South Asia Five largest countries in the world be population?

o Chinao Indiao United Stateso Indonesiao Brazil

Protected by the Himalayan Mountains in the northPhysical Geography Himalayas

o Created when India slammed into Asiao Controls population—where people liveo Has 53 of the world’s tallest mountainso Including the Hindu Kush and Karakoramo Historically created a boundary between South Asia and North Asiao Everest is tallest, K2 is more dangerous

Indus Rivero Pakistan’s main rivero Where most of the population is because the crops grow thereo First location of civilization in South Asia

Ganges Rivero India’s main rivero Considered sacred to Hindus

Bangladesho One of the largest populations, but it has a small areao River deltao Brahmaputra River

Main river in Bangladesh Creates very fertile land Able to support a large population Creates major flooding

Indian Ocean and Monsoonso Seasonal wind o Counterclockwise winds over the ocean (low pressure) creates wet

monsoono Dry in the winter because high pressure clockwise winds over land (dry

monsoon Pollution

o Sewage and watero Indian rivers among the most polluted in the world

South Asia is growing rapidly Malthusian Theory

o Said that population and resources grow at different rates, and because of that difference in growth, one will grow faster than the other (Malthusian

Catastrophe—population is too much, and the land and resources cannot support the population)

o Population grows exponentially, resources grow at a constant rateo He was wrong

He was experiencing England during a time of change (Industrial Revolution)

We learned how to better produce foodo Neo-Malthusian

Looks at other natural resources Family Planning in South Asia

o Keeps people from having too many kidso Bangladesh really tries to implement it

Green Revolutiono Refers to the way seeds are produced and manufactured to give more

yieldo Indian engineers modified the seeds so the plants will grow short instead

of tall and produce more yield There is plenty of food, but it is not spread evenly throughout the world Lack of urbanization, mostly rural The whole country is not overcrowded, but the cities are Deforestation

o Women have fought to prevent ito Chipko tree hugging

Hug trees to protect them Wildlife v. Humans

o Tiger attackso Elephants can get hit by a train

Caste System—system of separationo Based off of traditional culture of Indiao Brahmin—religious figureso Kshatriya—princely, eliteo Vaishya—merchantso Sudra—peasantso Untouchable—completely outside the caste systemo Technically illegal today, but people still follow it

Sikhismo Larger than Judaismo Most live in Punjabo Came about because of the battles between Hinduism and Islamo Middle groundo Turbans

Jainismo Pro life to the extreme, value the life of everythingo Vegetarians, will not eat vegetables that will kill the plant

Hinduismo Ethnic religiono South Asia was protected from outside religionso The oldest organized religion in the world apparentlyo Collection of various beliefso Concentrated in India and Nepalo Hard to defineo Yogas

Path of Knowledge Path of Renunciation Path of Devotion Path of Action

o Customizableo Vishnu—maintains the world

Many Hindus follow Vishnuo Shiva—the destroyero Holy sites in the natural environmento Mr. Kailas

One of the most sacred places in Hinduism Never been climbed Earthly home of Shiva

o Ganges River Sacred river One of the most polluted rivers in the world

o Lacks a significant Christian population Islam

o Mughal Empireo Maratha—a new Indian kingdom rose up

Had this kingdom not risen up, Hinduism probably would have been destroyed

Languageso Hindi and Urdu

Spoken the same Written different ways Hindi uses traditional South Asian script Urdu uses Arabic script

Indiao Almost racial, definitely ethnic North/South differenceo Hindi and English—main languages in India at the federal levelo Languages correspond very closely to the stateso States based on ethnic groups

Stopped internal fightingo Status of Women

Rape issue

Women are considered inferioro Socialist Reform

Sri Lanka Universal education Inexpensive health care

Kerala State (India) Dominated by socialist parties Well educated, despite being poor

Socialism=prosperity? West Bengal-socialist but not successful Tamil Nadu—successful reform, not socialist

o Generally speaking, southern Indians are more well off than northern Indians

o Silicon Plateau India is one of the leaders in computer science Home to many call centers

Political Geographyo British colonized South Asia for the most parto Now English is widely spokeno Post-WWII Partitioning

Decision on how to divide it up Mahatma Gandhi pushed for one country One country for Hindus, one for Muslims

Pakistano Became independent from Indiao Actually two parts: West Pakistan and East Pakistan (Bangladesh)o 1947-1950—largest peacetime movemento East Pakistan Independence

Became Bangladesh in 1971, partially because of India India’s animosity for Pakistan caused India to push for East

Pakistan’s independenceo Effects of Partitioning of India

Kolkata (Calcutta) Used to be the capital of British India Partitioning cut it off Located in West Bengal Lost some of its trading area when East Bengal (East

Pakistan/Bangladesh) was cut off Became extremely poor

Mumbai (Bombay) One of the wealthiest cities in India Commercial and entertainment center

Punjab Split in half between Pakistan and India

o Impact of States based on Ethnicity (Northeast fringe)

Assam (Indian state) Small population, restrict internal immigration to their

state Trying to keep their cultural and demographic balance

Kashmir Majority Muslim state Princely state, ruled by a Hindu Given a choice to be part of Pakistan or India Wanted independence, but didn’t get it Pakistan sent in its military, so the Hindu priest called in

India’s army War broke out Split as a result 1971—war stopped because India became the 6th nation to

set off a nuclear device Started fighting in the 1990s again when Pakistan also

became a nuclear powero British, Sports, and Colonialism

British tried to make its colonies feel like a part of the homeland Britain brought its cultures The top cricket countries are former British colonies Pigsticking British would invite the best cricket players to play on the English

team Parsi Cricket team—one of the first teams outside Europe to beat

the English teamo Cricket Diplomacy

India would go to Pakistan to play and vice versa “Friendship Series” Humanized the other side

Sri Lankao Second highest GDP per capita in the regiono Buddhist countryo Longest continuous practitioner of Buddhism in the worldo Tamils in Sri Lanka

Immigrated two Sri Lanka and brought Hinduism about 200 years ago

Clash with the rest of Sri Lanka Tamil Tigers—sought independence Controlled the northern and eastern area for a while Considered a terrorist group by the US

Nepal o Himalayan countryo 8 of the 10 tallest mountains are in Nepalo Collection of old kingdoms

o Prithvi Narayan Shah is the father of modern Nepalo Gorkha Kingdomo Tension due to unification of different ethnic groupso April 2015 Earthquakeo Mt. Everest

Tallest mountain in the world Over 400 people have climbed it Littered with garbage High crime rate

Bhutano Buddhist countryo Himalayan countryo Isolatedo Didn’t allow cable television until 1999oo Gross National Happiness policyo Temple of the Divine Madman

Claimed to be able to cure infertility Maldives

o Collection of islandso Vacation spot

Northeast Asia Physical Geography

o Tibetan Plateau (rooftop of the world)o Huang (Yellow) River

Color of water in places North China’s major river

o Yangtze River South China’s major river Asia’s longest river Three Gorges Dam

Completed in 2009 One of the largest hydroelectric dams in the world Flooded farmlands and factories

o Highest death toll for floods in the world China

o Largest country in the worldo Second largest economy in the worldo People tend to settle near the riverso Qin Dynasty—first dynasty to unify China

Whoever controls the rivers controls Chinao Chinese Culture

Inventions—compass, gunpowder, paper, woodblock printing Population is centered around the Huang and Yangtze Rivers

o Population Historically not as large as it is today Population exploded after 1300 Growth is slowly down Policy of Birth Planning (One Child Policy)

Couples are permitted only one child Only applies to the majority ethnic group (Han Chinese) If you are an only child, you can have two children Unofficially, in rural communities, you can have more than

one Forced abortions, to some extent Infanticide—parents will let the baby die if they its born

and it’s a girl, not a boy Northeast Asian Islands

o Many islands are extremely dense Japan

o Mountainouso The population can only live in certain placeso Only 11% of the land is inhabitableo Kanto Plain

Largest plain in Japan Most populated area in Japan Tokyo (Largest city(

o Kansai Plain Includes Osaka (3rd largest city), Kyoto, and Kobe? Kansai International Airport (Osaka)—airport on an artificial

islando Overcrowded transit systemso Mr. Fuji

Sacred mountain Surrounding forest is one of the top places in the world for

suicides Volcano

o Earthquakes Great Hanshin earthquake (1995) Tohoku earthquake (9.0)

Caused a tsunamio Volcanoes

Sakurajima Baektu Mountain (Inactive, North Korea)

Korean Peninsulao Mountain ranges define where people liveo Eastern mountains

Taiwano Similar patterns to Japan and Korea

o Eastern mountains push people to the westo Jade Mountain—tallest mountain in East Asia

East Asian Desertso Gobi Desert—largest in Asia

Rocky Mostly in Mongolia, some in China

o Takla Makan Means “Once you go in, you don’t come out” One of the most inhospitable places on earth Cold desert Nuclear testing

Typhoonso Bring large amounts of raino One of the most active places on earth for typhoons

Buddhismo Universalizing religion (evangelistic)o Concentrated in this regiono Believes in one supreme creatoro Buddha is the propheto Eightfold Path

Somewhat adopted from Hinduism Buddha is revered in Hinduism too

o Buddha created the four noble truths—foundation for Buddhism Life is suffering Suffering is caused by desire There is a way to end suffering To end the cycle of suffering, one must follow the eightfold path

o Began in Nepalo Sri Lanka was the first to adopt Buddhismo Japan—one of the last places to adopt Buddhism

Theravada Buddhismo Mostly found in southeast Asiao Believe that you must go through reincarnation in order to reach

enlightenmento Oldest of the three branches

Mahayana Buddhismo Mostly found in northeast Asia and Vietnamo Largest of the three brancheso Believe you can reach enlightenment in one lifetimeo Youngest of the three

Vajrayana (Tantrayana) Buddhismo Tibetan Buddhismo Smallest of the threeo Also found in Mongolia

o Withdraws from societyo Live simplistic lifestyleo Dolly lama

Islam in Chinao Came by Silk Roado Large religion in places (Northwest China)o Ningxia Autonomous Region (China)

The Hui Muslim Minority group in Ningxia

o Xinjiang Autonomous Region Homeland to Uyghur people

Not ethnically Chinese Turkic Muslim Majority group here

o Hui have developed a writing style of Chinese that uses Arabic Xiao Er Jing Combination of culture

Other autonomous regions: Tibet, Guangxi, and Inner Mongolia Christianity in South Korea

o Greatest percent of Christian population in this regiono Plurality Christian

Shintoo Ethnic religion of Japano More a way of lifeo Believes that spirit is found in all living thingso Respect for nature and lifeo Can be blended with other religions

Taoismo Lao Tzuo Conduct codeo One should be passive, does not push revolutiono Everyone is just a drop in the ocean

Confucianismo Has reached religious levels throughout historyo Philosophyo More revolutionary and dictates social relationshipso Puts a lot of responsibility on the ones who are in chargeo Influence of Confucianism

Respect for elders Cleanliness Importance of Education

Languages

o As a first language, Chinese is the largest spoken language in the worldo Mandarin—most widely spoken Chinese language

Differs greatly from Cantoneseo Cantonese and Mandarin are not the sameo Zhuyin—phonetic alphabeto Japanese has two alphabets

Difference between two alphabets? One is used for Japanese origin words, and the other is used for foreign words

o Japanese use of Chinese characters Names, proper nouns, verbs, cities

o Korean Unique Not related to any other language in the world (language isolate) Did not develop as a written language until the Hangul Joseon

Dynasty Japanese and Koreans were influenced by the Chinese writing

style Business models in Japan and Korea

o Keiretsu—focuses around a bank, insurance company, and trading house (Mitsubishi)

o Chaebols Hyundai, LG, Samsung Core base with a network

Driving in Japano Drive on the left sideo Comes from the samurai walking on the left side

Food Customso Puffer fish—poisonouso Rice—staple of northeast Asia cuisineo Social affairo Haggling over who pays the billo Kimchi—official food of Korea from the outside perspective

Internationalization of Northeast Asian Cultureo Becoming popular throughout the world (i.e. anime)o Girls’ Generation—hired Korean Americanso Hallyu—how Korean pop culture spreado Hip hop in Japan

Doesn’t rhymePolitical Geography Japan

o High tech innovatorso Has an emperor

Revered figure in Japan, but not the leader Lost his power after WWII

Amaterasu—sun goddesso Modernization of Japan

Late 1800s United the country by restoring the emperor Started to adopt what the west was doing Wanted colonies (Russo-Japanese War?-first time European nation

had been defeated by an Asian country) At its height, the Japanese controlled much of East Asia Brutal empire—led to much animosity between Japan and the rest

of Asiao Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo

Shinto shrine Honors the war-dead 14 Class A war criminals enshrined here Other Asian countries do not like this

o Sea of Japan (East Sea) Other countries want the country to be called the East Sea, a more

neutral nameo Dokdo/Takeshima

Disputed island Likely to be oil underneat

o Kurill Islands Controlled by Russia since WWII

o Ainu—indigenous group in North Japan Discriminated against More like people from Siberia

o Okinawans Clash with the rest of Japan

o The victims of the atomic bombs have long been seen as “changed” Known as Hibakusha Many would hide the fact they were survivors

o Discrimination against foreignerso Population quandary—fewer in the younger generation than the older

generation “birth-giving machines and devices”

Chinao Qin Dynasty (221 BC)

First time north and south was unitedo Han Dynasty (206 BC)

Point where most Chinese trace their origins back too Ming Dynasty (1368)

Height of Chinese powero Ch’ing Dynasty (1644)

Last dynasty of China that lasted until 1911 Firs to include Tibet

o Secret Societies and China Would rise up and unite whenever the dynasties fell out of favor Exist today as the Triad One of the first leaders of China as a country was a member of the

secret society Chiang Kai-shek

Nationalist, not a communisto 1949—People’s Republic of China (Communist China)

Mao Zedong The Nationalists never officially gave up, but they fled to Taiwan Officially, Taiwan is the Republic of China

o Republic of China (1911-present) AKA Taiwan Fled to island of Tawain in 1949, led by Chiang Kai-shek Recognized by 22 countries

o People’s Republic of China (1949-present) AKA China Communists, led by Mao Zedong, pushed out Nationalists Gained widespread international recognition in the 1970s

Southeast Asia Mainland Southeast Asia and Insular Southeast Asia (Indonesia and the

Philippines) Rivers

o Mekong River Touches every country in Mainland Southeast Asia except

Malaysia Important economically and culturally Some of the largest catfish in the world Population centered around river deltas

o All major rivers begin in the Himalayaso Chao Phraya

Thailand’s principal river Floating market

75% of Indonesia’s population live on just two islands Indonesia

o 17000 islandso Largest country by area and population in the regiono Main islands: Java, Sumatrao Java

40 active volcanoes Volcanic soil is good for agriculture Able to attract people due to the quality of the soil Most populated

o Sumatra Largest Indonesian island

Known for earthquakes (near a fault line) 2004 tsunami

o Borneo Largest island in the region, but not the largest Indonesian island

because it is divided with Malaysia and Brunei Not volcanic More continental

Philippineso Much of the population focused on one islando Luzon

Volcanico Philippines Plate—one of the most active in the worldo Ring of Fire—seismically active zone

2004 Tsunamio One of the most devastating tsunamiso More of a surprise because the Indian Ocean doesn’t usually get tsunamiso No warning about the tsunamio Affected the entire Indian Ocean basin

Mt. Pinatubo (Philippines)o Second largest explosion in the 20th century (1991)o So much ash went up in the air, the global average temperature was half a

degree cooler Krakatau (Indonesia)

o Erupted in late 1800so Was an islando Loudest explosion evero Allegedly killed everything on it and the sound was heard in Australiao Cooled the earth by nearly two degrees, affecting the climate throughout

the worldo The island has come back, as well as the animals and plants

Deforestationo Thailand—northern part

Banned commercial logging in the late 20th century Took out contracts with Laos (logging now takes place there)

o Malaysia and Indonesia Banned logging on mainland Malaysia, but allowed it on Borneo

Malaysia Indonesia does not allow for logging on Borneo Kutai National Park (Indonesia)—one of the world’s largest

national parks Protection for orangutans

Population Geographyo Concentration of people around cities (urban primate)

o Primate cities—the largest city is many times larger than the second largest city

o Bangkok has nearly three times the population of the second largest city Bangkok is actually something extremely long

o Kuala Lumpur Largest/capital city of Malaysia

o Singapore One of the cleanest cities in the world

o Jakartao Philippines

High birth rate Catholic country—do not believe in using birth control

o East Timor Also a Catholic country and economics One of the poorest country High fertility rate

o Laos Poorest country in the reason Economics reason for high fertility

o Indonesia Largest Muslim country in the world by population Most of the population lives on one island It wants people to move to other islands (transmigration) Problems with transmigration

The people of Java are ethically different from the other islands

Farming in Java is different from farming in Borneo Myanmar (Burma?)

o Ethnically diverseo Most ethnically diverse country in the regiono The United States calls it Burmao States not based off of ethnic groupso Rakhine (state)

Rohingyas—ethnically more like people from Bangladesh Muslim Persecuted in Myanmar by Buddhists Biggest fear is that terrorist organizations will become a

part of thiso Karen (state)

Ethnically different from majority group who feel the Burmese have neglected them

Insurgency against the Myanmar government Funding through the Gold Triangle

One of the main opium production sites in the world Sells opium and heroine to fund the war

Myanmar government has cracked down on the opium tradeo Were a military dictatorshipo Aung San Suu Kyi

Daughter of a former president who was assassinated Put under house arrest Released in 2010 Religion helped the country change

o Saffron Rebellion Protest by the monks They decided not to take tributes from the church anymore

Cultural Geography of Southeast Asiao Never an ancient kingdom that controlled all or most of Southeast Asiao Southeast Asia has long been influenced by outsiderso South Asian Influence

Mostly through Hinduismo Chinese Influence

Concentrated on mainland, particularly Vietnamo Islamic Influence

Mostly the islands Came through merchants

o Christianity Philippines and East Timor are Catholic Philippines

Former Spanish colony East Timor was a Portuguese colony

o Religious Clashes More politicized Abu Sayyaf

Terrorist group in the Philippines who want more autonomy

Jemaah Islamiyah wants sherea law in Indonesia Indonesian government nearly wiped them out Not as powerful now

Southeast Asian Languageso Burmese is closely related to Chineseo Vietnamese

Written in the Roman alphabet Influenced by Europeans There has never been a written language in Vietnamese Chinese writing style influenced Japan, Korea, and Vietnam

o Malaysian/Indonesian Same language No true Indonesian language, just Malay Indonesia took Malay and made it the national language of

Indonesia

Done as a way to unite the country Siam (Thailand) was never fully colonized

o The British and the French wanted a buffer between their colonial holdings in Southeast Asia

Vietnamo Original term for Vietnam was Nan Vieto It flipped and became Viet Namo Long influenced by Chinese cultureo French balcony to the Pacifico War started between Vietnam and Franceo Ho Chi Minh

Fought against the Japanese during WWII Vietnam was not given independence after WWII, so they fought

and France struggled to maintain controlo The US was considered about controlling communism in the regiono Limited war—only put what was needed into the waro The Vietnamese saw this as a war of independence, fought a total waro Still communist todayo One of the fastest growing economies in southeast Asiao North-south divide

Laoso Landlocked and poor because of ito Hmong

One of the largest minorities in Laos US tried to get them to rise up against the government Laos was bombed more than Vietnam Laotian government attacked them when the US pulled out

Cambodiao Government changed around the end of the Vietnam Waro Militant group came into powero The Killing Fields

33% of the population killed in 4 years One of the most brutal dictatorships ever

o Vietnam stepped in and stopped this regime Thailand

o Effect of Vietnam War on Thailand Prostitution

o Child-sex industry is realo Rural-Urban Divideo Yingluck Shinawatra has tried to help the rural places, but the urban

middle class and elite feel like they are being taken advantage ofo 2014 military coup

Indonesiao Sumatra—women are more powerful than men

o Papua—ethnically different from the rest of Indonesiao Poor countryo Piracy

Active Strait of Malacca

Bottleneckso Almost 13% population

Malaysiao Federation of Malaya created by the British in the late 1950s

Bruneio Rich country with a lot of oilo The sultan is one of the richest men in the worldo He banned Christmas

Singaporeo Richest country in the regiono City state, used to be part of Malaysiao Became independent because they were kicked out of Malaysiao