assessment of mycotoxins in grains and oilseeds most … · 2017. 2. 10. · tic (penicillic acid)...

Assessment of mycotoxins in grains and oilseeds most consumed in Ivory Coast

D. Montet, L. Manizan, M. Oplatowska-Stachowiak, I. Metayer, D. Akaki, K. Campbell, C. Brabet

[email protected]

According to survey of the 3C Ivoire UE project

Cereals and OilseedsCommodities at high risk of

contamination by mycotoxins

Maize PeanutsRice

2

Major grains and oilseeds consumed inIvory Coast

Peanuts

4%Maize

3%

Palm

7%

Mil

2%

Rice

84 %

3

Period and sampling places

• April 2013

• Main markets in Abidjan,

Bouaké and Korhogo

Samples (300-600 g) Total

Rice Local rice 47

Imported rice 41

Total 88

Maize Cracked corn 29

Corn flour 50

Total 79

Peanut paste 71

Total 238

4

Type of samples

Cracked maize

Rice

Peanut paste

Maize flour

with and

without potash

Quantification of 79 mycotoxins

11 EU regulated mycotoxins: aflatoxins, OTA, FB1+FB2, ZEN, DON, Patulin

8 metabolites of EU regulated mycotoxins: 3-ADON, 15-ADON, de-epoxy-DON, ZAN, α-

ZEL, β-ZEL, α- ZAL, β-ZAL

6 masked mycotoxins: DON-3G, ZEN-14-G, α-ZEN-14G, β-ZEN-14G, ZEN-16-G, ZEN-

14-sulfate

54 emerging and other mycotoxins: T-2, HT-2, beauvericin, enniatins, equisetin, citrinin,

fusaric acid, cyclopiazonic acid, sterigmatocystin…

5

Multi–mycotoxin analysis by LC-MS/MS

XEVO-TQS#WAA78813:04:48

22-Jul-2014RT control: 79*std+4IS (A=100 ng/mL) 20%DMSO in MeOH

Time-0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00

%

0

100

140722_MO_013 2: MRM of 2 Channels ES+ TIC (Penicillic acid)

8.17e5

2.08

Analyses carried out in collaboration with the Queen’s University, Belfast, UK

http://www.qub.ac.uk/

6

Mycotoxins Maximal content (µg/kg)

AFB1 2

(cereals and derivatives)

AFT 4


OTA 3


FB1 + FB2 1000

(maize and flour)

ZEA 100 (maize and flour)

75 (other cereals and flour)

EU regulation (1881/2006, 165/2010, 1126/2007)fixing the maximum levels of mycotoxins in food intended for direct human

consumption or use as an ingredient

Mycotoxins Maximal content

(µg/kg)

AFB1 2

AFT 4

For rice, maize and their productsFor peanuts and derivatives

7

Toxicity of mycotoxins

Toxins Toxicity TDI

((Tolerable Daily Intake)

ng kg body weight/d

DL50 (Lethal Dose Average) orally for mice mg/kg body

weight

Aflatoxins Hepatotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic,

cancerogen

AF B1: the most toxic of aflatoxins

Group 1: human carcinogen (IARC)One of the most potent liver carcinogen

No TDIGenotoxic carcinogenic

effects without threshold

10 (AFB1)

OTA Nephrotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic,

neurotoxic, teratogen

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

(IARC)

18

(EFSA)

50

Fumonisins Lesion of the central nervous system,

hepatotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

(IARC)

2

(SCF)

> 1000 (FB1)

Zearalenon Effects on fertility and reproduction, estrogen

(menopause disorders)

Group 3: Not classifiable as human

carcinogen (IARC)

0.2

(provisional, SCF)

> 1000

EFSA: European Food Safety Authority SCF: Scientific Committee of Food

0

20

40

60

80 66

4332

21

411

%

8

EU regulated mycotoxins

Local rice (47) Imported rice (41)

AFB1

(µg/kg)

Number of

samples

0,12 2 4 10

11 8 10 2

14,1

OTA

(µg/kg)

Number of

samples4 1

3 7,90,31

-10

10

30

50

70 46

2 212

20

%

2 4 10

18 1

0,15 2,9

30,12 15,1

8 1

10

1

9

Cracked corn (29)

0

20

40

60

80

10097

6252

7 0

97

3

%


0,27AFB1

(µg/kg)

Number

of samples

2 4 40

10 5 4 1

80,520

7

3010

1

0

20

40

60

80

10096

56 50

30

2

88

10

%

10

Corn flour (50)

OTA

(µg/kg)

Number of

samples

30,59 7,6

14 1


0,09AFB1

(µg/kg)

Number of

samples

2 4 40

20 8 5 2

48,820

9

10 30

3 1

9092949698

100

100 99 99%

11

Peanut paste (71)


2 4 50050 100 1000

32 51 3 12 21

AFB1

(µg/kg)

Number

of samples

0,63 4535,5 10 20

3 12

4 50 1000100 500 4000

11 31 12 35 21

AFT

(µg/kg)

Number

of samples

1,40 8094,410 20

3 3

12

%

Other mycotoxins

57

74

8 513

87

4946

13

86

46

5

20

99 99

42

70

90

25 30

65

0102030405060708090

100

Rice Maize Peanut paste

13

Conclusions

Peanut paste samples were the most contaminated, representing the

highest risk to consumer health in CI

With AFB1 and AFT levels up to 4535 µg/kg and 8094 µg/kg, respectively

Maize: up to 80.5 and 172.74 µg/kg for AFB1 and AFT, respectively

Rice: up to 14.1 and 32.7 µg/kg for AFB1 and AFT, respectively

57

2418 17

3

18

6

96

5852

22

1

91

8

100 99 99

0102030405060708090

100

% Rice

Maize

Peanut paste

14

Study of the groundnut sector

for peanut butter production

Objectives

Perspectives

Identification and understanding of abiotic and biotic factors responsible for mycotoxin contamination

along the chain

15

Conclusion

Under EUregulation

Very top toEU regulation

Fatal riskSanitary risk

Economic issues

Content in AFB1 in food

AboveEU regulation

2 µg/kg mg/kg

[email protected]

Questions

Assessment of mycotoxins in grains and oilseeds most consumed in Ivory Coast

17

Collecting samples along the peanut sectorNovember 2014, Korhogo region, Ivory Coast

(grinding / homogenization)

Sample preparation(crushing / homogenization)

Enumeration and isolation of

potentially producing aflatoxin fungi

Content in

Aflatoxins and OTA

by HPLC/FLD

Identification and characterization of

strains by conventional and

molecular methods

Dynamic and biodiversity of toxigenic moldsin connection with the production of aflatoxins and OTA

Aw

In France

18

1. Diagramme de flux de la filière arachide pour la production de pâte dans la zone

de Khorogo et points de collecte (PC)

Semis

Séchage au champ

2 à 3 jours

Séchage au champ

une semaine

Récolte Gousses d’arachide

sur plants

Stockage

Gousses d’arachide

séchées type 1

Gousses d’arachide

séchées type 2

Séchage au village

une semaine

Séchage au village

3 à 4 jours

Vendeuses de pâte d’arachide

Demi-grossistes et détaillants

Stockage

Graines d’arachide

Décorticage

Grossistes

Broyage

Pâte d’arachide

Grillage Retrait de la peau

Détaillantes de

pâte d’arachide

Arachide grillée

sans peau

Agriculteur :

Production au champ et

traitement post-récolte des

gousses d’arachide

Commercialisation des graines d’arachide

Production et vente de pâte d’arachide

PC 1

PC 2

PC 3

PC 4

PC 5

PC 6

PC 7

PC 8

PC 9

Stockage

Marché

Flow Diagram of

the groundnut sector

for the production of paste

in the region of Korhogo

and collection points (CP)

19

Type of samples and sampling locations

Type of samples

Abidjan

Bouaké Korhogo TotalAbobo Adjamé Yopougon

Rice Local rice 9 9 9 9 11 47

Imported rice

(dénikaschia)

9 9 9 9 5 41

Maize Cracked maize 6 7 7 5 4 29

Maize flour

with potash

7 0 11 6 8 32

Maize flour

without potash

7 0 2 4 5 18

Peanuts Peanut paste 15 15 15 15 11 71

Total 53 40 53 48 44 238

20

Preparation of collected samples

Crusher Retsch

Homogenizer

CHOPIN

Blender

Thermomix

VORWERK

21

Fumonisins

OTB

Beauvericin

Citrinin

Sterigmatocystin

Equisetin

Diacetoxyscripenol

Other contaminant rice mycotoxins


Fumonisins

OTB

Beauvericin

Citrinin

Sterigmatocystin

Equisetin

Cytochalasin B

22

Other contaminant peanut paste mycotoxins

OTA et OTB

Beauvericin

Cyclopiazonic acid

Diacetoxyscripenol

Enniatin B

Aurofusarin

Equisetin

Sterigmatocystin Acid

71 samples

23

Cracked maize (29) Flour with potash (32) Flour without potash (18)

Other contaminant maize mycotoxins

Beauvericin

Citrinin

Agroclavin

Cyclopiazonic acid

Equisetin

Fusaric acid

OTB

Beauvericin

Citrinin

Agroclavin

Cyclopiazonic acid

Equisetin

Fusaric acid

OTB

Beauvericin

Citrinin

Agroclavin

Cyclopiazonic acid

Equisetin

Diacetoxyscripenol

24

Other main mycotoxins

Beauvericin, Equisetin, Citrinin, Fusaric acid, Cyclopiazonic acid, OTB,

Sterigmatocystin, Cytochalasin B, Diacetoxyscripenol…

Sample contamination rate

238 samplesrice, maize, peanut paste

Regulated mycotoxins

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

9083

5649

32

2

37

5

%

25

Rice contamination rate

Local rice (47)


Imported rice (41)

0,12AFB1

(µg/kg)

Number of

samples

2 4 14

11 8 11 1

14,1

OTA

(µg/kg)

Number of

samples

30,12 15,1

9 1 5 1

3 7,90,31OTA

(µg/kg)

Number of

samples

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

7046

2 2

12

20

%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

7066

40

1521

4

11

%

Number of

samples

2 4 14

18 1

0,15 2,9AFB1

(µg/kg)

10

1

26

Korhogo and Bouaké

The most contaminated samples

Rice contamination rate



Bouaké

The most contaminated samples

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Abobo Adjamé Yopougon Bouaké Korhogo

%

AFB1 AFB1>2µg/kg AFT>4µg/kg OTA OTA>3µg/kg ZEA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


%

AFB1 AFB1>2µg/kg AFT>4µg/kg OTA OTA>3µg/kg ZEA

27

Maize contamination rate

Cracked maize (29)


0102030405060708090

10097

6255

70

99

3

%

0,27AFB1

(µg/kg)

Number of

samples

2 4 40

10 5 2 1

80,520

10

28

Flour with potash (32) Flour without potash (18)

Maize contamination rateRegulated mycotoxins

0102030405060708090

10094

4734

133

81

13

%

0102030405060708090

100100

72 72

55

0

100

6

%

OTA

(µg/kg)

Number of

samples

30,59 7,6

3 1

0,09AFB1

(µg/kg)

Number of

samples

2 4 40

15 5 6 1

48,8 0,32AFB1

(µg/kg)

Number of

samples

2 4 40

5 3 1 1

57,120 20

3 8

29

Maize contamination rate

Cracked maize (29)

Flour with potash (32) Flour without potash (18)


0

20

40

60

80

100


%AFB1 AFB1>2µg/kg AFT>4µg/kg OTA OTA>3µg/kg FUM ZEA

0

20

40

60

80

100

Abobo Yopougon Bouaké Korhogo

%

AFB1 AFB1>2µg/kg AFT>4µg/kg OTA OTA>3µg/kg FUM ZEA

0

20

40

60

80

100

Abobo Yopougon Bouaké Korhogo

%

AFB1 AFB1>2µg/kg AFT>4µg/kg OTA OTA>3µg/kg FUM ZEA

30

Peanut paste contamination rate

71 samples


90

92

94

96

98

100

AFB1 AFB1>2µg/kg AFT>4µg/kg

10099 99%

2 4 50050 100 1000

34 41 18 12 11

AFB1

(µg/kg)

Number of

samples

0,63 4535,5

4 50 1000100 500 4000

11 38 11 36 11

AFT

(µg/kg)

Number of

samples

1,40 8094,4

31

Peanut paste contamination rate


71 samples

Abobo and Adjamé

100% contaminated samples, at higher level than the European regulations

75

80

85

90

95

100


%

AFB1 AFB1>2µg/kg AFT>4µg/kg

32

Other mycotoxins

Average positives and maximum (µg/kg)

Mycotoxin Rice Maize Peanut paste

Beauvericin 0.9 (11.8) 2.2 (22.5) 1.5 (11.0)

Equisetin 7.2 (114.8) 1.6 (4,7) 14.4 (139.9)

OTB 1.0 (1.5) 0.7 (1.1) 18.7 (259.9)

Sterigmatocystin 1.9 (7.8) 8.0 (40.0)

Citrinin 42.3 (101.4) 212.8 (2394.1)

Agroclavin 1.3 (3.5)

Fumonisin B3 17.9 (82.6)

Fusaric acid 25.3 (93.7)

Cyclopiazonic acid 5.3 (18.8) 24.3 (131.7)

Enniatin B 0.9 (2.6)

Enniatin B1 0.7 (2.4)

OTA 9.2 (147.4)

assessment of mycotoxins in grains and oilseeds most … · 2017. 2. 10. · tic (penicillic acid)...

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