asr 2013 romana
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anuar statisticTRANSCRIPT
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INSTITUTUL NAIONAL DE STATISTIC
Coordonator al ediiei:
Tudorel ANDREI - Preedinte INS
Colectivul de coordonare a lucrrii:
Dan Ion GHERGU, Mihaela Elena IAGR, Betrix GERD,
Gabriel JIFCU, Ilie DUMITRESCU, Adriana CIUCHEA, Gheorghe VAIDA-MUNTEAN, Doina BADEA.
Responsabil de publicaie:
Doina BADEA
Fotografie: Vitty-Cristian CHIRAN
Coperta: Alexandru POPESCU
Editare CD:Rodica-Elena SOLOVSTRU, Laura ENACHE, Daniela BUCUR
Colectivul de elaborare a capitolelor Anuarului:Adriana CIUCHEA, Silvia PISIC, Ion FLORESCUDaniela TEFNESCU, Andoria Cristina IONI,Lavinia BLTEANU, Andreea CAMBIR,Mihai GHEORGHE, Liliana PINTILIA, Nina ALEXEVICI,Ioana DIMA, Florica CRSTEA, Lucia Cecilia SINIGAGLIA,Florentina GHEORGHE.
Colectivul de design & editare:Ilie DUMITRESCU, Doina BADEA, Lavinia POPESCUVitty-Cristian CHIRAN, Rodica-Elena SOLOVSTRU,Gabriela Melania PODBERECHI, Elena TUDOR,Andreia MESTEACN, Minodora RDULESCU,Genia MIHOC, Cristina BABOI, Mihaela Elena TEFAN,Gabriela ZAGALCA, Valentina MUNTEANU, Laura ENACHE,Lenua POPESCU, Daniela BUCUR, Daniela POPESCU.
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Pentru informaii, cumprarea publicaiilori contractarea de abonamente, v rugm s apelai la:
Biroul de Diseminare a Datelor i Publicaiilor Statistice al INS(Tel.: 0213181871; 0213177770; 0213181824/ interior 1278, 2479),
(http://www.insse.ro)/ e-mail: [email protected] de Diseminare ale Direciilor Judeene de Statistic
(http: // www.[ nume judet ].insse.ro)Editura Revista Romn de Statisticsau Librria Ion Ionescu de la Brad(Tel.: 0213181842/ interior 1073, 2254)
i la e-mail: [email protected]
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INS 2014
Tiraj: 600 exemplare
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CUVNT NAINTE
Anuarul Statistic este unul dintre instrumentele tradiionale ale statisticii oficiale.Institutul Naional de Statistic ofer, cu aceast ocazie, elemente indispensabile cunoaterii
evoluiei societii, ca fundament esenial n elaborarea tuturor politicilor publice. Anuarul esteprin urmare un instrument de lucru sintetic i care, prin definiie, poart cu sine un mesaj specificmodernitii: Ne trebuie numere!
Fr cunoaterea numerelor i fundamentarea politicilor publice pornind de la date concrete,statistica i pierde savoarea i utilitatea de tiin a statului, aa cum o identific Michel Foucaultpe urmele unor gnditori moderni.
Astzi, politicile publice sunt elaborate ntr-o logic a guvernanei europene implicnd maimulte paliere: local, regional, naional i european. Demersul european n domeniu impunei Institutului Naional de Statistic un comportament profesionist i neutru fa de mediul politic,ceea ce asigur climatul necesar cercetrilor statistice elaborate de noi.
Anuarul Statistic cuprinde cele mai recente date statistice disponibile din diverse domenii,pentru caracterizarea economic i social a Romniei.
Seriile de date din Anuarul Statistic pun n eviden starea economiei la nivelul anului 2012precum i evoluia pe ultimii ani a principalilor indicatori economici. Anuarul Statistic cuprinde datepublicate n format tiprit, precum i un CD cu date la nivel naional i regional n format Excel,pentru a facilita utilizarea acestora n studii i cercetri.
Anuarul Statistic al Romniei - ediia 2013 a fost elaborat prin munca statisticienilor din cadrulinstituiei noastre, att de la nivel central ct i teritorial, ntr-o atmosfer de profesionalismi utiliznd ntr-o proporie de peste 95% metodologii aliniate la normele, standardele i tehnicilede operare ale Sistemului Statistic European.
Eforturile lucrtorilor Institutului Naional de Statistic sunt concentrate nspre concretizareaunui bun public de mare importan, anume cunoaterea statistic a societii, oferit tuturorcategoriilor de utilizatori de date statistice, oricrui cetean interesat de radiografiile statisticeale societii romneti. Sperm, n acest sens, c oferim un instrument de lucru unui publicct mai numeros i mai diversificat.
mi doresc ca datele publicate n Anuarul Statistic al Romniei - ediia 2013 s v fie utilen activitatea dumneavoastr profesional.
Prof. univ. dr. Tudorel ANDREI,
Preedintele Institutului Naional de Statistic
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VCONTENTS
General methodological note
Abbreviations used for units of measurement
Symbols used
Geography, meteorology and environment
Population
Labour market
Population income, expenditure and consumption
Dwellings and public utilities
Social protection and assistance
Health
Education
Culture and sport
Prices
National accounts
Investments and tangible fixed assets
Science, technology and innovation
Agriculture and forestry
Enterprise activity
Industry and construction
Transport, post and telecommunications
International trade
Domestic trade and market services
Tourism
Finances
Justice
International statistics
SINTEZA CUPRINSULUI PaginaPage
Not metodologic general ......................................... VII
Prescurtri folosite pentru unitile de msur .......... XVIII
Simboluri folosite ....................................................... XVIII
1. Geografie, meteorologie i mediu nconjurtor ........ 1
2. Populaie ................................................................. 35
3. Piaa forei de munc .............................................. 81
4. Veniturile, cheltuielile i consumul populaiei ........ 141
5. Locuine i utiliti publice ..................................... 201
6. Securitate i asisten social .............................. 215
7. Sntate ................................................................ 253
8. Educaie ................................................................ 269
9. Cultur i sport ...................................................... 303
10. Preuri .................................................................... 325
11. Conturi naionale .................................................. 341
12. Investiii i imobilizri corporale ........................... 377
13. tiin, tehnologie i inovare ................................ 391
14. Agricultur i silvicultur ...................................... 439
15. Activitatea ntreprinderii ........................................ 477
16. Industrie i construcii ........................................... 509
17. Transporturi, pot i telecomunicaii .................... 525
18. Comer internaional .............................................. 549
19. Comer interior i servicii de pia ....................... 585
20. Turism .................................................................... 593
21. Finane .................................................................. 617
22. Justiie ................................................................... 637
23. Statistic internaional ......................................... 649
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VII
NOT METODOLOGIC GENERAL
1. Cadrul legal privind activitatea statistic este statuatprin Legea nr. 226 / 2009 a organizrii i funcionrii
statisticii oficiale n Romnia. n lege se regsesc
contextul i prevederile care definesc elementele
constitutive ale procesului statistic, respectiv,
colectarea, procesarea, analiza, diseminarea datelor
statistice, dezvoltarea culturii statistice, constituirea i
administrarea seriilor de date statistice oficiale, cu
caracter demografic, social, economic, financiar i
juridic, precum i principiile fundamentale care stau la
baza funcionrii statisticii oficiale n Romnia.
Statistica oficial n Romnia este organizat i
coordonat de Institutul Naional de Statistic, organ de
specialitate al Administraiei Publice Centrale, n
subordinea Guvernului, finanat de la bugetul de stat.
Institutul Naional de Statistic este autorizat s
solicite i s obin cu titlu gratuit datele i informaiile
statistice de la toate persoanele, fizice sau juridice, care
dein capital sub orice form sau desfoar activitate de
orice fel pe teritoriul Romniei.
Principiile pe care se ntemeiaz activitatea statistic,
n deplin concordan cu principiile fundamentale
privind funcionarea statisticii ntr-o societate
democratic, adoptate pe plan internaional, constau n:
independen profesional; autoritate n materie deculegere a datelor; adecvarea resurselor;angajamentul privind calitatea n statistici;confidenialitatea n statistic; imparialitate iobiectivitate; metodologie solid; proceduristatistice adecvate; sarcin de rspuns adecvatpentru repondeni; eficien sub raportul costurilor;relevan, precizie i fiabilitate (credibilitate);promptitudine i punctualitate; coeren icomparabilitate; accesibilitate i claritate.
Att contextul general, ct i principiile de funcionare
a statisticii, precum i producerea de date statistice de
calitate, armonizate cu normele i standardele Uniunii
Europene, confer rezultatelor activitii statistice
garania satisfacerii cerinelor utilizatorilor de date
statistice.
2. Sursele de date statistice. Datele prezentate nAnuarul Statistic sunt rezultatul a dou categorii de
surse:
cercetrile statistice exhaustive sau prin sondajcuprinse n Programul Statistic Naional Anual (PSNA);
surse administrative.
GENERAL METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
1. The legal framework concerning the statisticalactivity is represented by Law no. 226 / 2009 on the
organisation and functioning of official statistics in
Romania. The Law includes the context and the
provisions defining the constitutive elements of the
statistical process, namely: statistical data collection,
processing, analysis and dissemination, the statistical
culture development, the official statistical data series
building up and management, of demographic, social,
economic, financial and juridical nature, as well as the
fundamental principles on which the functioning of
official statistics in Romania is defined.
In Romania, the official statistics is organised and
coordinated by the National Institute of Statistics,
specialised body of central public administration,
subordinated to Government and financed from the state
budget.
The National Institute of Statistics is entrusted to ask
for and to obtain, free of charge, statistical data and
information from all natural and legal persons, owing any
type of capital or developing any kind of activity on
Romanias territory.
The principles on which statistical activity are based,
fully compliant with the fundamental principles related to
statistics functioning in a democratic society, adopted al
international level, consists in: professionalindependence; empowerment related to datacollection; resources adequacy; commitment onstatistics quality; statistical confidentiality,impartiality and objectiveness; solid methodology;adequate statistical procedures; adequate burden ofrespondents; cost-effectiveness; relevance,accuracy and reliability; promptness and timelyness;coherence and comparability; accesibility andclearness.
Both the general context and the principles of
statistics functioning, as well as the production of
statistical data of high quality, compliant with the
European Unions norms and standards confer the
statistical activity results the guarantee of meeting the
statistical data users requirements.
2. Statistical data sources. The data presented withinthe Statistical Yearbook result from two data sources
categories:
exhaustive or sample statistical surveys, includedin the Yearly National Statistical Programme (YNSP);
administrative sources.
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3. Programul Statistic Naional Anual (PSNA)reprezint instrumentul de baz prin care Institutul
Naional de Statistic i ceilali productori de statistici
oficiale sunt autorizai s realizeze colectarea, stocarea,
procesarea, analiza i diseminarea datelor statistice
oficiale, n vederea asigurrii informaiilor necesare
utilizatorilor interni, precum i a celor ce decurg din
legislaia Uniunii Europene i din recomandrile altor
organizaii internaionale.
Programul Statistic Naional Anual cuprinde
informaii, responsabiliti, resurse i termene de
realizare, cu privire la: cercetri statistice; lucrri de
sintez, studii i analize statistice; publicaii statistice.
Programul Statistic Naional Anual se avizeaz de
Consiliul Statistic Naional i se aprob prin hotrre a
Guvernului.
4. Cercetarea statistic reprezint o lucrare complexde culegere, prelucrare, analiz i diseminare a datelor
cu privire la starea i evoluia fenomenelor i proceselor
economice i sociale. Cercetarea statistic se realizeaz
pe baz de proiecte n care sunt definite concepte
generale, scopul cercetrii i instrumentarul statistic ce
st la baza acesteia (modul de organizare a cercetrii;
chestionarul, clasificrile, nomenclatoarele, normele,
instruciunile etc.). Potrivit criteriului sferei de cuprindere,
datele din Anuarul Statistic au fost determinate pe baza
a dou tipuri de cercetri statistice:
Cercetare statistic exhaustiv (total). n cadrulacestui tip de cercetare datele sunt nregistrate de la
toate unitile populaiei statistice, denumit i
colectivitate statistic, bine delimitat. Populaia
statistic desemneaz totalitatea elementelor supuse
observrii statistice, de aceeai natur,
asemntoare sau omogene din punctul de vedere al
anumitor criterii. Prin astfel de cercetri statistice
exhaustive se obin rezultate detaliate n diferite
structuri administrative, geografice, grupri pe
activiti potrivit Clasificrii Activitilor din Economia
Naional (CAEN) etc.
Cele mai cunoscute cercetri exhaustive sunt
recensmintele populaiei i ale locuinelor,
recensmntul produselor i serviciilor industriale,
recensmntul general agricol.
Cercetare statistic prin sondaj. n cadrul acestuitip de cercetare, datele sunt nregistrate doar de la o
parte a populaiei statistice, numit eantion.
Eantionul este determinat pe baza criteriilor de
reprezentativitate, prin utilizarea unor metode
probabiliste, ale cror rezultate sunt extinse la
ntreaga populaie statistic.
3. The Yearly National Statistical Programme(YNSP) represents the basic tool by means of which theNational Institute of Statistics and the other producers of
official statistics are authorized to carry out the
collection, storage, processing, analysis and
dissemination of official statistical data, in order to
provide the information necessary to domestic users, as
well as those resulting from the legislation of European
Union and from the recommendations of other
international organisations.
The Yearly National Statistical Programme includes
information, responsibilities, resources and deadlines,
regarding: statistical surveys, synthesis papers,
statistical studies and analyses, statistical publications.
The Yearly National Statistical Programme is
endorsed by the National Statistical Council and it is
approved by Government decision.
4. The statistical survey is a complex activity ofcollection, processing, analysis and dissemination of
data related to the economic and social phenomena
situation and dynamics. The statistical survey is carried
out based on projects, where the general concepts, the
survey purpose and the statistical tools on which it is
based are defined (survey organisation: questionnaire,
classifications, nomenclatures, norms, guidelines a.s.o.).
According to the coverage criterion, the data included in
the Statistical Yearbook were determined based on two
statistical surveys types:
Exhaustive (total) statistical survey. Under thistype of survey, data are recorded from all statistical
population units, called statistical collectivity, which is
well defined. The statistical population represents all
the elements subject to statistical observation, of the
same nature, similar or homogenous from certain
criteria standpoint. Based on such exhaustive
statistical surveys, detailed results are obtained in
various administrative and geographical structures,
by group of activities according to the Classification of
Activities of National Economy (CANE) a.s.o.
The most well-known exhaustive surveys are
population and housing censuses, industrial products
and services census, general agricultural census.
Sample statistical survey. Under this type of survey,data are recorded only from part of the statistical
population, called sample. The sample is determined
based on representativeness criteria, by using
probabilistic methods, whose results are further
extended to the whole statistical population.
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IX
5. Sursele administrative reprezint sursele deeviden organizate i deinute de organisme ale
administraiei publice sau non-guvernamentale pentru
alte scopuri dect cele statistice. Sunt utilizate numai
acele surse care au un potenial adecvat cerinelor
statistice i corespund rigorilor tiinifice de sfer de
cuprindere, calitate i completitudine care le fac
utilizabile i n scopuri statistice. Folosirea acestor surse
de date i informaii n scopuri statistice se realizeaz fie
direct, ca date de baz (asimilate datelor statistice), fie
prin prelucrri i adaptri corespunztoare pentru a
satisface cerinele de calitate, comparabilitate i
coeren, fie pentru reconciliere i validarea datelor
statistice obinute n urma cercetrilor statistice.
6. Sfera de cuprindere a datelor. Datele prezentate nAnuarul Statistic caracterizeaz ansamblul economiei
naionale, cu excepia cazurilor cnd, prin notele
specifice care prefaeaz fiecare capitol al Anuarului, se
precizeaz altfel.
7. Mrimile statistice folosite:n Anuar sunt prezentate, cu precdere, date absolute idate relative (indici, ponderi, indicatori de intensitate etc.). Indicatorul statistic este expresia numeric a unor
fenomene, procese, activiti sau categorii
economice sau sociale, manifestate n timp, spaiu i
structuri.
Indicele este un raport ntre valori ale aceleiaivariabile nregistrate n uniti de timp sau teritoriale
diferite.
Indicii statistici utilizai n Anuar sunt:
Indicele Laspeyres este o medie aritmeticponderat a indicilor individuali ai aceleiai variabile;
ponderile utilizate sunt cele din perioada de baz;
Indicele Paasche este o medie aritmeticponderat a indicilor individuali ai aceleiai variabile,
ponderile utilizate fiind din perioada curent.
Unitatea statistic este un obiect al cercetrii ipurttor al caracteristicilor statistice urmrite prin
program.
Unitatea de observare este acea entitate de lacare/pentru care sunt colectate date i informaii
primare, pe baza creia se construiesc statistici.
Unitatea de raportare este entitatea care furnizeazdatele i informaiile primare n cadrul unei cercetri
statistice.
Unitatea cu personalitate juridic reprezintentitatea (ntreprinderea, societatea comercial,
asociaia, instituia bugetar, organizaia fr scop
patrimonial etc.) care desfoar o activitate
economic, are contabilitate proprie i ia decizii n
exercitarea funciei principale.
5. Administrative sources means the evidencesources organised and managed by public
administration or non-governmental bodies, for other
purposes than the statistical ones. Only the sources with
an appropriate potential for statistical requirements and
scientific rigour concerning coverage, quality and
completeness making them also usable for statistical
purposes are used. The use of these data and
information sources for statistical purposes is achieved
either directly, as basic data (assimilated to statistical
data), or after appropriate processing and adaptation, in
view to meet quality, comparability and coherence
requirements, or for reconciliation and validation of
statistical data obtained from statistical surveys.
6. Coverage. The data presented within the StatisticalYearbook characterise the whole national economy,
except cases where specific notes that preface each
chapter of the Yearbook stipulates otherwise.
7. Statistical measures used:The Yearbook mainly presents absolute and relativedata (indices, weights, propensity indicators a.s.o.). The statistical indicator is the numerical expression
of certain phenomena, processes, activities or
economic and social categories, manifested over
time, area and structures.
The index is a ratio between values of the samevariables recorded in various time or territorial units.
The statistical indices used within the Yearbook are:
Laspeyres index - weighted arithmetic mean ofindividual indices of the same variable; the used
weights refer to the base period;
Paasche index - weighted arithmetic mean ofindividual indices of the same variable; the used
weights refer to current period.
The statistical unit is subject to the survey andbearer of the statistical characteristics observed
through the programme.
The observation unit is the entity from/for whichprimary data and information are collected, based on
which statistics are compiled.
The reporting unit is the entity supplying primarydata and information under a statistical survey.
The unit with legal status in the entity (enterprise,commercial company, association, budgetary
institution, non-profit organisation a.s.o.) carrying out
an economic activity, with own bookkeeping and
taking decisions when exercising its main function.
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X Unitatea fr personalitate juridic reprezint opersoan, o gospodrie, o familie, o asociaie sau
orice alt entitate ce nu dispune de autonomie de
decizie n exercitarea funciei principale.
8. Datele n preuri curente se refer la volumulproduciei, veniturilor, cheltuielilor sau valoarea
produselor, serviciilor etc. exprimate n preurile anului
curent. Valorile din diferite perioade n preuri curente
nu sunt direct comparabile i, n consecin, nu pot fi
utilizate la calculul indicilor fr a fi, n prealabil,
deflatate cu indicii de preuri corespunztori.
9. Formele de proprietate sunt: proprietate majoritar de stat - cuprinde capitalul
integral de stat, public, de interes naional i local i
mixt, unde statul deine 50% i peste din capitalul
social;
proprietate majoritar privat - cuprinde capitalulintegral privat, mixt, n care peste 50% din capitalul
social este privat, capital integral strin, cooperatist
i obtesc. Tot aici sunt cuprinse i activitile
desfurate de ctre persoanele fizice i/sau
gospodriile populaiei.
10. Clasificri i nomenclatoare. Sunt principaleleinstrumente care fac posibil structurarea dup
criterii obiective i corecte a unitilor statistice, a
proceselor i fenomenelor observate. Clasificrile
utilizate n Anuar, potrivit diferitelor scopuri sau
diferitelor domenii de activitate, sunt:
Clasificarea Activitilor din Economia Naional(CAEN) reprezint un sistem coordonat i coerentde grupare, dup criterii tiinifice de omogenitate, a
datelor referitoare la unitile statistice.
n Anuar este utilizat versiunea actualizat a CAEN,
respectiv CAEN Rev.2, implementat prin Ordinul nr.337/2007 al Preedintelui Institutului Naional de
Statistic, publicat n Monitorul Oficial nr. 293/2007 i
revizuit n Monitorul Oficial nr. 403/2008. CAEN
Rev.2 respect standardele europene, fiind total
armonizat cu Nomenclatorul Activitilor din
Comunitatea European NACE Rev.2.
Structura CAEN Rev.2 este urmtoarea:
Seciuni - codificate printr-o liter;
Diviziuni - codificate prin dou cifre;
Grupe - codificare prin trei cifre;
Clase - codificate prin patru cifre.
The unit without legal status is a natural person, ahousehold, a family, an association or any other entity
without decisional autonomy when exercising its main
function.
8. Data expressed in current prices refer to thevolume of production, income or expenses or to the
value of products, services a.s.o., expressed in the
current year prices. The values expressed in current
prices corresponding to various periods are not directly
comparable and, as consequence, cannot be used for
indices compilation without being previously deflated
with the corresponding price indices.
9. Ownership types: state majority ownership - comprises integral
state, public, national and local interest and mixed
capital, where the states own 50% or more of the
social capital;
private majority ownership - comprises integralprivate or mixed capital, where over 50% of the social
capital is private, integral foreign or co-operative and
community capital. The activities carried out by
natural persons and/or population households are
also included here.
10. Classifications and nomenclatures. These are themain tools allowing for the structuring of observed
processes and phenomena according to objective
and accurate criteria related to statistical units. The
classifications used within the Yearbook, according
to various purposes or fields of activity are:
The Classification of Activities of NationalEconomy (CANE) is a coordinated and coherentsystem for grouping, according to scientific criteria
related to homogeneity, the data referring to
statistical units.
The updated version of CANE is used in the
Yearbook, respectively CANE Rev.2, implementedthrough the Order no. 337/2007 of the National
Institute of Statistics President, published in the
Official Journal no. 293/2007 and revised in the
Official Journal no. 403/2008. CANE Rev.2 observes
the European standards, being fully compliant with
the Nomenclature of Activities from the European
Community NACE Rev.2.
The CANE Rev. 2 structure is the following:
Sections - coded at one letter level;
Divisions - coded at two digits level;
Groups - coded at three digits level;
Classes - coded at four digits level.
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XI
Pentru interpretarea corect a structurii datelor
potrivit CAEN Rev.2, n Anexa nr. 1 a Notei
metodologice generale se prezint clasificarea la
nivelul seciunilor i diviziunilor.
Gruparea dup mrime a ntreprinderilor; Clasificarea produselor asociate activitilor
utilizat de Uniunea European - CPA; Clasificarea produselor i serviciilor asociate
activitilor - CPSA 2002; Clasificarea produselor i serviciilor asociate
activitilor - CPSA 2008, aprobat prin Hotrreade Guvern nr. 53/1999 i revizuit prin Ordinul
Preedintelui Institutului Naional de Statistic
nr. 605 / 15.X.2008.
CPSA 2008 reprezint o detaliere a CAEN Rev.2, prinordonarea dup principiul omogenitii a tuturor
familiilor de produse i servicii pe niveluri ierarhice
succesive.
CPSA 2008 asigur informaii pentru:
satisfacerea cerinelor de agregare i detaliere a
datelor referitoare la producia de bunuri i servicii;
identificarea sistematizat a produselor i
serviciilor din economia naional;
compararea i interpretarea unitar a datelor
statistice.
CPSA 2008 este total armonizat cu Clasificarea
Produselor Asociate Activitilor (CPA 2008) utilizat n
cadrul UE. Clasificarea conine explicaii la nivelul
diverselor entiti de clasificare n funcie de necesiti.
PRODROM - Nomenclatorul de produse iservicii industriale elaborat de Institutul Naionalde Statistic (INS) i utilizat pentru cercetri
statistice privind producia industrial.
Nomenclatorul PRODROM este total armonizat cu
lista PRODCOM utilizat n cadrul Uniunii
Europene. Legtura CAEN Rev.2 cu PRODROM
este asigurat la nivel de patru cifre (clas),
ntruct poziiile din cadrul nomenclatorului
PRODROM sunt rezultatul detalierii subclaselor
elementare CPSA 2008.
11. Definirea activitilor. n practic, majoritateaunitilor de producie efectueaz activiti cu
caracter mixt, respectiv activitate principal, activiti
secundare i activiti auxiliare. Identificarea
activitii secundare este necesar pentru a ncadra
o unitate ntr-o anumit poziie din CAEN Rev.2.
Activitatea principal, n sensul clasificrii, esteidentificat prin metoda ordinii descresctoare (de
sus n jos). Ea reprezint acea activitate care
contribuie n cea mai mare msur la valoarea
adugat total a unitii luate n considerare.
In view to reach an accurate interpretation of data
structure according to CANE Rev.2, the Annex no. 1 to
the General methodological note includes the
classification at section and division level.
Enterprises grouping by size; Classification of products associated to
activities used by the European Union - CPA; Classification of products associated to
activities - CPA 2002; Classification of products associated to activities
- CPA 2008, adopted by the Government Decisionno. 53/1999 and revised by the National Institute of
Statistics President Order no. 605 / 15.X.2008.
CPA 2008 represents a detailed version of CANE Rev.2,whose organisation relies on the principle of
homogeneity of all families of products and services by
successive hierarchical levels.
CPA 2008 classification provides information in order to:
respond to the requirements of aggregation and
detailed data regarding the production of goods and
services;
identify the products and services from our national
economy;
ensure the comparability of statistical data.
CPA 2008 classification is fully harmonised
with Classification of Products Associated to Activities
(CPA 2008) used in EU. The classification contains
explanatory notes for various classification entities
according to the necessities.
PRODROM - the Nomenclature of industrialproducts and services drawn up by the NationalInstitute of Statistics (NIS) and used for statistical
surveys on industrial production. The PRODROM
nomenclature is fully harmonised with the
PRODCOM list used within the European Union.
The link of CANE Rev.2 with PRODROM is ensured
at four digits level (class), since the positions from
PRODROM nomenclature are the result of CPSA
2008 detailing elementary sub-classes.
11. Activities definition. In practice, most of theproduction units carry out activities of mixed nature,
namely main activity, secondary and ancillary activities.
The identification of secondary activity is needed in view
to frame a unit under a certain heading of CANE Rev.2.
The main activity, in the sense of classification, isidentified by top-down method. This is the activity
contributing to the largest extent to the total value
added of the concerned unit.
-
XII
Activitatea secundar este orice alt activitatedin cadrul unitii productoare de bunuri sau
servicii.
Activitatea auxiliar este o activitate conex,indispensabil funcionrii unei entiti, precum:
contabilitate, transport, depozitare, achiziionare
promovare, ntreinere i reparaie etc.
12. mprirea teritorial. Din punct de vedere alstructurii teritoriale, datele din Anuar sunt prezentate la
nivel naional (pe ntreaga ar), precum i pe diferite
uniti teritoriale, n funcie de specificul indicatorilor.
Unitile teritoriale, dup statutul lor, sunt
administrative (comun, ora, ora-municipiu, jude) i
non-administrative (macroregiune i regiune de
dezvoltare).
Pn n anul 1998, prin lucrrile i publicaiile
statistice, s-au prelucrat i diseminat, de regul, doar
date la nivel de jude, municipii, orae i comune.
ncepnd din anul 1998, n structura teritorial i, ca
urmare, n publicaiile statistice, au fost prezentate date
i la nivelul regiunilor de dezvoltare.
ncepnd cu ediia 2008, potrivit Legii nr. 315/2004
privind dezvoltarea regional n Romnia, n structura
teritorial sunt prezentate date i la nivelul
macroregiunilor, constituite conform Legii privind
stabilirea nomenclatorului unitilor teritoriale statistice
din Romnia i cerinelor Regulamentului
CE nr. 1059/2003 al Parlamentului i al Consiliului
European privind stabilirea unui nomenclator comun al
unitilor teritoriale de statistic NUTS, publicat n
Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene nr. L 154/2003.
13. Conform Legii nr. 348 /14.VII. 2004 privinddenominarea monedei naionale a Romniei(ncepnd cu data de 1 iulie 2005), seriile de date
exprimate n valori absolute au fost recalculate n
lei (RON).
Un leu nou (RON) este egal cu 10000 lei vechi (ROL).
Seriile de indici nu sunt afectate de denominare.
The secondary activity is any other kind of activitycarried out within the unit producing goods or
services.
The ancillary activity is an auxiliary activity,indispensable for the functioning of an entity, such
as: bookkeeping, transport, storage, purchase,
promotion, maintenance and repair a.s.o.
12. Territorial breakdown. From territorial structurestandpoint, the data included in the Yearbook are
presented at national level (for the whole country), as
well as by various territorial unit, depending on indicators
specific. According to their status, territorial units are
either administrative (commune, town, town-municipality,
county) or non-administrative (macroregion and
development region).
Till 1998, within the statistical works and publications,
only data at county, municipality, town and commune
level were, as a rule, processed and disseminated.
Beginning with 1998, according to the territorial
structure, the statistical publications also included data at
development regions level.
Starting with 2008 edition, according to
the Law no. 315/2004 on regional development in
Romania, territorial structure also presents data at
macroregional level, constituted according to the Law on
setting up the nomenclature of statistical territorial units
in Romania and to requirements of the EC Regulation
no. 1059/2003 of the European Parliament and of the
Council regarding the setting up of a common
nomenclature of statistical territorial units NUTS,
published in Official Journal of European Union no.
L 154/2003.
13. According to the Law no. 348 /14.VII.2004 on theprocess of national currency of Romania denomination(beginning with July 1, 2005), data series expressed in
absolute values were recalculated in lei (RON).
One leu (RON) is equivalent with 10000 former
lei (ROL).
Statistical indices series are not affected by
denomination.
-
XIII
Seciune Diviziune Denumire DescriptionSection Division
A AGRICULTUR, SILVICULTUR I PESCUIT AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING01 Agricultur, vntoare i servicii anexe Crop and animal production, hunting and related
service activities02 Silvicultur i exploatare forestier Forestry and logging03 Pescuitul i acvacultura Fishing and aquaculture
B INDUSTRIA EXTRACTIV MINING AND QUARRYING05 Extracia crbunelui superior i inferior Mining of coal and lignite06 Extracia petrolului brut i a gazelor naturale Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas07 Extracia minereurilor metalifere Mining of metal ores08 Alte activiti extractive Other mining and quarrying09 Activiti de servicii anexe extraciei Mining support service activities
C INDUSTRIA PRELUCRTOARE MANUFACTURING10 Industria alimentar Manufacture of food products 11 Fabricarea buturilor Manufacture of beverages12 Fabricarea produselor din tutun Manufacture of tobacco products13 Fabricarea produselor textile Manufacture of textiles14 Fabricarea articolelor de mbrcminte Manufacture of wearing apparel15 Tbcirea i finisarea pieilor; fabricarea articolelor Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture
de voiaj i marochinrie, harnaamentelor i of travel and leather goods, harness and footwear;nclmintei; prepararea i vopsirea blnurilor preparation and dyeing of furs
16 Prelucrarea lemnului, fabricarea produselor din lemn Manufacture of wood and of products of wood i plut, cu excepia mobilei; fabricarea articolelor din and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles paie i din alte materiale vegetale mpletite of straw and plaiting materials
17 Fabricarea hrtiei i a produselor din hrtie Manufacture of paper and paper products18 Tiprire i reproducerea pe supori Printing and reproduction of recorded media
a nregistrrilor19 Fabricarea produselor de cocserie i a produselor Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum
obinute din prelucrarea ieiului products20 Fabricarea substanelor i a produselor chimice Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products21 Fabricarea produselor farmaceutice de baz i a Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and
preparatelor farmaceutice pharmaceutical preparations22 Fabricarea produselor din cauciuc i mase plastice Manufacture of rubber and plastic products23 Fabricarea altor produse din minerale nemetalice Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral
products24 Industria metalurgic Manufacture of basic metals25 Industria construciilor metalice i a produselor Manufacture of fabricated metal products,
din metal, exclusiv maini, utilaje i instalaii except machinery and equipment26 Fabricarea calculatoarelor i a produselor Manufacture of computer, electronic and
electronice i optice optical products27 Fabricarea echipamentelor electrice Manufacture of electrical equipment28 Fabricarea de maini, utilaje i echipamente n.c.a. Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.29 Fabricarea autovehiculelor de transport rutier, Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and
a remorcilor i semiremorcilor semi-trailers30 Fabricarea altor mijloace de transport Manufacture of other transport equipment31 Fabricarea de mobil Manufacture of furniture32 Alte activiti industriale n.c.a. Other manufacturing activities n.e.c.33 Repararea, ntreinerea i instalarea mainilor Repair, maintenance and installation of machinery
i echipamentelor and equipment
D PRODUCIA I FURNIZAREA DE ENERGIE ELECTRICITY, GAS, STEAM AND ELECTRIC I TERMIC, GAZE, AP AIR CONDITIONING PRODUCTION AND SUPPLYCALD I AER CONDIIONAT
35 Producia i furnizarea de energie electric i Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning termic, gaze, ap cald i aer condiionat production and supply
Anexa nr. 1Annex no. 1
CLASIFICAREA ACTIVITILOR DIN ECONOMIA NAIONAL CAEN Rev. 2(aprobat prin Ordinul nr. 337/20. IV. 2007 privind actualizarea Clasificrii activitilor din economia naional - CAEN,
publicat n M.O. nr. 293/03. V.2007 i revizuit n M.O. nr. 403/29. V.2008)THE CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY CANE Rev. 2
(approved through Order no. 337/20. IV. 2007 on the classification of activities in the national economy - CANE updating,published in the Official Journal no. 293/03. V. 2007 and revised in the Official Journal no. 403/29. V. 2008)
-
XIV
E DISTRIBUIA APEI; SALUBRITATE, WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE, WASTE GESTIONAREA DEEURILOR, MANAGEMENT AND DECONTAMINATION ACTIVITI DE DECONTAMINARE ACTIVITIES
36 Captarea, tratarea i distribuia apei Water catchment, treatment and distribution37 Colectarea i epurarea apelor uzate Used water collection and purification38 Colectarea, tratarea i eliminarea deeurilor; Waste collection, purification and disposal;
activiti de recuperare a materialelor reciclabile activities of recycling materials recovery39 Activiti i servicii de decontaminare Activities and services of decontamination
F CONSTRUCII CONSTRUCTION41 Construcii de cldiri Construction of buildings42 Lucrri de geniu civil Civil engineering43 Lucrri speciale de construcii Specialised construction activities
G COMER CU RIDICATA I CU AMNUNTUL; WHOLESALE AND RETAIL; REPAIR OF REPARAREA AUTOVEHICULELOR I MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTORCYCLESA MOTOCICLETELOR
45 Comer cu ridicata i cu amnuntul, ntreinerea i Wholesale and retail, maintenance and repair of repararea autovehiculelor i a motocicletelor motor vehicles and motorcycles
46 Comer cu ridicata cu excepia comerului cu Wholesale, except of motor vehicles and autovehicule i motociclete motorcycles
47 Comer cu amnuntul, cu excepia Retail, except of motor vehicles and autovehiculelor i motocicletelor motorcycles
H TRANSPORT I DEPOZITARE TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE49 Transporturi terestre i transporturi prin conducte Land transport and transport via pipelines50 Transporturi pe ap Water transport51 Transporturi aeriene Air transport52 Depozitare i activiti auxiliare pentru transporturi Warehousing and support activities for transportation53 Activiti de pot i de curier Postal and courier activities
I HOTELURI I RESTAURANTE HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS 55 Hoteluri i alte faciliti de cazare Hotels and other accommodation facilities56 Restaurante i alte activiti de servicii de alimentaie Restaurants and other catering services
J INFORMAII I COMUNICAII INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION58 Activiti de editare Publishing activities59 Activiti de producie cinematografic, video i de Motion picture, video and television programme
programe de televiziune; nregistrri audio i production, sound recording and music publishing activiti de editare muzical activities
60 Activiti de difuzare i transmitere de programe Programming and broadcasting activities61 Telecomunicaii Telecommunications62 Activiti de servicii n tehnologia informaiei Computer programming, consultancy and
related activities63 Activiti de servicii informatice Information service activities
K INTERMEDIERI FINANCIARE I ASIGURRI FINANCIAL AND INSURANCE INTERMEDIATION64 Intermedieri financiare, cu excepia activitilor Financial intermediation, except insurance and
de asigurri i ale fondurilor de pensii pension funding65 Activiti de asigurri, reasigurri i ale fondurilor Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding
de pensii (cu excepia celor din sistemul public (except compulsory social security)de asigurri sociale)
66 Activiti auxiliare intermedierilor financiare, Activities auxiliary to financial intermediation,activiti de asigurare i fonduri de pensii insurance activities and pension funds
L TRANZACII IMOBILIARE REAL ESTATE ACTIVITIES68 Tranzacii imobiliare Real estate activities
M ACTIVITI PROFESIONALE, TIINIFICE PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND I TEHNICE TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES
Seciune Diviziune Denumire DescriptionSection Division
Anexa nr. 1 - continuareAnnex no. 1 - continued
-
XV
69 Activiti juridice i de contabilitate Legal and accounting activities70 Activiti ale direciilor (centralelor), birourilor Activities of head offices; management consultancy
administrative centralizate; activiti de management activitiesi de consultan n management
71 Activiti de arhitectur i inginerie; activiti de Architectural and engineering activities; technical testri i analiz tehnic testing and analysis
72 Cercetare-dezvoltare Scientific research and development73 Publicitate i activiti de studiere a pieei Advertising and market research74 Alte activiti profesionale, tiinifice i tehnice Other professional, scientific and technical activities75 Activiti veterinare Veterinary activities
N ACTIVITI DE SERVICII ADMINISTRATIVE I ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPPORT SERVICE ACTIVITI DE SERVICII SUPORT ACTIVITIES
77 Activiti de nchiriere i leasing Rental and leasing activities78 Activiti de servicii privind fora de munc Employment activities79 Activiti ale ageniilor turistice i a tur-operatorilor; Travel agency, tour operator reservation service and
alte servicii de rezervare i asisten turistic related activities80 Activiti de investigaii i protecie Security and investigation activities81 Activiti de peisagistic i servicii pentru cldiri Services to buildings and landscape activities82 Activiti de secretariat, servicii suport i alte activiti Office administrative, office support and other
de servicii prestate n principal ntreprinderilor business support activities
O ADMINISTRAIE PUBLIC I APRARE; PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEFENCE;ASIGURRI SOCIALE DIN SISTEMUL PUBLIC COMPULSORY SOCIAL SECURITY
84 Administraie public i aprare; asigurri sociale din Public administration and defence; compulsory sistemul public social security
P NVMNT EDUCATION85 nvmnt Education
Q SNTATE I ASISTEN SOCIAL HUMAN HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORK ACTIVITIES86 Activiti referitoare la sntatea uman Human health activities87 Servicii combinate de ngrijire medical i asisten Residential care activities
social, cu cazare88 Activiti de asisten social, fr cazare Social work activities without accommodation
R ACTIVITI DE SPECTACOLE, CULTURALE I ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATIONRECREATIVE
90 Activiti de creaie i interpretare artistic Creative, arts and entertainment activities91 Activiti ale bibliotecilor, arhivelor, muzeelor Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural
i alte activiti culturale activities92 Activiti de jocuri de noroc i pariuri Gambling and betting activities93 Activiti sportive, recreative i distractive Sports activities and amusement and recreation
activities
S ALTE ACTIVITI DE SERVICII OTHER SERVICE ACTIVITIES94 Activiti asociative diverse Activities of membership organisations95 Reparaii de calculatoare, de articole personale Repair of computers and personal and household
i de uz gospodresc goods96 Alte activiti de servicii Other personal service activities
T ACTIVITI ALE GOSPODRIILOR PRIVATE ACTIVITIES OF HOUSEHOLDS AS EMPLOYERS;N CALITATE DE ANGAJATOR DE PERSONAL UNDIFFERENTIATED GOODS AND SERVICES-CASNIC; ACTIVITI ALE GOSPODRIILOR PRODUCING ACTIVITIES OFPRIVATE DE PRODUCERE DE BUNURI I HOUSEHOLDS FOR OWN USESERVICII DESTINATE CONSUMULUI PROPRIU
97 Activiti ale gospodriilor private n calitate de Activities of households as employers of domestic angajator de personal casnic personnel
98 Activiti ale gospodriilor private de producere Undifferentiated goods and services producing de bunuri i servicii destinate consumului propriu activities of private households for own use
U ACTIVITI ALE ORGANIZAIILOR I ACTIVITIES OF EXTRATERRITORIAL ORGANISMELOR EXTRATERITORIALE ORGANISATIONS AND BODIES
99 Activiti ale organizaiilor i organismelor Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodiesextrateritoriale
Seciune Diviziune Denumire DescriptionSection Division
Anexa nr. 1 - continuareAnnex no. 1 - continued
-
XVI
GRUPAREA JUDEELOR, PE MACROREGIUNI I REGIUNI DE DEZVOLTARECOUNTIES GROUPING, BY MACROREGION AND DEVELOPMENT REGION
Macroregiunea Regiunea de dezvoltare JudeulMacroregion Development region County
MACROREGIUNEA UNU Nord - Vest BihorMACROREGION ONE North - West Bistria-Nsud
ClujMaramureSatu MareSlaj
Centru AlbaCenter Braov
CovasnaHarghitaMureSibiu
MACROREGIUNEA DOI Nord - Est BacuMACROREGION TWO North - East Botoani
IaiNeamSuceavaVaslui
Sud - Est BrilaSouth - East Buzu
ConstanaGalaiTulceaVrancea
MACROREGIUNEA TREI Sud - Muntenia ArgeMACROREGION THREE South - Muntenia Clrai
DmboviaGiurgiuIalomiaPrahovaTeleorman
Bucureti - Ilfov IlfovBucharest - Ilfov Municipiul Bucureti
Bucharest Municipality
MACROREGIUNEA PATRU Sud - Vest Oltenia DoljMACROREGION FOUR South - West Oltenia Gorj
MehediniOltVlcea
Vest AradWest Cara-Severin
HunedoaraTimi
Not: Datele statistice n profil teritorial sunt prezentate pe judee, conform Decretului - Lege nr. 2/1968 cu modificrile ulterioare, iar judeeleau fost grupate pe regiuni de dezvoltare.Prin rectificarea aprut n Legea nr. 315/28.VI.2004 privind dezvoltarea regional n Romnia, au fost redenumite trei regiuni,dup cum urmeaz:
- Regiunea de dezvoltare Sud este redenumit Sud - Muntenia,- Regiunea de dezvoltare Sud - Vest este redenumit Sud - Vest Oltenia,- Regiunea de dezvoltare Bucureti este redenumit Bucureti - Ilfov.
S-au constituit patru macroregiuni, conform Legii privind stabilirea nomenclatorului unitilor teritoriale statistice din Romnia icerinelor Regulamentului CE nr. 1059/2003 al Parlamentului i al Consiliului European privind stabilirea unui nomenclator comun alunitilor teritoriale de statistic NUTS, publicat n Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene nr. L 154/2003.Denumirile oficiale ale macroregiunilor sunt prezentate n tabele, n mod convenional, n expresie numeric.
Note: Statistical data at territorial level are presented by county, according to the Decree - Law no. 2/1968 further amended, whilethe counties were grouped by development region.Through the rectification introduced in Law no. 315/28.VI.2004 on regional development in Romania, three regions were renamed,as follows:
- The development region South is renamed South - Muntenia,- The development region South - West is renamed South - West Oltenia,- The development region Bucharest is renamed Bucharest - Ilfov.
Four macroregions were constituted, according to the Law on setting up the nomenclature of statistical territorial units in Romaniaand to the requirements of the EC Regulation no. 1059/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council regarding the setting upof a common nomenclature of statistical territorial units NSTU, published in Official Journal of European Union no. L 154/2003.The official names of the macroregions are presented in the tables, conventionaly, by numerical expression.
-
Municipii / Municipalities
Reedine de jude / County residence
Judee / Counties
Regiuni de dezvoltare / Development regions
GRUPAREA JUDEELOR, PE MACROREGIUNI I REGIUNI DE DEZVOLTARECOUNTIES GROUPING, BY MACROREGION AND DEVELOPMENT REGION
MACROREGIUNEA UNU / MACROREGION ONE
MACROREGIUNEA DOI / MACROREGION TWO
MACROREGIUNEA TREI / MACROREGION THREE
MACROREGIUNEA PATRU / MACROREGION FOURSATU MARE
MARAMURE
SUCEAVA
BOTOANI
NEAM
VASLUIBACU
IAI
MURE
HARGHITA
BIHOR
SLAJ
CLUJ
ARAD ALBA
TIMI
OLT
DOLJ
TELEORMAN
GORJ
SIBIU
ARGE
VLCEA
BUZU
DMBOVIA
CLRAI
BRAOVCOVASNA
VRANCEAGALAI
PRAHOVA
BRILATULCEA
Baia Mare
Satu Mare
Zalu
Oradea
Cluj-NapocaTrgu Mure
Miercurea Ciuc
Bacu
Piatra-Neam
Vaslui
Iai
BotoaniSuceava
Bistria
Cluj-Napoca
Alba Iulia
Sibiu
Trgu Jiu
DrobetaTurnu Severin
Deva
Reia
Arad
Timioara
Braov
SfntuGheorghe
RmnicuVlcea
FocaniGalai
Brila
Ploieti
Piteti
Trgovite Buzu
Tulcea
Clrai
Slobozia
CraiovaSlatina
Alexandria
HUNEDOARA
MEHEDINI
CARA-SEVERIN
CONSTANA
BISTRIA-NSUD
IALOMIA
Constana
Nord - VestNorth - West
Sud - MunteniaSouth - Muntenia
Sud - Vest OlteniaSouth - West Oltenia
Sud - EstSouth - East
Nord - EstNorth - East
GIURGIU
ILFOV
BUCURETI
Giurgiu
Bucureti - IlfovBucharest - Ilfov
Orae / Towns
Legend / Legend:
VestWest
CentruCenter
-
XVIII
U.M. = unitate de msur M.U. = measurement unit
mm = milimetru= millimetre
m = metru= metre
m2 = metru ptrat= square metre
m3 = metru cub= cubic metre
ha (10000 m2) = hectar= hectare
km = kilometru= kilometre
km2 = kilometru ptrat= square kilometre
microgr. = microgram= microgram
mg = miligram= miligram
g = gram= gram
kg = kilogram= kilogram
t = ton= tonne
tdw = ton deadweight= tonne deadweight
l = litru= litre
dal = decalitru= decalitre
hl = hectolitru= hectolitre
W = watt= watt
kW = kilowatt= kilowatt
kWh = kilowatt - or= kilowatt - hour
kVA = kilovoltamper= kilovoltamper
MVA = megavoltamper= megavoltamper
CP = cal putereHP = horse power
kcal = kilocalorie= kilocalorie
Gcal = gigacalorie= gigacalorie
kO = kilooctet= kilooctet
'' = secund= second
' = minut= minute
h = or= hour
0 = grad= degree
nr. = numrno. = number
% = procent= percentage
mii = miithou = thousands (thou)
mil. = milionmill. = million
mild. = miliardbn = billion
echiv. = echivalentequiv. = equivalent
S.A. = substan activA.S. = active substance
buc. = bucatpcs. = pieces
per. = pereche= pair
garnit. = garnitur= set
n.c.a. = neclasificate altundevan.e.c. = not elsewhere classified
PRESCURTRI FOLOSITE PENTRU UNITILE DE MSURABBREVIATIONS USED FOR UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
SIMBOLURI FOLOSITESYMBOLS USED
- = nu este cazul= data not applicable
... = lips date= data not available
~ = date nensumabile= nontotalized data
c = date confideniale= confidential data
G = grafic= graph
*) = date mai mici dect 0,5= magnitude less than 0.5
**) = date mai mici dect 0,05= magnitude less than 0.05
***) = date mai mici dect 0,005= magnitude less than 0.005
= tabele ce apar numai pe CD-ROM.= tables included only on the CD-ROM.
-
GEOGRAFIE, METEOROLOGIEI MEDIU NCONJURTOR
GEOGRAPHY, METEOROLOGYAND ENVIRONMENT
1
-
SURSA DATELOR
Cercetri statistice: Cercetarea statistic privind cheltuielile pentru
protecia mediului, completat de operatori
economici i unitile administraiei publice.
DATA SOURCE
Statistical surveys: Statistical survey on environment protection
expenditure, filled in by economic operators and
public administration units.
2
CUPRINS TABELE PaginaPage
TABLES CONTENTS
GEOGRAFIE I ORGANIZAREADMINISTRATIV-TERITORIAL
1.1 Poziia geografic a Romniei ..................................... 101.2 Lungimea frontierelor Romniei .................................. 111.3 Principalele altitudini muntoase ................................... 111.4 Lungimea principalelor cursuri de ap de pe
teritoriul Romniei ....................................................... 13
1.5 Principalele lacuri naturale .......................................... 141.6 Principalele lacuri antropice ........................................ 151.7 Altitudinea medie a principalelor orae din Romnia ... 161.8 Organizarea administrativ a teritoriului Romniei,
la 31 decembrie 2012 ................................................. 17
METEOROLOGIE
1.9 Temperatura aerului (media lunar i anual) ............ 181.10 Temperatura aerului (maxima absolut i
minima absolut lunar i anual) .............................. 20
1.11 Precipitaii atmosferice (cantitatea lunar i anual) ... 28
MEDIU NCONJURTOR
Resurse naturale1.12 Ariile protejate, n anul 2012 ........................................ 301.13 Rezervaii ale biosferei i zone umede de importan
internaional, n anul 2012.......................................... 30
1.14 Parcurile naionale i parcurile naturale, n anul 2012 ................................................................ 31
1.15 Resursele de ap asigurate, potrivitgradului de amenajare, n anul 2012 .......................... 32
Calitatea factorilor de mediu1.16 Calitatea apelor de suprafa, n anul 2012 ................. 32
Msuri de protecie a mediului1.17 Investiii pentru protecia mediului, n anul 2012 ......... 331.18 Cheltuieli curente interne pentru protecia mediului,
n anul 2012 ................................................................ 34
GEOGRAPHY AND ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL ORGANISATION
Geographical position of Romania
Length of Romanias borders
Major mountain peaks
Length of major rivers
on Romanian territory
Major natural lakes
Major anthropic lakes
Average height of major towns in Romania
Administrative organisation of Romanian territory,
on December 31, 2012
METEOROLOGY
Air temperature (monthly and yearly average)
Air temperature (monthly and yearly absolute
maximum and absolute minimum)
Precipitations (monthly and yearly quantity)
ENVIRONMENT
Natural resourcesProtected areas, in 2012
Biosphere reservations and wetlands of international
importance, in 2012
National and natural parks,
in 2012
Water resources assured, according to the
arrangement level, in 2012
Environment factors qualitySurface waters quality, in 2012
Environment protection measuresInvestments for environment protection, in 2012
Internal current expenditure for environment
protection, in 2012
-
3Surse administrative: Institutul de Geografie Bucureti;
Inspectoratul General al Poliiei de Frontier din
cadrul Ministerului Afacerilor Interne;
Administraia Naional de Meteorologie;
Ministerul Mediului i Schimbrilor Climatice;
Ministerul Finanelor Publice;
Agenia Naional pentru Protecia Mediului;
Regia Naional a Pdurilor;
Administraia Naional Apele Romne.
GEOGRAFIE I ORGANIZAREADMINISTRATIV-TERITORIAL
Prezentare
Romnia este situat n centrul geografic al Europei(sud-estul Europei Centrale), la nord de Peninsula
Balcanic, la jumtatea distanei dintre Coasta
Atlanticului i Munii Ural, n interiorul i exteriorul arcului
Munilor Carpai, pe cursul inferior al Dunrii (1075 km)
i cu ieire la Marea Neagr.
De altfel, paralela 45N cu meridianul 25E seintersecteaz n apropiere de centrul geometric al rii, la
100 km N-V de capitala rii, Bucureti.
Cu o suprafa de 238391 km2, Romnia este
a 12-a ar ca mrime a Europei.
Ieirea la mare nlesnete legturile cu rile din
bazinul Mrii Negre, bazinul Mrii Mediterane i, prin
intermediul acesteia, cu restul lumii.
Litoralul romnesc al Mrii Negre se desfoar pe
245 km, ntre grla Musura (grania cu Ucraina) i
localitatea Vama Veche (grania cu Bulgaria).
Relieful Romniei se compune din trei treptemajore: cea nalt a Munilor Carpai (cel mai nalt vrf
Moldoveanu 2544 m), cea medie care corespunde
Subcarpailor, dealurilor i podiurilor i cea joas, a
cmpiilor, luncilor i Deltei Dunrii. Delta Dunrii, cea
mai tnr unitate de relief, n continu formare, are
altitudinea medie de 0,52 m.
Caracteristicile principale ale unitilor de relief sunt
proporionalitatea (31% muni, 36% dealuri i podiuri,
33% cmpii i lunci) i dispunerea concentric a treptelor
majore ale reliefului.
Clima Romniei este temperat-continental detranziie, cu influene oceanice dinspre vest,
mediteraneene dinspre sud-vest i continental-excesive
din est. Temperatura medie multianual este difereniat
latitudinal, respectiv 8C n nord i peste 11C n sud, ialtitudinal, cu valori de -2,5C n etajul montan
(Vrfu Omu - masivul Bucegi) i 11,6C n cmpie(oraul Zimnicea - judeul Teleorman).
Precipitaiile anuale scad n intensitate de la vest la
est, respectiv de la peste 600 mm la mai puin de 500 mm
Administrative sources: Institute of Geography Bucharest;
General Inspectorate of Border Police within the
Ministry of Internal Affairs;
National Administration of Meteorology;
Ministry of Environment and Climatic Changes;
Ministry of Public Finances;
National Agency for Environment Protection;
National Company of Forests;
National Administration Romanian Waters.
GEOGRAPHY AND ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL ORGANISATION
Description
Romania is situated in the geographical centre ofEurope (south-east of Central Europe) at the north of the
Balkan Peninsula, at half the distance between Atlantic
Coast and The Urals, inside and outside the Carpathians
Arch, on the Danube lower course (1075 km) and has
exit to the Black Sea.
Otherwise, the 45N parallel with the 25E meridianintersects near the geometrical centre of the country,
100 km N-V of the country capital, Bucharest.
Romania is the twelfth country of Europe, having an
area of 238391 km2.
The exit to the sea enables the connections with the
countries in the Black Sea basin, in the Mediterranean
Sea basin and, by means of this, rest of the world.
Romanian seaside of the Black Sea is lying on
245 km, between Musura stream (at the border with Ukraine)
and Vama Veche locality (at the border with Bulgaria).
Romania's relief consists of three major levels: thehighest one in the Carpathians (the highest peak
Moldoveanu 2544 m), the middle one which corresponds
to the Sub-Carpathians, to the hills and to the plateaus
and the lowest one in plains, meadows and Danube
Delta. The Danube Delta, the youngest relief unit under
permanent formation, has the average height of 0.52 m.
Main features of relief units are proportionality
(31% mountains, 36% hills and plateaus, 33% plains and
meadows) and concentric display of the relief major
levels.
Romanias climate is temperate-continental oftransition, with oceanic influences from the West,
Mediterranean ones from South-West and continental-
excessive ones from the East. Multiannual average
temperature is latitudinally different, 8C in the North andover 11C in the South, and altitudinally, with values of-2.5C in the mountain floor (Omu peak - Bucegi massif)and 11.6C in the plain (Zimnicea town - Teleorman county).
Yearly precipitations decrease in intensity from west
to east, from over 600 mm to less 500 mm in the East
-
4n Cmpia Romn de Est, sub 450 mm n Dobrogea i
circa 350 mm pe litoral, pentru ca n regiunile muntoase
s ajung la 1000-1500 mm.
Apele curgtoare ale Romniei sunt dispuse radial,marea majoritate avnd izvoarele n Carpai. Principalul
colector al acestora este fluviul Dunrea, care strbate
ara n partea sudic pe o lungime de 1075 km i se
vars n Marea Neagr.
Lacurile sunt reprezentate prin lacuri naturale(numeroase tipuri genetice) rspndite n toate unitile
majore de relief, de la cele glaciare n etajul alpin (Lacul
Mioarelor - Fgra la 2282 m) la limanele
fluvio-maritime (Lacul Techirghiol la 1,5 m) i prin lacuri
antropice, de asemenea n toate unitile de relief.
Vegetaia este condiionat de relief i deelementele pedo-climatice, ntlnindu-se o dispunere
etajat a acesteia. Regiunile montane sunt acoperite de
pduri de conifere (ndeosebi molid), pduri de amestec
(fag, brad i molid) i pduri de fag. Pe culmile mai nalte
se afl pajiti alpine i tufriuri de jneapn, ienupr,
afin, merior i altele.
n regiunile de deal i de podi se ntlnesc pduri
de foioase n care predomin fagul, gorunul sau stejarul;
pe dealurile joase i cmpiile nalte, adesea, principalele
specii care alctuiesc pdurile sunt cerul i grnia.
Vegetaia de step i de silvostep, care ocupa ariile
cu deficit de umiditate din Podiul Dobrogei, Cmpia
Romn, Podiul Moldovei, Cmpia Banatului i
Crianei, a fost, n cea mai mare parte, nlocuit prin
culturi agricole.
Fauna Romniei este grupat pe areale difereniaten funcie de biotopul fiecrei specii. n etajul alpin apar
elemente relicte precum capra neagr i vulturul de
munte. n pdurile carpatine triesc diferite mamifere:
urs, cerb, rs, lup, mistre, cprior, veveri i un numr
mare de specii de psri. n cteva regiuni muntoase se
mai pstreaz cocoul de munte i cocoul de
mesteacn; n regiunile de deal i cmpie sunt
rspndite: iepurele, crtia, ariciul, diferite psri,
oprle, batracieni .a.; pentru zonele de step sunt
caracteristice roztoarele (popndul i hrciogul).
Fauna acvatic este reprezentat ndeosebi prin pstrv
n apele de munte (lostria, mai rspndit n trecut, a
devenit destul de rar); clean i mrean n regiunile de
deal; crap, biban, tiuc, somn, caras n cele de cmpie
i Delta Dunrii; n apele marine teritoriale i pe Dunrea
inferioar se ntlnesc i specii de sturioni.
Resursele minerale utile ale Romniei sunt variate.Printre principalele resurse minerale utile pot fi
menionate: petrolul, cu vechi tradiii de exploatare;
gazele naturale; crbunii, n special huila cocsificabil,
crbunele brun i lignitul; minereuri feroase i neferoase,
zcminte de aur, argint i de bauxit; rezerve mari de
Romanian Plain, under 450 mm in Dobrogea and about
350 mm by seaside, in the mountainous areas they
reach 1000-1500 mm.
Romanian running waters are radially displayed,most of them having the springs in the Carpathians.Their
main collector is the Danube river, which crosses the
country in the south on 1075 km length and flows into the
Black Sea.
The lakes are represented by natural lakes(numerous genetic types) spread in all major units of
relief, from glacial ones in the alpine floor (Mioarelor
Lake - Fgra 2282 m) to river-maritime banks
(Techirghiol Lake at 1.5 m) and anthropic lakes, as well
in all relief units.
The vegetation is determined by the relief and bypedo-climatic elements, being displayed in floors.
Mountainous regions are covered by coniferous forests
(especially spruce fir), mixture forests (beech, fir-tree,
spruce fir) and beech forests. Higher peaks are covered
by alpine lawns and bushes of dwarf pine, juniper,
bilberry, red bilberry a.s.o.
In the hills and plateaus regions there are broad-
leaved forests, prevailing beech, common oak or durmast
oak; the main forest species often met on low hills and
high plains are Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto.
The steppe and silvosteppe vegetation, which
covered the areas of low humidity in Dobrogea Plateau,
Romanian Plain, Moldova Plateau, Banat and Criana
Plain has been mostly replaced by agricultural crops.
Romania's fauna is grouped by different arealsaccording to each species biotype. Relict elements as
black goat (chamois) and mountain vulture live in the
alpine area. In the Carpathian forests live various
animals: bear, buck, lynx, wolf, wild boar, roebuck,
squirrel and several species of birds. In a few
mountainous areas both mountain cock and birch cock
are still met. In the hill and field areas there are hares,
moles, hedgehogs, various birds, lizards, batrachia
a.s.o.; rodent animals as gopher and hamster are
characteristic for the steppe areas. Water fauna is
represented especially by trout in the mountainous
waters (huck which was mostly spread in the past has
become quite rare); dace and barbel in the hill region;
carp, perch, pike, sheat fish, crucian in the field region
and Danube Delta; sturgeon species are also met in the
marine territorial waters and on the downstream Danube.
Romania's useful minerals resources are various.Among the main useful minerals resources we can
mention: crude oil, with old exploitation traditions; natural
gas; coal, especially coking pitcoal, brown coal and
lignite; ferrous and non-ferrous ores, gold, silver and
bauxite ore deposits; vast reserves of salt as well as
-
5sare, precum i o serie de resurse nemetalifere.
O categorie aparte a bogiilor de subsol o constituie
cele peste 2000 de izvoare de ape minerale, cu valene
pentru consum i tratamente medicale.
Teritoriul Romniei este mprit din punct devedere administrativ n: sate, comune, orae, municipii
i judee.
Satul este cea mai mic unitate teritorial, avnd caracteristicile aezrilor de tip rural.
Comuna este unitatea administrativ-teritorial carecuprinde populaia rural unit prin comunitate de
interese i tradiii, fiind alctuit din unul sau mai multe
sate (din care unul este reedin de comun).
Oraul reprezint o concentrare uman cu o funcieadministrativ i un mod de via specific ariilor urbane
i o structur profesional a populaiei n care predomin
cea ocupat n ramurile neagricole.
Municipiul este un ora cu un rol economic, social,politic i cultural nsemnat avnd, de regul, funcie
administrativ.
Judeul reprezint unitatea administrativ-teritorialtradiional n Romnia, alctuit din orae i comune, n
funcie de condiiile geografice, economice, social-
politice i de legturile culturale i tradiionale ale
populaiei. Teritoriul Romniei este organizat n 42 de
judee (inclusiv Municipiul Bucureti).
Ca uniti teritoriale (non-administrative) au fost
create opt regiuni de dezvoltare, constituite prinreuniunea mai multor judee.
Au fost create patru macroregiuni, care nu suntuniti administrativ-teritoriale i nu au personalitate
juridic; sunt constituite pentru a asigura colectarea,
elaborarea i difuzarea statisticilor regionale armonizate la
nivelul Uniunii Europene.
Oraele principale: Bucureti, Timioara, Iai,Cluj-Napoca, Constana, Craiova, Galai, Braov,
Ploieti, Brila, Oradea, Bacu, Piteti, Arad, Sibiu.
Porturile principale: la Marea Neagr: Constana, Mangalia;
la Dunre: Moldova Nou, Orova, Drobeta-Turnu
Severin, Calafat, Corabia, Turnu Mgurele, Zimnicea,
Giurgiu, Oltenia, Clrai, Cernavod, Hrova,
Mcin, Brila, Galai, Tulcea, Sulina.
Aeroporturile principale: Bucureti (Henri Coand -Otopeni i Aurel Vlaicu - Bneasa), Constana (Mihail
Koglniceanu), Timioara (Traian Vuia), Cluj-Napoca,
Iai, Craiova, Arad, Bacu, Baia Mare, Oradea, Satu Mare,
Sibiu, Suceava, Trgu Mure, Tulcea.
Capitala: Municipiul Bucureti (1886866 locuitori,populaia rezident (stabil) la 1 ianuarie 2012, estimat n
condiii de comparabilitate cu rezultatele definitive ale
numerous non-metalliferrous resources. A special category
of subsoil riches is constituted by over 2000 mineral
water springs, with consumption and medical treatments
valences.
Romanian territory is divided from administrativeviewpoint into: villages, communes, towns, municipalities
and counties.
Village is the smallest territorial unit, havingcharacteristics of rural settlements.
Commune is a territorial-administrative unit whichcomprises rural population united by interest and
traditional community, including one or several villages
(from which one is commune residence).
Town represents a human concentration withadministrative function and a life specific to urban areas
and with a population professional structure where the
population employed in non-agricultural branches prevails.
Municipality is a town, with an important economic,social, political and cultural role, usually having
administrative function.
County represents traditional administrative-territorial unit in Romania, including towns and
communes, depending on geographical, economical and
social-political conditions and population cultural and
traditional relations. Romanian territory is organized into
42 counties (including Bucharest Municipality).
As territorial (non-administrative) units, eightregions of development were created, gatheringseveral counties.
Four macroregions were created, which are notadministrative territorial units and have no legal entity,
they are constituted to assure the collection, compilation
and transmission of harmonised regional statistics at
European Union level.
Main cities: Bucharest, Timioara, Iai, Cluj-Napoca,Constana, Craiova, Galai, Braov, Ploieti, Brila,
Oradea, Bacu, Piteti, Arad, Sibiu.
Main harbours: at the Black Sea: Constana, Mangalia;
at the Danube: Moldova Nou, Orova, Drobeta-Turnu
Severin, Calafat, Corabia, Turnu Mgurele,
Zimnicea, Giurgiu, Oltenia, Clrai, Cernavod,
Hrova, Mcin, Brila, Galai, Tulcea, Sulina.
Main airports: Bucharest (Henri Coand -Otopeni and Aurel Vlaicu - Bneasa), Constana
(Mihail Koglniceanu), Timioara (Traian Vuia),Cluj-Napoca, Iai, Craiova, Arad, Bacu, Baia Mare,
Oradea, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Trgu Mure, Tulcea.
The capital: Bucharest Municipality (1886866inhabitants, the usual resident population on January 1, 2012
was used, estimated under comparability conditions with the
-
6Recensmntului Populaiei i al Locuinelor - 2011),
mprit n ase sectoare administrative. Prima menionare
documentar dateaz din 20.IX.1459, ca reedin a lui
Vlad epe. Capital a rii Romneti ncepnd din a
doua jumtate a secolului al XVII-lea i Capitala Romniei,
din anul 1862, municipiul Bucureti este cel mai important
centru politic, economic i cultural-tiinific al rii.
Limba oficial: limba romn.Drapelul Romniei este tricolor; culorile sunt
aezate vertical n ordinea urmtoare, ncepnd de la
lance: albastru, galben, rou.
Ziua naional a Romniei: 1 Decembrie.Imnul naional al Romniei este Deteapt-te
romne.
Forma de guvernmnt a Romniei este republica: Republic, conform Constituiei adoptate n 1991 i
modificat n 2003;
Puterea legislativ este reprezentat de un
parlament bicameral (Camera Deputailor i
Senatul), iar puterea executiv este exercitat de
Guvern, condus de un prim-ministru desemnat de
preedintele rii;
Preedintele rii este ales n baza rezultatelor
alegerilor generale prin scrutin universal pentru un
mandat de 5 ani.
Moneda naional: Leu, cu subdiviziunea ban.Cursul monedei naionale este stabilit zilnic pe piaa
valutar interbancar, moneda de referin fiind euro.
PRECIZRI METODOLOGICE
METEOROLOGIE
Cercetarea proceselor i fenomenelor fizice din
atmosfera terestr, care determin starea timpului i
clima, are la baz msurtorile i observaiile
meteorologice ce se efectueaz permanent sau periodic
n diferite puncte de pe suprafaa globului terestru i la
diferite nlimi n atmosfera liber. Programul unitar al
msurtorilor i observaiilor, precum i alte activiti
meteorologice se asigur prin colaborare
internaional, n cadrul Administraiei Naionale de
Meteorologie, cu Organizaia Meteorologic Mondial.
Staia meteorologic reprezint punctul de pesuprafaa terestr unde se efectueaz observaii i
msurtori asupra tuturor elementelor i fenomenelor
meteorologice, conform programului stabilit. Majoritatea
observaiilor, msurtorilor i determinrilor
meteorologice de la staii se efectueaz pe platforma
meteorologic situat pe un teren deschis, tipic pentru
regiunea respectiv, cu dimensionarea standard de
26 m x 26 m.
final results of the Population and Housing Census - 2011),
organised into six administrative sectors. The first
documentary mention was on 20.IX.1459, as residence of
Vlad epe. Capital of ara Romneasc since the second
half of the XVII th century and Capital of Romania since 1862,
Bucharest Municipality is the most important political,
economic and cultural-scientific center of the country.
Official language: Romanian.Flag of Romania: is three - coloured; the colours
are placed vertically in the following order from the
lance: blue, yellow, red.
National day of Romania: December, 1.National anthem of Romania is Wake up,
Romanian.
Government form in Romania is the republic: Republic, according to the Constitution adopted in
1991 and modified in 2003;
Legislative power is represented by two chamber
Parliament (Chamber of Deputies and Senate), and
executive power is carried out by Government led
by Prime Minister appointed by the countrys
President;
President of the country is elected based on
general elections results by universal vote for a
5 years mandate.
National currency: Leu, with ban as subdivision.The exchange rate is set on the interbank currency
market on a daily basis, reference currency being euro.
METHODOLOGICAL NOTES
METEOROLOGY
The research on physical processes and phenomena
in the terrestrial atmosphere, which determine the weather
and the climate, relies on the meteorological measurements
and observations, permanently or periodically carried out in
different points on the terrestrial globe surface and at
various altitudes in the free atmosphere. The unitary
programme of measurements and observations, as well as
other meteorological activities are assured by international
co-operation within National Administration of Meteorology,
with the World Meteorology Organisation.
The meteorological station represents the pointfrom the terrestrial surface, where measurements and
observations on all meteorological elements and
phenomena are carried out in keeping with the
programme. Most of meteorological observations,
measurements and determinations from the stations are
performed on the meteorological area situated on an
open land, typical for the respective region, with the
standard dimension of 26 m x 26 m.
-
7Pentru cercetarea proceselor i fenomenelor
atmosferice i pentru calculul diferiilor parametri
meteorologici i climatici, este necesar raportarea
observaiilor i msurtorilor, care se realizeaz att n
spaiu, ct i n timp.
Programul climatologic reprezint complexulobservaiilor i msurtorilor meteorologice ce se
execut la staii, dup timpul solar mediu local, att la
termenele fixe, ct i continuu n 24 de ore. Permanent,
la termenele climatologice (1, 7, 13, 19 timp solar mediu
local) se efectueaz observaii i msurtori asupra:
presiunii atmosferice, vntului, temperaturii i umezelii
aerului, temperaturii suprafeei solului, nebulozitii,
precipitaiilor, vizibilitii orizontale. Continuu, n tot cursul
zilei i nopii se determin caracteristicile tuturor
fenomenelor meteorologice (hidrometeori, litometeori,
electrometeori etc.).
Observaiile asupra temperaturii aerului constaun msurarea temperaturii aerului la termenele stabilite i
n determinarea valorilor maxime i minime ale acesteia
n intervalele de timp dintre aceste termene.
Temperatura aerului se msoar cu instrumente cu
citire direct, psihrometrul cu ventilaie artificial,
termometrul de maxim cu mercur i termometrul de
minim cu alcool i cu aparate nregistratoare
(termografe). Pentru ca instrumentele cu care se
msoar temperatura i umezeala aerului s nu fie
influenate direct de radiaia solar, de radiaia terestr,
de precipitaii i de rafalele vntului, ele se instaleaz n
adpostul meteorologic situat la 2 m nlime deasupra
solului.
Msurarea cantitilor de ap ce provin dinprecipitaii atmosferice sau care se depun din ali
hidrometeori se efectueaz cu ajutorul pluviometrului, iar
nregistrarea continu a precipitaiilor (lichide) se face cu
pluviograful. Cantitile de ap se msoar zilnic la
termenele climatologice (1, 7, 13, 19) i se exprim prin
grosimea stratului de ap czut, n mm (1mm=1l / m2).
MEDIU NCONJURTOR
Resursele de ap reprezint potenialul hidrologicformat din apele de suprafa i subterane n regim
natural i amenajat, inventariate la nceputul anului, din
care se asigur alimentarea diverselor folosine.
Ariile naturale protejate, conform O.U.G.nr. 57/2007, reprezint zone terestre, acvatice i/sau
subterane, cu perimetrul legal stabilit i avnd un regim
special de ocrotire i conservare, n care exist specii de
plante i animale slbatice, elemente i formaiuni
biogeografice sau de alt natur, cu valoare ecologic,
tiinific sau cultural deosebit i cuprind:
In order to observe the atmospheric processes and
phenomena and to compute various meteorological and
climatic parameters, it is necessary to report
observations and measurements, carried out both in
space and over time.
The climatic programme represents the complex ofmeteorological observations and measurements
performed at stations, according to the local average solar
time, both at fixed deadlines and continuously during
24 hours. Permanently, at the climatic deadlines (1, 7, 13,
19 local average solar time), the observations and
measurements are done for: atmospheric pressure, wind,
air temperature and humidity, ground surface temperature,
cloudiness, precipitations, horizontal visibility.
Continuously, during all day and night, the characteristics
of all meteorological phenomena (hydrometeors,
litometeors, electrometeors a.s.o.) are determined.
Air temperature observations consist of airtemperature measurement at the observation deadlines
and of determining its maximum and minimum values,
during the intervals between the climatic observation
deadlines.
Air temperature is measured with direct reading
instruments, the psychrometer with artificial ventilation,
the thermometer of maximum with mercury and the
thermometer of minimum with alcohol and with recording
apparatus (thermographs). In view to ensure that the
instruments for measuring air temperature and humidity
are not directly influenced by the solar, terrestrial
radiation, by precipitations and by wind gusts, they
should be placed in the meteorological shelter situated at
2 meters high above the ground.
The measurement of water quantities comingfrom atmospheric precipitations or deposited by other
hydrometeors is carried out by means of pluviometer and
the continuous recording of precipitations (liquids) is
performed with the pluviograph. Water quantities are
daily measured at climatic deadlines (1, 7, 13, 19) and
they are expressed by the thickness of the fallen water
layer, in mm (1mm=1l / m2).
ENVIRONMENT
Water resources represent the hydrologicalpotential consisting of the superficial and underground
waters, under natural and arranged conditions, registered
at the beginning of the year, of which the utilities are fed.
Natural protected areas, according to G.P.O.no. 57/2007, represents terrestrial, aquatic and/or
underground areas, with legally settled perimeter and
with a special protection and preservation regime, where
wild plants and animal species, bio-geographic elements
and formations or of other nature, with special ecological,
scientific or cultural value exist and include:
-
8 rezervaii ale biosferei - arii naturale protejate alcror scop este protecia i conservarea unor zone
de habitat natural i a diversitii biologice specifice;
parcuri naionale - arii naturale protejate al crorscop este protecia i conservarea unor eantioane
reprezentative pentru spaiul biogeografic naional;
parcuri naturale - arii naturale protejate al crorscop este protecia i conservarea unor ansambluri
peisagistice n care interaciunea activitilor umane
cu natura de-a lungul timpului a creat o zon
distinct, cu valoare semnificativ peisagistic i/sau
cultural, deseori cu o mare diversitate biologic;
rezervaii tiinifice - arii naturale protejate al crorscop este protecia i conservarea unor habitate
naturale terestre i/sau acvatice, cuprinznd
elemente reprezentative de interes tiinific;
rezervaii naturale - arii naturale protejate al crorscop este protecia i conservarea unor habitate i
specii naturale importante sub aspect floristic,
faunistic, forestier, hidrologic, geologic, speologic,
paleontologic, pedologic;
monumente ale naturii - arii naturale protejate alcror scop este protecia i conservarea unor
elemente naturale cu valoare i semnificaie
ecologic, tiinific, peisagistic deosebite;
zone umede de importan internaional suntacele arii naturale protejate al cror scop este
asigurarea proteciei i conservrii siturilor naturale
cu diversitate biologic specific zonelor umede;
arii de protecie special avifaunistic sunt acele ariinaturale protejate ale cror scopuri sunt conservarea,
meninerea, i acolo unde este cazul, readucerea
ntr-o stare de conservare favorabil a speciilor de
psri i a habitatelor specifice, desemnate pentru
protecia speciilor de psri migratoare slbatice;
situri de importan comunitar reprezint acele ariicare, n regiunile biogeografice n care exist,
contribuie semnificativ la meninerea sau restaurarea la
o stare de conservare favorabil a habitatelor naturale.
Evaluarea calitii apelor de suprafa const nmonitorizarea parametrilor biologici hidromorfologici,
fizico-chimici, a poluanilor prioritari sau a altor poluani
evacuai n cantiti importante.
Potrivit Legii nr. 310/2004, anexa 11, se disting
5 clase de calitate, definite astfel:
clasa de calitate I - stare foarte bun - nu existalterri (sau sunt foarte mici) ale valorilor
elementelor fizico-chimice i hidromorfologice de
calitate pentru tipul de corpuri de ap de suprafa
fa de cele asociate n mod normal cu acel tip n
condiii nemodificate;
reservations of biosphere - protected natural areaswhose purpose is the protection and preservation of a
natural habitat areas and of specific biologic diversity;
national parks - natural protected areas whosepurpose is the protection and preservation
of representative samples for the national
bio-geographic space;
natural parks - natural protected areas whosepurpose is the protection and preservation of
landscape piles in which human activities
interactions in time created a distinct area, with
landscape and/or cultural significant value, often
with a great biological diversity;
scientific reservations - natural protected areaswhose purpose is the protection and preservation of
terrestrial and/or aquatic natural habitats, including
representative elements of scientific interest;
natural reservations - natural protected areaswhose purpose is the protection and preservation of
important natural habitats and species from flora,
fauna, forestry, hydrological, geological, speological,
paleontological, pedological point of view;
natural monuments - natural protected areaswhose purpose is the protection and preservation of
natural elements and of ecological, scientific,
landscape special significance;
wetlands of international importance are thoseprotected natural areas whose purpose is to ensure
the protection and preservatio