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U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5090–U

Global Mineral Resource Assessment

Assessment of Undiscovered Copper Resources Associated with the Permian Kupferschiefer, Southern Permian Basin, Europe

Prepared in cooperation with the Polish Geological Institute–National Research Institute


By Michael L. Zientek, Sławomir Oszczepalski, Heather L. Parks, James D. Bliss, Gregor Borg, Stephen E. Box, Paul D. Denning, Timothy S. Hayes, Volker Spieth, and Cliff D. Taylor

Prepared in cooperation with the Polish Geological Institute–National Research Institute


U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey

Global Mineral Resource Assessment Michael L. Zientek, Jane M. Hammarstrom, and Kathleen M. Johnson, editors

U.S. Department of the InteriorSALLY JEWELL, Secretary

U.S. Geological SurveySuzette M. Kimball, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2015

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Suggested citation:Zientek, M.L., Oszczepalski, Sławomir, Parks, H.L., Bliss, J.D., Borg, Gregor, Box, S.E., Denning, P.D., Hayes, T.S., Spieth, Volker, and Taylor, C.D., 2015, Assessment of undiscovered copper resources associated with the Permian Kupferschiefer, Southern Permian Basin, Europe: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5090–U, 94 p. and spatial data, http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20105090U.

ISSN 2328-0328 (online)

http://www.usgs.gov

http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod

http://store.usgs.gov

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Contents

Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1Regional Setting and Context ......................................................................................................................2

Rotliegend Group ..................................................................................................................................5Zechstein Group ....................................................................................................................................5

Mineralization .................................................................................................................................................9Mineral and Metal Zonation ...............................................................................................................9Metal Surface Density .......................................................................................................................11Regional Maps of Mineral and Metal Zones and Copper Surface Density ..............................14Mineralization Age..............................................................................................................................14

Mineral Resource Nomenclature .............................................................................................................18Assessment Methodology Concepts ........................................................................................................18Mineral Resource Assessment—Delineating Permissive Tracts .......................................................20Mineral Resource Assessment—Exploration History and Known Deposits .....................................21

Central Germany—Permissive Tracts 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin and 150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression ......................................................................................21

Southwestern Poland and Adjoining Areas in Germany—Permissive Tracts 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia), and 150rfCu0005, Spremberg-Wittenberg ......................38

Northeast England and the Netherlands—Permissive Tract 150rfCu0003, North Sea ...........48Lithuania, Poland, and Russia—Permissive Tract 150rfCu0006, Baltic Basin ..........................48Denmark, Germany, and Poland—Permissive Tract 150rfCu0007, Jutland Peninsula ............54

Mineral Resource Assessment—Probable Amounts of Undiscovered Copper ...............................57Three-Part Form of Assessment ......................................................................................................57

Criteria for Assessing Mineral Potential ................................................................................58Sources of Metal ..............................................................................................................58Ore Fluids............................................................................................................................58Fluid Flow............................................................................................................................62

Estimate of the Number of Undiscovered Deposits .............................................................62Probabilistic Assessment Simulation Results .......................................................................63

Gaussian Geostatistical Simulation .................................................................................................65Discussion .....................................................................................................................................................69Considerations for Users of this Assessment .........................................................................................75Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................75References Cited..........................................................................................................................................75Appendix A. Short Biographies of the Assessment Team ....................................................................88Appendix B. Description of Spatial Data Files ........................................................................................89

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Figures 1. Map showing the distribution of sedimentary basins in northern Europe and the

geologic and geographic features that bound the Southern Permian Basin .....................3 2. Map showing the pre-Permian basement terranes that underlie Zechstein

Group rocks of the Southern Permian Basin in Europe .........................................................4 3. Composite lithostratigraphic column of Permian and Early Triassic rocks

from the Polish part of the Southern Permian Basin ..............................................................6 4. Map showing selected geologic and tectonic features related to the Northern

and Southern Permian Basins in Europe ..................................................................................7 5. Generalized stratigraphic column of the basal Zechstein Group and underlying

Upper Rotliegend Group in the Southern Permian Basin, Europe ........................................8 6. Schematic cross section showing the relation of Rote Fäule alteration facies

to copper, lead, and zinc mineralization in the rocks in and adjacent to the Kupferschiefer in Poland and Germany ..................................................................................10

7. Map of the Southern Permian Basin, northern Europe, showing sulfide and oxide mineral zones developed in rocks near the base of the Zechstein Group .............12

8. Stratigraphic columns through the Kupferschiefer in the Sieroszowice and Rudna Mine areas, Poland, showing rock type and histograms of copper content and the relation of mineralization to the Rote Fäule alteration facies ................15

9. Chart illustrating age relations for the deposition and alteration of Rotliegend volcanic rocks and the Kupferschiefer in the Southern Permian Basin, northern Europe ..........................................................................................................................17

10. Illustration showing age of Kupferschiefer deposition, mineralization, and alteration on burial and modeled vitrinite-reflectance histories for the Kaleje-10 and Międzychód-4 boreholes, Poland ...................................................................19

11. Maps showing how preliminary permissive tracts were delineated for reduced-facies sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits in the Southern Permian Basin, northern Europe ............................................................................23

12. Map showing final permissive tracts delineated for reduced-facies sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits in the Southern Permian Basin, northern Europe ..............................................................................................................24

13. Map of permissive tracts 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin, and 150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression, Germany, and ground disturbance features that likely represent waste heaps around pre-Industrial Revolution mine shafts ...................................................................................................................................26

14. Illustration and satellite image showing pre-Industrial Revolution mine workings used to develop the Kupferschiefer in Germany .................................................27

15. Graph showing the number of holes drilled and the meters drilled per year between 1890 and 1995 to explore for copper ore bodies and guide mine development in the Kupferschiefer in the Mansfeld and Sangerhausen areas, Germany ...........................................................................................................................28

16. Map of the Mansfeld-Sangerhausen area, Germany, showing copper ore bodies in the Kupferschiefer; permissive tract 150rfCu0001, Hercynian- Thüringian Basin; and mine shafts ..........................................................................................29

17. Map of permissive tracts 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin, and 150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression, Germany, showing sediment-hosted stratabound copper prospects and mine locations active through the early part of the 19th century. .............................................................................................................30

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18. Map of the Richelsdorf area, Germany, showing copper surface density, deposits, occurrences, shafts, tunnels, and boreholes .......................................................32

19. Map of permissive tracts 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin, and 150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression, Germany, with the location of deposits and occurrences that were important in the 20th century. ................................................34

20. Graphs showing copper ore, production, and grade from 1850 to 1990 for the Mansfeld-Sangerhausen area, Germany ........................................................................35

21. Map of the Hercynian-Thüringian and Hessian Depression Basin areas, Germany, showing copper surface density; permissive tracts 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin, and 150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression; deposits; and occurrences .........................................................................................................................36

22. Map of the Hercynian-Thüringian and Hessian Depression areas, Germany, showing mineral zones; permissive tracts 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin, and 150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression; deposits; and occurrences ......................37

23. Map showing permissive tracts 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk, Poland, and 150rfCu0005, Spremberg-Wittenberg, Germany; deposits; and occurrences ..................39

24. Map of the North Sudetic Syncline in Poland showing the location of the permissive tract 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk, Poland; ore bodies; mine shafts; prospects; and ground disturbances ......................................................................................40

25. Cross section through the Lubin-Sieroszowice mining area, Fore Sudetic Monocline, Poland. Line of section is shown on ..................................................................41

26. Map of the Lubin-Sieroszowice mining area, Poland, showing the ore body; permissive tract 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk; mine concessions; and shafts ......................42

27. Graph showing copper production from the Lubin-Sieroszowice mining area, Poland, from 1958 to 2010 ................................................................................................43

28. Map of the Lower Silesia and Spremberg-Wittenberg areas, Poland and Germany, showing copper surface density; permissive tracts 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk, Poland, and 150rfCu0005, Spremberg-Wittenberg, Germany; deposits; and occurrences .......................................................................................................45

29. Map of the Lower Silesia and Spremberg-Wittenberg areas, Poland and Germany, showing mineral zones; permissive tracts 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk, Poland, and 150rfCu0005, Spremberg-Wittenberg, Germany; deposits; and occurrences .........................................................................................................................46

30. Map of southwest Poland showing permissive tract 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk, prospective areas, and mining exploration concessions for copper ................................47

31. Map of the southern North Sea area showing permissive tract 150rfCu0003, North Sea; Southern North Sea Basin; and sediment-hosted copper prospects ...........49

32. Map of northeast England and the North Sea-United Kingdom sector showing permissive tract 150rfCu0003, North Sea; extent of the Zechstein; Rotliegend reservoir facies rocks underlying the Zechstein; and holes drilled to investigate the metal content of the Marl Slate ...................................................50

33. Map of the southeastern Baltic Sea area showing permissive tract 150rfCu0006, Baltic Basin, and sediment-hosted stratabound copper prospects ..................................52

34. Map of the southeastern Baltic Sea area showing mineral zones; permissive tract 150rfCu0006, Baltic Basin; and prospects .....................................................................53

35. Map of the Jutland Peninsula area, Demark and Germany showing the permissive tract 150rfCu0007, Jutland Peninsula ..................................................................55

36. Map of the Jutland Peninsula area Demark, Germany, and Poland, showing mineral zones; permissive tract 150rfCu0007, Jutland Peninsula; and boreholes ..............................................................................................................................56

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37. Map of northern Europe showing the distribution of the Kupferschiefer permissive tracts in relation to Rotliegend depocenters and areas of Rotliegend volcanic rocks .........................................................................................................59

38. Map of northern Europe showing the relation of permissive tracts, basement rock terranes, and the composition of natural gas in Rotliegend reservoirs ...................60

39. Cumulative frequency distribution plots showing the results of Monte Carlo computer simulation of undiscovered silver and copper resources for tracts in Germany and Poland ..............................................................................................................64

40. Graph illustrating the observed semivariogram and model used for Gaussian geostatistical simulation modeling of copper surface density in Poland .........................67

41. Map of Poland showing permissive tracts, boreholes, and copper surface- density grid used in Gaussian geostatistical simulation modeling ....................................68

42. Map showing where the probability that copper surface density will exceed a threshold of 35 kilograms per square meter in tract 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk, Poland; the location of mine areas used for statistical reporting; boreholes that were used in the model; and mining and exploration concessions for copper .............................................................................................................70

43. Histograms comparing probabilistic estimates of undiscovered copper for the Kupferschiefer reduced-facies copper permissive tracts ............................................72

44. Map of northern Europe showing the distribution of the Kupferschiefer permissive tracts in relation to Rotliegend depocenters and areas where the rocks near the base of the Zechstein Group are affected by Rote Fäule alteration ...........................................................................................................................74

Tables 1. Average copper surface density values for selected flat-lying reduced-facies

sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits ....................................................................16 2. Correlation of mineral- and metal-zone mapping for the Kupferschiefer in

the Southern Permian Basin, Germany and Poland .............................................................16 3. Various schemes to describe the components of mineral-ore systems that form

sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits ....................................................................20 4. Reduced-facies sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits associated with

the Kupferschiefer in the Southern Permian Basin, Germany and Poland .......................33 5. Technical information for the mines developing copper deposits in the Fore-

Sudetic Monocline, Southern Permian Basin, Poland .........................................................43 6. Data from drill core intersecting the Marl Slate in permissive tract 150rfCu0003,

North Sea, Southern Permian Basin, United Kingdom .........................................................51 7. Analyses of core samples from the Middle subformation of the Murav’ev

Formation in permissive tract 150rfCu0006, Baltic Basin, Southern Permian Basin, Russia. ..............................................................................................................................54

8. Summary statistics for the reduced-facies-nonbrecciated sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposit model of Zientek, Hayes, and Taylor .....................................57

9. Selected criteria used to evaluate reduced-facies sediment-hosted stratabound copper tracts for mineral potential in the Southern Permian Basin, Europe ..............................................................................................................................61

10. Undiscovered deposit estimates, deposit numbers, and tract area for the Kupferschiefer in the Southern Permian Basin, Germany and Poland .............................63

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11. Results of Monte Carlo simulations of undiscovered resources for the Kupferschiefer in the Southern Permian Basin, Germany and Poland .............................65

12. Definitions of mineral resource categories as used by Kombinat Górniczo- Hutniczy Miedzi Polska Miedź S.A. in the Legnica-Głogów Copper Belt Area, Southern Permian Basin, Poland .............................................................................................66

13. Selected results of Gaussian geostatistical simulation summarized by features in permissive tract 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk, Poland ..........................................................71

14. Selected simulation results of undiscovered copper resources obtained using the three-part form of assessment and Gaussian geostatistical simulation for permissive tract 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk, Poland ...............................................................72

15. Selected simulation results of undiscovered copper resources compared with known resources, Southern Permian Basin, Germany and Poland ...................................73

16. Aggregated assessment results for tracts permissive for reduced-facies-type sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits in the Southern Permian Basin, Europe ..............................................................................................................................73

B1. Definitions of user-defined attribute fields in the shapefile Kupferschiefer_ deposits_prospects.shp ............................................................................................................90

B2. Definitions of user-defined attribute fields in the shapefile Kupferschiefer_ permissive_tracts.shp ................................................................................................................91

B3. Definitions of user-defined attribute fields in the shapefile Kupferschiefer_ shafts_tunnels.shp .....................................................................................................................92

B4. Definitions of user-defined attribute fields in the shapefile Kupferschiefer_ orebodies.shp ..............................................................................................................................92

B5. Definitions of user-defined attribute fields in the shapefile Kupferschiefer_ mineral_zones.shp ......................................................................................................................93

B6. Definitions of user-defined attribute fields in the shapefile Kupferschiefer_ Cu_surface_density.shp ............................................................................................................93

B7. Definitions of user-defined attribute fields in the shapefile Kupferschiefer_ mine_concessions.shp ..............................................................................................................93

B8. Definitions of user-defined attribute fields in the shapefile Kupferschiefer_ ground_disturbance.shp ...........................................................................................................93

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Conversion Factors

Inch/Pound to SI

Multiply By To obtain

Length

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)yard (yd) 0.9144 meter (m)

Area

acre 0.4047 hectare (ha)acre 0.004047 square kilometer (km2)square mile (mi2) 259.0 hectare (ha)square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer (km2)

Mass

ounce, troy (troy oz) 31.103 gram (g) ounce, troy (troy oz) 0.0000311 megagram (Mg) ton, short (2,000 lb) 0.9072 megagram (Mg)

SI to Inch/Pound

Multiply By To obtain

Length

meter (m) 3.281 foot (ft) kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile (mi)meter (m) 1.094 yard (yd)

Area

hectare (ha) 2.471 acresquare hectometer (hm2) 2.471 acrehectare (ha) 0.003861 square mile (mi2) square kilometer (km2) 0.3861 square mile (mi2)

Mass

gram (g) 0.03215 ounce, troy (troy oz)megagram (Mg) 1.102 ton, short (2,000 lb)megagram (Mg) 0.9842 ton, long (2,240 lb)

Other conversions used in this report

metric ton (t) 1 megagram (Mg)troy ounce per short ton 34.2857 gram per metric ton (g/t)percent (%) 10,000 parts per million (ppm) or grams

per metric ton (g/t)

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

% percent

%Ro vitrinite reflectance

Ag silver

B COMECON mineral resource category, which is analogous to measured mineral resources as defined by CRIRSCO.

b.v. Besloten vennootschap—a Dutch private limited liability company.

C1 COMECON mineral resource category, which is analogous to indicated mineral resources as defined by CRIRSCO.

C2 COMECON mineral resource category, which is analogous to inferred mineral resources as defined by CRIRSCO.

CE Common Era

COMECON Sovet Ekonomicheskoy Vzaimopomoshchi (The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)

CRIRSCO Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards

CSD copper surface density

Cu copper

Eh oxidation-reduction potential

Esri A software development and services company providing geographic information system software and geo-database management applications.

g/t grams per metric ton

GGS Gaussian geostatistical simulation

GIS geographic information system

GmbH Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (company with limited liability)

K-Ar potassium-argon

KSL KSL Kupferschiefer Lausitz GmbH

KGHM Kombinat Górniczo-Hutniczy Miedzi (Copper Smelting-Mining Combine) Polska Miedźź S.A.—a large Polish copper mining and metallurgical company.

Ltd. limited

Ma mega-annum or millions of years before the present

mg/L milligrams per liter

MOS Ministerstwo Środowiska (Polish Ministry of the Environment)

Mt million metric tons

mV millivolts

P1 Russian mineral resource category, which is analogous to exploration results as defined by CRIRSCO or undiscovered mineral resources as used by the USGS. These prognostic mineral resources estimates refer to extensions to inferred resources and are based on limited direct geological evidence.

P2 Russian mineral resource category used by Russian geologists, which is analogous to exploration results as defined by CRIRSCO or undiscovered mineral resources as used by the USGS. These prognostic mineral resources estimates refer to exploration targets identified by geologic mapping, geophysical surveys, or geochemical data.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privately_held_company

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company

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PGI Polish Geological Institute–National Research Institute

pH a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution

ppm parts per million

SPB Southern Permian Basin

SSC sediment-hosted stratabound copper

SSIB small-scale digital international boundaries

USGS U.S. Geological Survey

Re-Os rhenium-osmium

AbstractThis study synthesizes available information and esti-

mates the location and quantity of undiscovered copper associ-ated with a late Permian bituminous shale, the Kupferschiefer, of the Southern Permian Basin in Europe. The purpose of this study is to (1) delineate permissive areas (tracts) where undiscovered reduced-facies sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits could occur within 2.5 kilometers of the surface, (2) provide a database of known reduced-facies-type sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits and significant prospects, and (3) provide probabilistic estimates of amounts of undiscovered copper that could be present within each tract. This assessment is a contribution to a global assessment con-ducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).

Permissive tracts are delineated by mapping the extent of the Kupferschiefer that overlies reservoir-facies red beds of the lower Permian Rotliegend Group. More than 78 million metric tons (Mt) of copper have been produced or delineated as resources in the assessed tracts, with more than 90 percent of the known mineral endowment located in Poland. Mines in Poland are developing the deposit at depths ranging from about 500 to 1,400 meters.

Two approaches are used to estimate in-situ amounts of undiscovered copper. The three-part form of assessment was applied to the entire study area. In this approach, numbers of undiscovered deposits are estimated and combined with tonnage-grade models to probabilistically forecast the amount of undiscovered copper. For Poland, drill-hole data were

available, and Gaussian geostatistical simulation techniques were used to probabilistically estimate the amount of undis-covered copper. The assessment was done in September 2010 using a three-part form of mineral resource assessment and in January 2012 using Gaussian geostatistical simulation.

Using the three-part form of assessment, a mean of 126 Mt of undiscovered copper is predicted in 4 assessed permissive tracts. Seventy-five percent of the mean amount of undiscovered copper (96 Mt) is associated with a tract in southwest Poland. For this same permissive tract in Poland, Gaussian geostatistical simulation techniques indicate a mean of 62 Mt of copper based on copper surface-density data from drill holes.

IntroductionIn response to growing demand for information about

global mineral resources, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) led a global assessment of undiscovered copper resources (Briskey and others, 2001; Schulz and Briskey, 2003; Zientek and Hammarstrom, 2008; Hammarstrom and others, 2010). Undiscovered resources correspond to mineralized material whose location, grade, quality, and quantity are unknown or incompletely characterized, either in partially characterized sites or completely unknown mineral deposits. The global assessment studies use geoscience information to delineate tracts of land permissive for particular mineral deposit types (permissive tracts) and to probabilistically estimate the quan-tity and quality1 of undiscovered resources.

Copper is found in many types of deposits that occur in diverse geologic associations. The USGS assessment effort focused on two deposit types that account for most of the cop-per that has been discovered—porphyry copper and sediment-hosted stratabound copper (SSC) (Singer, 1995). This report

1 Grade or concentration of the metal or material of interest is a measure of quality of the undiscovered resource (Singer and Menzie, 2010).


By Michael L. Zientek1, Sławomir Oszczepalski2, Heather L., Parks1, James D. Bliss3, Gregor Borg4, Stephen E. Box1, Paul D. Denning5, Timothy S. Hayes3, Volker Spieth6, and Cliff D. Taylor5

1 U.S. Geological Survey, Spokane, Washington, United States.

2 Polish Geological Institute–National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland.

3 U.S. Geological Survey, Tucson, Arizona, United States.

4 Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.

5 U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, United States.

6 V.S. Globalmetal LLC, Tucson, Arizona, United States.

2 Assessment of Undiscovered Copper Resources Associated with the Permian Kupferschiefer

presents the results of an assessment of the Southern Permian Basin (SPB) in northern Europe for the occurrence of undis-covered copper associated with reduced-facies-type SSC deposits (fig. 1).

SSC deposits consist of fine-grained, copper- and copper-iron-sulfide minerals that form stratabound to stratiform disseminations in sedimentary rocks (Cox and others, 2003; Hitzman and others, 2005; Zientek, Hayes, and Hammarstrom, 2013). The concentration of sulfide minerals conforms closely, but not exactly, with stratification in the host rocks. Ore minerals such as chalcocite and bornite occur as cements and replacements in the matrix of the sedimentary rocks and, less commonly, as veinlets. Deposits are characterized by system-atic changes in ore mineralogy along and across bedding from pyrite to chalcopyrite to bornite to chalcocite to hematite.

Field and laboratory evidence indicates that SSC deposits formed from late diagenetic fluids generated during the com-paction and lithification of sedimentary basins containing suc-cessions of red beds and evaporites. The metal-bearing fluids are thought to be low-temperature, hematite-stable (oxidized), sulfate- and chloride-rich, and subsurface sedimentary brines. The primary cause of base-metal sulfide precipitation is reduc-tion of sulfate in the brine by organic material.

Subtypes of SSC deposits are distinguished by host lithology and the nature of organic material in the sedimentary strata. The SSC mineralization in the SPB is an example of the reduced-facies subtype. Host beds for many reduced-facies deposits occur at or just above the flooding surface that marks the transgression of a marine depositional sequence over nonmarine red beds. The host rocks of reduced-facies-type deposits contain amorphous organic matter and finely dissemi-nated pyrite. These host rocks overlie, or are locally interbed-ded with, red to brown or purple, hematite-bearing sandstone, siltstone, and (or) conglomerate (red beds) deposited in an arid climate (Davidson, 1965; Rose, 1976; Kirkham, 1989).

Copper ores have been mined since the 1200s in what is now central Germany and southwestern Poland from a late Permian (Lopingian) unit called the Kupferschiefer [literally, the copper slate]. The Kupferschiefer (and its stratigraphic equivalents) is bituminous shale or marl about a meter thick that underlies an area of about 600,000 square kilometers (km2) in the SPB. Most copper production from the Kupfer-schiefer before the 1950s was from central Germany. Mineral exploration studies have been conducted episodically since the 1930s and ultimately led to the discovery of the world-class Lubin-Sieroszowice deposit (fig. 1) in southwestern Poland in the 1950s. Exploration continues in southwestern Poland and in eastern Germany, near the Polish border. Borg and others (2012) provide an up-to-date overview of the Kupferschiefer deposits in Europe.

In this study, two different approaches were used to assess undiscovered mineral resources. The first approach esti-mates the number of undiscovered deposits. These estimates are combined with grade and tonnage models using Monte Carlo simulation to probabilistically forecast the amount of undiscovered copper. This approach has been widely used in

USGS mineral resource assessments since the 1970s (Singer and Menzie, 2010). The second approach, Gaussian geosta-tistical simulation (Vann and others, 2002; Esri, 2013a, b), uses drill-hole data and geostatistical methods to probabilisti-cally estimate undiscovered mineral resources associated with incompletely explored extensions of stratabound ore deposits in southwestern Poland.

This document includes a brief geologic overview of the SPB and its SSC deposits, a description of the assessment process, and a summary of results. Appendixes provide addi-tional information—appendix A introduces the scientists who participated in the panel that estimated numbers of undiscov-ered deposits; appendix B describes the spatial data files that accompany this report.

Regional Setting and ContextThe Kupferschiefer occurs in the SPB, which extends

from the United Kingdom across the southern North Sea, northern Germany, and Poland to Lithuania (fig. 1). The length of the SPB is about 1,700 kilometers (km) and its width varies between 300 and 600 km (van Wees and others, 2000). The Rhenish and Bohemian Massifs2, which expose parts of the Variscan orogenic belt, define the southern margin of the SPB. To the north, the basin is bounded by the Mid North Sea High, Ringkøbing-Fyn High, and the Tornquist-Teisseyre Zone (fig. 1; Ziegler, 1990; van Wees and others, 2000; Littke and others, 2008; Gast and others, 2010).

The SPB is an intracontinental basin developed on the Variscan Orogen and its northern foreland (fig. 2). Variscan crustal shortening ceased towards the end of the Westphalian Stage, 314–313 millions of years before the present (Ma), and deposition of the lowermost units in the SPB began soon thereafter (Ziegler, 1990; van Wees and others, 2000; Narkiewicz, 2007; Geißler and others, 2008). The SPB over-lies crustal domains belonging both to Baltica3 in the north and Gondwana4 in the south. The western and central parts of the SPB overlie Caledonian crust in the foreland of the external Variscan thrust belt. This foreland area includes the Anglo-Dutch and Pennine Basins, which contain as much as 9,000 meters (m) of Carboniferous strata including thick coal deposits. The south-central parts of the basin are superimposed on the Variscan fold and thrust belt (the Rheno-Hercynian and Saxo-Thüringian Zones). The eastern parts of the basin subsided on a broad zone of Variscan foreland deformation and on the Precambrian East-European Craton (Baltica).

2A massive topographic and structural feature, especially in an orogenic belt, commonly formed of rocks more rigid than those of its surroundings (Neuendorf and others, 2005).

3A late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic continent that now includes the East European craton of northwestern Eurasia.

4A Paleozoic to middle Mesozoic continent that now includes cratonic areas in landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere.

Regional Setting and Context 3

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dist

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nor

ther

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and

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from

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and

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from

van

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ley

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20°

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onic

Pro

ject

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Cent

ral m

erid

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12°

E.,

latit

ude

of o

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, 30°

N.

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2 Co

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res

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i

Dep

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onal

are

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Zech

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roup

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re 2

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how

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rmat

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from

May

stre

nko

and

othe

rs (2

008)

and

Kom

brin

k an

d ot

hers

(201

0).


Rotliegend Group

At the end of the Variscan Orogeny, Permo-Carboniferous wrench faulting, magmatism, thermal uplift, and lithospheric thinning led to the formation of the SPB (Ziegler, 1990; Wilson and others, 2004; Ziegler and others, 2004). The relative westward movement of the African Plate during the late stages of Permian collision with the European Plate formed west-northwest to westerly trending, deep-seated, strike-slip faults and several transtensional pull-apart basins (Ziegler, 1990; Gast and others, 2010). This tectonic activity is associated with widespread, short-lived tholeiitic (bimodal) magmatism known as the European-northwest Africa LIP5 event (Ernst and Buchan, 2001; Heeremans and Faleide, 2004; Heeremans and others, 2004; Stollhofen and others, 2008; Gast and oth-ers, 2010). The volcanic rocks range in composition from tholeiitic basalt to rhyolite and form large shield volcanoes and lava dome complexes (Geißler and others, 2008). The ages of the igneous rocks bracket the boundary between the Permian and Carboniferous Periods (Heeremans and Faleide, 2004; Heeremans and others, 2004). These volcanic rocks and interbedded fluvial and lacustrine sedimentary strata make up the Permian Lower Rotliegend Subgroup, the lowermost unit in the SPB (fig. 3). Lower Rotliegend Subgroup igneous rocks are found in Denmark, Germany, Norway, Poland, Scotland, and Sweden. The largest volumes of volcanic rocks occur in the Northeast German Subbasin, the Polish Subbasin, the Oslo Graben, and the Horn Graben (fig. 4; Heeremans and Faleide, 2004; Heeremans and others, 2004; Geißler and others, 2008; Gast and others, 2010).

A 20- to 30-million-year-long period of erosion, the Saalian Unconformity, followed the magmatic event (Glennie, 1997a, b). Decay of the thermal anomaly related to the European-northwest Africa LIP event (Pharaoh and others, 2010) or thermal relaxation of attenuated lithosphere that occurred during the early Permian and delayed infilling of paleo-topographic depressions that developed in the early Permian (van Wees and others, 2000) could have caused sub-sidence that led to the final development of the SPB.

5Large igneous province.

Clastic sedimentation resumed towards the end of the early Permian in depressions in eastern Germany and Poland; this resumption is represented by rocks of the Upper Rotlieg-end I Subgroup. In middle and late Permian times, sedimen-tation expanded to the west and south, now represented by rocks of the Upper Rotliegend II Subgroup. Upper Rotliegend II strata extend east-west from Poland to west England and north-south from the German-Danish border to northeast of Frankfurt, Germany.

During the Permian, the SPB area was located in the Northern Hemisphere desert belt between about 10 and 30° N. (Glennie, 1997a, b; Gast and others, 2010). The Upper Rotli-egend II Subgroup is made up of four distinctive facies asso-ciations, characteristic of deposition in fluvial (wadi), aeolian, sabkha, and lacustrine environments in a land-locked basin (fig. 4; Stollhofen and others, 2008). The central part of the basin was occupied by terminal playas and saline lakes where rock salt (halite) was deposited. South of the lakes, transverse dunes derived from fluvial sands and transported by northeast trade winds are preserved (Gast and others, 2010).

Zechstein Group

In late Permian (Lopingian) time, a catastrophic trans-gression from the Barents Sea inundated the SPB and inundated the Permian continental basin with marine water (Glennie, 1997a, b; Brauns and others, 2003; Geluk, 2005; Stollhofen and others, 2008; Gast and others, 2010). The trans-gression is associated with a global rise in sea level due to the melting of the Gondwana ice cap and (or) regional lithospheric doming associated with rifting in the Arctic North Atlantic region (Glennie, 1997a, b; Stollhofen and others, 2008). The rapid flooding suggests that the Permian continental basin was significantly below sea level (Gast and others, 2010). During the initial transgression, the topmost parts of the Rotliegend dune sands were reworked to form the Weissliegend sandstone (fig. 5). This flooding event rapidly changed the deposition conditions of the sediments from oxidized to reducing. The catastrophic Messinian flooding of the Mediterranean would be analogous to Zechstein transgression (Garcia-Castellanos and others, 2009).


Rockcolor Lithology Unit name

MuschelkalkUpper

Buntsandstein(RÖT)

MiddleBuntsandstein

LowerBuntsandstein

Zechstein(PZ)

UpperRotliegend

LowerRotliegend

Age

Triassic

Permian

240 Ma

251 Ma

258 Ma

266 Ma

296 Ma

PZ1

PZ2

PZ3

PZ4a

PZ4bPZ4cPZ4dPZ4e

Saal

ian

Unco

nfor

mity

Kupferschiefer

Fig03 Kupferschiefer Strat column from Nawrocki 1997

WT

RD

GY

DG

RD

WT

GY

RD

Carbonate rocks

Siltstone and claystone

Sandstone

Evaporite rocks

Gap

Conglomerate

Volcanic rocks

EXPLANATION

Kupferschiefer

WT

RD

GY

DG

White

Red

Grey

Dark grey

0

100

200

300

400

METERS0

500

1,000

FEET

Figure 3. Composite lithostratigraphic column of Permian and Early Triassic rocks from the Polish part of the Southern Permian Basin. Modified from Nawrocki (1997). Ma, mega-annum (millions of years ago).


Figu

re 4

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how

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sele

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show

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ified

fro

m L

ittke

and

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(200

8) a

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(200

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4 ol

d ku

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x fig

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ai

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20°

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NOR

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The Kupferschiefer is the first unit deposited after the transgression and forms the base of the Zechstein Group (fig. 5). The Zechstein Group is divided into cycles reflecting progressive evaporation and chemical precipitation in a giant saline basin (fig. 3; Peryt and others, 2010). Marine sediments (marls or limestone) form the base of each cycle and are overlain by layers of evaporites such as anhydrite and halite. Four evaporitic cycles (Z1-Werra, Z2-Stassfurt, Z3-Leine, and Z4-Aller) are found throughout the basin; younger cycles (Ohre-Z5, Friesland-Z6, and Fulda-Z7) are recognized in the axial parts of the Anglo-Dutch Basin (fig. 2) and Northeast German Subbasin (fig. 1; Geluk, 2005; Peryt and others, 2010).

The Kupferschiefer is an organic-rich unit usually less than a meter thick and consists of laminated black mud-stones, marls, and carbonates that were deposited well below wave base in water depths of 200 m or more in depocenters (fig. 5; Ziegler, 1990; Paul, 2006; Stollhofen and others, 2008) and within storm wave base in the perilittoral zone (Oszczepalski and Rydzewski, 1987). The Kupferschiefer is one of the principal time markers in northwest European

stratigraphy, having a Re-Os date of 257.3±1.6 Ma (Brauns and others, 2003), consistent with the occurrences of the Wuchiapingian-age conodont, Mesogondolella britannica, in Kupferschiefer equivalent strata in the southern North Sea (Stollhofen and others, 2008). Most of the Kupferschiefer was deposited under anoxic conditions in a stratified sea. Three cycles with varying carbonate and total organic carbon (TOC) contents can be traced throughout the basin (Paul, 2006). A fossiliferous carbonate bed, called the Mutterflöz in Germany, occurs on swells and marginal areas below the typical black shale facies (Paul, 2006). It is time equivalent with the lower part of the Kupferschiefer in basinal sites and therefore part of the Kupferschiefer. The Kupferschiefer is also known as the Marl Slate in the United Kingdom (Hirst and Dunham, 1963), the Coppershale Member of the Z1 (Werra) Formation in the Netherlands (Van Adrichem Boogaert and Kouwe, 1993–1997), łupek miedzionośny (an informal unit) in Poland (Marcinowski, 2004), the middle subformation of Murav’ev Formation in Russia (Zagorodnykh, 2000), and the Sasnava Series in Lithuania (Peryt and others, 2010).

Perm

ian

Rotli

egen

dZe

chst

ein

Wei

sslie

gend

PisolitesStromatolites

Oncolites

Micrites

Sandy biomicrites

Clay shales

Biomicrites, oncolites

Quartzose arenites

Sandstones, conglomerates, claystones

Chicken-wire anhydrites Supratidal

SupratidalIntratidal

Shallow subtidal

Subtidal

Subtidal

Subtidal

Shallow subtidal

Shallow marine (beach to shoreface)

Desert dune, fluvial, inland sabkha

Lower anhydrite

Zechstein limestone

Kupferschiefer basal limestone (Mutterflöz)

Rotliegend sandstone

Kupferschiefer

Stratigraphy Lithology EnvironmentAge Group

Fig05 Page2 Oszczepalski and Rydzewski 1987 LectureNotesEarthSciences.ai

Figure 5. Generalized stratigraphic column of the basal Zechstein Group and underlying Upper Rotliegend Group in the Southern Permian Basin, Europe. Modified from Oszczepalski and Rydzewski (1987).

Mineralization 9

Mesozoic rifting and latest Cretaceous and Paleocene basin inversion tectonics affected parts of the SPB. The struc-tures observed today in the Northern and Southern Permian Basins evolved at four different times (Kley and others, 2008). The first is transtension in latest Carboniferous to Permian time (described above.). The second stage involves two dis-crete periods of extension in the Mesozoic, beginning in Early to Late Triassic time and subsequently in Late Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous time. The third stage involves contraction and inversion in latest Cretaceous to late Oligocene time related to the formation of the Alpine Orogen6. Some of the Mesozoic extensional fault systems were reactivated as reverse faults. In particular, many of the basement massifs that bound areas underlain by the Kupferschiefer were uplifted during the Alpine Orogeny. The fourth stage is the counterclockwise rota-tion of the major horizontal stress from a northeast-southwest to a northwest-southeast direction between the late Eocene and middle Miocene.

MineralizationLarge areas of the Kupferschiefer contain moderate

concentrations of base and precious metals that are similar to other black shales and marls worldwide; however, high concentrations of copper, lead, zinc, silver, and other precious metals are found locally (Wedepohl and others, 1978, Vaughan and others, 1989; Oszczepalski and Rydzewski, 1997b; Rentzsch and Franzke, 1997; Paul, 2006). For example, copper concen-trations higher than 3,000 parts per million (ppm) may occur in as much as one percent of the total area underlain by the Kupferschiefer (Wedepohl and others 1978).

Vaughan and others (1989) distinguish four styles of mineralization in the Kupferschiefer. The first is synsedimen-tary mineralization in which the average base-metal content is approximately 100 ppm. The second is early diagenetic mineralization, with sulfur derived from bacteriogenic processes and metals derived from immediately underlying rocks. The average base-metal content is about 2,000 ppm. The third is ore mineralization where the average base-metal concentration reaches approximately 3 percent. In these rocks, the ore minerals occur primarily as fine disseminations (less than 50 micrometers (μm) in diameter). Less common ore types include coarse-grained aggregates, lenses, streaks, and veinlets of sulfide minerals. The mineralization is late diagenetic and related to introduction of oxidized metal-rich brines at temperatures of approximately 130 degrees Celsius (ºC) (Jowett, 1986; Oszczepalski, 1989; Bechtel and Hoernes, 1993; Bechtel and others, 1996; Sun and others, 1995; Sun and Püttmann, 1997; Karnkowski, 1999; Bechtel and others, 2001; Blundell and others, 2003; Oszczepalski and others, 2002; and Speczik and others, 2003). Ore mineralization is generally restricted to those parts of the Kupferschiefer that are near the

6The Alpine Orogen formed the Alps of Europe during the Eocene through Miocene Periods.

margins of Rotliegend basins. Sulfur isotope data indicates fixation of the metals by sulfur derived from bacterial reduc-tion of sulfate. The fourth mineralization style associated with the Kupferschiefer is postdiagenetic, structure-controlled (Rücken-type) mineralization characterized by the presence of cobalt, nickel, and silver arsenide minerals. It appears to be genetically distinct from the other three types and is much younger, associated with Alpine-Carpathian tectonism (Wagner and Lorenz, 2002; Hitzman and others, 2005).

Sulfide mineralization found near the base of the Zech-stein sequence is not restricted to the Kupferschiefer layer. Sulfide mineralization also occurs in clastic rocks underlying the Kupferschiefer (Zechstein conglomerate and Rotliegend strata) and in overlying Werra carbonate rocks (the Zechsteinkalk in Germany or wapień cechsztyński in Poland). In medieval times, only the Kupferschiefer shale bed itself was typically mined and the ore often averaged more than 5 percent copper (Paul, 2006). However, the zone of economic mineralization transgresses all three stratigraphic units at very low angles, allowing various rock types to be economically mined today. For example, in operating mines in Poland, approximately 12 percent of copper occurs in the Kupferschiefer, 57 percent in the underlying Rotliegend Group sandstone, and 31 percent in the overlying Zechstein Group limestone (KGHM (Copper Smelting-Mining Combine) Polska Miedź S.A. [KGHM], 2012). The thickness of the ore-bearing zone ranges from a few centimeters to 9 m in Germany (Rentzsch and Franzke, 1997) and locally exceeds 88 m in Poland (Oszczepalski and Rydzewski, 1997b). In the Lubin-Sieroszowice deposit, the thickness of the copper-rich sequence typically varies between 10 and 60 m; the maximum thickness is 25 m at Konrad and 10 m at Nowy Kościół (see fig. 1 for mine locations; Oszczepalski and Rydzewski, 1997b).

Mineral and Metal Zonation

In SSC deposits, ore minerals are distributed in patterns in and adjacent to ore bodies that can be used to infer the flow path of the metal-bearing solutions and the locations of the reaction front where mineral precipitation took place. For the Kupferschiefer, the change from oxidized (hematite-stable, organic-poor) to reduced (pyrite-stable, organic-rich) mineral assemblages shows where upwelling hematite-stable, oxidized copper-bearing brines interacted with the organic-rich host rocks. In this ore system, the Kupferschiefer bed is both the trap for the metals and the seal confining fluid flow.

For the Kupferschiefer, high-grade copper mineralization is always associated with barren, red-colored rocks found in the vicinity of the ore (fig. 6). The red-colored rocks were first observed in the “Fäule” layer near the base of the Zechstein Limestone; miners later referred to all barren, red-colored rocks of the Weissliegend, Kupferschiefer, and Zechsteinkalk as “Rote Fäule” (English translation “red rot”; Rentzsch, 1974; Jung and Knitzschke, 1976). The largest lateral extent of oxidized sedimentary rocks is observed within the Weisslieg-end Group sandstones, then within the Basal Limestone and Kupferschiefer, and limited in the overlying Zechstein Group limestone (Oszczepalski and Rydzewski, 1997b).


Sand

dun

e

Pb-Z

n m

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tion

Cu m

iner

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AA

A

A

A

AA

AA

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AN

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re 6

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alte

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and

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r.

Mineralization 11

Freiesleben (1815) was the first to scientifically describe the Rote Fäule but did not recognize its relation to ore. Gillitzer (1936) was the first to suggest a causal relation between the presence of Rote Fäule alteration and the distribution of high-grade copper and distal lead-zinc mineralization in the Kupferschiefer. Since that time, locating the contact between the oxidized and reduced facies of the Kupferschiefer has been an important guide to the location of copper ore bodies (Rentzsch, 1974; Oszczepalski and Rydzewski, 1997b).

The red color of the rocks is caused by disseminated hematite and goethite and indicates alteration related to interaction of the oxidized ore fluids with sedimentary rocks (Oszczepalski, 1989; Püttmann and others, 1989; Vaughan and others, 1989). The transition from hematitic to sulfidic sedi-mentary rocks is characterized by a gradual change in color from reddish-brown, through grey with red spots or layers, to dark grey and black. This change in color is accompanied by an increase in the organic carbon content of the rocks. Organic carbon is depleted in the Rote Fäule relative to the original sulfidic, organic-rich sedimentary rocks. In the reaction zone, the oxide and sulfide minerals in the Kupferschiefer mineral system grade from (1) hematite with only scant traces of any sulfides (Rote Fäule); to (2) covellite with idaite, chalcopyrite, and trace magnetite; to (3) chalcocite with digenite, covellite, and pyrite; to (4) chalcocite with bornite, digenite, and pyrite; to (5) bornite with chalcocite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, and pyrite; to (6) bornite with chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, and galena; to (7) chalcopyrite and pyrite with sphalerite, galena, and tennantite; to (8) pyrite, sphalerite, galena, and chalcopyrite; to (9) pyrite, sphalerite, and galena with chalco-pyrite; to (10) pyrite with only scant traces of any base-metal sulfides (Jung and Knitzschke, 1976). Paragenetic studies indicate that base-metal sulfide deposition postdated pyrite formation, that sulfur-poor minerals (such as chalcocite) progressively replaced sulfur-rich minerals (bornite, chalcopy-rite), and that hematite replaced both the copper sulfides and pyrite (Oszczepalski, 1994).

The zoned distribution pattern of sulfide minerals gives rise to a zoned pattern of metal distribution ranging from a zone devoid of base metals (1 above), to a copper zone (2 through 6 above); to a lead zone (7 above); to zinc zone (8 above); and finally, to another zone nearly devoid of base metals (10 above) (fig. 7; Jung and Knitzschke, 1976; Oszczepalski and Rydzewski, 1997b). Ore grades of copper (typically greater than 1 percent) are developed only in zones that have chalcocite, covellite, or bornite as the predominant sulfide mineral.

Metal Surface Density

Metal surface density7, usually in units of kilograms per square meter (kg/m2), is commonly used to describe variation in the metal yield or content of the Kupferschiefer. This con-

7Surface density is the quantity per unit area of anything (such as mass or electricity) distributed over a surface (National Research Council Conference on Glossary of Terms in Nuclear Science and Technology, 1957; Neuendorf and others, 2005).

vention, which ignores the vertical dimension, is appropriate because (1) the ore bodies are stratabound in a gently dipping host unit with a large areal extent (the shape of the Kupfer-schiefer ore bodies can be approximated by a planar surface), and (2) the thicknesses of the ore bodies are insignificant compared to their areal extent (see Wellmer and others, 2008, p. 38, and Noble,1992, for discussions of resource estimation for stratiform ore bodies). Other terms that are synonymous with copper surface density (CSD) include “copper per unit area of lode” (Butler and Burbank, 1929); “Kupferinhalt je qm Flözfläche” [Copper content per square meter of surface seam] (Gillitzer, 1936); “kupferführung” [copper guide] (Eisentraut, 1939); “Kupfergehalt des Flözes” [copper content of the seam] (Richter, 1941; Kautzsch, 1942); “zasobność miedzi” [abun-dance of copper, or copper productivity] (Oszczepalski and Rydzewski, 1983); and “accumulation index” (Piestrzyński and Pieczonka, 2012).

Metal surface density can be calculated using the contained metal content of ore bodies and the surface projec-tion of their area or by using information for profiles through the mineralized interval as sampled in outcrop, underground workings, or drill holes. Data from point locations (such as drill holes) can be contoured or gridded and used to estimate contained metal. Area multiplied by the estimated metal surface density for the area yields an estimate of the contained metal.

For profile data (such as drill holes), Oszczepalski and Rydzewski (1997b) define metal surface density as:

Q = 0.001MPC,

where Q is the metal surface density (in kilograms per

square meter) of a mineralized interval, M is the thickness (in meters), P is the average metal concentration (in grams

per metric ton), and C is the bulk density (in metric tons per

cubic meter)

Metal surface density is calculated for continuously sampled profiles and weighted averages are used to calculate the metal surface density for the entire mineralized interval.

What are representative numbers for copper surface density in the Kupferschiefer region? Cutoff criteria for bal-ance reserves8 include grade cutoff of 0.7 percent copper, minimum copper equivalent9 in sample composite of 0.7, and minimum yield (copper metal per unit area) of 50 kg/m2 (Bartlett and others, 2013). Drill holes in sections through the Sieroszowice and Rudna Mines have CSD values ranging

8In the mineral resource classification system used by former COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) countries during the Soviet era, balance reserves are those that are economic (Jakubiak and Smakowski, 1994)..

9Copper equivalent is Cu(%) + Ag(g/t)/100.


POLAND

GERMANY

FRANCE UKRAINE

BELARUS

UNITEDKINGDOM

LITHUANIASWEDEN

CZECH REPUBLIC

SLOVAKIA

BELGIUM

RUSSIARUSSIA

DENMARK

AUSTRIA HUNGARY

NETHERLANDSNETHERLANDS

NORTH SEA

BALTIC SEA

20° E10° E0°

55° N

50° N

EXPLANATION

Sediment-hosted stratabound copper permissive tract

Political boundaries from U.S. Department of State (2009).Lambert Conformal Conic Projection.Central meridian, 10° E., latitude of origin, 48° N.

0 100 200 300 400 KILOMETERS

0 100 200 MILES

Copper

Copper, with chalcocite and bornite

Lead

Rote Fäule

Zinc

Pyrite, with sphalerite

Pyrite, with chalcopyrite

Pyrite

Rote Fäule, Zechstein cycle I

Rote Fäule, Weissleigend

Sand bar, no Kupferschiefer

Pre-Cenozoic rocks

Pyrite, with galena

Mineral zone

Lead and zinc, with vanadium and molybdenum

Vanadium and molybdenum

Copper, zinc, lead, vanadium, and molybdenum

Unmineralized

Copper, with bornite and chalcopyrite

Tennantite, with chalcopyrite and pyrite

Kupferschiefer near Rote Fäule with no signficant copper

Figure 7. Map of the Southern Permian Basin, northern Europe, showing sulfide and oxide mineral zones developed in rocks near the base of the Zechstein Group. Compiled from Richter (1941), Schumacher and Schmidt (1985), Schmidt and others (1986), Schmidt (1987), Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (1993), Oszczepalski and Rydzewski (1997a), Rentzsch and others (1997), Geological Office of the Saxony-Anhalt Mining Area (2000), Zagorodnykh (2000), Stedingk and Rentzsch (2003), Bavarian Geological State Office (2004a), and Oszczepalski and Speczik (2011).


Mineralization 13

POLAND

GERMANY

FRANCE UKRAINE

BELARUS

UNITEDKINGDOM

LITHUANIASWEDEN

CZECH REPUBLIC

SLOVAKIA

BELGIUM

RUSSIARUSSIA

DENMARK

AUSTRIA HUNGARY

NETHERLANDSNETHERLANDS

NORTH SEA

BALTIC SEA

20° E10° E0°

55° N

50° N

EXPLANATION


Political boundaries from U.S. Department of State (2009).Lambert Conformal Conic Projection.Central meridian, 10° E., latitude of origin, 48° N.

0 100 200 300 400 KILOMETERS

0 100 200 MILES

Copper

Copper, with chalcocite and bornite

Lead

Rote Fäule

Zinc



Pyrite

Rote Fäule, Zechstein cycle I

Rote Fäule, Weissleigend

Sand bar, no Kupferschiefer

Pre-Cenozoic rocks

Pyrite, with galena

Mineral zone




Unmineralized



Kupferschiefer near Rote Fäule with no signficant copper



from 7 to 413 kg/m2 (fig. 8; Pieczonka and others, 2001). Ore intercepts with copper surface-density values of 50 kg/m2 are considered to be economic in Poland when there is a minimum of 1.7 percent copper in the “interval of the extracted wall” using a cutoff grade of 0.7 percent copper (Bartlett and others, 2013).10 Oszczepalski and Speczik (2011) use a cutoff of 35 kg/m2 to estimate prognostic (undiscovered) resources in Poland. The overall copper surface density for ore bodies in the Mansfeld and Sangerhausen areas is estimated to be 19.6 kg/m2 (Knitzschke, 1995). Using surface area calculated with a geographic information system (GIS) and the contained copper of ore bodies, overall copper surface-density values for other reduced-facies-type deposits range from 60 to 260 kg/m2 (table 1).

Regional Maps of Mineral and Metal Zones and Copper Surface Density

Regional mineral- and metal-zonation maps of mineral proportions and metal zones, as well as metal surface density, were compiled into a spatial (GIS) dataset to support the mineral resource assessment. The sources of information include metal surface-density maps for Germany based on 1,082 underground and surface exposures, as well as bore-holes (Rentzsch and Franzke, 1997), and a corresponding mineral-zonation map, which shows about 270 drill-hole collar locations (Rentzsch and others, 1997). Ten thousand samples were used to delimit and calculate the metal contents of the Kupferschiefer ore zone on these maps. The mineral-ized interval is defined as the Kupferschiefer and the rocks in its hanging wall and footwall, provided they have metal values exceeding 0.1 percent copper, lead, or zinc. For Poland, the GIS incorporates the data in the metallogenic atlas of the Zechstein copper-bearing series, which is based on 774 bore-holes and the chemical analyses of more than 50,000 samples (Oszczepalski and Rydzewski, 1997b). Metal surface density was calculated for continuously sampled profiles where the combined concentration of copper, lead, and zinc in individual samples is equal to or greater than 0.1 percent. The compila-tion also includes recent studies focused on southwestern Poland that are based on petrographic and analytical studies on more than 1,400 drill holes; only intervals with samples that contained in excess of 0.7 percent copper were used to calculate copper surface density (Oszczepalski and Speczik, 2011). In addition, the compilation incorporates small copper

10 Since 2012, the values used to define the deposit and its boundaries have changed to cut off of 0.5 percent copper, minimum copper equivalent in sample composite of 0.5, and minimum yield (copper metal per unit area) of 35 kg/m2.

surface-density maps published by Schmidt and others (1986); Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (1993); Geological Office of the Saxony-Anhalt Mining area (2000); Stedingk and Rentzsch (2003); Liedtke and Vasters (2008); and Volker Spieth (written commun., 2008).

Mineral-zonation maps based on the petrographic study of drill core show the zoned distribution of sulfide and oxide minerals in and near the Kupferschiefer (figs. 7 and 8). For example, Rentzsch and others (1997) describe 10 mineral associations, which they display on their map. Oszczepalski and Rydzewski (1997b) and Oszczepalski and Speczik (2011) map 8 and 6 mineral zones, respectively (table 2). These maps were also compiled in order to assess undiscovered resources.

To interpret the metal surface-density and mineral-zonation maps, GIS data that showed the surface extent of known ore bodies, the location of mineral occurrences, and mining leases and concession areas were compiled. Many of the known occurrences are either old mine workings or drill holes with mineralized intercepts. Spatial data files for metal surface density, mineral zones, ore bodies, leases and concessions, permissive tracts, and mineral occurrences are included with this report and are summarized in appendix B.

Mineralization Age

The accepted depositional age of the Kupferschiefer is from 260.4 to 258 Ma (Re-Os date; Menning and others, 2006; Słowakiewicz and others, 2009). Brauns and others (2003) reported a whole-rock and mineral-separate isochron from several samples from the Sangerhausen deposit that gives a Re-Os date of 257±1.6 Ma. The data presented by Brauns and others (2003) were based on one drill core from the Sanger-hausen area and were obtained from unspecified sulfide miner-als (Słowakiewicz and others, 2009). Nevertheless, Menning and others (2006) and many other authors accept the precise date reported by Brauns and others (2003) as a depositional age for the base of the Zechstein Group. Six samples of non-mineralized black shale from a Kupferschiefer section in the northern part of the Polish Zechstein Basin yield a Re-Os date of 247±20 Ma (Pašava and others, 2010). Pašava and others (2007) reported a Re-Os date of 240±3.8 Ma from mineral-ized, copper-rich Kupferschiefer whole-rock samples of the Lubin Mine. Pätzold and others (2002) obtained a Re-Os date of 204.3±0.5 Ma for copper-sulfide mineralization associated with the Kupferschiefer at Mansfeld. The younger ages at Lubin and Mansfeld are consistent with an epigenetic origin of the Kupferschiefer mineralization (fig. 9).

Mineralization 15

EXPL

AN

ATIO

N

Zech

stei

n lim

esto

ne

Kupf

ersc

hief

er

Rotli

egen

d sa

ndst

one,

A in

dica

tes

an

hydr

ite c

emen

t

Copp

er m

iner

aliz

atio

n

Ore

bod

y

Rote

Fäu

le

Sr 1

4-52

8Sr

14-

259

Po 1

-671

Po 3

-131

Po 1

8-91

2M

o 25

-626

Bore

hole

num

ber

6.91

Copp

er s

urfa

ce d

ensi

ty,

in k

ilogr

ams

per s

quar

em

eter

50.1

922

2.71

262.

0622

7.33

412.

73

A

A

AA

A

AA

A

AA

A

Sier

oszo

wic

e M

ine

Rudn

a M

ine

AA

'

0123M

ETER

S

048FEET

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

2

2

2

2

4

4

4PE

RCEN

T

PERC

ENT

PERC

ENT

PERC

ENT

PERC

ENT

13.5

13.6

3

Fig0

8 Pa

ge11

Pie

czon

ka e

t al_

01_s

ga.a

i

Figu

re 8

. St

ratig

raph

ic c

olum

ns th

roug

h th

e Ku

pfer

schi

efer

in th

e Si

eros

zow

ice

and

Rudn

a M

ine

area

s, P

olan

d, s

how

ing

rock

type

and

his

togr

ams

of c

oppe

r con

tent

and

the

rela

tion

of m

iner

aliza

tion

to th

e Ro

te F

äule

alte

ratio

n fa

cies

. Lin

e of

sec

tion

(A–A

’) is

sho

wn

on fi

gure

26.

Mod

ified

from

Pie

czon

ka a

nd o

ther

s (2

001)

.


Table 1. Average copper surface density (CSD) values for selected flat-lying reduced-facies sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits.

[km2, square kilometers; kg/m2, kilogram per meter squared]

Deposit name Basin CountryOre body area

(km2)

Contained copper metal (metric tons)

CSD (kg/m2)

Reference for contained copper

Spremberg Southern Permian Basin

Germany 9.90 617,400 62 Kopp and others (2006)

Boleo Santa Rosalia Mexico 33.61 2,580,772 77 Dreisinger and others (2010)Graustein Southern Permian

BasinGermany 8.26 868,320 105 Kopp and others (2006)

Lubin-Sieroszowice Southern Permian Basin

Poland 375.17 72,000,000 197 Kirkham and Broughton (2005); Polish Geological Institute–National Research Institute (2009a, b); Lattanzi and others (1997); Wodzicki and Piestrzyński (1994)

White Pine Keweenawan United States

32.25 8,256,000 256 Kirkham and others (1994)

Table 2. Correlation of mineral- and metal-zone mapping for the Kupferschiefer in the Southern Permian Basin, Germany and Poland.

[Pyrite includes marcasite; RF, Rote Fäule; Cu, copper; Pb, lead; Zn, zinc; Fe, iron]

Mineral-zone mappedMetal typeRentzsch, Franzke, and Friedrich (1997) Oszczepalski and Rydzewski

(1997a)Oszczepalski and Speczik (2011)

Hematite-type Rote Fäule facies (paragenesis 1) Oxidized area (Rote Fäule) Extent of the oxidized zone in the shale-carbonate Pz1 series;Extent of the oxidized zone in the White Sandstone (Weissliegend)

RF

Covellite-idaite-type (association 2);Chalcocite-type (association 3);Bornite-chalcocite-type (association 4);Bornite-type (association 5);Bornite-chalcopyrite-type (association 6);Chalcopyrite-(tennantite)-pyrite-type (association 7a)

Chalcocite-covellite mineralization; Chalcocite-bornite (chalcopyrite) mineralization

Copper-bearing zone Cu

Chalcopyrite-galena-type (association 8a); galena-type (association 9a)

Galena-sphalerite-pyrite (chalcopyrite) mineralization

Lead-bearing zone Pb

Chalcopyrite-sphalerite-type; (association 8b); sphalerite-type (association 9b)

Sphalerite-galena-pyrite (chalcopyrite) mineralization

Zinc-bearing zone Zn

Pyrite-type (association 10) with chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, bornite, or chalcocite

Pyrite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite (galena) mineralization;Pyrite-sphalerite-galena (chalcopyrite) mineralization; Pyrite mineralization

Pyrite zone Fe, (Cu), (Pb), or (Zn)

Mineralization 17

100

150

200

250

300

50

Crys

talli

zatio

n ag

es o

fRo

tlieg

end

volc

anic

ro

cks

(K-A

r and

U-Pb

on

zirco

n)

Maf

ic to

sili

cic

volc

anic

ro

cks

in G

erm

any

and

Pola

nd

Glob

al b

ound

ary

of th

e Gu

adal

upia

n/Lo

ping

ian

stag

e ba

sed

on δ

13C

isot

ope

chem

ostra

tigra

phy

Re-O

s ag

es o

f the

Kupf

ersc

hief

erSa

nger

haus

en, s

ulfid

e be

arin

g sh

ale

Non

-min

eral

ized

blac

k sh

ale

Lubi

n M

ine,

cop

per-

rich

sam

ples

Man

sfel

d, m

iner

alize

d ro

ck

Infe

rred

age

of h

emat

ite in

Rot

e Fä

ule

from

rem

nant

mag

netiz

atio

n an

d re

vise

d po

lar w

ande

r pat

h

K-Ar

ext

rapo

late

d ag

esof

aut

hige

nic

illite

Barr

en K

upfe

rsch

iefe

r

Min

eral

ized

Kupf

ersc

hief

erin

Pol

and

Fila

men

tous

illit

e in

dia

gene

ticce

men

t in

Wei

sslie

gend

es

Illite

in d

iage

netic

cem

ent i

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tlieg

ende

s sa

ndst

ones

K-Ar

age

s of

met

amor

phis

m o

f maf

ic v

olca

nic

rock

s in

the

Gorz

ów W

ielk

opol

ski b

lock

, For

e-

Sude

tic M

onoc

line,

nor

thw

est P

olan

d

Ma

Stag

e 1:

Tra

nste

nsio

n in

late

st

Carb

onife

rous

to P

erm

ian

time

(Rot

liege

nd)

Stag

e 2a

: Ext

ensi

on in

Ear

ly to

La

te T

riass

ic ti

me

Stag

e 2b

: Ext

ensi

on in

Lat

e Ju

rass

ic to

ear

ly L

ate

Cret

aceo

us ti

me

Stag

e 3:

Con

tract

ion

and

inve

rsio

n in

late

st C

reta

ceou

s to

late

Olig

ocen

e tim

e

Cent

ral E

urop

ean

Basi

n Sy

stem

stru

ctur

al

evol

utio

n st

ages

CRET

ACEO

USJU

RASS

ICTR

IASS

ICPE

RMIA

NPA

LEOG

ENE

Fig0

9 Ev

ent_

time_

char

t.ai

Figu

re 9

. Ch

art i

llust

ratin

g ag

e re

latio

ns fo

r the

dep

ositi

on a

nd a

ltera

tion

of R

otlie

gend

vol

cani

c ro

cks

and

the

Kupf

ersc

hief

er in

the

Sout

hern

Per

mia

n Ba

sin,

nor

ther

n Eu

rope

. Dia

mon

d an

d ba

rs a

re ra

diom

etric

age

s w

ith e

rror

s. S

ourc

es o

f inf

orm

atio

n in

clud

e M

alis

zew

ska

and

othe

rs (1

998)

; Bec

htel

and

oth

ers

(199

9); N

awro

cki (

2000

); M

icha

lik a

nd S

awło

wic

z (20

01);

Pätz

old

and

othe

rs (2

002)

; Bra

uns

and

othe

rs (2

003)

; Byl

ina

(200

6); G

eißl

er a

nd o

ther

s (2

008)

; Sło

wak

iew

icz a

nd o

ther

s (2

009)

; Paš

ava

and

othe

rs (2

010)

; and

Sym

ons

and

othe

rs (2

011)

. Ma,

meg

a-an

num

(mill

ions

of y

ears

ago

); K-

Ar, p

otas

sium

-arg

on; U

-Pb,

ura

nium

-lead

; Re-

Os, r

heni

um-o

smiu

m; δ

13C,

de

viat

ion

of th

e ca

rbon

-13

to c

arbo

n-12

ratio

with

resp

ect t

o Pe

e De

e Be

lem

nite

sta

ndar

d.


These ages can be compared with dates for alteration associated with the mineralization and with the Rote Fäule (fig. 9). Bechtel and others (1996) indirectly dated Kupferschiefer mineralization using K-Ar on illite from Kupferschiefer shale samples taken from barren pyrite zone, zinc-lead zone, copper-zinc-lead zone, copper zone, and Rote Fäule. Initial results indicated a Middle Triassic age. Bechtel and oth-ers (1999) refined the illite K-Ar ages using illite polytypes of probable diagenetic, authigenic origin from mineralized samples. Results varied from 216 to 190 Ma (Late Triassic to Early Jurassic). The paleomagnetic dating of Rote Fäule hematite initially yielded dates of 250 to 220 Ma, which were later refined to 255 to 245 Ma by Nawrocki (2000) based on improved polar wandering paths. Recent paleomagnetic age dating of pyrrhotite and magnetite mineralization at Sang-erhausen has revealed late epigenetic ages of 149 or 53 Ma (Symons and others, 2011).

The various ages record a series of events distributed along the time-depth burial path for the Kupferschiefer, including mineralization and alteration (fig. 10). After deposi-tion at 260 to 258 Ma, the Kupferschiefer was rapidly buried to depths of 1.5 km by 240 Ma (Middle Triassic). Rates of burial then apparently slowed until depths of 2.5 to 3 km were reached about 150 Ma (Upper Jurassic). This burial history is consistent with the extensional tectonic phases described by Kley and others (2008) for the SPB.

Mineral Resource NomenclatureScientific terminology for identified (discovered) mineral

resources follows the usage proposed by Committee for Mineral Reserves and Reporting Standards (2006). “Mineral resources” are defined as concentrations or occurrences of material of economic interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, quality, and quantity that there exist reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, continuity, and other geological characteristics of a mineral resource are known, estimated, or interpreted from specific geological evidence, sampling, and other knowl-edge. The term “mineral reserve” is restricted to the economi-cally mineable part of a mineral resource.

In this report, an “undiscovered mineral resource” estimate is considered to be mineralized rock that is likely to be pres-ent but for which location, grade, quality, and quantity are not constrained by specific geologic evidence. The estimates can refer to completely undiscovered deposits or to exten-sions of areas with known, drill-indicated resources. Some geologic information could be available for these exten-sions, but it is not sufficient to meet the requirements for defining (1) inferred mineral resources using the guidelines published by Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards (2006) or (2) category C resources in the classification scheme used by many former COMECON (Sovet Ekonomicheskoy Vzaimopomoshchi [Council for Mutual Economic Assistance]) countries during the Soviet era

(Diatchkov, 1994; Jakubiak and Smakowski, 1994; Henley and Young, 2009). The COMECON system has a prognostic or “P” category. Resources listed as prognostic are generally equivalent to undiscovered resources in the classification of mineral resources used by the USGS (U.S. Bureau of Mines and U.S. Geological Survey, 1976). Resources within the P1 category may be adjacent to and extend beyond the limits of drill-indicated resources (category C). Resources under the P2 category are estimated using geophysical and geochemi-cal data (Diatchkov, 1994). In Poland, the prognostic resource categories P1 and P2 are referred to as D1 and D2 (Jakubiak and Smakowski, 1994).

Assessment Methodology ConceptsU.S. Geological Survey (USGS) mineral resource assess-

ments address two basic questions: (1) where are undiscovered mineral resources likely to exist, and (2) how much undiscov-ered mineral resource could be present? Results are presented as maps and as a frequency distribution of in-place, undiscov-ered metal. We can make inferences about undiscovered min-eral resource potential because natural accumulations of useful minerals or rocks (“mineral deposits”) can be classified into groups or “deposit types” that reflect processes of formation. Using the deposit-type paradigm, we can predict the geologic settings in which various types of deposits could be found, as well as anticipate the distribution and concentration of ore materials at the scale of the deposit.

The concepts of deposit type and ore genesis underlie geologically based mineral resource assessments. Two genetic concepts have been proposed for the origin of SSC deposits: (1) syngenesis, in which the mineralization developed simultaneously with the deposition of the sediments, and (2) diagenesis, in which the mineralization formed later than the deposition of the sediments during compaction and lith-ification. After decades of research, the diagenetic model of ore formation is now widely accepted and forms the basis for establishing assessment criteria.

The concept of a mineral system is used to translate theories of regional ore genesis into criteria that can be used in mineral resource assessment and exploration targeting stud-ies (Wyborn and others, 1994; Knox-Robinson and Wyborn, 1997; Cox and others, 2003; Hronsky, 2004; Hitzman and others, 2005; Barnicoat, 2006; Hronsky and Groves, 2008; Blewett and others, 2010). For example, hydrothermal ore deposits can be understood by considering the source of the ore-forming fluid, its physical and chemical character, the mechanisms for dissolving and transporting ore-forming com-ponents, and the causes of precipitation from it (Skinner and Barton, 1973). Sites with appropriate combinations of struc-tural, chemical, and physical conditions that force ore-mineral precipitation reactions are called ore traps (Reed, 1997). Varia-tions of the source-transport-trap paradigm are used to define both petroleum and hydrothermal mineral-systems models

Assessment Methodology Concepts 19

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(Magoon and Dow, 1994; Wyborn and others, 1994; Magoon and Schmoker, 2000).

The formation of SSC deposits requires a source of metals, a fluid that extracts and moves metals away from the source rocks, a pathway that allows the movement of these ore-bearing fluids, and a physical and redox chemical trap that fixes metals in an ore body (table 3; Taylor, 2000; Hitzman and others, 2005; Hayes and others, in press). The timing of the processes that control fluid generation, migration, storage, and preservation is crucial; if a single system component or process is missing or occurs out of order, the copper deposits cannot form (Magoon and Dow, 1994; Kreuzer and others, 2008; McCuaig and others, 2010).

Essential mineral-system components for assessing SSC deposits include (1) permeable red-bed rocks juxta-posed against strata that contain reductants (typically organic material and earliest diagenetic pyrite), (2) basin history that indicates that the rocks experienced burial diagenesis (depths of 1 to 5 km at temperatures ranging from 70 to 220 °C), and (3) subsurface water that is enriched in copper. The lithostrati-graphic relations in the first component are used to delineate areas where reduced-facies-type copper mineralization could occur. The second component is necessary because sediment-hosted copper ore fluids will not develop unless the sediments undergo burial diagenesis. The third component is crucial—we use direct evidence for the presence of copper-bearing ore flu-ids to constrain the probable amounts of undiscovered copper resources because rocks with the appropriate lithostratigraphic relations can undergo burial diagenesis without developing subsurface water enriched in copper.

Mineral Resource Assessment—Delineating Permissive Tracts

Geographic areas are defined where undiscovered mineral resources could be present. These areas, or “permis-sive tracts,” represent the surface projection of that part of the Earth’s crust down to a specified depth where undiscovered mineral resources could be present. Areas are excluded from these tracts only on the basis of geology, knowledge about unsuccessful exploration, or the presence of barren overburden exceeding some specified thickness (Singer and Menzie, 2010). No areas are removed because of ownership or use of the land. The criteria used to select the permissive volume of rock, or assessment unit, are provided by descriptive mineral deposit and mineral-systems models.

Lithostratigraphy consistent with the reduced-facies deposit and mineral-system models is used to delineate the permissive tract. The tract is defined by the stratigraphic interval that separates a porous flow unit (reservoir-facies red beds of the Rotliegend) from the overlying ore trap and seal (the base of the Zechstein, which includes the ore trap, the Kupferschiefer, and regional sealing strata, the Kupferschiefer and the overlying evaporites). This stratigraphic interval is mapped to a depth of 2,500 m below the surface; the sub-surface body (volume) vertically projected to the surface is the permissive tract. The assessment depth of 2,500 m was selected because it is a kilometer below the deepest mine workings on the Kupferschiefer; at this depth, the virgin rock temperatures are likely to be 80–90 ºC (Górecki, 2006). Based

Table 3. Various schemes to describe the components of mineral-ore systems that form sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits.

Schemes for mineral-ore system

Mineral system Sediment-hosted stratabound-copper mineral system

Wyborn and others (1994) Cox and others (2003) Hitzman and others (2005) Hayes and others (in press)

• Sources of the mineralizing fluids and transporting ligands.

• Sources of metals and other components.

• Migration pathway.

• Thermal gradient.

• Energy source to physically mobilize sufficient quantities of fluid to transport economic amounts of metal.

• A mechanical and structural focusing mechanism at the trap site.

• A chemical and (or) physical cause for enriched mineral precipitation at the trap site.

• Oxidized source rocks that are hematite stable and contain ferromagnesian minerals or mafic rock fragments from which copper can be leached.

• Source of brine to mobilize copper.

• Source of reduced fluid to precipitate copper and form a deposit.

• Conditions favorable for fluid mixing.

• Source(s) of metal and sulfur (sulfate or sulfide).

• Source(s) of metal-transporting fluid.

• Transport paths of these fluids.

• Thermal or hydraulic pump to collect and drive the metal- and sulfate-transporting fluids.

• Chemical and physical processes which resulted in precipitation (trapping) of the sulfides.

• Copper source rocks.

• Liberation of copper from source rocks by a hot sedi-mentary brine.

• Migration of this copper bearing brine.

• Non-oxidized, typically pyrite-bearing host rocks.

• Seal rocks.

• Traps, both physical and chemical.

Mineral Resource Assessment—Exploration History and Known Deposits 21

on current mining operations in South Africa, this is near the upper limit of virgin rock temperatures where current refrig-eration technologies would permit underground mining.

Preliminary permissive tracts were created using GIS information from the Petroleum Geological Atlas of the South-ern Permian Basin area (fig. 11; Doornenbal and Stevenson, 2010). Coarse-grained (reservoir-facies) rocks were selected for the lower and upper part of the Slochteren Formation (equivalent to the Rotliegend Group) and merged into a new spatial layer. The facies units included in the selection are: playa margin (coastal sand-belt of playa lake); erg margin (sand flats); erg (dunes); and fluvial plain. This spatial layer was then clipped to include only the areas where the Zechstein 1 cycle is present at depths less 2.5 km. The resulting polygons were smoothed and small holes were filled; small polygons (less than approximately 20 km2) were deleted. The scale of the Petroleum Geological Atlas of the Southern Permian Basin area maps is 1:3,000,000 (Doornenbal and Stevenson, 2010); therefore, tract boundaries were refined using larger scale maps such as the 1:1,000,000-scale map of Germany (Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, 1993) and the 1:400,000-scale map of Sachsen-Anhalt (Stedingk and Rentzsch, 2003).

The resulting polygons were grouped into seven assess-ment areas (tracts) for the purpose of this study (fig. 12):

• 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin is located in central Germany in the states of Nieder-sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, and Thüringen. Mining began in the High Middle Ages11 and two deposits were mined in the 20th century, Mansfeld and Sang-erhausen. Two deposits, Feld Heldrungen (Thüringen) and Tiefscholle Osterhausen, have not been developed.

• 150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression is located in south-central Germany in the states of Baden-Wurttemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, and Thüringen. Mining began in the Late Middle Ages12 and one deposit was mined in the 20th century, Richelsdorf.

• 150rfCu0003, North Sea includes part of northeastern England and most of the Netherlands. There is no his-tory of mining, and there are no identified deposits for this tract.

• 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia) is located in southwestern Poland. Mining has continued since the Late Middle Ages and there are three deposits: Konrad-Grodziec-Wartowice, Lena-Nowy Kościół, and Lubin-Sieroszowice. Several mines are producing cop-per from Lubin-Sieroszowice, and geological studies have identified many areas prospective for undiscov-ered mineralization.

11 Approximately 1000–1299 C.E.

12 Approximately 1300–1500 C.E.

• 150rfCu0005, Spremberg-Wittenberg is located in eastern Germany in the states of Brandenburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, and Sachsen. Two identified deposits, Graustein and Spremberg, are currently (2014) in the permitting process for development, and another site, Weisswasser, is being explored.

• 150rfCu0006, Baltic Basin includes parts of eastern and northern Poland and extends into Russia and Lithuania. There is no history of mining, and no depos-its have been identified.

• 150rfCu0007, Jutland Peninsula includes parts of Denmark and Germany. There is no history of mining, and no deposits have been identified.

Some of the permissive tracts extend beyond the limits of the Southern Permian Basin area as specified in the Petroleum Geological Atlas (Doornenbal and Stevenson, 2010). The Hes-sian Depression tract was extended to the south using areas where the Zechstein intersected the Rotliegend as shown on 1:500,000-scale maps from Bavarian Geological State Office (2004a, b). A GIS layer showing the facies boundary from Rupf and Nitsch (2008) and the Zechstein rocks shown on the 1:1,000,000-scale map from Federal Institute for Geosci-ences and Natural Resources (1993) were also used for the southern boundary. The Baltic Basin tract was extended to the east using the extent of the Zechstein 1 cycle deposits dataset (Doornenbal and Stevenson, 2010) and the extent of Rotlieg-end rocks from Pokorski (1981). In the northeastern area, this tract was extended using the extent of the Zechstein 1 cycle deposits dataset from Doornenbal and Stevenson (2010). The Jutland Peninsula tract was extended to the north using the part of the Zechstein that is less than 2.5 km deep shown on a 1:750,000-scale structural-depth map of the Zechstein (Vejbæk and Britze, 1994).

Mineral Resource Assessment—Exploration History and Known Deposits

Central Germany—Permissive Tracts 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin and 150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression

Mining of the Kupferschiefer likely began in the High Middle Ages. Two miners from Goslar13, Nappian and Neuke, are purported to have begun mining copper in Hettstedt in the Mansfeld area in about 1199 (fig. 13; Spangenberg, 1572;

13Goslar is a town near the Rammelsberg sedimentary exhalative lead-zinc-silver deposits. These deposits were mined as early as the Bronze Age and were more-or-less continuously mined from the 10th to the 20th centuries.


Jankowski 1995). Mining of the Kupferschiefer at Ilmenau is documented as early as 1216 (Schorn and others, 2012b). Mining of bituminous copper ores in central Europe is discussed by Albertus Magnus in Liber Mineralium, written about 1260 (Wyckoff, 1958).

By the Late Middle Ages, copper was being mined at several places along the margins of the Thüringian Basin and the Hessian Depression. Mining is documented as early as 1460 in the Richelsdorf Mountains (Walther and Lippert, 1986). In 1556, Georgius Agricola described mining and processing of ores and gave a brief description of the strata associated with the Mansfeld copper ores “For example, in those districts which lie at the foot of the Harz mountains, there are many different coloured strata, covering a copper vena dilatata.” Following a description of the overlying strata, he says “Beneath this, and last of all, lies the cupriferous stra-tum, black coloured and schistose, in which there sometimes glitter scales of gold-coloured pyrites in the very thin sheets, which, as I said elsewhere, often take the forms of various living things” (Hoover and Hoover, 1950, p. 127). Mining began in the area near Frankenberg about 1590 (Schorn and others, 2012a). Elsewhere, mines at Baumbach, Albungen, and Witzenhausen were also active.

Early production was from near-surface, secondarily enriched ores with copper and silver contents exceeding 1 percent and 10 ppm respectively (Walther and Lippert, 1986). Fires were set underground to fracture rocks and miners used hammers, chisels, and wedge hoes to excavate the ore (fig. 14A). The working face was about 50 to 60 centimeters (cm) high; miners lay on their sides to dig out the ore material (Spilker, 2010). Around 1500, mine workings penetrated the water table, which necessitated the construction of drainage tunnels. By 1571, there were 127 shafts worked by nearly 1,500 miners in the Mansfeld area (Stedingk, 2002). Mining was active at Korbach and Bieber in the 18th century (Walther and Lippert, 1986; Schorn and others, 2012a). By the end of the 18th century, mining reached depths of 130 m at Mansfeld (Walther and Lippert, 1986).

Ore was extracted from many small tunnels and shafts; the spoil piles from these workings are a unique feature of today’s landscape (fig. 14B). Google Earth™ imagery was used to map the distribution of the spoil piles that indicate the location of old mine shafts; mapping started near Eisleben in the Mansfeld area, where we are confident that the conical mounds are related to old mine sites on the Kupferschiefer. We reviewed imagery anywhere rocks near the base of the Zechstein are mapped. In the Mansfeld area, the distribution of the mounds is up dip of the drainage tunnels (German: stol-len) that were constructed to drain groundwater from the mines (Jankowski, 1995; Geological Office of the Saxony-Anhalt Mining Area, [2000]). The distribution of these mounds clearly shows the concentration of mining activities in the Mansfeld and Sangerhausen areas, along the southern margin of the Harz, along the northern and southern flanks of the Thüringer Wald, along the northwestern margin of the Erzgebirge, and along the eastern margin of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge (fig. 13).

The Industrial Revolution significantly increased ore production from the Kupferschiefer in central Germany (Stedingk, 2002; Krüger, 2006; Spilker, 2010). The first steam engine was put into operation in 1785; and iron hoist cables were first introduced in 1837. Dynamite was first used in 1870, and compressed air and pressurized-water drilling started in 1883. The diamond drill, invented about 1863 (Edson, 1926), was used in mineral exploration and mining to search for new deposits and to guide mine development beginning in 1889 (fig. 15; Spilker, 2010). The introduction of pneumatic tools increased the necessary working space in the mines to about 80 to 100 cm (Spilker, 2010). More than 20 ore production shafts were put into operation in the Mansfeld area in the 19th century (fig. 16; Geological Office of the Saxony-Anhalt Mining Area, 2000).

The late 18th and 19th centuries are also characterized by closures of mines that were intermittently mined since the Late Middle Ages (fig. 17)—Ilmenau in the late 1700s; Geismar, Schreufa, and Röddenau (near Frankenberg) about 1820; Leit-mar in 1824; Albungen in 1849; and Hahausen shortly after 1862 (Walther and Lippert, 1986; Schorn and others, 2012a,b).

Beginning in the 1930s, the German government initi-ated mineral exploration programs with the intent of creating employment and securing strategic raw materials (Gillitzer, 1936; Piątek and others, 2004). Systematic mineral explora-tion in the Kupferschiefer was conducted in central Germany (fig. 17; Gillitzer, 1936; Richter, 1941; and Kautzsch, 1942) and in the region of Silesia (then a German province, now part of Poland) (fig. 12; Eisentraut, 1939). The geologists were clearly familiar with copper deposits that were mined inter-mittently from the Late Middle Ages and focused exploration efforts near these sites.

In central Germany, geologists conducted drilling pro-grams that investigated (1) the area near Mansfeld, (2) the southern edge of the Harz between Sangerhausen and Walken-ried, (3) the area around Kyffhaus and Bottendorf, (4) the northern and southern margins of the Thüringer Wald, (5) the area around the Richelsdorf Mountains, (6) areas north and northeast of the Harz (Wiederstadt, Wohlsdorf, and Golbitz), and (7) along the southern margin of the Flechtinger Höhen-zug (figs. 13, 16, 17; Gillitzer, 1936; Richter, 1941; Kautzsch, 1942). Exploration results are illustrated with a variety of maps that are still in use today to identify areas with mineral potential. Maps show (1) the distribution of various sedimen-tary facies of the Rotliegend and the Kupferschiefer; (2) the distribution of the Rote Fäule; (3) the concentration of measured metal surface density for copper, lead, and zinc; and (4) metal facies with the relative proportion of copper, lead, and zinc. The exploration program identified mineral potential in the Richelsdorf Mountains (also called the Kurhessische copper ore field), the Sangerhausen area, and in the area of Silesia in what is now southwestern Poland. In most of the other areas that had been mined in central Germany during the 13th through 19th centuries, only low-grade copper mineraliza-tion was found in holes drilled down dip from the old mines. For example, one hole drilled near Bottendorf contained only tenths of a percent copper compared to copper grades of 2.5 to 2.8 percent in old mine workings (Gillitzer, 1936).


20° E10° E0°

55° N

50° N

POLAND

GERMANYFRANCE

LATVIASWEDEN

CZECHREPUBLIC

NORTH SEABALTIC SEA

20° E10° E0°

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GERMANYFRANCE

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Zechstein cycle I deposits

Rotliegend reservior facies

Zechstein cycle I to 2.5 kilometer depth

Extent of Southern Permian Basin Atlas

EXPLANATIONPolitcal boundaries from U.S. Department of State (2009)Europe Lambert Conformal Conic Projection.Central meridian, 12° E., latitude of origin, 48° N.

0 100 200 MILES

0 100 200 300 400 KILOMETERS

Fig11 RotlgndResFacies_Zech2_5km_tract_creation.ai

Figure 11. Maps showing how preliminary permissive tracts were delineated for reduced-facies sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits in the Southern Permian Basin, northern Europe. The upper diagram shows the overlap between the sedimentary rocks of Zechstein Group cycle 1 (which includes the Kupferschiefer) and reservoir-facies red beds of the underlying Rotliegend Group. The lower map shows where the overlap occurs above a depth of 2.5 kilometers. The primary spatial datasets were published as part of the Petroleum Geological Atlas of the Southern Permian Basin area (Doornenbal and Stevenson, 2010).


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Lena-Nowy Kosciól

Lubin-Sieroszowice

RichelsdorfTiefscholle

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SprembergMansfeldSangerhausen

Feld Heldrungen(Thuringen) Weisswasser

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EXPLANATION


150rfCu0006 - Baltic Basin

150rfCu0004 - Dolny Slask (Lower Silesia)

150rfCu0001 - Hercynian-Thuringian Basin

150rfCu0002 - Hessian Depression

150rfCu0007 - Jutland Peninsula

150rfCu0003 - North Sea

150rfCu0005 - Spremberg-Wittenberg

Sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposit

Sediment-hosted stratabound copper prospect

AUSTRIA

SLOVAKIA

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RUSSIA

FRANCE

ITALY

GERMANY POLAND

CZECHREPUBLIC

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WESTGERMANY

NORTH SEA

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East Germany

West Germany

Silesia

Political boundaries from U.S. Department of State (2009).WGS 1984 UTM Zone 33N Projection .Central meridian, 17° E., latitude of origin, 0°.

Fig12 All_tracts_v3.aiFigure 12. Map showing final permissive tracts delineated for reduced-facies sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits in the Southern Permian Basin, northern Europe. Inset shows the location of the former East Germany and West Germany, as well as the province of Silesia.


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Konrad-Grodziec-Wartowice

Lena-Nowy Kosciól

Lubin-Sieroszowice

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SprembergMansfeldSangerhausen

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0 100 200 MILES

EXPLANATION


150rfCu0006 - Baltic Basin

150rfCu0004 - Dolny Slask (Lower Silesia)

150rfCu0001 - Hercynian-Thuringian Basin

150rfCu0002 - Hessian Depression

150rfCu0007 - Jutland Peninsula

150rfCu0003 - North Sea

150rfCu0005 - Spremberg-Wittenberg



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BALTICSEA

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48° NEXPLANATION

East Germany

West Germany

Silesia

Political boundaries from U.S. Department of State (2009).WGS 1984 UTM Zone 33N Projection .Central meridian, 17° E., latitude of origin, 0°.

Fig12 All_tracts_v3.ai


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THÜRINGIANBASIN

12° E8° E

52° N

50° N

Hannover

Frankfurt

Stuttgart

Mainz

Magdeburg

Leipzig

GERMANY

ERZGEBIRGE

FLECHTINGER HÖHENZUG


HARZ

ERZGEBIRGETHÜRINGER WALD

RHEINISCHES SCHIEFERGEBIRGE

RichelsdorfMountains

HESSIONDEPRESSION

Rhine River

Area of map B

A

FINNE FAULT

Ilmenau

Albungen

Baumbach

Bieber

Witzenhausen

Frankenberg

12° E4° E

54° N

46° N

FRANCE

GERMANY

AUSTRIA

CZECHREPUBLIC

POLAND

FRANCE

GERMANY

ITALY

POLAND

AUSTRIA

SWEDEN

DENMARK

CZECHREPUBLIC

Area of map A

Political boundaries from U.S. Department of State (2009).Europe Lambert Conformal Conic Projection.Central meridian, 10° E., latitude of origin, 48° N.

0 20 40 60 80 KILOMETERS

0 20 40 MILES

Fig13 Tract1__with_grnd_distrbnc_points.ai

150rfCu0001

150rfCu0002, basement high

EXPLANATION

150rfCu0002

Ground disturbance!

Fault

Assessed sediment-hosted stratabound copper tract

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11°45' E11°15' E

51°40' N

51°30' N


0 3 6 MILES

B

Eisleben

Mansfeld

Hettstedt

Figure 13. Map of permissive tracts 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin, and 150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression, Germany, and ground disturbance features that likely represent waste heaps around pre-Industrial Revolution mine shafts. Map A shows the full extent of both tracts. Map B is an enlargement of tract 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin, showing the area around Mansfeld.


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060

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ET

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100

150

200

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ERS

Imag

ery

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14)

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ce: E

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talG

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Eye,

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e GI

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AN

ATIO

N

Lim

esto

ne

Orga

nic-

rich

carb

onat

e m

udst

one

Was

te d

ump

Sum

p

Boul

ders

Bac

kfill

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mos

s an

d cl

ay

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ther

ed zo

ne

Clay

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egen

d sa

ndst

one

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stei

n

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egen

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cial

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osits

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stei

n

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ngcr

ibHa

lde

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er’s

term

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olog

ic u

nits

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ll

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Stei

n

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ersc

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erro

tes

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rge

rote

r Kle

e

Gerü

lle

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est

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ette

n

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elen

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ial

depo

sits

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4 G

erm

an_x

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ai

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ksch

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r

Zech

stei

nkal

k

A

B B

Figu

re 1

4.

Illus

tratio

n an

d sa

telli

te im

age

show

ing

pre-

Indu

stria

l Rev

olut

ion

min

e w

orki

ngs

used

to d

evel

op th

e Ku

pfer

schi

efer

in G

erm

any.

A, S

chem

atic

sec

tion

show

ing

min

e w

orki

ngs

used

to d

evel

op th

e Ku

pfer

schi

efer

bef

ore

the

Indu

stria

l Rev

olut

ion.

Min

ers

laid

on

thei

r sid

es to

exc

avat

e th

e or

e-be

arin

g m

ater

ial,

whi

ch w

as

mov

ed o

n ca

rts to

the

min

esha

ft an

d ra

ised

to th

e su

rface

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ng b

ucke

ts a

nd w

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es. O

re w

as h

and

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en tr

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d by

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on to

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elte

rs. W

aste

mat

eria

l w

as d

epos

ited

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the

min

esha

ft, fo

rmin

g sm

all e

arth

en m

ound

s w

hich

are

stil

l vis

ible

toda

y. B

, Im

age

show

ing

exam

ples

of t

hese

old

min

e si

tes

as g

roun

d di

stur

banc

e fe

atur

es s

uch

as s

how

n on

figu

re 1

3. S

chem

atic

sec

tion

mod

ified

from

Jan

kow

ski (

1995

).


10,0

00

20,0

00

30,0

00

40,0

00

50,0

00 0 1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Drilling, in meters per year

Drill holes per year

100

80 60 40 20 0

Year

EXPL

AN

ATIO

N

Dri

ll ho

les

Dri

lling

Fig1

5 pa

ge 1

6.ai

Figu

re 1

5.

Grap

h sh

owin

g th

e nu

mbe

r of h

oles

dril

led

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the

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ers

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ed p

er y

ear b

etw

een

1890

and

199

5 to

exp

lore

for c

oppe

r ore

bod

ies

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guid

e m

ine

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ent i

n th

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ansf

eld

and

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as, G

erm

any.

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ified

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1892

1895

1897

1901

1902

1906

1909

1910

1915

1944

19511956

1974

1871

1969

11°40' E11°20' E

51°40' N

51°30' N

HALLE-HETTSTEDT

GEBIRGSBRÜCKE

HORNBURGER SATTEL

MANSFELD AREA

HARZ

SANGERHAUSEN AREAKYFFHAÜSER

15° E10° E

55° N

50° N

GERMANY

POLAND

AUSTRIA

CZECH REPUBLIC

Area of map

NORTHSEA

BALTICSEA0 2 4 MILES

0 2 4 6 8 KILOMETERSPolitical boundaries from U.S. Department of State (2009).Europe Lambert Conformal Conic Projection.Central meridian, 11°30’ E., latitude of origin, 48° N.

EXPLANATION

Assessed sediment-hosted stratabound copper tract 150rfCu0001

Ore body

Shaft¸

Fig16 Tract1_orebody_SedCu.ai

Figure 16. Map of the Mansfeld-Sangerhausen area, Germany, showing copper ore bodies in the Kupferschiefer; permissive tract 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin; and mine shafts. Mine shafts are labeled with the year the shaft was constructed, if known. Sources of information for the ore bodies include Geological Office of the Saxony-Anhalt Mining Area (2000) and Liedtke and Vasters (2008).


THÜRINGIANBASIN

BBB

B

B

B

B

B

B

BB

B

B

B

BBB

BB

BB

BB B

B

B

B

B

B

B

BB

B

B

B

B

B

12° E8° E

52° N

50° N

GERMANY

Hannover

Frankfurt

Stuttgart

Mainz

Magdeburg

Leipzig

Wiederstedt

Hahausen

Ilmenau

SchweinaLuisenthal

Nordhausen

Sudharz

Alvensleben

Marsberg Golbitz

Bottendorf

Kyffhaus

Hain-Grundau

Udersleben

Anderstedt-Bernburg

Hilfe Gottes mine, Grosskahl

Albungen

Baumbach

Bieber

Geismar

Korbach

Leitmar

Osterode

Stateberg

Walkenried

Witzenhausen

Huttengesass

Schollkrippen

Gera

Strenznaundorf

Eisenach

EckardtshausenWaltershausen

Ohrdruf

Schmalkalden

Neustadt ander Orla

Alvensleben

Wohlsdorf

Bad Blankenburg

Frankenberg

Geraberg

SaalfeldKönitz

Trusetal

HARZ


HESSIONDEPRESSION


Rhine River

Danube River

12° E4° E

54° N

46° N

FRANCE

GERMANY

AUSTRIA

CZECHREPUBLIC

FRANCE

GERMANY

ITALY

POLANDPOLAND

AUSTRIA

SWEDENDENMARK

CZECHREPUBLIC

Area of map


EXPLANATION


0 20 40 MILES


Fig17 Tract1_other_sites.ai

Historic mine - 19th century or earlier

B

150rfCu0001


150rfCu0002


Figure 17. Map of permissive tracts 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin, and 150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression, Germany, showing sediment-hosted stratabound copper prospects and mine locations active through the early part of the 19th century.


The exploration program in the Richelsdorf area (fig. 18) began in the 1930s and continued until 1942. An in-situ resource of 42,000,000 metric tons (t) of ore with 0.99 percent copper and containing 400,000 t of copper was estimated (table 4). A mill and a copper smelter were constructed in Sontra, and mining began in 1939. From 1939 to 1945 and 1948 to 1954, 2,000,000 t of ore containing 15,300 t of copper and 7 t of silver were extracted. The mine closed in 1955 without exhausting the identified resources (Walther and Lippert, 1986).

In the Sangerhausen area, mineralized rock covering about 9 km2 with an average thickness of 29.2 cm and a copper surface density of 16 kg/m2 was delineated (Kautzsch, 1942). The Thomas-Münzer-Shaft was started in 1944, but no mining took place until after World War II.

Exploration and mining efforts halted in Germany during the course of World War II and did not resume until several years after the war ended. Resource depletion in the Mansfeld deposit was evident in the early 1940s. Around 1955, a recon-naissance survey was started between the Finne Fault and the Halle-Hettstedt Gebirgsbrücke that encompassed the Mansfeld and Sangerhausen areas (figs. 13 and 16). The work led to discovery of mineral resources at Sangerhausen, Tiefscholle Osterahausen, and Feld Heldrungen (figs. 16 and 19; Jung and Knitzschke, 1976). Development of the resources at Sanger-hausen began in the early 1950s. Mining continued until 1969 at Mansfeld to a depth of 995 m and 1990 at Sangerhausen to a depth of 950 m (Geological Office of the Saxony-Anhalt Mining Area, [2000]; Spilker, 2010).

From about 1200 to 1990, about 109 million metric tons (Mt) of ore containing 2.6 Mt copper and 14,000 met-ric tons silver were produced from deposits in the region of Mansfeld and Sangerhausen (tract 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin) (table 4; fig. 20; Knitzschke, 1995). About 35.4 Mt of ore containing 860,000 t copper, 105,000 t lead, 100,000 t zinc, and 4,700 t silver remain at Sangerhausen, Tiefscholle Osterhausen, and Feld Heldrungen (Knitzschke, 1995; Stedingk and Rentzsch 2003; Liedtke and Vasters, 2008). The deposits at Tiefscholle Osterhausen and Feld Heldrungen have not been mined.

The exploration work conducted by geologists from 1946 to 1989 in East Germany (fig. 12) was not limited to the Mansfeld and Sangerhausen area; these geologists investigated the metal distribution of the basal Zechstein over an area of

159,000 km2 where the Kupferschiefer occurs in Germany (Rentzsch and Franzke, 1997). The results are illustrated as a series of maps based on 1,082 underground and surface exposures, as well as 200 boreholes. A total of 10,000 samples were used to delimit and calculate the metal contents of the Kupferschiefer (Rentzsch and Franzke, 1997; Stedingk and Rentzsch, 2003). Copper surface density and metal zoning in permissive tracts 150rfCu0001 and 150rfCu0002 are shown on figures 21 and 22.

In West Germany (fig. 12), beginning in 1978 and con-tinuing through 1987, St. Joe Explorations GmbH and various joint venture partners conducted an exploration program focused on the Lower Zechstein strata. In two areas, Richels-dorf (Ronshausen-Rotenburg-Sontra) in the State of Hessen (Hesse) and Spessart-Rhön, in the State of Bayern (Bavaria), 60 holes were drilled to depths between 150 and 780 m (fig. 19; Schmidt and others, 1986).

In the Richelsdorf area, St. Joe geologists found a Rote Fäule zone in several widespread drill holes (Schmidt and others, 1986). Near the village of Ronshausen, exploration work delineated geological resources of 8 Mt of ore contain-ing 2.1 percent copper and 25 grams per metric ton (g/t) silver over a mining height of 2 m in the southern part of the Richelsdorf area (Südmulde) (Schumacher and Schmidt, 1985; Liedtke and Vasters, 2008). However, no significant results were obtained in the northern part of the Richelsdorf area (Nordmulde) or in the area between Bad Hersfeld and Fulda (fig. 19).

Exploration of the Spessart-Rhön area by St. Joe delin-eated a copper anomaly covering more than 200 km2 (figs. 21 and 22). This anomaly is divided into three areas: (1) Fulda (North Rhön) with maximum grades of 1.08 percent copper and 70 ppm silver over 2 m minimum thickness, (2) Spessart-Rhön with maximum grades of 0.4 percent copper and 73 ppm silver over 2 m minimum thickness in the southwest and maxi-mum copper contents of 0.73 percent and 19 ppm silver over 2 m minimum thickness in the northeast, and (3) Spessart-Rhön East (fig. 19; Schumacher and Schmidt, 1985; Schmidt and others, 1986; Liedtke and Vasters, 2008).

Recent summaries of exploration activity in Germany do not describe ongoing projects in tracts 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin, or 150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression (Seifert and Gutzmer, 2012; Wellmer, 2012). Many of the historic mine sites here are now parks or museums (Ließmann, 2010).


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9°55' E

50°57' N

Richelsdorf

Franziska shaft

Grube Münden shaft

Carl shaft

Wilhelm 2 shaft

Wilhelm 1shaft

Im Kalkes shaft

Neuer Wilhelm shaft

Lichtloch.1 Rosenthaler Stollen

Wechselschacht

Friedensschacht

Lichtloch 21Karlstollen

St. Joe, SouthHollow

Lichtloch 20 Karlstollen

Schnepfenbusch Shaft

Wolfsberg shaft

Reichenberg shaft

Sontra

Ronshausen

Rotenburg

51°3' N

12° E6° E

52° N

48° N

Political boundaries from U.S. Department of State (2009)Europe Lambert Conformal Conic Projection. Central meridian, 10° E., latitude of origin, 48° N.

GERMANY

FRANCEFRANCE

CZECHREPUBLIC

CZECHREPUBLIC

NETHERLANDS

NETHERLANDS

BELGIUMBELGIUM

AUSTRIAAUSTRIA

Area of map

9°45' E


Rotliegend

Tunnel

0 1 2 MILES

Copper surface density, in kilograms per square meter

<10

>10

10–20

>20Sediment-hosted stratabound copper prospect - mineralized material estimated


ÂShaft¸

»

EXPLANATION

( Borehole

Fig18 Tract2_RichelsdorfArea mlz_v3.aiFigure 18. Map of the Richelsdorf area, Germany, showing copper surface density, deposits, occurrences, shafts, tunnels, and boreholes. Sources of information include Schmidt and others (1986), Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (1993), Rentzsch and others (1997), Rentzsch and Franzke (1997), and Liedtke and Vasters (2008). >, greater than; <, less than.

Mineral Resource Assessment—Exploration History and Known Deposits 33Ta

ble

4.

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es s

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man

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!

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»

»

»

12° E8° E

52° N

50° N

GERMANY

Hannover

Frankfurt

Stuttgart

Mainz

Magdeburg

Leipzig

Fulda

Bad Hersfeld

Fulda

Spessart-Rhon EastSpessart-Rhon

Richelsdorf - St. Joe, South HollowRichelsdorf

MansfeldSangerhausen

Feld Heldrungen (Thuringen)

Tiefscholle Osterhausen

ERZGEBIRGE

Danube River

Rhine River


HARZ

THÜRINGER WALD

ERZGEBIRGE


RichelsdorfMountains

HESSIONDEPRESSION

THÜRINGIANBASIN

12° E4° E

54° N

46° N

FRANCE

GERMANY

AUSTRIA

CZECHREPUBLIC

FRANCE

GERMANY

ITALY

POLANDPOLAND

AUSTRIA

SWEDENDENMARK

CZECHREPUBLIC

Area of map


EXPLANATION


0 20 40 MILES

» Sediment-hosted stratabound copper prospect - mineralized material estimated



Fig19 Tract1_SedCu.ai

150rfCu0001


150rfCu0002


Figure 19. Map of permissive tracts 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin, and 150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression, Germany, with the location of deposits and occurrences that were important in the 20th century.


Fig20 Page 15 and 18 graph_v5.ai

Ore

Copper grade

EXPLANATIONMansfeld

Ore

Copper grade

EXPLANATIONSangerhausen

CopperOre

EXPLANATION

A

B

C

0

0

300,000

600,000

900,000

1,200,000

1,500,000

0

1

2

3

4

5

0

300,000

600,000

900,000

1,200,000

1,500,000

1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 19900

1

2

3

4

5

400,000

800,000

1,200,000

1,600,000

2,000,000

8,000

0

16,000

24,000

32,000

40,000

Ore,

in m

etric

tons

Copp

er g

rade

, in

perc

ent

Year

Copp

er g

rade

, in

perc

ent

Copp

er, i

n m

etric

tons

Figure 20. Graphs showing copper ore, production, and grade from 1850 to 1990 for the Mansfeld-Sangerhausen area, Germany. A, Copper ore and production for the Mansfeld-Sangerhausen area; B, copper ore and grade from the Mansfeld area; and C, copper ore and grade from the Sangerhausen area. Modified from Spilker (2010).


»

»

»

GERMANY

Hannover

Erfurt

Frankfurt

Stuttgart

Mainz

MagdeburgMagdeburg

Leipzig

Danube River

Rhine River

12° E8° E

52° N

50° N

12° E4° E

54° N

46° N

FRANCE

GERMANYPOLAND

AUSTRIA

CZECHREPUBLIC

FRANCE

GERMANY

ITALY

POLAND

AUSTRIA

CZECHREPUBLIC

Area of mapNORTH

SEA


EXPLANATION


0 20 40 MILES




Copper surface density, in kilograms per square meter

<10

2–5

5–10

<2

>10

10–20

>20

Rote Fäule

Rotliegend

Fig21 Tract1_SedCu_with_CuSurfDens.ai

150rfCu0001


150rfCu0002


Figure 21. Map of the Hercynian-Thüringian and Hessian Depression Basin areas, Germany, showing copper surface density; permissive tracts 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin, and 150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression; deposits; and occurrences. Sources of information for copper surface density include Schmidt and others (1986); Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (1993); Rentzsch and Franzke (1997); Rentzsch and others (1997); Geological Office of the Saxony-Anhalt Mining Area (2000); Stedingk and Rentzsch (2003); and Liedtke and Vasters (2008).


»

»

»

GERMANY

Hannover

ErfurtErfurt

Frankfurt

Stuttgart

Mainz

MagdeburgMagdeburg

Leipzig

Danube River

Rhine River

12° E8° E

52° N

50° N

12° E4° E

54° N

46° N

FRANCE

GERMANYPOLAND

AUSTRIA

CZECHREPUBLIC

FRANCE

GERMANY

ITALY

POLAND

AUSTRIA

CZECHREPUBLIC

Area of mapNORTH

SEA


EXPLANATION


0 20 40 MILES




Mineral zone

Copper


Lead

Rote Fäule

Zinc


Pre-Cenozoic rocks

Pyrite, with galena


Pyrite


Fig22 Tract1_SedCu_with_MinZones.ai

150rfCu0001


150rfCu0002


Figure 22. Map of the Hercynian-Thüringian and Hessian Depression areas, Germany, showing mineral zones; permissive tracts 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin, and 150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression; deposits; and occurrences. Sources of information for mineral zones include Richter (1941), Schumacher and Schmidt (1985), Schmidt and others (1986), Schmidt (1987), Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (1993), Rentzsch and others (1997), Geological Office of the Saxony-Anhalt Mining Area (2000), Stedingk and Rentzsch (2003), and Bavarian Geological State Office (2004a).


Southwestern Poland and Adjoining Areas in Germany—Permissive Tracts 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia), and 150rfCu0005, Spremberg-Wittenberg

In southwestern Poland, in the area of Silesia (fig. 23; tract150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia)), the earliest mining of the Kupferschiefer may date from the 13th century at Leszczyna (fig. 24; German: Haasel), when Saxon miners from Mansfeld introduced metallurgical practices that could extract metal from the ores (Piątek and others, 2004). The first written documentation of copper mining at Leszczyna is from 1360. Mining took place intermittently throughout the 14th to 18th centuries; however, the largest production came from a mine near Leszczyna called “Stilles Glück” or “Ciche Szczęście” (Kobylańska and Madziarz, 2012). From 1866 to 1883, approximately 85,000 t of copper-enriched marl was mined, and 1,100 t copper and 3,437 kg of silver were produced (Eisentraut, 1939). Average grades were 1.3 percent copper and 40 g/t silver. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, copper occurrences in the basal Zechstein Group were also described at Grzędy (German: Konradswaldau), Biegoszów (German: Hundorf), and Nowy Kościół (German: Neukirch) (Beyschlag and others, 1916).14

In the 1930s, most of Silesia was part of the German empire; Zechstein exposures in the eastern part of the North Sudetic Syncline were examined by German geologists in the 1930s (fig. 24; Eisentraut, 1939). Exploration focused on the Leszczyna and Nowy Kościół occurrences near Złotoryja (German: Goldberg) and an area approximately 30 km to the northwest near Bolesławiec (German: Bunzlau) (Eisen-traut, 1939; Błądek and others, 2005). In the area south of Złotoryja, construction began on a mine near Wilków (Ger-man: Wolfsdorf), which after World War II became the Lena Mine (table 4). The mine operated from 1950 to 1973 and produced 14,468,129 t of ore at 0.55 percent copper. In the area southeast of Bolesławiec, construction began on shafts that ultimately, after the war, became the Konrad Mine. Lubichów produced approximately 2,000,000 t of ore contain-ing 0.68 percent copper before it was merged with the Konrad Mine in 1976; Konrad produced 37,914,702 t of ore with 0.78 percent copper before mining ceased in 1989 (table 4).15

14Maps and text in Beyschlag and others (1916) and Eisentraut (1939) use German names for settled areas in Silesia. Modern maps of the region use Polish names. German names are given in parentheses to help interpret infor-mation in these older reports.

15 For sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits, it is common to have multiple mines on a deposit. The Lena and Nowy Kościół deposits are contig-uous; therefore, tonnage and grade are aggregated in table 4. The production numbers reported in this paragraph are from individual mines on the deposit.

Beginning in 1952, the Polish Geological Institute–National Research Institute (PGI) in Warsaw, under the direc-tion of Jan Wyżykowski, conducted research and exploration in the Fore-Sudetic Monocline (figs. 23 and 25). In 1957, ore-grade material was discovered in the Sieroszowice region at a depth of 600 m; in this area, Triassic and older rocks, includ-ing the deposit, are concealed beneath hundreds of meters of Tertiary and Quaternary alluvium (fig. 25). In 1959, Jan Wyżykowski and team announced resources of 1,360,000,000 t of ore containing 19,300,000 t of copper in the Lubin-Sieroszowice area based on the results of 24 holes (Błądek and others, 2005). The ore deposit is so large that several mines are currently needed to develop it—Lubin (in production 1958), Rudna (in production 1974), and Polkowice-Sieroszowice (Polkowice in 1968 and Sieroszowice in 1980) (fig. 26; table 5). Another mine, Głogów Głęboki Przemysłowy, is in the pre-production stage (KGHM, 2012).

From 1958 to 2009, KGHM mines produced 14,800,000 t of copper from about a billion metric tons of ore (fig. 27; USBM and USGS data from Minerals Yearbooks). The amount of metal produced reflects losses in metallurgical recovery, dilution, mining operations, and pillars. Using loss information in Lattanzi and others (1997), we estimate that the premining resource for the material that was mined was approximately 1,400 Mt of ore containing about 1.83 percent copper and 26 Mt of contained copper. As of December 31, 2011, KGHM reports measured and indicated mineral resources of 1,500 Mt of ore with 1.97 percent copper and 59 g/t silver (KGHM, 2012). These remaining resources contain 29,485,000 t of copper and 88,298 t of silver and the deposit is open at depth. After accounting for dilution and losses that occur during mining, reserves are estimated to be 1,181,032,000 t of ore with 1.58 percent copper and 48 g/t silver (KGHM, 2012). The production and remaining resource information suggest an ore body that contained about 2,900 Mt of ore containing more than 55 Mt of copper. If the resource estimates for Bytom Odrzanski, Gaworzyce, Radwanice-Zachod, and Retchow are added to early, published numbers of tonnage and grade (Wodzicki and Piestrzyński, 1994), the estimated premining size of the deposit is 3,600 Mt of ore with approximately 72 Mt of copper (table 4). With the available information, we cannot explain the discrepancy between the estimates of the original size of the deposit. Regardless, either estimate indicates that the Lubin-Sieroszowice area contains a supergiant deposit using the criteria of Singer (1995).


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ów-W

ielo

wie

ś5/

2008

/p (B

ogda

n)

Zato

nie

58/2

011/

pKo

tla

Nie

chló

w

Gawor

zyce

20/20

08/p

Głogów

Głęb

oki P

rzemys

łowy

Polko

wice 23

4/93

Sier

oszo

wic

e 23

5/93

Rudn

a 24

/96

Lubi

n 23

1/93 M

alom

ice

232/

93

55°

N

50°

N

20°

E10

° E

POL

AN

DG

ER

MA

NY AU

STR

IAH

UN

GA

RY

SLO

VAK

IA

CZ

EC

HR

EPU

BL

IC

SWE

DE

N Area

of m

ap

Polit

ical

bou

ndar

ies

from

U.S

. Dep

artm

ent o

f Sta

te (2

009)

.Eu

rope

Lam

bert

Conf

orm

al C

onic

Pro

ject

ion.

Cent

ral m

erid

ian,

16°

E.,

latit

ude

of o

rigin

, 48°

N.

EXPL

AN

ATIO

N

Shaf

t

Ass

esse

d se

dim

ent-

host

ed

st

rata

boun

d co

pper

trac

t

150r

fCu0

004

Ore

bod

y

Min

e co

nces

sion

¸

Cros

s se

ctio

n lin

e fr

om fi

gure

8

Fig2

6 Tr

act4

_ore

body

_Sed

Cu.a

i

05

1015

20KI

LOM

ETER

S

05

10M

ILES

Figu

re 2

6.

Map

of t

he L

ubin

-Sie

rosz

owic

e m

inin

g ar

ea, P

olan

d, s

how

ing

the

ore

body

; per

mis

sive

trac

t 150

rfCu0

004,

Dol

ny Ś

ląsk

(Low

er S

ilesi

a); m

ine

conc

essi

ons;

and

sha

fts. S

ourc

es o

f inf

orm

atio

n in

clud

e Bo

ńda

and

Siek

iera

(200

9) a

nd O

szcz

epal

ski a

nd S

pecz

ik (2

011)

.


Table 5. Technical information for the mines developing copper deposits in the Fore-Sudetic Monocline, Southern Permian Basin, Poland.

[P, Polkowice; S, Sieroszowice; n.d., no data; %, percent; g/t, grams per metric ton; m, meter; m/ºC, meters per degrees Celsius; ºC/100 m, degrees Celsius per 100 meters; ºC, degrees Celsius]

Mine Mining areasAverage copper

grade (%)Average silver

grade (g/t)Mining depths

(m)Average geother-

mal step (m/ºC)

Average geo-thermal gradi-ent (ºC/100 m)

Virgin rock tem-perature, Upper Permian strata

(ºC)

Lubin Lubin I and Małomice I

1.0 42 480–890 38.0 3.0 21.7 to 36.5

Polkowice-Sieroszowice

Polkowice II, Sieroszo-wice I; and Radwanice Wschód

1.85 44 676–1,084 P: 36.1

S: 40.9

P: 3.0

S: 2.8

P: 27.5 to 35.0

S: 27.2 to 48.7

Rudna Rudna I and Rudna II

1.65 46 920–1,170 39.8 2.5 34.5 to 47.7

Głogów Głęboki-Przemysłowy

Głogów Głęboki-Przemysłowy

1.90 61 1,200–1,400 n.d. n.d. 47.8

Figure 27. Graph showing copper production from the Lubin-Sieroszowice mining area, Poland, from 1958 to 2010. Data from the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Minerals Yearbooks, as well as Polish Geological Institute–National Research Institute (PGI) (2009b).

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

Copp

er p

rodu

ctio

n, in

met

ric to

ns

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

1960

EXPLANATIONSource

USBM/USGSPGI

Lubi

n an

d Po

lkow

ice

min

es b

egin

Rudn

a m

ine

begi

ns

Sier

oszo

wic

e m

ine

begi

ns

Transition fromSoviet-era

government

Fig27 copper production in Poland.ai


In the 1980s, PGI used a computer database to study the grade of mineralization and distribution of metals in the basal part of the Zechstein Formation in Poland. The database con-tains results of chemical analyses of rock samples for copper, lead, zinc, silver, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, and molybdenum and information on lithostratigraphic units. In 1995, the data-base contained data from 774 boreholes with chemical analy-ses of more than 50,000 samples. In 1997, a metallogenic atlas of the Zechstein was published (Oszczepalski and Rydzewski, 1997b); the database is continually supplemented and new ver-sions of maps have been subsequently released (figs. 28 and 29; Oszczepalski and Speczik 2011, 2012). This information has been used to document the potential for copper and silver in SSC mineralization in Poland; 15 prospects above the depth of 2,000 m are forecast to have prognostic resources16 contain-ing 69.54 Mt of copper. Below 2,000 m, another six prospects are thought to contain an additional 186.4 Mt of copper (fig. 30; Oszczepalski and Speczik 2011, 2012).

As of August 1, 2013, more than 20 concessions for prospecting and exploration have been awarded by the Polish Ministry of the Environment (Ministerstwo Środowiska, MOS) and another 12 applications are pending (Ministry of the Environment, Republic of Poland, 2013a, b) (fig. 30). Con-cessions largely cover areas recently identified as prospective with prognostic resource estimates (Oszczepalski and Speczik, 2011, 2012). Exploration information was found for five of the concessions.

KGHM is conducting exploration on two of the con-cessions (KGHM, 2012; Bartlett and others, 2013). For the Radwanice-Gaworzyce Project, 19 drill holes are planned with the objective of assessing the possibility of exploiting the cop-per deposit on MOS concessions Gaworzyce 20/2008/p and Radwanice 13/2009/p. For the Grodziecka Syncline Project (MOS concession Synklina Grodziecka 23/2009/p), 15 or more drill holes are planned in order to increase the mineral inventory and the confidence level of the resource estimate.

Balamara Resources Limited has drilled three holes on its Bogdan Project (MOS concession Niemstów-Wielowieś 5/2208/p) with the following results (Balamara Resources Limited, 2013):

• Hole B1: 2 m at 2.39 percent lead, 0.42 percent copper, and 18.9 g/t silver from 284 to 286 m

• Hole B2: 1 m at 2.05 percent lead, 0.28 percent copper, and 10.6 g/t silver from 371.4 m

• Hole B4: Upper lead zone with 6 m at 0.73 percent lead and 4.6 g/t silver from 343 m; and lower copper zone with 8.5 m at 0.36 percent copper and 11.6 g/t silver from 349.5 m.

16Prognostic resources are equivalent to undiscovered resources as used by the USGS. They do not have enough information to be formally classified as mineral inventory using either the COMECON or CRIRSCO (Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards) systems.

In the Lausitzer area in the German States of Branden-burg and Saxony (fig. 23; tract 150rfCu0005, Spremberg-Wittenberg), geophysical exploration by East German sci-entists in the 1950s located a seismic high that subsequent drilling showed to be a covered, pre-Tertiary northwest- to southeast-trending fault-bounded anticline superimposed on the westward extension of the North Sudetic Syncline in Poland. Early drill results showed that the Zechstein and the Kupferschiefer are present (Kölbel, 1958). Between 1953 and 1981, the structure was investigated by geophysical surveys and more than 120 drill holes, culminating in the discovery of the Spremberg and Graustein copper deposits (fig. 23; Kopp and others, 2006). The deposits occur on the north and north-east flank of the structure and underlie an area that extends for about 14 km in a northwest-southeast direction with a width of 2 to 3 km. The Spremberg and Graustein deposits occur at depths ranging from 400 to 1,650 m below the surface (Knitzschke and Vulpius, 2007)

The first resource estimates were based on work conducted between 1958 and 1964 and were revised based on supple-mentary drilling done between 1971 and 1974. Based on the new resource estimate, an investment decision was made to develop the Spremberg and Graustein deposits, with start of production scheduled for 1990. However, work was suspended on the project in August 1980 (Knitzschke and Vulpius, 2007).

In 2007, KSL Kupferschiefer Lausitz GmbH [KSL] was established to reassess the Spremberg and Graustein deposits. From 2008 to 2010, KSL reevaluated the existing data and drilling and then completed a program of three drill holes and four drill-hole deflections.17 In 2011, a seismic survey was conducted around the Spremberg ore deposit, and an authorization was granted to KSL for the mining rights of the Spremberg and Graustein deposits (KSL, 2011). Currently, the Graustein deposit has 53.6 Mt of ore contain-ing 868,320 metric tons of copper; the Spremberg deposit has 44.1 Mt of ore containing 617,000 metric tons of copper (table 4). The company is currently (2014) working on obtain-ing a regional planning permit (KSL, 2013).

KGHM is also conducting exploration in the Lausitzer area between Weisswasser and Nochten in Germany at a site where previous studies indicated ore mineralization in a single drill hole (fig. 23; Bachowski and others, 2007; KGHM, 2012). KGHM has completed four holes to test the mineral potential of this area (Gazeta Polska Codziennie, 2013). The mineralization occurs at depths ranging from 1,250 to 1,350 m (Legnica, 2012).

17A wedge-shaped piece of metal is used to deflect the drill bit so that another hole can be drilled through an ore body. The cost of deflecting is much less than drilling a new hole.


!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

»

»

»»

»»

»»

»

»

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»

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18°

E16

° E

14°

E

52°

N

51°

N

GE

RM

AN

Y

POL

AN

D

Ziel

ona

Gor

aLe

szno

Wro

claw

Pots

dam

Ziel

ona

Gor

aLe

szno

Legn

ica

Jele

nia

Gor

a

Pozn

an

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in

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isz

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claw

10°

E20

° E

55°

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POL

AN

DG

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MA

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AU

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IA

SLO

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HU

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IA

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AR

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of m

ap

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IC S

EA

EXPL

AN

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NPo

litic

al b

ound

arie

s fro

m U

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epar

tmen

t of S

tate

(200

9).

Euro

pe L

ambe

rt Co

nfor

mal

Con

ic P

roje

ctio

n.

Cent

ral m

erid

ian,

16°

E.,

latit

ude

of o

rigin

, 48°

N.

Sedi

men

t-ho

sted

str

atab

ound

copp

er d

epos

it

Sedi

men

t-ho

sted

str

atab

ound

copp

er p

rosp

ect

Sedi

men

t-ho

sted

str

atab

ound

copp

er p

rosp

ect -

min

eral

ized

mat

eria

l est

imat

ed

»

>35

Copp

er s

urfa

ce d

ensi

ty, i

n

kilo

gram

s pe

r squ

are

met

er

<10

2–5

5–10

>10

10–2

0

>20

Fig2

8 Tr

act4

_Sed

Cu_w

ith_C

uSur

fDen

s.ai

150r

fCu0

004

150r

fCu0

005

Ass

esse

d se

dim

ent-

host

ed

st

rata

boun

d co

pper

trac

t

025

5075

100

KILO

MET

ERS

025

50M

ILES

Figu

re 2

8.

Map

of t

he L

ower

Sile

sia

and

Spre

mbe

rg-W

itten

berg

are

as, P

olan

d an

d Ge

rman

y, s

how

ing

copp

er s

urfa

ce d

ensi

ty; p

erm

issi

ve tr

acts

150

rfCu0

004,

Dol

ny Ś

ląsk

(L

ower

Sile

sia)

, Pol

and,

and

150

rfCu0

005,

Spr

embe

rg-W

itten

berg

, Ger

man

y; d

epos

its; a

nd o

ccur

renc

es. S

ourc

es fo

r cop

per s

urfa

ce d

ensi

ty in

clud

e Re

ntzs

ch a

nd F

ranz

ke

(199

7), S

tedi

ngk

and

Rent

zsch

(200

3), L

iedt

ke a

nd V

aste

rs (2

008)

, and

Osz

czep

alsk

i and

Spe

czik

(201

1). >

, gre

ater

than

; <, l

ess

than

.

46 Assessment of Undiscovered Copper Resources Associated with the Permian Kupferschiefer!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

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RM

AN

Y

POL

AN

DW

rocl

aw

Pots

dam

Lesz

no

Legn

ica

Pozn

an

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in

Kal

isz

Z iel

ona

Gor

aZi

elon

a G

ora

Wro

claw

18°

E16

° E

14°

E

52°

N

51°

N

10°

E20

° E

55°

N

50°

N

POL

AN

DG

ER

MA

NY

AU

STR

IA

SLO

VAK

IASL

OVA

KIA

LIT

HU

AN

IA

CZ

EC

HR

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BL

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DE

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AR

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Area

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EXPL

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025

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100

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ERS

025

50M

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ical

bou

ndar

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from

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. Dep

artm

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f Sta

te (2

009)

.Eu

rope

Lam

bert

Conf

orm

al C

onic

Pro

ject

ion.

Ce

ntra

l mer

idia

n, 1

6° E

., la

titud

e of

orig

in, 4

8° N

.

150r

fCu0

004

Sedi

men

t-ho

sted

str

atab

ound

cop

per

de

posi

t

Sedi

men

t-ho

sted

str

atab

ound

cop

per

pr

ospe

ct

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men

t-ho

sted

str

atab

ound

cop

per

pr

ospe

ct -

min

eral

ized

mat

eria

l

estim

ated

»Co

pper

, with

cha

lcoc

ite a

nd

bo

rnite

Lead

Rote

Fäu

le

Zinc

Pyrit

e, w

ith s

phal

erite

Pyrit

e, w

ith c

halc

opyr

ite

Pyrit

e

Rote

Fäu

le, Z

echs

tein

cyc

le I

Rote

Fäu

le, W

eiss

leig

end

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bar

, no

Kupf

ersc

hief

er

Pre-

Ceno

zoic

rock

s

Pyrit

e, w

ith g

alen

a

Min

eral

zon

e

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er

Fig2

9 Tr

act4

_Sed

Cu_w

ith_M

inZo

nes.a

i

150r

fCu0

005

Ass

esse

d se

dim

ent-

host

ed

st

rata

boun

d co

pper

trac

t

Figu

re 2

9.

Map

of t

he L

ower

Sile

sia

and

Spre

mbe

rg-W

itten

berg

are

as, P

olan

d an

d Ge

rman

y, s

how

ing

min

eral

zone

s; p

erm

issi

ve tr

acts

150

rfCu0

004,

Dol

ny Ś

ląsk

(Low

er

Sile

sia)

, Pol

and,

and

150

rfCu0

005,

Spr

embe

rg-W

itten

berg

, Ger

man

y; d

epos

its; a

nd o

ccur

renc

es. S

ourc

es fo

r min

eral

zone

s in

clud

e Fe

dera

l Ins

titut

e fo

r Geo

scie

nces

and

N

atur

al R

esou

rces

(199

3), O

szcz

epal

ski a

nd R

ydze

wsk

i (19

97a)

, Ren

tzsc

h an

d ot

hers

(199

7), S

tedi

ngk

and

Rent

zsch

(200

3), B

avar

ian

Geol

ogic

al S

tate

Offi

ce (2

004a

), an

d Os

zcze

pals

ki a

nd S

pecz

ik (2

011)

.


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2012

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enty

na

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lina

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zieck

a23

/200

9/p

18°

E16

° E

52°

N

51°

N

10°

E20

° E

55°

N

50°

N

GE

RM

AN

Y

POL

AN

D

GE

RM

AN

Y

AU

STR

IA

SLO

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IA

LIT

HU

AN

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BL

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SSIA

DE

NM

AR

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of m

ap

NO

RTH

SEA

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esse

d se

dim

ent-

host

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rata

boun

d co

pper

trac

t

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fCu0

004

EXPL

AN

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N

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ing

conc

essi

on

Pros

pect

ive

area

020

4060

80KI

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ETER

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020

40M

ILES

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ical

bou

ndar

ies

from

U.S

. Dep

artm

ent o

f Sta

te (2

009)

.W

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984

UTM

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e 33

N P

roje

ctio

n.Ce

ntra

l mer

idia

n, 1

7° E

., la

titud

e of

orig

in, 0

°.

Fig3

0 Z2

aP_T

HRS

HLD

_and

_pro

spec

tive_

area

s.ai

Figu

re 3

0.

Map

of s

outh

wes

t Pol

and

show

ing

perm

issi

ve tr

act 1

50rfC

u000

4, D

olny

Ślą

sk (L

ower

Sile

sia)

, pro

spec

tive

area

s (O

szcz

epal

ski a

nd S

pecz

ik, 2

012)

, an

d m

inin

g ex

plor

atio

n co

nces

sion

s fo

r cop

per (

Bońd

a an

d Si

ekie

ra, 2

009;

Bar

tlett

and

othe

rs, 2

013;

and

Min

istry

of t

he E

nviro

nmen

t, Re

publ

ic o

f Pol

and,

20

13a,

b, a

nd c

).


Northeast England and the Netherlands—Permissive Tract 150rfCu0003, North Sea

The stratigraphic equivalents of the Kupferschiefer occur over reservoir-facies Rotliegend Group rocks in England and the Netherlands and make up tract 150rfCu0003 (fig. 31). The Marl Slate, a bituminous dolomitic siltstone, is the equiva-lent of the Kupferschiefer Formation in England (Hirst and Dunham, 1963; Turner and others, 1978; Haslam, 1982). It is black to dark gray and ranges in thickness from 0.2 to 3.9 m, with an average thickness of 1.33 meters (Hirst and Dunham, 1963). Sulfide minerals occur mainly as disseminated fram-boidal pyrite and also as lenses of pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, and rarer sulfides (Love, 1962; Turner and others, 1978). In the Netherlands, the Coppershale Member of the Z1 (Werra) Formation is the equivalent of the Kupferschiefer (Van Adrichem Boogert and Kouwe, 1993–97).

Concentrations of copper, lead, and zinc are not known to reach economic levels in the Marl Slate of northeast England or the United Kingdom (U.K.) sector of the Southern North Sea Basin (table 6; Hirst and Dunham, 1963; Haslam, 1982). During 1960–1961, boreholes were drilled by the [U.K.] National Coal Board to investigate an extension of the Dur-ham Coalfield (Carbonaceous Coal Measures18) concealed beneath the Permian Magnesian Limestone (fig. 32; Hirst and Dunham, 1963). Unweathered Marl Slate was sampled from six localities. The average copper contents of the shale interval in cores ranged from 69 to 310 ppm, with individual samples ranging from 13 to 754 ppm. The metal content of the Marl Slate was also investigated in nine wells in the United King-dom sector of the Southern North Sea Basin (Haslam, 1982). In most wells, thickness of the slate ranged from 7.6 cm to 1.8 m. Of the 17 samples, 12 contain 100 ppm copper or less. Copper contents were higher in two wells with condensed sec-tions of the Marl Slate: 3,000 ppm in well 49/20-1, where the slate was 7.6 cm thick and 7,000 ppm in well 48/12-2 where the slate was 30 cm thick.

Rocks equivalent to the Kupferschiefer (the Coppershale Member of the Werra Formation of the Netherlands) were deposited in most of the Netherlands, with the exception of the southern on-shore area (Geluk, 2005). For the part of the per-missive tract in the Netherlands, the depth of the Coppershale Member is greater than 1,000 m. We did not find information on the metal contents or the sulfide mineralogy of the shale in this area.

18The Coal Measures is a lithostratigraphic term used in the U.K. for the coal-bearing part of the Upper Carboniferous System. The Coal Measures Group consists of the Upper Coal Measures Formation, the Middle Coal Mea-sures Formation, and the Lower Coal Measures Formation.

Lithuania, Poland, and Russia—Permissive Tract 150rfCu0006, Baltic Basin

Permissive tract 150rfCu0006, Baltic Basin consists of three areas where the Kupferschiefer (or stratigraphic cor-relative units) overlies reservoir-facies Rotliegend red beds in north-central Poland (west of Gdansk), northeastern Poland-Lithuania-Russia (east of Gdansk to Vilnius), and eastern Poland (east of Warsaw) (fig. 33). Permissive strata of all three areas are east of the Tornquist-Teisseyre Zone and overlie the Baltic Shield, beyond the zone of Variscan deformation (fig. 1). For the areas west of Gdansk and east of Warsaw, studies of drill core show that the sulfide minerals of the Zechstein rocks are dominated by pyrite, indicating the absence of hydro-thermal, diagenetic copper mineralization (Oszczepalski and Rydzewski, 1997b).

The largest permissive area extends from northeastern Poland through the Kaliningrad Oblast19 of Russia, and into Lithuania. These rocks occur in the far northeasternmost part of the Southern Permian Basin in Lithuania. At the time of deposition, this area had a restricted connection with the main part of the basin resulting in the deposition of a condensed section of Zechstein rocks. Evaporite horizons, which form a seal in most of the Southern Permian Basin, are commonly thin or absent, although some carbonate units are thicker than those in more basinward locations (Peryt and others, 2010). The Sasnava Series (the Z1 Kupferschiefer equivalent in Lithuania) is usually 0.4 to 1.7 m thick (maximum 15 m) and consists of calcareous, sandy and bituminous shales. Local increases in metal concentrations (mainly of copper, lead, and zinc) are not economically important (Oszczepalski and Rydzewski, 1997b; Peryt and others, 2010).

The Middle Subformation of the Murav’ev Formation has been drilled in Kaliningrad Oblast. It is the stratigraphic equivalent of the Lithuanian Sasnava Formation and the European Kupferschiefer (table 7; Zagorodnykh, 2000). The unit is no more than 3 m thick and consists of dark gray and black silty-carbonate rocks with high organic carbon content. Sulfide minerals are unevenly disseminated in these rocks. Where the subformation has been sampled in 25 drill holes, copper contents are less than 80 ppm; three holes have copper contents of 800, 1,500, and 3,000 ppm. These same intervals have lead and zinc contents of 3,000, 10,000, and 7,000 and 200, 800, and 15,000 ppm, respectively. Metal concentrations and mineralogy do not indicate the presence of a significant copper-mineralizing ore system (fig. 34).

19Oblast is an administrative territorial division within Russia and other former Soviet republics.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithostratigraphy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Measures_Group

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Measures_Group


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lam

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nd S

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ney

and

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.


Table 6. Data from drill core intersecting the Marl Slate in permissive tract 150rfCu0003, North Sea, Southern Permian Basin, United Kingdom.

[n.d., no data; m, meter; ppm, parts per million]

Borehole name

Sample thickness

(m)

Kupferschiefer depth interval

(m)

Kupferschief-er thickness

(m)

Number of samples

High copper (ppm)

Low copper (ppm)

Average copper (ppm)

Reference

Onshore

Butterwick, Fishburn

0.4953 103.7–104.2 0.4953 21 188 59 91 Hirst and Dunham (1963)

Chilton Lane, Mainsforth

1.016 n.d.–78.6 n.d. 7 57 13 43 Hirst and Dunham (1963)

Dunstan Road, Low Throston

0.254 200.736– 200.99

0.254 10 156 49 84 Hirst and Dunham (1963)

Elwick ‘A’ 0.0508 n.d.–166.7 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Hirst and Dunham (1963)

Fishburn, Butterwick Bridge

0.1905 100.8–101.0 0.1905 21 754 139 310 Hirst and Dunham (1963)

Hartlepool lighthouse, Hartlepool

0.0508 n.d.–260.9 n.d. 8 43 37 39 Hirst and Dunham (1963)

Surtees Arms, Mainsforth

2.3622 59.5–61.9 2.3622 20 141 43 69 Hirst and Dunham (1963)

Offshore

D4 n.d. n.d. 1.15 36 440 20 94 Turner and others (1978); Sweeney and others (1987)

VT8 n.d. n.d. 1.44 144 900 200 656 Turner and Magaritz (1986); Sweeney and others (1987)

41/18-1 n.d. 1,612.39–1,613.0

0.6096 3 340 38 141 Haslam (1982)

41/25A-1 n.d. 1,722.12–1,723.34

1.2192 3 750 28 279 Haslam (1982)

43/3-1 n.d. 2,962.6– 2,964.4

1.8288 40 (drill cuttings)

64 24 37 Haslam (1982)

44/11-1 n.d. 3,401.26–3,402.48

1.2192 5 200 28 93 Haslam (1982)

44/21-1 n.d. 3,862.12–3,863.03

0.9144 1 16 16 16 Haslam (1982)

48/12-2 n.d. n.d. 0.3048 3 7,000 84 4,100 Haslam (1982)

48/6-1 n.d. 2,652.06–2,652.67

0.6096 3 130 25 51 Haslam (1982)

49/20-1 n.d. 2,410.36–2,410.4362

0.0762 1 3,000 3,000 3,000 Haslam (1982)

53/2-1 n.d. 1,906.219–1,918.411

2.192 2 100 78 89 Haslam (1982)


!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

24° E16° E

54° N

BELARUS

RUSSIA

POLAND

LITHUANIA

UKRAINE

KALININGRAD OBLAST

Murav'ev drillhole 1-P

Murav'ev drill hole 41 Murav'ev drillhole 43

Kaliningrad

Gdansk

Bydgoszcz

Wroclaw

Lodz

Warsaw

Vilnius

Hrodna

Bialystok

Brest

Lublin

BALTIC SEA

30° E15° E

60° N

50° NGERMANY

BELARUS

ROMANIA

UKRAINE

GERMANY

SWEDEN

BELARUS

ROMANIA

NORWAY

ITALY

FINLAND

DENMARK

RUSSIA

UKRAINE

POLAND

Area of map

EXPLANATION



0 50 100 150 200 KILOMETERS

0 50 100 MILES

Political boundaries from U.S. Department of State (2009).Europe Lambert Conformal Conic Projection.

Central meridian, 21° E., latitude of origin, 48° N.

Fig33 Tract6_SedCu_v6.ai

Figure 33. Map of the southeastern Baltic Sea area showing permissive tract 150rfCu0006, Baltic Basin, and sediment-hosted stratabound copper prospects.


!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

24° E16° E

54° N

RUSSIAKaliningrad

BELARUS

RUSSIA

POLAND

LITHUANIA

UKRAINE

KaliningradGdansk

Bydgoszcz

Wroclaw

Lodz

Warsaw

Vilnius

Hrodna

Bialystok

Brest

Lublin

BALTIC SEA

Fig34 Tract6_SedCu_with_MinZones.ai

30° E15° E

60° N

50° NGERMANY

BELARUS

ROMANIA

UKRAINE

GERMANY

SWEDEN

BELARUS

ROMANIA

NORWAY

ITALY

FINLAND

DENMARK

RUSSIA

UKRAINE

POLAND

Area of map

EXPLANATION

Mineral zone





Pyrite

Unmineralized



0 50 100 150 200 KILOMETERS

0 50 100 MILES

Political boundaries from U.S. Department of State (2009).Europe Lambert Conformal Conic Projection.

Central meridian, 21° E., latitude of origin, 48° N.

Figure 34. Map of the southeastern Baltic Sea area showing mineral zones; permissive tract 150rfCu0006, Baltic Basin; and prospects. Sources of information include Oszczepalski and Rydzewski (1997a), Zagorodnykh (2000), and Oszczepalski and Speczik (2011).


Denmark, Germany, and Poland—Permissive Tract 150rfCu0007, Jutland Peninsula

Permissive tract 150rfCu0007 occurs where the Kupfer-schiefer overlies Rotliegend rocks in the Jutland Peninsula area (fig. 35). Along the southwestern flank of the Ringkøbing-Fyn-Mon structural high, south-dipping Rotliegend and basal Zechstein beds pinch out by onlap against basement rocks, forming the northern boundary of the permissive tract (fig. 36: Z1 onlap pinchout) (Clausen and Pedersen, 1999). The south-western margin of the permissive tract is delimited where

the south-dipping basal Zechstein Group rocks are more than 2.5 km below the surface (fig. 36, greater than 2.5 km deep). On the Jutland Peninsula, tract boundaries north of the Brande Trough are also defined where north-dipping permissive rocks are at depths of 2,500 m below the surface. This tract has a generally favorable paleotopographic setting where the Kup-ferschiefer and subjacent Rotliegend onlap on local basement-rock highs (similar to those found in the Spessart-Rhön and Richelsdorf areas of southwestern Germany). However, the basal Zechstein rocks are buried everywhere by at least 1.3 km of younger sedimentary rocks.

Table 7. Analyses of core samples from the Middle subformation of the Murav’ev Formation (correlative with the Kupferschiefer; Zagorodnykh, 2000) in permissive tract 150rfCu0006, Baltic Basin, Southern Permian Basin, Russia.

[m, meter; ppm, parts per million; Cu, copper; Pb, lead; Zn, zinc; V, vanadium; Mo, molybdenum; Co, cobalt; Ni, nickel; >, greater than]

Borehole number Depth interval (m) Cu (ppm) Pb (ppm) Zn (ppm) V (ppm) Mo (ppm) Co (ppm) Ni (ppm)

1-C 2,934.0–937.0 40 80 100 250 100 50 802-C 848.5–848.8 50 1,000 100 400 60 80 1003-C 1,023.0 50 80 60 100 30 40 8020 1,012.5 40 500 2,000 500 100 40 10021 1,005.0–1,007.0 40 60 15 800 100 80 10017 771.0–773.0 40 300 1,500 500 100 60 8023 923.0–925.0 50 80 200 200 50 30 8027 337.0–840.0 50 2,000 600 250 300 150 10028 1,041.0–1,042.3 50 60 50 250 50 40 8032 767.0–769.0 60 6,500 4,000 5,000 320 80 15033 778.5–780.0 60 1,500 300 1,800 100 120 15036 692.0–693.0 50 100 50 1,700 300 60 10037 709.0–710.0 50 60 150 1,800 100 75 13041 1,021.5–1,022.8 800 3,000 200 250 100 50 6043 687.0–688.5 1,500 10,000 800 2,000 >300 700 50046 1,047.0–1,049.0 70 700 1,500 1,000 >300 50 20050 925.5–926.0 40 30 60 100 30 40 801-P 1,044.5–1,045.5 3,000 7,000 15,000 3,000 >300 300 3002-P 1,051.0–1,052.0 60 5,000 6,000 1,200 400 200 305-Nem 686.2–687.2 40 25 40 >1,000 300 50 1007-Nem 725.6–726.6 40 20 30 >1,000 250 50 1011-W.S. 716.0–717.0 80 3,500 7,000 7,800 490 60 2206-Gus 887.0–888.5 60 150 1,500 500 150 50 1003-N.G. 797.3–799.0 50 40 40 500 100 50 1004-N.G. 795.0–795.5 30 200 2000 120 40 20 60


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meable

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ng

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permeable

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below Z1

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below Z1

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>2.5

km

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Fyn

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deep

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with

no

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ifica

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re 3

6.

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of t

he J

utla

nd P

enin

sula

are

a De

mar

k, G

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any,

and

Pol

and,

sho

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al zo

nes;

per

mis

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trac

t 150

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007,

Jut

land

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insu

la; a

nd

bore

hole

s. S

ourc

es o

f inf

orm

atio

n fo

r min

eral

zone

s in

clud

e Fe

dera

l Ins

titut

e fo

r Geo

scie

nces

and

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es (1

993)

, Osz

czep

alsk

i and

Ryd

zew

ski (

1997

a),

Rent

zsch

and

oth

ers

(199

7), a

nd B

avar

ian

Geol

ogic

al S

tate

Offi

ce (2

004a

). Z1

, Zec

hste

in G

roup

cyc

le 1

; >, g

reat

er th

an; k

m, k

ilom

eter

s.

Mineral Resource Assessment—Probable Amounts of Undiscovered Copper 57

Rentzsch and others (1997) show an area of Rote Fäule that has altered the host sequence extending southwestward into northeastern mainland Germany from a Kupferschiefer onlap pinch out against basement rocks in the subsurface of Rügen Island (fig. 36). However, the mineral-zonation map shows no significant copper enrichment adjacent to it. Oszcz-epalski and Rydzewski (1997b) report copper surface density of 1 to 5 kg/m2 in samples from Polish holes, Międzyzdroje 5 and Laska 2, associated with the continuation of the Rote Fäule zone in northwestern Poland (fig. 36). Rote Fäule altera-tion of the host interval was probably produced by oxidiz-ing brine analogous with the copper-mineralizing brines of economic Kupferschiefer-related deposits. However, copper concentrations in 10 holes along the 190-km length of the Rote Fäule boundary are only slightly above background val-ues. Nevertheless, the Rügen Island Rote Fäule zone is taken as a favorable indicator for the entire Jutland Peninsula tract despite the low copper values.

About 18 wells drilled for hydrocarbon exploration likely penetrated the Kupferschiefer horizon in tract 150rfCu0007 (Vejbaek and Britze, 1994). However, there are no analyses of metal or organic content of Zechstein rocks in these holes (Bo Møller Stensgaard, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, written commun., 2010).

Mineral Resource Assessment—Probable Amounts of Undiscovered Copper

For this report, “undiscovered mineral resources” could be present where location, grade, quality, and quantity of mineralized material are not constrained by specific geologic evidence. Two different methods are used to assess undiscov-ered mineral resources. The first approach, the three-part form of assessment, estimates the number of undiscovered deposits to constrain undiscovered resources; this approach has been widely used in USGS mineral resource assessments since the 1970s (Singer and Menzie, 2010). A second approach,

Gaussian Geostatistical Simulation, uses geostatistical methods and simulation techniques to estimate undiscovered mineral resources from drill data in incompletely explored extensions of SSC deposits in permissive tract 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia).

Three-Part Form of Assessment

In the three-part form of assessment (Singer, 1993; Singer and Menzie, 2010), probabilistic distributions of the amount of in-situ metal are used to express the amount of undiscovered mineral resource. To estimate undiscovered resources, num-bers of undiscovered deposits of a given type are estimated at various quantile levels for the permissive tracts. Using Monte Carlo simulations, these undiscovered deposit estimates are combined with tonnage and grade models to derive a probabil-ity distribution for the amounts of commodities and rock that could be present in undiscovered deposits.

The amounts of undiscovered resources are derived from (1) models for grades and tonnages of undiscovered deposits of the same type in geologically similar settings and (2) probabilistic estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits of each type that are predicted to exist in the delineated tracts. About 170 well-explored deposits were used to con-struct several SSC grade and tonnage models (Zientek, Hayes, and Taylor, 2013). The grade and tonnage model used for this assessment is the model for reduced-facies-nonbrecciated deposits. It is based on 50 deposits; summary statistics are given in table 8. Median and mean values for ore tonnage are 34 and 180 Mt and for copper grades are 1.5 and 1.6 percent, respectively.

The distribution of undiscovered deposits is estimated by expert panels of geologists at several probability percentiles. From these percentile values, a default probability distribution for the undiscovered deposits is chosen that is approximately in the middle of all possible choices (Root and others, 1992). Monte Carlo simulation is used to combine grade and ton-nage models with the probability distribution of undiscovered deposits to obtain the estimated probability distributions of undiscovered metals in each tract (Root and others, 1996; Bawiec and Spanski, 2012; Duval, 2012).

Table 8. Summary statistics for the reduced-facies-nonbrecciated sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposit model of Zientek, Hayes, and Taylor (2013).

[n.d., no data]

ValueNumber of deposits

MeanQuantile

5thQuantile

10thQuantile

25thMedian

Quantile 75th

Quantile 90th

Quantile 95th

Ore (million metric tons) 50 180 1.1 1.6 6.2 34 97 550 730Copper grade (percent) 50 1.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.5 2.1 2.5 2.8Silver grade (grams per metric ton)

19 33 2.4 5.0 10 17 45 110 140

Cobalt grade (percent) 9 0.1 n.d. n.d. 0.03 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3Contained copper metal (million metric tons)

50 3.5 0.016 0.023 0.1 0.46 1.4 10 19


Criteria for Assessing Mineral PotentialFor the Kupferschiefer permissive tracts, several criteria

were considered when assessing the potential for undiscovered copper resources (table 9). Tracts where Permian-Carbonifer-ous volcanic rocks are absent do not have significant mineral occurrences (fig. 37); similarly, no significant mineral occur-rences are reported in tracts underlain by rocks of the Carbon-iferous Coal Measures or crystalline basement on the northeast side of the Tornquist-Teisseyre zone (fig. 38). Tracts underlain by Rotliegend depocenters have mineral occurrences, whereas tracts away from known depocenters have no mineral occur-rences. In tracts where mineral occurrences are known, maps of metal surface density and mineral zoning strongly influ-enced estimates of mineral potential.

Sources of MetalThe presence of source rocks for copper is one criterion

that can be used to evaluate the permissive tracts. The high amounts of base metals in the ore deposits must be derived from underlying strata, most probably the Rotliegend volcanic rocks and continental clastic rocks (fig. 37; Wedepohl, 1964; Marowsky, 1969; Harańczyk, 1986; Jowett, 1986; Speczik and others, 1986; Oszczepalski, 1989). Burial metamorphism of mafic volcanic rocks could produce copper-bearing fluids by dehydration and metal leaching of the fragmental, amyg-daloidal, or fractured parts of the flows (Borg, 1991; Brown, 2006). For example, geothermal fluids derived from Permo-Carboniferous volcanic rocks and basal Rotliegend conglom-erates in a deep well in the Northeast German Subbasin have a pH value of 6.2, an oxidation/reduction potential Eh value of 50 millivolts (mV), and relatively high values of copper, zinc, iron, lead, and manganese—9, 65, 200, 100–225, and 230 milligrams per liter (mg/L), respectively (Wolfgramm and others, 2003). Red beds are known to contain labile20 detrital minerals, such as biotite, hornblende, and magnetite, which are known to contain trace amounts of copper (Walker, 1989; Core and others, 2005). Postdepositional alteration of these minerals could release copper to be dissolved in groundwater or adsorbed onto simultaneously forming smectite and poorly crystallized ferric hydroxides (Rose, 1976; Rose and others, 1986; Walker, 1989; Rose and Bianchi-Mosquera, 1993). The adsorbed copper could be liberated by later diagenetic altera-tion that accompanies aging and burial of red beds (Walker, 1989). Red beds are present in each tract; however, Rotliegend volcanic rocks are not known from the North Sea and Baltic Basin tracts (150rfCu0003 and 150rfCu0006).

Ore FluidsAnother criterion used to evaluate permissive tracts is

whether a copper-rich ore fluid is likely to have been present.

20Labile refers to rocks and minerals that are mechanically or chemically unstable (Neuendorf and others, 2005).

The metal-bearing fluids for SSC deposits are thought to be low-temperature, oxidized (hematite-stable), chloride-rich, subsurface sedimentary brines. The mineral reactions associ-ated with ore formation occurred at depths of 2 to 3 km in sedimentary basins. Gangue mineral assemblages associated with ore deposition in SSC mineral deposits are the same as those that occur in the transition from mechanical to chemical compaction during the diagenetic evolution of a basin (Burst, 1969; Boles, 1982; Hower and others, 1976; Surdam and Crossey, 1987; Hayes and others, 1989; Surdam and others, 1989; Morad and others, 2000; Worden and Burley, 2003; van de Kamp, 2008).

Copper has limited solubility in most surface and sub-surface water (Rittenhouse and others, 1969; Rickard, 1970; Kharaka and others, 1987; Saunders and Swann, 1990; Donat and Bruland, 1995; Gallup, 1998) suggesting that transport of significant amounts of copper by surface or subsurface waters is likely uncommon (Rose, 1976; Rose and others, 1986). However, studies of solution and mineral equilibria show that copper and sulfur (as sulfate) are readily transported in aqueous fluids that are near neutral in pH, chloride-rich, and oxidized (in the stability field of hematite) (Garrels and Christ, 1965; Rose, 1976).

Elevated concentration of chlorine in subsurface waters is not unusual. More than 50 percent of the world’s basinal waters are more saline than seawater (greater than 35,000 mg/L) and more than 70 percent of oil field waters are either saline (10,000 to 50,000 mg/L) or brines (greater than 50,000 mg/L) (Warren, 2006). The crucial process in ore for-mation appears to be developing and maintaining an oxidized fluid at depth. Most subsurface oil field brines have relatively low redox potentials (Collins, 1975), with the oxidation state buffered by the presence of organic material. Also, the field for maximum solubility of copper in aqueous solutions is at higher Eh than most oil field brines.

The elevated Eh required for the transport of copper indi-cates the ore fluids had contact with the atmosphere. Brown (2009) suggests the origin of oxidized ore fluids is oxygen-rich meteoric water driven by topographic recharge in highlands adjacent to the intracratonic rift basins hosting the deposits. However, for this assessment, we propose that the oxidized subsurface waters are the result of brine reflux.21 This refluxed connate brine could be stored in adjacent continental strata (such as fluvial or aeolian sediments) as well as in a marine host (Warren, 2006). This proposal implies that areas will be more prospective if the brine reflux is retained in the conti-nental strata until it is released later during burial diagenesis and reacts with reduced strata. Studies of diagenetic processes show that diagenetic fluids from rocks lower in the basin can flush potential ore fluids from Rotliegend rocks.

The Rotliegend sandstones have distinctive suites of authigenic minerals that can be related to multiple fluid

21Brine reflux occurs when ponded or concentrating holomictic brines atop the floor of an evaporitic seaway or lake become dense enough to displace underlying pore fluids and so percolate into the underlying succession (Warren, 2006).


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Table 9. Selected criteria used to evaluate reduced-facies sediment-hosted stratabound copper tracts for mineral potential in the Southern Permian Basin, Europe.

Assessment areas with aquifer or

reservoir facies red beds overlain by Kupferschiefer

Possible sources of copper

Rotliegend depocen-ter

Pre-Permian base-ment type

Rote Fäule, copper occurrences, and (or) copper zone mapped

Country(ies)

Not assessed quantitatively

150rfCu0003, North Sea

Subaerial volcanic rocks—NoneRed beds— Rotliegend

None Westphalia coal measure

None Netherlands, United Kingdom

150rfCu0006, Baltic Basin

Subaerial volcanic rocks—NoneRed beds— Rotliegend

None Baltica craton and Westphalian coal measures

None Lithuania, Poland, Russia

150rfCu0007, Jutland Peninsula

Subaerial volcanic rocks—RotliegendRed beds— Rotliegend

None Westphalian coal measure and Baltica craton

Rote Fäule is mapped only near Rügen Island, Ger-many, but copper is not enriched in adjacent rocks

Denmark, Germany

Assessed quantitatively

150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression


Saale Basin Variscan crystalline basement

Elongated area with elevated zinc

Germany

150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thuringian Basin

Subaerial volcanic rocks—Rotliegend Red beds— Rotliegend

Saale Basin Variscan crystalline basement

Several prospective areas with copper-rich margins along areas of Rote Fäule; numerous basement highs

Germany

150rfCu0005, Spremberg-Witten-berg


Barnum and North Sudetic Basins

Variscan crystalline basement

Two prospective ar-eas where copper-rich margins are present along a large area of Rote Fäule

Germany

150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia)


North Sudetic and Fore-Sudetic Basins

Variscan crystalline basement

Many prospective areas defined by copper-rich zones adjacent to Rote Fäule and areas with copper surface density greater than 35 kilograms per square meter

Poland


sources and migration events (Gaupp and others, 1993; Schöner and others, 2008). The fluids include waters associ-ated with the deposition of the Rotliegend sediments, as well as waters derived from underlying and overlying sedimentary units. The waters from outside the Rotliegend sandstones have profoundly affected the diagenetic mineral suites that are developed.

Where the Rotliegend sandstones are not affected by other fluids, early formed cements reflecting early to shallow burial diagenetic processes are preserved down to maximum burial depths (Schöner and Gaupp, 2005; Schöner and others, 2008). Near-surface fluids in the Rotliegend sediments were oxidizing meteoric waters. Soon after deposition, diagenetic processes included precipitation of hematite on the surfaces of detrital grains, adhesion of detrital clays to grains as grain coatings, and formation of minor clay minerals that form bridges across pore space in the sediments (pore-bridging clay) and clay minerals that form a matrix that fill pore space (Hillier and others, 1996; Amthor and Okkerman, 1998; Maliszewska and others, 1998).

In northwest Europe where the Rotliegend is underlain by Carboniferous Coal Measures and the top seal is formed by basal Zechstein anhydrites and salt, the diagenetic min-eral suites of Rotliegend sandstones record the infiltration of acidic, reducing pore fluids derived from the decomposition of organic matter during burial of Carboniferous source rocks; this is reflected by the methane-enriched natural gas composi-tions in areas underlain by Westphalian coal measures (fig. 38; Luders and others, 2005; Schöner and Gaupp, 2005; Schöner and others, 2008; Gaupp and Okkerman, 2011). Permissive tracts underlain by Westphalian Coal Measures (150rfCu0003, North Sea) are not considered prospective because the dia-genetic fluids moving through the Rotliegend beds appear to have had a reduced composition. This is consistent with early observations that the highest concentrations of metal are limited to the southern edge of the Southern Permian Basin (SPB), where Rotliegend beds lie on Variscan crust (Richter, 1941; Rentzsch and Franzke, 1997).

Fluid Flow

The prospectivity for a mineral deposit is greater if geo-logic elements that allow, focus, and then impede fluid move-ment can be identified. A flow system for transport of copper from source rocks to host rocks by sedimentary brines must have existed for all SSC-type deposits. The brines are thought to move upward toward a hydrologic seal. One process that could cause the upward and lateral movement of the pore flu-ids towards and in the more permeable layers is the increase in the pressure gradient above the hydrostatic gradient (Muchez and Sintubin, 2002). Other processes could include tectoni-cally induced and gravity-driven groundwater flow; therefore, various types of flow systems and hydrologic drivers can act as transport paths, but aquifers, at the time of mineralization, would have been confined so that brines migrated stratigraphi-cally upward. Transport and (or) migration of copper must

occur under artesian heads (by confined aquifer flow), because in almost all cases where it has been possible to determine, the zoning and paragenesis indicate that copper-rich, hematite-stable brines have entered the host rocks from below. Syn-sedimentary and postdepositional faults were probably crucial for many systems in providing focused cross-stratal fluid flow (Blundell and others, 2003; Hitzman and others, 2005).

Most reduced-facies copper deposits appear to have formed on basin edges or where irregularities in the geometry of the basin focused fluid flow through the red-bed package and upward into the host beds. Such focusing could be due to thinning of the red-bed sequence on a basin margin, faults, permeability contrasts within specific sedimentary units, and paleotopography within the basin itself (for example, base-ment highs, and anticlines).

For the Kupferschiefer, numerous authors have noted the relation between mineralization and structure. In particu-lar, Rentzsch and Franzke (1997) observed a spatial relation between metal-bearing Zechstein and lower Permian structural basins, such as the Saale Basin. Permissive tracts that overlie Rotliegend basins are considered much more prospective than those that do not.

Estimate of the Number of Undiscovered Deposits

In January 2010, numbers of undiscovered deposits were estimated by an expert panel (appendix A). After a discussion of the geology of the area and the deposit models, assessment team members made separate, subjective estimates of the numbers of undiscovered deposits. Estimators were asked for the least number of deposits of a given type that they believed could be present at three specified levels of certainty (90 percent, 50 percent, and 10 percent). For example, on the basis of all available data, a team member might estimate that there is a 90-percent chance of 1 or more, a 50-percent chance of 5 or more, and a 10-percent chance of 10 or more undis-covered deposits occurring in a given permissive tract. Each person made initial estimates without sharing their results until everyone was finished; then the results were compiled and discussed. This discussion is crucial because it almost always reveals information or insight not held by all of the panelists. As a result of the discussion, the individual scores were adjusted and a single estimate was selected for the simula-tion process for each tract. The final estimate of undiscovered deposits reflects both uncertainty in what could exist and the favorability of the tract (Singer, 1993). Preliminary assessment results were presented to an internal USGS review panel. In addition to hearing presentations, this review panel had access to all available data and could address technical questions to the assessment team. The panel evaluated the assessment and provided written comments that were addressed during the preparation of this report.

Final team estimates of the numbers of undiscovered deposits in each assessed tract are summarized in table 10,


together with statistics that describe mean expected numbers of undiscovered deposits, the standard deviation and coef-ficient of variation within the estimate, and the number of known deposits. Within the Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia) tract (150rfCu0004), with 3 known deposits, a mean of 28 undis-covered reduced-facies deposits was predicted to a depth of 2.5 km. Within the Hessian depression tract (150rfCu0002), having 1 known deposit, a mean of 4 undiscovered deposits was estimated. A mean of 3 undiscovered deposits was predicted in the Spremberg-Wittenburg tract (150rfCu0005), which contains 2 known deposits. Finally, a mean of 1 undis-covered deposit was estimated for the Hercynian-Thüringian Basin tract (150rfCu0001), with 4 known deposits.

Three of the areas with permissive rocks were not assessed quantitatively even though the lithostratigraphic set-ting characteristic of reduced-facies copper deposits is present. These areas do not overlie Rotliegend depocenters, and the only potential copper sources for these tracts are the Rotlieg-end red beds; Permian volcanic rocks are not mapped in these assessment areas. The North Sea tract (150rfCu0003) overlies part of the Variscan foreland basin that contains extensive Westphalian coal deposits. Expulsion of reduced fluids from these Carboniferous rocks could have flushed the Rotliegend reservoir and displaced any fluids that could have been capa-ble of carrying copper in solution. Mineral-zonation maps for the area northeast of the Tornquist-Teisseyre Zone do not show evidence for interaction of the Kupferschiefer with oxidized ore fluids (tract 150rfCu0006, Baltic Basin). However, one of

these three tracts deserves some attention. The permissive tract in the Jutland Peninsula area (150rfCu0007) has a Rote Fäule zone indicating that oxidizing brine migrated and altered the host interval. However, the data are not sufficient to say that the brine contained important amounts of copper.

Probabilistic Assessment Simulation Results

Probable amounts of undiscovered resources for the tracts were estimated by combining consensus estimates for num-bers of undiscovered deposits with the SSC models (Zientek, Hayes, and Taylor, 2013) using the EMINERS program (Root and others, 1992; Duval, 2012). Simulation results are reported at selected quantile levels, together with the mean expected amount of metal, the probability of the mean, and the probability of no deposits being present. The amount of metal reported at each quantile represents the least amount of metal expected. Results of the Monte Carlo simulation are shown as cumulative frequency plots (fig. 39) and summarized in table 11.

All of the assessed tracts contain known mineral depos-its with identified resources. With the exception of tract 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thuringian Basin, the assessed tracts have more estimated undiscovered deposits than known depos-its. However, by far the largest amount of undiscovered copper is likely in tract 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia).

Table 10. Undiscovered deposit estimates, deposit numbers, and tract area for the Kupferschiefer in the Southern Permian Basin, Germany and Poland.

[NXX, Estimated number of deposits associated with the xxth percentile; Nund, expected number of undiscovered deposits; s, standard deviation; Cv%, coefficient of variance; Nknown, number of known deposits in the tract that are included in the grade and tonnage model; Ntotal, total of expected number of deposits plus known deposits; tract area, area of permissive tract in square kilometers. Nund, s, and Cv% are calculated using a regression equation (Singer and Menzie, 2005)]

TractConsensus undiscovered deposit estimates Summary statistics Tract area

(km2)N90 N50 N10 N05 N01 Nund s Cv% Nknown Ntotal


1 3 10 10 10 4.4 3.4 77 1 5.4 38,200


0 0 3 7 10 1.3 2.4 190 4 5.3 18,300


12 25 50 50 50 28 14 50 3 31 18,700

150rfCu0005, Spremberg- Wittenberg

1 3 6 6 6 3.2 1.9 58 2 5.2 6,100


Mean Cu

Mean Ag

Mean rock

0.00

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0.30

0.40

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Material, in metric tons0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M 1B 10B 100B

Mean Cu

Mean Ag

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0.60

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Fig39 All_tracts_eminers.ai

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Mean rock

Mean Cu

Mean Ag

Figure 39. Cumulative frequency distribution plots showing the results of Monte Carlo computer simulation of undiscovered silver and copper resources for tracts in Germany and Poland—(A) 150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thüringian Basin; (B) 150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression; (C) 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia); and (D) 150rfCu0005, Spremberg-Wittenberg. Ag, silver; Cu, copper; k, thousand; M, million; B, billion.


Gaussian Geostatistical Simulation

Under the classification system used in Poland, mineral resource categories have specific guidelines for sampling density (for example, Jakubiak and Smakowski, 1994). For stratiform deposits such as hard coal, sapropel, and bitumi-nous shale, the minimum distance between observation points is 3 to 4 km for the resource to be in the C2 category, which is roughly equivalent to inferred resources in the CRIRSCO standards (Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards, 2006). KGHM drills copper deposits on a 0.5- to 1.5-km grid, to obtain the degree of confidence required for the C1 category (table 12; Bartlett and others, 2013). The data for known resources of SSC deposits in table 4 meet these sampling requirements.

Drill data exist for areas outside of the area where the sampling density is sufficient to formally assign resources to categories C2 or higher. In this situation, probabilistic estimates can be made for undiscovered mineral resources

in incompletely explored extensions of large, stratabound deposits if appropriate data are available to calculate metal surface density.

For this study, geostatistical simulation techniques are used to probabilistically estimate the amount of undiscovered metal in Poland, where copper surface density (CSD) infor-mation is available for drill holes. Copper surface-density data are available for continuously sampled profiles for about 1,500 drill holes throughout the country, including more than 640 drill holes within mine lease areas (Oszczepalski and Speczik, 2011, 2012). Drill-hole locations and CSD infor-mation were derived from unpublished maps provided by PGI and the published metallogenic atlas (Oszczepalski and Rydzewski, 1997b).

A variety of techniques can be used to create a continuous (predictive) surface of metal density from point values (for example, drill holes). In the 1930s, contour maps, likely drawn by hand, were used to represent the metal-density surface. Recently, both deterministic and geostatistical interpolation

Table 11. Results of Monte Carlo simulations of undiscovered resources for the Kupferschiefer in the Southern Permian Basin, Germany and Poland.

Tract nameProbability of at least the indicated amount Probability of

0.95 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.05 MeanMean or greater

None

Undiscovered resources of copper, in metric tons


0 0 0 13,000,000 25,000,000 4,200,000 0.17 0.57


0 60,000 5,700,000 42,000,000 62,000,000 15,000,000 0.32 0.07


7,200,000 17,000,000 84,000,000 190,000,000 230,000,000 96,000,000 0.44 0.01

150rfCu0005, Spremberg-Wittenberg

0 65,000 3,300,000 30,000,000 48,000,000 11,000,000 0.30 0.07

Undiscovered resources of silver, in metric tons


0 0 0 3,900 18,000 6,000 0.08 0.72


0 0 830 44,000 110,000 20,000 0.14 0.29


780 3,300 58,000 410,000 550,000 140,000 0.32 0.02


0 0 510 26,000 94,000 16,000 0.12 0.30

Rock in undiscovered deposits, in million metric tons


0 0 0 700 1,400 250 0.17 0.57


0 5 360 2,500 3,700 820 0.30 0.07


450 1,000 4,800 11,000 13,000 5,500 0.43 0.01


0 5 220 1,600 3,100 630 0.30 0.07


tools have been used to represent metal surface-density sur-faces. Deterministic interpolation techniques create surfaces from measured points, based on either the extent of similarity or the degree of smoothing. Geostatistical interpolation tech-niques (kriging) use the statistical properties of the measured points when creating the surface. For example, PGI has used both deterministic (inverse distance weighted) and geostatisti-cal (kriging) techniques. These techniques are locally accurate and produce a smooth surface appropriate for visualizing trends.

Uncertainty is a characteristic of undiscovered resource estimation, and forecasts should be accompanied by measures of uncertainty. Simulation techniques assess uncertainty by generating many model realizations that represent a range of plausible possibilities that honor the known data and their spatial variability (Vann and others, 2002; Esri, 2013a, b). Any individual simulation is a poorer estimate than kriging. How-ever, averaging a set of simulations can yield a good estimate that tends toward the prediction generated using kriging.

Gaussian Geostatistical Simulations is a tool in the Geostatistical Extension for ArcGIS version 10 (Esri, 2013a, b, c). The tool uses Gaussian geostatistical simulation (GGS), which is based on the multivariate Gaussian random function model. The parameters of the conditional distribution func-tion are straightforward to infer and the mean and variance are estimated by kriging (Vann and others, 2002). The Gaussian Geostatistical Simulations tool in ArcGIS accepts any simple kriging model as input. In ArcGIS, GGSs work by creating a grid of randomly assigned values drawn from a standard normal distribution. The covariance model (from the semi-variogram specified in the input simple kriging layer) is then applied to the raster, ensuring that raster values conform to the spatial structure found in the input dataset. The resulting raster constitutes one unconditional realization, and many

more realizations can be produced using subsequent rasters of normally distributed values (Esri, 2013a, b, c).

A workflow for GGS involves preparing the data, devel-oping a simple kriging model, running the simulation to create the realizations, and postprocessing the results (Esri, 2013a, b, c). To use this simulation technique, the data, or a transfor-mation of the data, is assumed to have a Gaussian (normal) distribution. Copper surface-density values were positively skewed; therefore, the copper surface-density data were log transformed to approximate a normal distribution. In addition, declustering22 was done to obtain a representative histogram from clustered data. Drill holes are concentrated in the mine lease areas and were randomly sampled so that the density of holes in the GGS simulation was similar to that of the rest of the study area.

A simple kriged surface was generated using the ArcGIS Geostatistical Extension. The technique also assumes that the data are stationary; that is, the mean, variance, and spatial structure (semivariogram) do not change over the spatial domain of the data (Esri, 2013a, b, c). When creating the input surface, a first-order trend removal was performed on the data to ensure that the mean is stationary over the spatial domain. Next, a normal-score transformation, was applied to the log-transformed copper surface-density data. An iterative process was used to model the semivariogram and covariance. Lag size and the number of lags were varied and the resulting prediction errors were examined. After a number of trials, a semivariogram was selected (fig. 40) and an input surface was created to use in the simulation (fig. 41).

22Declustering is a process applied to data that have been preferentially sampled with higher densities of points in some areas so that the sample of points properly reflects the histogram of the whole population.

Table 12. Definitions of mineral resource categories as used by Kombinat Górniczo-Hutniczy Miedzi Polska Miedź S.A. (KGHM) in the Legnica-Głogów Copper Belt Area, Southern Permian Basin, Poland.

[Information on drilling grid for category C2 and the definition of category D from Jakubiak and Smakowski (1994); CRIRSCO, Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards (2006); km, kilometers]

Category Confidence ContinuityCorresponding

CRIRSCO categoryDrilling grid

B High The quantity and quality of information confirms the continuity of the geological body and its borders

Measured mineral resources

Requires mining development

C1 High The data points are, however, too scarce to confirm the continuity of the geological body

Indicated mineral resources

1.5 by 1.5 km

C2 Low The geological indications and evidence of which have not been verified

Inferred mineral resources

3 by 3 km

D1-D2 Very low The estimate is based on indirect indica-tions, showings, and isolated sampling. D1 and D2 are equivalent to categories P1 and P2, prognostic resources, as used in the former Soviet Union

Not defined as a resource category


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Discussion 69

The simulation consisted of 100 realizations. The input data used to fit the semivariogram was also used to condition the realizations; this ensures that the simulated values honor the input data values and that, on average, the kriged predic-tions are replicated (Esri, 2013a, b, c). The output cell size was set to 1,000 m. The permissive tract for the study area served as a bounding polygon that limited the extent of the analysis. The permissive tract included polygons for those areas with identified mineral inventory so that simulation results could be tabulated separately for those areas. All the bounded uncondi-tional rasters were saved.

An additional raster was also created that specified the percentage of simulated values that exceeded a threshold for each cell (fig. 42). In this study, the threshold value was set to 1.544, which corresponds to a copper surface-density value of 35 kg/m2. This is the cutoff value used by PGI when they estimated prognostic copper resources of the same area. Real-izations were checked to confirm that the output values, their spatial patterns, and locations were reasonable.

Using polygons that subdivide the permissive tract into areas inside and outside of mine concession areas, the attribute values for log(copper surface density), raster name, and poly-gon number are extracted for each raster and output to a single table. The table is imported into statistical software and the contained copper associated with each cell is computed using copper surface density and cell area. Cells with copper surface density less than 35 kg/m2 are excluded from the analysis and summary tables are created that sum the contained copper within each polygon for each of the realizations. Summary statistics are then calculated for each polygon (table 13).

Our estimate of the contained copper resource for the Lubin-Sieroszowice Mine area is about 72 Mt. This includes the published mineral inventory and an estimate of the amount of copper that has been produced. Median and mean contained copper estimated from the simulation is 83 and 82 million tons, respectively. The 90th and 10th quantiles are 69 and 94 Mt. The mean and median values from the simulation are within 15 percent of what is thought to be present from pub-lished mineral inventory and production data.

Simulation results indicate a mean value of 63 Mt of undiscovered copper in the tract, outside the mine lease areas. This compares with a mean estimate of 96 Mt estimated using the three-part form of assessment. The mean simulation results are lower but the form of the distribution is different. For example, at the 95th percentile, the simulation indicates at least 27 Mt may be present compared to only 7.6 million tons for the estimate from the three-part form of assessment.

The probability threshold map (fig. 42) shows a zone of mineralization extending from the current mine lease areas northward into the Kotla, Nowa Sól 17/2011/p, and Wilcze 67/2011/p concessions and includes the Kulów and Wilcze prospective areas of Oszczepalski and Speczik (2012) (fig. 30). A second area of mineralization north of the city of Zielona Gora, covered by the Mozów-1 15/2011/p concession, corresponds to the Mozów prospective area of Oszczepalski and Speczik (2012) (fig. 30). A third area of mineralization

occurs southwest of the city of Kalisz and underlies the Sulmi-erzyce 18/2011/p and Kalisz 14/2012/p concessions (fig. 30). It indicates a broad zone of mineralization that occurs in this tract and extends to the northeast into rocks that are below our assessment depth 2.5 km; it corresponds to the Sulmierzyce and Florentyna prospective areas of Oszczepalski and Speczik (2012) (fig. 30).

DiscussionThe Kupferschiefer deposits in Germany are world

famous. In 800 years of mining, about 2.6 Mt of copper were produced from these deposits; geologic research on these deposits played a significant role in the scientific debates on the genesis of sediment-hosted stratabound copper (SSC) deposits. The tracts associated with the deposits in central Germany (150rfCu0001, Hercynian-Thuringian Basin and 150rfCu0002, Hessian Depression) have been well explored; less than one Mt of copper remains in identified deposits. The USGS Global Mineral Resource Assessment Team forecasts that copper remains to be discovered in parts of the tract that are likely below 1 km depth (table 11).

Assessments by PGI and this study forecast large amounts of undiscovered copper in the Kupferschiefer in the Fore-Sudetic Monocline in Poland and Lausitz Syncline in Germany (150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia) and 150rfCu0005, Spremberg-Wittenberg; table 14). Since 1958, about 15 Mt of copper have been produced, and there is a remaining resource of about 30 Mt of copper. The sum of mean estimates of the amount of undiscovered copper in tracts 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia), and 150rfCu0005, Spremberg-Wittenberg, using the 3-part form of assessment to depths of 2.5 km are about 110 Mt (table 15). Most of the undiscovered resource in southwestern Poland will be below depths of 1.5 km, where virgin rock temperatures will exceed 50 ºC. Development of these resources will require sophisticated mining methods requiring refrigeration and additional ground support that will add to the mining costs. In-situ leaching could possibly be used to extract copper from the more porous and permeable Rotliegend strata in deep ore bodies. However, this would require development of new technologies.

To aggregate the probabilistic assessment results from the 4 tracts in Germany and Poland into a single, probabilistic estimate, the degree of association or dependency between these geologically based permissive tracts must be considered (Schuenemeyer, 2003, 2005; Schuenemeyer and others, 2011). Dependencies between probabilistic distributions do not affect the mean of the distributions. Therefore, the mean of an aggregated distribution is the sum of the means of the individual distributions. Geologic dependencies between tracts can affect the spread or uncertainty of the aggregated probability distribution. Independence between tracts implies that the occurrence of one event (such as a deposit) in a tract


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Discussion 71

makes it neither more nor less probable that the other event (deposit) occurs in another tract. For dependence, events, such as number of deposits, in one tract predict the events in a second. An assumption of independence between tracts will yield uncertainty estimates that are unrealistically small if the predicted events (deposits) are not independent. Conversely, an assumption of total dependence will yield estimates of uncertainty that often are unrealistically large if the predicted events (deposits) are dependent.

We use the algorithm presented by Schuenemeyer and others (2011) in which user-specified estimates of correlation between tracts are used to aggregate uncertainty where some degree of dependence between tracts is likely and can be estimated. For this study, dependency relations among tracts are based on shared components in ore-forming systems. For example, the permissive tracts may or may not share the same sources of copper and oxidized brines, reservoir-facies host rocks, and stratigraphic and (or) structural traps.

In total, the mean aggregated estimate of undiscovered copper in all four assessed tracts is 130 Mt (table 16 and fig. 43). The estimated median is about 120 Mt. The values of the other percentiles depend on assumptions made about dependence among tracts (Schuenemeyer and others, 2011). Assuming partial correlation, the tracts could contain as little as 14 Mt of copper at the 95th quantile or as much as 270 Mt at the 5th quantile.

The data available for Poland made it possible to com-pare undiscovered resource estimates made by the PGI and the USGS using different methods. The PGI used determin-istic interpolation methods to estimate 69.5 Mt of copper to a depth of 2,000 m (Oszczepalski and Speczik, 2011, 2012). The mean values obtained by the USGS to a depth of 2,500 m were 62 and 97 Mt, using Gaussian geostatistical simulation and the three-part form of assessment, respectively. The results are remarkably similar. The main difference is that the USGS methods give some estimate of the uncertainty associated with

Table 13. Selected results of Gaussian geostatistical simulation summarized by features in permissive tract 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia), Poland.

[All results are contained copper, in metric tons. Identified copper is production plus remaining resources from table 2. Q, quantile; n.d., no data]

AreaIdentified

copperMean

Median (Q 50)

Q 95 Q 90 Q 75 Q 25 Q 10 Q 05

Undiscovered resources

Most of permis-sive tract, excluding mining areas

n.d. 62,000,000 57,000,000 27,000,000 31,000,000 44,000,000 79,000,000 93,000,000 110,000,000

Small tract out-lier to the north

n.d. 540,000 240,000 37,000 41,000 89,000 660,000 1,600,000 2,300,000

Small tract out- lier, east of Wroclaw

n.d. 190,000 190,000 37,000 37,000 37,000 340,000 340,000 340,000

Identified resources in permissive tract

Lubin-Siero-szowice mining area

72,000,000 82,000,000 83,000,000 66,000,000 69,000,000 76,000,000 89,000,000 94,000,000 98,000,000

Konrad-Warto-wice mining area

1,600,000 1,900,000 1,600,000 210,000 350,000 840,000 2,800,000 3,900,000 4,800,000

Nowy Kosciol-Lena min-ing area

220,000 380,000 240,000 37,000 50,000 83,000 620,000 1,100,000 1,400,000


150rf

Cu0001

, Hercyn

ian-

Thuringian Basin

150rf

Cu0002

, Hess

ian

Depression

150rf

Cu0004

(3-part)

,

Dolny Śląs

k

150rf

Cu0004

(GSS),

Dolny Śląs

k

150rf

Cu0005

, Spremberg-

Witte

nberg

Contained copper in known deposits

90th percentile

50th percentileMean

10th percentile

EXPLANATION

Undiscovered deposit estimate

95th percentile

5th percentile

Cont

aine

d co

pper

, in

mill

ion

met

ric to

ns

Tract

0

50

100

150

200

250

Fig43 Simulation results 2013.ai

Figure 43. Histograms comparing probabilistic estimates of undiscovered copper for the Kupferschiefer reduced-facies copper permissive tracts—Germany and Poland.

Table 14. Selected simulation results of undiscovered copper resources obtained using the three-part form of assessment and Gaussian geostatistical simulation for permissive tract 150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia), Poland.

[GGS, Gaussian geostatistical simulation; n.d., no data]

Tract nameProbability of at least the indicated amount of copper (metric tons) Probability of

0.95 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.05 MeanMean or greater

None

Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia), GGS results

27,000,000 31,000,000 57,000,000 93,000,000 110,000,000 62,000,000 n.d. n.d.

Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia), three-part assessment results

7,600,000 18,000,000 84,000,000 190,000,000 230,000,000 97,000,000 0.43 0.01

Discussion 73

the estimate. The USGS assessment could not have been done without the data provided by PGI.

Miners and scientists are emphatic about the associa-tion of copper ore with the contact between oxidized (Rote Fäule) and reduced facies rocks of the Kupferschiefer. This association leads some scientists to propose that the largest areas underlain by Rote Fäule alteration are associated with the largest ore deposits (fig. 44). Unfortunately, this is not always true. The mineral-zonation map shows a large area of Rote Fäule facies that extend from Germany into Poland (fig. 8). The large deposits in Poland concentrated along the eastern margin of the altered region (150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia)), but the western side, in Germany, has narrow zones of copper enrichment (tract 150rfCu0005, Spremberg-Wittenberg). The large area of Rote Fäule underly-ing the coastal areas of northern Germany and northwestern

Poland (tract 150rfCu0007, Jutland Peninsula) also has insignificant zones of copper enrichment. The Rote Fäule area along the German-Polish border overlies different Rotliegend basins—the Barnim Basin to the west and the North Sudetic and Fore-Sudetic Basins to the east. Perhaps the difference in copper enrichment may be related to different copper source rocks and evolutionary paths for these basins. The area of Rote Fäule overlying the Barnim Basin is also characterized by the presence of numerous salt diapirs, whereas few are mapped in the area overlying the North Sudetic and Fore-Sudetic Basins. Perhaps the integrity of the trap and seal needed to form cop-per deposits was adversely affected by salt tectonics. Under-standing the relation between the size of areas of Rote Fäule and the distribution of world-class deposits is warranted and could be highly valuable.

Table 15. Selected simulation results of undiscovered copper resources compared with known resources, Southern Permian Basin, Germany and Poland.

[GGS, Gaussian geostatistical simulation; km2, square kilometers]

Tract name Country Known depositsTract area

(km2)

Known copper resources

(metric tons)

Mean estimate of undiscovered

copper resources(metric tons)

Median estimate of undiscovered

copper resources(metric tons)


Germany Mansfeld; Sang-erhausen

18,300 2,600,000 5,500,000 500,000

150rfCu0002, Hessian De-pression

Germany Richelsdorf 38,200 420,000 15,000,000 6,000,000

150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia), three-part assessment results

Poland Konrad-Grodziec-Wartowice; Lena-Nowy Kosciol; Lubin-Sieroszowice

18,700 74,000,000 97,000,000 84,000,000

150rfCu0004, Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia), GGS results

62,000,000 57,000,000


Germany Graustein; Spremberg

6,100 1,500,000 12,000,000 4,700,000

Table 16. Aggregated assessment results for tracts permissive for reduced-facies-type sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits in the Southern Permian Basin, Europe.

[The three-part form of assessment results for the tracts were used in the computation. All results are contained copper, in metric tons. Q, quantile]

Aggregation assumption

Mean Q 95 Q 90 Q 75 Median Q 25 Q 10 Q 5

Total dependence

130,000,000 11,000,000 25,000,000 58,000,000 110,000,000 180,000,000 250,000,000 300,000,000

Partial correlation

130,000,000 14,000,000 30,000,000 64,000,000 120,000,000 180,000,000 240,000,000 270,000,000

Complete independence

120,000,000 16,000,000 31,000,000 65,000,000 120,000,000 170,000,000 230,000,000 270,000,000


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References Cited 75

Most of the literature on the three-part form of assess-ment emphasizes that the primary source of information for delineating tracts is a geologic map. Mineral occurrence information, classified by deposit type, is used to infer the spatial extent of ore-forming processes (Singer and Menzie, 2010). If we had had no more information than this, we would not have been able to complete an assessment of undiscovered copper associated with the Kupferschiefer. We required maps that showed the distribution of the base of Zechstein in the subsurface along with maps of the facies of the underlying Rotliegend Group. Isodepth maps were needed to constrain the down-dip extent of permissive rocks. To estimate undiscov-ered resources we needed to know the spatial extent of known deposits and the possible extent of mineralizing systems, which could only be inferred from drill data and derivative maps. Published atlases by Ziegler (1990), Heeremans and Faleide (2004), Heeremans and others (2004), and Doornenbal and Stevenson (2010) and unpublished information provided by PGI provided most of the information needed for the assessment.

Considerations for Users of this Assessment

This mineral resource assessment provides maps that show where undiscovered deposits may exist and gives esti-mates of how much resource might be present in these areas; however, it does not specifically address the likelihood of future development. This study does not evaluate how much of the undiscovered resource is likely to be found, how much it would cost to find, and, if found, what part would be economic under various conditions. Current research on economic filters is providing some tools that can be used to estimate how much of an undiscovered mineral resource may be economic (Robinson and Menzie, 2012), but this technique has not been applied to results of this study.

Permissive tracts are based on geology, irrespective of current land-use conditions. Therefore, tracts may include lands that already have been developed for other uses or have been withdrawn from mineral development as protected areas. The tracts are intended to be displayed at a scale of 1:1,000,000, even though higher resolution information was used in the compilations.

USGS Global Mineral Resource Assessment products represent a synthesis of current, readily available information. This assessment is based on the deposit models, maps, and data represented in this report. Different datasets would result in a different assessment.

AcknowledgmentsUSGS colleagues Jeff Wynn, Greta Orris, Mark Cocker,

Steve Ludington, and Rob Robinson served on an oversight committee that reviewed preliminary results of the assessment. Discussions with Geoffrey Phelps, USGS, helped Zientek understand how to read semivariograms generated by Esri software. Hannah Campbell and Kassandra Lindsey with Eastern Washington University (EWU) helped prepare illustrations for the report. Shyla Hatch (EWU) ran scripts to aggregate assessment results. Chris Jenkins (EWU) researched historical copper mines on the Kupferschiefer. Shane Kostka (EWU) created a digital file of ground disturbance sites that may be related to copper mining prior to the Industrial Revolu-tion using Google Earth™. USGS scientists, Steve Ludington, Mark Gettings, and Pam Cossette, provided helpful and timely technical reviews of the final report. Jane Hammarstrom was the series editor for this report.

References Cited

Amthor, J.E., and Okkerman, J.A., 1998, Influence of early diagenesis on reservoir quality of Rotliegende sandstones, Northern Netherlands: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 82, p. 2246–2265.

Bachowski, Cezary, Kudełko, Jan, and Wirth, Herbert, 2007, Próby poszerzenia geologicznej bazy zasobowej KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. [Attempts to extend the KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. resources]: Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, v. 423, p. 189–196.

Balamara Resources Limited, 2013, Bogdan (Poland): Bala-mara Resources Limited Web page, accessed August 9, 2013, at http://balamara.com.au/bogdan-poland/.

Barnicoat, Andy, 2006, Exploration science—Linking fundamental controls on ore deposition with the explora-tion process: Predictive Mineral Discovery Cooperative Research Centre, fact sheet, 4 p., accessed June 29, 2012, at http://www.pmdcrc.com.au/pdfs/brochures_exploration_ science_fs.pdf.

Bartlett, S.C., Burgess, Harry, Damjanovic, Bogdan, Gowans, R.M., and Lattanzi, C.R., 2013, Technical report on the cop-per-silver production operations of KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. in the Legnica-Głogów copper belt area of southwest-ern Poland: Micon International Limited, prepared for of KGHM Polska Miedź S.A., February 2013, 159 p., accessed August 12, 2013, at http://www.kghm.pl/_files/File/MICON%20Raport%20Tecniczny/Raport_Micon_EN.pdf.


Bavarian Geological State Office, 2004a, Rotliegend, verbrei-tung und tiefenlage der Triasbasis [Rotliegend, extent and depth of the Triassic base]: Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs, Infrastructure, Transport and Technology, Geo-thermal Atlas of Bavarian geological data and tempera-ture maps, scale 1:500,000, accessed September 9, 2010, at http://www.stmwi.bayern.de/fileadmin/user_upload/stmwivt/Themen/Energie_und_Rohstoffe/Dokumente_und_Cover/Geothermie/Geothermieatlas_Rotliegende.pdf. [In German.]

Bavarian Geological State Office, 2004b, Zechstein, verbrei-tung und tiefenlage der Triasbasis [Zechstein, extent and depth of the Triassic base]: Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs, Infrastructure, Transport and Technology, Geo-thermal Atlas of Bavarian geological data and temperature maps, scale 1:500,000, accessed September 9, 2010, at http://www.stmwivt.bayern.de/fileadmin/Web-Dateien/Dokumente/energie-und-rohstoffe/geothermie/zechstei.pdf. [In German.]

Bawiec, W.J., and Spanski, G.T., 2012, Quick-start guide for version 3.0 of EMINERS—Economic Mineral Resource Simulator: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009–1057, 26 p., accessed June 30, 2012, at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1057/. (This report supplements USGS OFR 2004–1344.)

Bechtel, Achim, Elliott, W.C., and Oszczepalski, Sławomir, 1996, Indirect age determination of Kupferschiefer-type mineralization in the Polish Basin by K-Ar dating of illite—Preliminary results: Economic Geology, v. 91, p. 1310–1319.

Bechtel, Achim, Elliott, W.C., Wampler, J.M., and Oszczepal-ski, Sławomir, 1999, Clay mineralogy, crystallinity, and K-Ar ages of illites within the Polish Zechstein Basin—Implications for the age of Kupferschiefer mineralization: Economic Geology, v. 94, no. 2, p. 261–272.

Bechtel, Achim, Ghazi, A.M., Elliott, W.C., and Oszczepalski, Sławomir, 2001, The occurrences of the rare earth elements and the platinum group elements in relation to base metal zoning in the vicinity of Rote Fäule in the Kupferschiefer of Poland: Applied Geochemistry, v. 16, p. 375–386.

Bechtel, Achim, and Hoernes, Stephan, 1993, Stable isotopic variations of clay minerals—A key to the understanding of Kupferschiefer-type mineralization, Germany: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, p. 1799–1816.

Beyschlag, Franz, Vogt, J.H.L, and Krusch, Paul (translated by S.J. Truscott), 1916, The deposits of useful minerals & rocks, their origin, form, and content—V. II Lodes–metasomatic deposits–ore-beds–gravel deposits: London, Macmillan and Co., 1262 p.

Blewett, R.S., Henson, P.A., Roy, I.G., Champion, D.C., and Cassidy K.F., 2010, Scale-integrated architecture of a world-class gold mineral system—The Archaean eastern Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: Precambrian Research, v. 183, p. 230–250.

Blundell, D.J., Karnkowski, P.H., Alderton, D.H.M., Oszcz-epalski, Sławomir, Kucha, Henryk , 2003, Copper mineral-ization of the Polish Kupferschiefer—A proposed basement fault-fracture system of fluid flow: Economic Geology, v. 98, p. 1487–1495.

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Appendix A. Short Biographies of the Assessment Team

James D. Bliss is a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Tucson, Arizona. His research focuses on mineral deposit modeling and mineral resource assessment methodology.

Gregor Borg is Full Professor for Petrology and Eco-nomic Geology at Martin-Luther-Universität at Halle-Wittenberg, Germany. He has conducted research on sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits in the Kalahari Copperbelt in southern Africa and the Kupferschiefer in Germany.

Stephen E. Box is a research geologist with the USGS in Spokane, Washington. He received his degrees in geology from Fort Lewis College and the University of California, Santa Cruz. He is a structural geologist and served on the assessment panel.

Paul D. Denning is a GIS specialist/physical science technician with the USGS in Denver, Colorado.

Timothy S. Hayes is a research geologist with the USGS in Tucson, Arizona. He received degrees in geology from the South Dakota School of Mines and Stanford University. He is an economic geologist with expertise in sediment-hosted strat-abound copper deposits, particularly those in the Belt Basin

of Montana; in Permian rocks in Oklahoma; and in the Ablah Group, Saudi Arabia. He served on the assessment panel.

Sławomir Oszczepalski is an Associated Professor with the Polish Geological Institute–National Research Institute in Warsaw, Poland. He has conducted research on the Kup-ferschiefer in Poland since the mid-1980s and has published dozens of peer-reviewed papers on this topic.

Heather L. Parks is a geologist working for the USGS in Spokane, Washington. She received her degree in geology from Eastern Washington University and is a GIS specialist.

Volker Spieth is a geologist and executive manager with KSL Kupferschiefer Lausitz GmbH, Germany. He has owned and operated his own exploration and project management consultancy company for 25 years. His team discovered the Rhonshausen Kupferschiefer deposit in Germany.

Cliff D. Taylor is a research geologist with the USGS in Denver, Colorado. He received a doctorate in geology from the Colorado School of Mines. He is an economic geologist with expertise in volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and served on the assessment panel.

Michael L. Zientek is a research geologist with the USGS in Spokane, Washington. He received his degrees in geology from the University of Texas and Stanford University. He is an economic geologist with expertise in magmatic ore deposits and mineral resource assessment and served on the assessment panel.

Appendix B 89

Introduction

Eight spatial databases provide data for use in an assess-ment of undiscovered sediment-hosted copper resources in the Southern Permian Basin (SPB) of Europe. The spatial data-bases are presented as Esri shapefiles (.shp), which contain spatial and descriptive data for deposits and prospects, permis-sive tracts, mine shafts and tunnels, ore bodies, mineral zones, copper surface density, mine concessions, and ground distur-bance sites. Also included are .xml metadata files, an Excel file of references cited, and a brief descriptive ASCII text file. This information can be downloaded from the USGS Web site as zipped file GIS_SIR2010-5090-U.zip. These databases can be queried in a geographic information system (GIS) to portray the distribution, geologic setting, and resource potential of copper deposits and to model grade and resource tonnage in the region.

Sedimentary Copper Deposits and Prospects, Southern Permian Basin of Europe (Kupferschiefer_deposits_prospects.shp)

This dataset includes points that represent sedimentary copper deposits and prospects associated with sedimentary rocks in the SPB of Europe. Its purpose is to document the locations of deposits and prospects that will be used as part of the process to estimate undiscovered mineral resource endowments.

This dataset was created by combining preexisting deposit and prospect point files (about 25 percent of the records) and by manually digitizing points from georeferenced maps (the remaining 75 percent). A deposit and prospect point file from Cox and others (2003) and a deposit and prospect point file from Kirkham and others (2003) were combined into one file. Duplicate entries were removed and the attribute table was normalized into a table structure similar to Cox and others (2003) (table B1). The points were compared against georeferenced geologic and mineral occurrence maps to verify the positional accuracy of each point. Point locations were corrected using the highest resolution data available. For example, a 1:100,000-scale map took precedence over a 1:1,000,000-scale map for the site location. The points were attributed using information derived from georeferenced maps and reports. Attribute fields and field definitions are shown in table B1.

Permissive Tracts for Reduced-Facies-Type Copper Deposits, Southern Permian Basin of Europe (Kupferschiefer_permissive_tracts.shp)

This dataset includes polygons that represent permissive tracts for reduced-facies-type copper deposits in the SPB of Europe. Its purpose is to delineate where undiscovered reduced-facies-type copper deposits could occur within the upper 2 km of the Earth’s crust.

Process steps for the creation of the tracts are discussed in the “Mineral Resource Assessment—Delineating Permissive Tracts” section of this report. Attribute fields and field defini-tions are shown in table B2.

Sedimentary Copper Mine Shafts and Tunnels, Southern Permian Basin of Europe (Kupferschiefer_shafts_tunnels.shp)

This dataset includes points that represent sedimentary copper mine shafts and tunnels associated with sedimentary rocks in the SPB of Europe. Its purpose is to document the locations of mine shafts and tunnels that will be used as part of the process to estimate undiscovered mineral resource endowments.

This shapefile was created by manually digitizing shafts and tunnels shown on georeferenced maps and Google Earth™. The shafts and tunnels are attributed with information shown in table B3, which was derived from the maps and reports listed in the field Ref_short.

Surface Extent of Reduced-Facies-Type Copper Ore Bodies, Southern Permian Basin of Europe (Kupferschiefer_orebodies.shp)

This dataset includes polygons that represent the surface extent of reduced-facies-type copper ore bodies in the SPB of Europe. Its purpose is to document the spatial extent of mineralized rock in reduced-facies-type copper deposits and significant prospects and to constrain estimates of mineral resource endowment.

This shapefile was created by manually digitizing the ore bodies shown on georeferenced maps. The ore bodies are attributed with information shown in table B4, which was derived from the maps and reports listed in the field Ref_short.

Appendix B. Description of Spatial Data Files

By Heather L. Parks and Michael L. Zientek


Table B1. Definitions of user-defined attribute fields in the shapefile Kupferschiefer_deposits_prospects.shp.

[m, meter; ppm, parts per million; PGI, Polish Geological Institute–National Research Institute]

Field name Description

Coded_ID Coded, unique identifier assigned to permissive tract within which the site is located.

Tract_name Name of permissive tract in which the site is located.Group_name Group name for sites that have been grouped together for aggregation/

modeling purposes.Name Name of site.Name_other Other names used for the site.Includes Names of deposits that have been combined with the primary deposit as

a result of the 500-m aggregation rule used for calculating grades and tonnages.

Type Mineral deposit type.Subtype Sediment-hosted copper subtype.SiteStatus Deposit, prospect, prospect—mineralized material estimated or historic

mine. Deposit if the site has grade and tonnage. Prospect if no grade and tonnage values provided. Prospect—mineralized material estimated if it has resources forecasted by PGI.

SiteStat2 Status of the site, including miscellaneous comments regarding the sites status.

Latitude Latitude in decimal degrees; −90.00000 to 90.00000. Negative south of the equator.

Longitude Longitude in decimal degrees; −180.00000 to 180.00000. Negative west of the Greenwich meridian.

Code_cntry Country code (Singer and others, 2008).Country Country in which the site is located.State_Prov State or province in which the site is located.Age_Ma Age in millions of years before present. Age is average for geologic

era, period, or epoch listed.Age_range Age of host rock in standard divisions of geologic time.Comm_major Major commodities in decreasing order of economic importance.Tonnage_Mt Ore tonnage in millions of metric tons; −9999 indicates no data.Cu_pct Average copper grade in weight percent; −9999 indicates no data.Ag_g_t Average silver grade in ppm (=grams per ton); −9999 indicates no data.Con_Cu_t Million metric tons of contained Copper; −9999 indicates no data.Comments Miscellaneous comments.HostRocks Simplified lithologic description of host rocks.Unit Geologic unit in which site is located.Footwall Rock types of foot wall rocks.Hangwall Rock types of hanging wall rocks.Mineralogy Ore and gangue minerals in approximate order of abundance.Ref_short Short reference; abbreviated citation for reference; full reference is

provided in accompanying file, “GIS_references.xlsx.”

Appendix B 91

Table B2. Definitions of user-defined attribute fields in the shapefile Kupferschiefer_permissive_ tracts.shp.


Coded_ID Coded, unique identifier assigned to permissive tract.Tract_name Informal name of permissive tract.Unregcode Three-digit United Nations code for the region that underlies most of

the permissive tract.Country Country(ies) in which the permissive tract is located.Commodity Primary commodity being assessed.Dep_type Deposit type being assessed.GT_model Grade-tonnage model used for the undiscovered deposit estimate.Geology Geologic feature assessed.Age Age of the assessed geologic feature.Asmt_date Year assessment was conducted.Asmt_depth Maximum depth beneath the Earth's surface used for the assessment, in

kilometers.Est_levels The set of percentile (probability) levels at which undiscovered deposit

estimates were made; −9999 indicates no data.N90 Estimated number of deposits associated with the 90th percentile

(90-percent chance of at least the indicated number of deposits); −9999 indicates no data.

N50 Estimated number of deposits associated with the 50th percentile (50-percent chance of at least the indicated number of deposits); −9999 indicates no data.

N10 Estimated number of deposits associated with the 10th percentile (10-percent chance of at least the indicated number of deposits); –9999 indicates no data.

N05 Estimated number of deposits associated with the 5th percentile (5-percent chance of at least the indicated number of deposits); −9999 indicates no data.

N01 Estimated number of deposits associated with the 1st percentile (1-percent chance of at least the indicated number of deposits); −9999 indicates no data.

N_expected Expected (mean) number of deposits. N_Expected = (0.233×N90) + (0.4×N50) + (0.225×N10) + (0.045×N05) + (0.03×N01); −9999 indi-cates no data.

s Standard deviation. s = 0.121 − (0.237×N90) − (0.093×N50) + (0.183×N10) + (0.073×N05) + (0.123×N01); -9999 indicates no data.

Cv_percent Coefficient of variance, in percent. Cv = (s/N_Expected) × 100; −9999 indicates no data.

N_known Number of known deposits in the tract; −9999 indicates no data.N_total Total number of deposits. N_total = N_Expected + N_Known; −9999

indicates no data.Area_km2 Area of permissive tract, in square kilometers.DepDensity Deposit density (total number of deposits per square kilometer). Dep-

Density = N_total/Area_km2; −9999 indicates no data.DepDen10E5 Deposit density per 100,000 square kilometers. DepDen10E5 = Dep-

Density × 100,000; −9999 indicates no data.Estimators Names of people on the estimation team.Schwelle Name of basement high area.


Mine Concessions, Southern Permian Basin of Europe (Kupferschiefer_mine_concessions.shp)

This dataset includes polygons that represent mine con-cessions of the SPB of Europe. Its purpose is to document the locations of mine concession properties.

This shapefile was created by manually digitizing the mine concession areas using georeferenced maps. The polygons are attributed with information shown in table B7, which was derived from the maps listed in the field Ref_short.

Ground-Disturbance Sites, Southern Permian Basin of Europe (Kupferschiefer_ground_disturbance.shp)

This dataset includes points that represent ground-disturbance sites in the SPB of Europe. Its purpose is to document the locations of ground-disturbance features that likely represent waste heaps around pre-Industrial Revolution mine shafts.

This shapefile was created by manually digitizing the ground-disturbance sites from Google Earth™. Attribute fields and field definitions are shown in table B8.

Table B3. Definitions of user-defined attribute fields in the shapefile Kupferschiefer_shafts_ tunnels.shp.


Coded_ID Coded, unique identifier assigned to permissive tract within which the site is located.

Tract_name Name of permissive tract in which the site is located.Name Name of site.Feature Type of feature.Latitude Latitude in decimal degrees; −90.00000 to 90.00000. Negative south of

the equator.Longitude Longitude in decimal degrees; −180.00000 to 180.00000. Negative

west of the Greenwich meridian.Country Country in which the site is located.State_Prov State or province in which the site is located.Comm_major Major commodities in decreasing order of economic importance.Comments Miscellaneous comments.HostRocks Simplified lithologic description of host rocks.Ref_short Short reference; abbreviated citation for reference; full reference is


Mineral Zones, Southern Permian Basin of Europe (Kupferschiefer_mineral_zones.shp)

This dataset includes polygons that represent mineral zonation in the SPB of Europe. Its purpose is to document the spatial extent of epithermal mineralizing systems.

This shapefile was created by manually digitizing areas of mineralization from georeferenced maps. The polygons are attributed with information shown in table B5, which was derived from the maps and reports listed in the field Ref_short.

Copper Surface Density, Southern Permian Basin of Europe (Kupferschiefer_Cu_surface_density.shp)

This dataset includes polygons that represent copper sur-face density in the SPB of Europe. Its purpose is to document the spatial extent of copper mineralization.

This shapefile was created by manually digitizing areas with elevated copper surface-density amounts. The polygons are attributed with information shown in table B6, which was derived from the maps and reports listed in the field Ref_short.

Table B4. Definitions of user-defined attribute fields in the shapefile Kupferschiefer_orebodies.shp.


Name Name of the ore body.Area_km2 Area of the surface extent of the ore body in square kilometers.Ref_short Short reference; abbreviated citation for reference; full reference is

provided in accompanying file, GIS_references.xlsx.”

Appendix B 93

Table B6. Definitions of user-defined attribute fields in the shapefile Kupferschiefer_Cu_surface_density.shp.


CuSurfDens Copper surface density in kilograms per square meter.

Assoc_dep Name of sediment-hosted copper deposit associated with copper sur-face density polygon.

Area_km2 Area of copper surface density polygon in square kilometers.Ref_short Short reference; abbreviated citation for reference; full reference is


Table B7. Definitions of user-defined attribute fields in the shapefile Kupferschiefer_mine_ concessions.shp.


Name Name of mine concession.Status Status of the concession—accepted or pending.Company Name of mining company holding the concession.Area_km2 Area of mine concession polygon in square kilometers.Ref_short Short reference; abbreviated citation for reference; full reference is


Table B8. Definitions of user-defined attribute fields in the shapefile Kupferschiefer_ground_disturbance.shp.


Latitude Latitude in decimal degrees; –90.00000 to 90.00000. Negative south of the equator.

Longitude Longitude in decimal degrees; –180.00000 to 180.00000. Negative west of the Greenwich meridian.

Table B5. Definitions of user-defined attribute fields in the shapefile Kupferschiefer_mineral_zones.shp.


Orig_descr Information associated with the mineral zone, in the original language.

Engl_descr Information associated with the mineral zone, translated into English if needed.

Zone1 Minerals and elements found in the zone.Zone2 Abbreviation of minerals and elements found in the zone.Area_km2 Area of mineral zone in square kilometers.Ref_short Short reference; abbreviated citation for reference; full reference is



Probability Threshold Simulation Results for Copper Surface Density, Southern Permian Basin of Europe (csdprblty)

This dataset is an outcome from Gaussian statistical simulation of copper surface-density values and shows the probability that a value in a given cell exceeds 35 kg/m2. The probability threshold results are used to show the spatial variation of copper mineralization that meets minimum cut-off grades.

This dataset was created using a two-part process. The first process step created a krig surface using the Esri Geostatistical Wizard in the Geostatistical Analyst tool/extension from borehole point data. The second step used the Gaussian Geostatistical Simulations tool in ArcToolbox to generate many copper surface-density surfaces that are consistent with the semivariogram of the krig surface and

the threshold dataset. The text of this report discusses the process in further detail under the “Gaussian Geostatistical Simulation” section.

References Cited

Kirkham, R.V., Carrière, J.J., and Rafer, A.B. comp., 2003, World distribution of sediment-hosted, stratiform copper deposits and occurrences: Geological Survey of Canada Web page, accessed Sept 26, 2009, at http://apps1.gdr.nrcan.gc.ca/gsc_minerals/index.phtml?language=en-CA.

Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C., 2008, Porphyry copper deposits of the world: database, map, and grade and tonnage models, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008–1155, 45 p., accessed January 15, 2009, at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1155/.

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1155/

Menlo Park Publishing Service Center, CaliforniaManuscript approved for publication October 9, 2014Edited by Larry Slack and James W. Hendley IILayout and design by James E. Banton

Zientek and others—A

ssessment of U

ndiscovered Copper Resources Associated w

ith the Permian Kupferschiefer—


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