE FOUND 1 July 2011
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COMMON NAME SENDUDUK BULU
SCIENTIFIC NAME Clidemia hirta
FAMILY NAME MELASTOMACEAE
HABITAT DRY AREA
LOCATION FOUND UITM FARM
DATE FOUND 23 JUNE 2011
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COMMON NAME KACANG KANABALIA DARAT
SCIENTIFIC NAME Canovila maritime
FAMILY NAME LEGUMINOSAE
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Farm
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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COMMON NAME PAKU SERANI
SCIENTIFIC NAME Lycopodium cernuum
FAMILY NAME LYCOPODIACEAE
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Farm
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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COMMON NAME RUMPUT HAKISAN
SCIENTIFIC NAME Zoysea matrella
FAMILY NAME GRAMINEAE
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Farm
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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COMMON NAME RUMPUT LEMBU
SCIENTIFIC NAME Axonopus compressus
FAMILY NAME GRAMINEAE
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Farm
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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COMMON NAME RUMPUT DUNGA JAUH
SCIENTIFIC NAME Cyperus distans
FAMILY NAME CYPERACEAE
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Farm
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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COMMON NAME KEMUNCUP CACAK
SCIENTIFIC NAME Chrysopogon Aciculatus
FAMILY NAME GRAMINAE
HABITAT Open Area
LOCATION FOUND Farm
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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COMMON NAME TIMUN CICAK
SCIENTIFIC NAME Melothria affinis king
FAMILY NAME CUCURBITACEAE
HABITAT Open Area
LOCATION FOUND Farm
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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COMMON NAME PAKU RESAM
SCIENTIFIC NAME Dicranopferis linearis
FAMILY NAME GLEICHENIACEAE
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Kampung Hulu
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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COMMON NAME KACANG KASIA LELEKAT
SCIENTIFIC NAME Cassia viscose H.B.K
FAMILY NAME LEGUMINOSAE
HABITAT Open Area
LOCATION FOUND Farm
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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COMMON NAME RUMPUT MENDERUNG
SCIENTIFIC NAME Cyperus iria
FAMILY NAME CYPERACEAE
HABITAT Open Area
LOCATION FOUND Farm
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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COMMON NAME RUMPUT KARAU
SCIENTIFIC NAME Fimbristylis miliacea
FAMILY NAME CYPERAEAE
HABITAT Open Area
LOCATION FOUND Farm
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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COMMON NAME RUMPUT GANDA
SCIENTIFIC NAME Cyperus aromaticus
FAMILY NAME CYPERACEAE
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Farm
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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COMMON NAME POKOK PAYUNG TERJUN
SCIENTIFIC NAME Eupatorium odoratum
FAMILY NAME COMPOSITAE
HABITAT Open Area
LOCATION FOUND Farm
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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COMMON NAME PAKU MELAKA
SCIENTIFIC NAME Athyrium malaccense
FAMILY NAME DENNSTAEDTIACEAE
HABITAT Open Area
LOCATION FOUND Farm
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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COMMON NAME PAKU RESAM
SCIENTIFIC NAME Dicranopteris linearis burm.f
FAMILY NAME GLEICHENIACEAE
HABITAT Open Area
LOCATION FOUND Farm
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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COMMON NAME RUMPUT TEMBAGA JANTAN
SCIENTIFIC NAME Ischaemum muticum linn
FAMILY NAME GRAMINEAE
HABITAT OPEN AREA
LOCATION FOUND UITM FARM
DATE FOUND 23 June 2011
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
KUALA PILAH negeri sembilan
AGR 122
PLANT SCIENCE HERBARIUM
NAME : NOR DARINA BINTI KAMARUDIN STUDENT NO : 2011896192
GROUP : AT11O 1C2
LECTURER : Sir MOHD FIRDAUS BIN ABDUL AZIZ
DATE OF : 26 August 2011
SUBMISSION
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
KUALA PILAH negeri sembilan
AGR 122
PLANT SCIENCE HERBARIUM
NAME : LUQMANUL HAKIM BIN ZULKIFLI STUDENT NO : 2011808802
GROUP : AT11O 1C1
LECTURER : Sir MOHD FIRDAUS BIN ABDUL AZIZ
DATE OF : 26 AUGUST 2011
SUBMISSION
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