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Test, Non-test, Measurement, Assessment, and EvaluationChapter 1

Reported by: Ellaine Rebecca LimosineroIntroductionThe evolving views in the use of the educational assessment are most probably the result of the rising demand of an outcome-based evaluation.Teachers must objectively see that their students concretely manifest the expected outcomes of instruction.These teachers can be discover that the noble qualities of students, such as multiple skills and knowledge, and understanding of learning, can be developed and manifested through the integrated approach of instructional and assessment.IntroductionThey should consider that the traditional use of examination and summative test is not the sole assessment approach if they are to consider the context of outcome-based evaluation.It has been a common view among educators that the terms test, non-test, measurement, assessment, and evaluation relate with one another.Test is a device used to measure what the students have learned before, during, or after classroom activities.The process of attaching qualitative value of test results is a function of evaluation.

The Recent Concepts of Assessment and EvaluationDr. Roberto N. Padua, the former Executive Director of Teacher Education Council (TEC)teaching today is a far more complicated profession than it was a couple of decades ago. The dynamically changing pace of development in science and technology has brought about corresponding changes in the way we view teaching. Thus, while earlier on, we have always been content with testing and measuring students cognitive skills through teacher-made tests, today, we not only test to measure cognitive development but also the affective and psychomotor development of the learners as well. The teacher, therefore, is expected to be fully conversant of the measurement and assessment procedures that underpin testing in the three domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.The Recent Concepts of Assessment and EvaluationDr. Padua points out that all institutions of learning should aspire to have a very comprehensive evaluation program.This necessities the consideration of all aspects of students learning : Cognitive, affective, psychomotor.There is also a need to combine traditional and nontraditional or authentic assessment method to provide the teachers with a very clear picture of students educational performances.The concept of assessment is more appropriate that measurement because it requires the use of all means, methods, and approaches to understand students scholastic performance.The combined use of test and non-test as assessment tools is very important because it can cover all domains of learning.A. Test

Test is a set of questions with an accepted set of presumably correct answers, designed to gather information about some individual characteristics, like scholastic achievement. (Posner, 1995)Scholastic achievement test can be used to gather data about what the students have learned in the school activities over a period of time.Test is a device used to indirectly measure the intangible aspects of students life and to gather information about students learning progress.The scores gathered though the use of this device must be analyzed and evaluated.Test

It can be influenced by some factors that contribute to errors in gathering valid and reliable in information, we can call this phenomenon as measurement error.Teachers should critically analyze the way tests are prepared and administered, as well, as the way test results are interpreted.We are concerned that test users often uncritically accept test scores. These concerns us, for three reasons. (Kubiszyn & Borich, 2000)Test are only tools, and tools can be appropriately used unintentionally misused, and intentionally abused.Test, like other tools can be well-designed or poorly designed.Both poorly designed and well-designed tools in the hands of ill-trained users can be dangerous.

Test

Classroom teachers can appropriately use tests for classroom evaluation.Most of the test used for classroom evaluation are taken verbatim from the test a clear violation of the principles of test construction.As the length of a teachers experience increases, he is expected to have developed expertise in test construction.Teachers, as users of tests, should be guided by sound principles in their construction and utilization to assess students academic achievements.Test can either be written, oral, or performed.

Test

Critically evaluated test results should be combined with results from a variety of other measurement proceduresPerformance and portfolio assessmentsObservationsChecklistsRating scalesThese results should be integrated with relevant background and contextual informationReading levelLanguage proficiencyCultural considerations

Test

Critically evaluated test results should be combined with results from a variety of other measurement proceduresPerformance and portfolio assessmentsObservationsChecklistsRating scalesThese results should be integrated with relevant background and contextual informationReading levelLanguage proficiencyCultural considerations

B. Non-testNon-tests are devices that do not force students to give their responses.These are usually based on teachers direct observation as students perform the assigned tasks.To make the observation objective, the teacher should develop valid and reliable non-test instruments likeObservation checklistRating scaledSemantic differentialsAnecdotal record, etcNon-testIf non-test are use to supplement the information gathered through the use of tests, then the teacher can have a comprehensive view about the quality of students learning progress.The most important focus of classroom assessment activities are students learning experiences.

Non-testThe following are the assessment strategies similar to some teaching strategies.

Anecdotal Record Every student has a story to tell. However, an anecdote focuses only on the unique experience showing attitude that needs some modification or intervention.Checklist - the teacher formulates a list of objectives that students need to master; he just check off the objective that the student has mastered.Daily Assignment students have time to spend for reinforced learning at home or even in school during vacant periods.

Non-testDebates the students are expected to learn better in a social setting. During class activities, when there are two opposing views about an issue, a debate can be organized where students take opposing positions on a topic and depend their side.Demonstration students can present a visual enactment of a particular skill or activity.Games - students can engage themselves in enjoyable activities without fear or being tested.Journal students have the potentials to write and reflect upon their learning experiences.Oral and written reports - the teacher assigns a research topic to students; the latter conducts research and report the outcome in an oral or written format.

Non-test9. Panel Discussion a group of students have the potential to verbally present information obtained through research or library works.

10. Portfolio of students work students can be required to collect evidences and reflect upon their own learning.

11. Projects the students can work on a project in their own creative way.

12. Teacher observation he can observe while students work on the assigned tasks. He can also ascertain whether students understand the directions and perform the assigned tasks with speed and accuracy.

C. Testing Testing is a process of administering a test to an individual or a group or students.This process involves steps such as:Test preparationTest administrationCollection of test paper

D. MeasurementMeasurement is a process of quantifying test results.This process begins when the teacher compares students responses with the presumably correct responses in the scoring key.A raw score in the test has no meaning.If the number of correct responses the child got in the test is 9, the his score is 9.To give meaning, we further measure by obtaining the ration of the score to the total number of items.9/20, is more meaningful than the raw score 9 alone.D. MeasurementThe quantity obtained in measurement is further analyzed to determine whether an individuals performance meets the preset criteria (criterion-referenced) or how the individuals performance compared with the performance of other members of the class (norm-referenced).E. AssessmentAssessment a process of gathering information about students learning and then analyzing and interpreting them for the purpose of making decisions. (Lucas and Corpuz, 2007)Assessment involves in activities such as administering different kinds of written tests, observation of behavior or performance, examination of work samples, use of checklists, and interview.A process of quantifying the results of tests and non-tests to portray the amount and quality of students learning and development.The term assessment focuses on determining the amount of learning in the three domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.E. AssessmentAssessment is being used, on the one hand, for educational improvement, increased school effectiveness and curriculum reforms; and on the other, for political control of teachers, students and curricula, centralized policy making, narrow accountability, credentialism, educational selection, and the determination of life chances in competitive markets. (Okano, cited in Cohen, 1997)

E. AssessmentThere are at least 9 types of assessment:Norm-referencedCriterion-referencedDomain-referenced diagnosisFormativeSummativeIpsativeAuthenticPerformance

E. AssessmentNorm-referenced assessmentIt gives us information on what a students can do in comparison with other students in the class.It helps the teacher to put students in a ranked order of achievement.

Criterion-referenced assessmentIt uses specific preset criteria from which a students performance is compared without referring to other students performance.

E. AssessmentDomain-referenced assessmentIt determines learning in a particular field or area of the subject matter (e.g. parts of speech in English) and the three domain of learning.

Diagnostic assessmentIt identifies weaknesses, strengths, and problems of students learning.It can be the teachers basis of planning what to do next in the teaching and learning process.

E. AssessmentFormative assessmentIt pinpoints whether students have achieved the objective of the lesson taught.This provides feedback about the effectiveness of teaching as manifested by students learningIt is not conducted purposely for giving grades.Its main purpose is to determine the gap between the intended objective and actual students performance.The result of this assessment is the basis of teachers decision to proceed to the next lesson, or to re-teach the days lesson.

E. AssessmentSummative assessmentIt is considered as the terminal assessment of learning.It comes at the end of the unit, program, term, or school year.The main purpose of this assessment is to give rating or grade to students based on their performance or achievement.This provides data on what the students have achieves in a given period of time.

E. AssessmentIpsative assessmentIt refers to the process of self-assessment.Evaluation should provide for self-assessmentIt gives students an opportunity to evaluate their own learning.

Authentic assessmentit determines what students can actually do in real-life situations rather than using some easy-to-score responses to questions.Lifes learning experiences are bound to assessment; therefore, it is of the essence to make learning and assessment real, meaningful, and motivational.

E. AssessmentPerfomance assessmentIt is undertaken to determine whether students can demonstrate their learning through performance in real or simulated situations.This requires the learner to demonstrate knowledge, learning, and understanding through real task application.

F. EvaluationEvaluation is a process of determining the changes in the child as a result of teaching and his experiences. (Lardizabal, 2002)

It is a systematic attempt at ascertaining the amount of progress made in the childs education directed toward the realization of objectives in education.Evaluation is a process of attaching quality or value judgment to the quantity obtained through the process of assessment.Evaluation that is based on result of assessment is more comprehensive that evaluation based on measurement.