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Asia NORIA-net

Future prospects for Nordic-Asian cooperation

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Asia NORIA-net

Future prospects for Nordic-Asian cooperation

REPORT

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Photos:

Cecilia AbrahamssonKenneth AbrahamssonJaana RoosJouni EllménUlla EllménThomas HansteenErland HjelmquistSaila KarvinenMikko VanhalaLaura ValkeasuoHarry Zilliacus

Web: www.aka.fi/norianet

Layout: DTPage Oy, HelsinkiPrinter: Canon, Helsinki 2010

http://www.aka.fi/norianet

www.dtpage.fi

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Contents

Preface ............................................................................................................................................5

Executive Summary.....................................................................................................................7

1 Nordic Partners and their cooperation with China and India......................9 1.1 DescriptionofPartners..................................................................................................9 1.2 DENMARK....................................................................................................................12 1.2.1 ChinaandDenmark........................................................................................ 12 MSTI(Denmark)andMOST(China).......................................................... 12 MFA(Denmark),MSTI(Denmark)andMOST(China).......................... 15 DNRF(Denmark)andNSFC(China).......................................................... 15 1.2.2 IndiaandDenmark.......................................................................................... 15 MSTI(Denmark)andDBT(India)............................................................... 15 1.3 FINLAND.......................................................................................................................17 1.3.1 ChinaandFinland........................................................................................... 17 TheAcademyofFinlandandNSFC(China)............................................... 17 TheAcademyofFinlandandCAS(China).................................................. 18 TheAcademyofFinlandandCASS(China)................................................ 19 1.3.2 IndiaandFinland............................................................................................. 19 TheAcademyofFinlandandDBT(India)................................................... 19 TheAcademyofFinlandandDST(India)................................................... 20 TheAcademyofFinlandandTooltechLtd.(India).................................... 20 NewINDIGOERA-net................................................................................... 20 1.4 ICELAND.......................................................................................................................21 1.4.1 ChinaandIceland............................................................................................ 21 TheMinistryfortheEnvironment(Iceland)and

theEnvironmentalProtectionAdministration(China)............................. 21 TheMinistryfortheEnvironment(Iceland)and

theEarthquakeAdministration(China)...................................................... 22 TheMinistryofEducation,ScienceandCulture(Iceland)and

theMinisterofEducationofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(China)...... 22 1.4.2 IndiaandIceland.............................................................................................. 23 TheMinistryforEducationandScience(Iceland)and

theMinistryofScienceandEducation(India)............................................ 23 TheMinistryofIndustryEnergyandTourism(Iceland)and

theMinistryforNewandRenewableEnergy(India)................................. 24 SustainablefisheriesdevelopmentandtheUnitedNations

UniversityFisheriesTrainingProgramme.................................................... 24 1.5 NORWAY.......................................................................................................................25 1.5.1 ChinaandNorway........................................................................................... 25 TheMinistryofEducationandResearch(Norway)andMOST(China)... 25 RCN(Norway)andNSFC(China)............................................................... 26 NorwegianProgrammeforResearchCooperationwithChina(CHINOR). 26 1.5.2 IndiaandNorway............................................................................................ 27 MinistryofEducationandResearch(Norway)andMST(India)............. 27 RCN(Norway)andDBT(India)................................................................... 27 AnewIndian-NorwegiancooperationprogrammeintheRCN(INDNOR)27

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1.6 SWEDEN........................................................................................................................28 1.6.1 ChinaandSweden........................................................................................... 28 VINNOVA(Sweden)andMOST(China).................................................... 29 FAS(Sweden)andChina................................................................................ 29 1.6.2 IndiaandSweden............................................................................................. 30 VINNOVA(Sweden)andIndia..................................................................... 30 FAS(Sweden)andlndia.................................................................................. 30 1.6.3 TheSwedishResearchLinksprogramme..................................................... 31 1.7 SUMMARYOFNATIONALACTIVITIES..............................................................31 1.7.1 Currentstatus................................................................................................... 31 1.7.2 China................................................................................................................. 31 1.7.3 India................................................................................................................... 31 1.7.4 Nordic-Asiancooperation:Strengths,weaknesses,opportunities

andthreats......................................................................................................... 33 SWOTanalysis................................................................................................. 33

2 S&T System in China and India..................................................................................34 2.1 CHINA’SS&T&ISYSTEM...........................................................................................34 2.1.1 PublicandprivateR&DinvestmentsinChina............................................ 34 2.1.2 CentralorganisationsinChina’sresearchandinnovationsystem............ 35 2.1.3 Researchschools.............................................................................................. 38 2.1.4 Researcheffortsandstrengths........................................................................ 38 Publications....................................................................................................... 38 2.1.5 Innovation......................................................................................................... 39 Scienceparks.................................................................................................... 40 2.1.6 Foreignfirms..................................................................................................... 40 2.1.7 ResearchandinnovationcooperationbetweenChinaandtheEU.......... 40 2.2 INDIA’SS&TSYSTEM.................................................................................................41 2.2.1 Indiamoves:Resultsandlimitationsofrecentreforms.............................. 41 2.2.2 R&Dinstitutionsandtheirknowledgeinputs&outputs........................... 41 2.2.3 Publicationsandpatents................................................................................. 43 2.2.4 InnovationindustriesandtheirimpactonS&Tdevelopment.................. 44 2.2.5 Long-termplansandpoliciesforS&Tdevelopment.................................. 46 2.2.6 PrivatesectorinteractionsandFDI............................................................... 46 2.2.7 InternationalS&Tstrategies:Objectivesandinstruments......................... 47 2.2.8 Furtheringandattractinghumanresources................................................. 47 2.2.9 Encouragingpublic-privatepartnershipsinR&D....................................... 48

3 Future prospects for Nordic-Asian cooperation...............................................49 3.1 Generaldiscussion........................................................................................................49 3.2 Suggestions.....................................................................................................................49 3.3 Forms,proceduresandfunding..................................................................................50 3.3.1 Jointcall–(TheNORFACEERA-Netmodel)............................................. 50 3.3.2 Trilateralcallusingexistingschemes............................................................ 51 3.3.3 CoordinatedcallsintheNordiccountriesandAsia................................... 51 3.3.4 Networkingactivities....................................................................................... 51 Seminarseriesandworkshops....................................................................... 51 Exchangesandmobility.................................................................................. 51 Nordiccentresandcontactpoints................................................................. 52

List of references........................................................................................................................52

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Preface

The ‘Nordic-Asian research funding cooperation NORIA-net (Asia NORIA-net)’1isaNordic-Asian research funding cooperation project between the Academy of Fin-land,whichalsoactsasprojectcoordinator,theResearchCouncilofNorwayRCN,theSwedishCouncilforWorkingLifeandSocialResearchFAS,theIcelandicCen-treforResearchRANNISandtheDanishAgencyofScience,TechnologyandInno-vation DASTI. These partners form the Asia NORIA-net project group. The Asia NORIA-net isfundedbyNordForsk,whichalsoactsasanobserver.

TheaimoftheAsia NORIA-netistoidentifytheneedsandprepareamodelforjointresearchfundingactivitiestobeimplementedtogetherwiththeNordiccoun-triesandtheirAsiancounterparts,focusingonChinaandIndia.Theultimategoalistoestablishlong-lastingfundinginstrumentsandfundingmechanismscoordinatedandfundedbyNordForskandthenationalresearchcouncilstogether.

Atthemoment,bothChinaandIndiaareinvestingheavilyinscienceandtech-nologyanddevelopingtheirinnovationsystems.Asaconsequence,itisconsideredveryimportanttocreateclearlystructuralandactiverelationshipswiththesecoun-tries.TheAsia NORIA-netprojectaimsatenhancingthevisibilityandattractivenessofNordicresearchcooperation.AsaNordicconsortium,theNordiccountriesandNordicresearchwillbemorevisibleandattractivefromanAsianpointofview.Com-petitionforAsianpartnershipsisexpectedtoincrease,andinthatcompetitiontheNordiccountriescanbenefitfromthepowerofregionalcooperation.

ResearchcooperationbetweenChinaand theNordic countrieshas existinges-tablishedformsandactors.ManyoftheNordicresearchfundingorganisationshavepermanent contacts and long-term agreements with their Chinese counterparts.Formsofcooperationhavebeentestedinpractice.Thereis,however,aneedtode-velopnewformsofcooperationonalargescaleandusingstrengthsoftheNordicre-searchcommunity.

CooperationwithIndianresearchfundingorganisationsisarelativelynewphe-nomenon,atleastformostoftheNordicpartners.Indiaisnowinvestingheavilyinresearchandtechnologyanddevelopingitsinnovationsystem.Amongthepartners,thereisaneedformorein-depthunderstandingoftheIndianinnovationsystemanddrivingforcestodevelopit.Asia NORIA-netiscontributingtoansweringtothisneedbyidentifyingpotentialresearchfundingorganisationsandmappingexistingbilat-eralcooperation.

ItfollowsfromtheabovethatAsia NORIA-nethastwotasks.First,Asia NORIA-netidentifies the Nordic actorsforresearchfundingcooperationwithChineseandIn-dianfundingbodies.Additionally,theprojectidentifiescurrent practices, needs and potential participants formultilateralandmulticulturalcooperation.Indoingthat,theprojectbenchmarksanddisseminatesgoodpracticesamongtheNordicpartners,andreinforcesNordicjointresearchactivitieswithChinaandIndia.

1 AsiaNORIA-net:http://www.aka.fi/en-gb/A/Academy-of-Finland/International/Nordic-countries/Asia-NORIA-net/

http://www.aka.fi/en-gb/A/Academy-of-Finland/International/Nordic-countries/Asia-NORIA-net/

Asia NORIA-net�

Second,Asia NORIA-netidentifiestheneedsoftheNordicfundingorganisationsandNordForskwithregardtoAsiacooperation.Specialemphasisisplacedonfuture efforts.Theexistingbilateralexercisesareusedformultilateralmodeldevelopment.

Thisreport, Future Prospects for Nordic-Asian cooperation,servesasafinalreportintroducingtheresultsoftheworkdonebytheAsia NORIA-netprojectgroupandisajointeffortbythepartners.Itspurposeistoidentifythepartners’existingcoop-erationwithChineseandIndiancounterpartsaswellasthestrengths,weaknesses,opportunitiesandthreatstoNordic-Asiancollaboration.ItalsodescribesthemaincharacteristicsoftheS&TsystemsofChinaandIndia.Finally,theAsia NORIA-netprojectgroupmakessuggestionsforfuturecollaboration.Thecontentofthereportisproduced,approvedandownedbytheprojectgroup.NordForsk’sroleinthisworkistoprovidefundingfortheproject.

�Future prospects for Nordic-Asian cooperation

Executive Summary

The ultimate goal of the ‘Nordic-Asian research fun-ding cooperation NORIA-net (Asia NORIA-net)’ is toestablishlong-termfundinginstrumentsandfundingmechanismsjointlycoordinatedandfundedbyNord-Forskand thenational researchcouncils.This reportdescribes existing cooperation of the Asia NORIA-netpartnerswithChinaandIndia,andprospects forstrengthening Nordic-Asian collaboration in the fu-ture.

Many/most of the Nordic countries have govern-ment-levelS&TagreementswitheitherChinaorIn-diaorboth.Inaddition,nationalresearchfundingor-ganisationshavesignedcooperationagreementswiththeir Chinese and/or Indian counterparts. In somecasesthiscooperationisrelativelylong-standingandwell-established, while other organisations are juststartingtobuilduptheirrelationswithAsianfundingorganisationsorhaveonlystartedtheircollaborationquiterecently.Someorganisationsevenhavepoliciesor specific strategies for R&D&I collaboration withIndiaandChina.Formsofexistingresearchcollabo-rationvaryfromresearchermobilitytojointlyfundedthematicprogrammesandinnovationcentres.Fund-ingcanalsobeearmarkedforresearchcollaborationwithChinaorIndiaoritcanbeopentoallinternationalpartners.

Thevolumeofresearchcollaborationandresearch-ermobilitybetweentheNordiccountriesandChinaisreasonablybigandstillgrowinginmanyfields.Insomecases,cooperationbetweenthefundingorgani-sationshasbegunasearlyasthe1980s.MOSTandtheNSFCare themainpartners,but there is also somesmaller-scale cooperation with CAS, CASS and theMSTI.On theotherhand, cooperationbetween theNordic research fundingorganisationsand their In-diancounterpartsiseitherintheplanningphase,orthe existing bilateral agreements are relatively new.ThemaincooperationorganisationsaretheDepart-ment of Biotechnology (DBT) and the DepartmentofScienceandTechnology(DST).Therearealsooth-erpartnerssuchassectoralministries(e.g.IMNRE).TheDBThasonseveraloccasionsexpresseditswill-ingnesstoarrangeacallforproposalsjointlywithtwoormoreNordicorganisations.Thevolumeofresearch

activities between Nordic and Indian researchers isstillmodestinseveralfields.Theinterestinresearchermobility,especiallyfromtheNordiccountriestoIn-dia,islimitedbutincreasing.

ResearchfundingcooperationbetweentheNordiccountriesandChinaandIndiafocusesonbioscienc-es and natural sciences, and all Nordic funding or-ganisationsseemtobeinterestedinbuildingupandstrengtheningrelationswiththeirAsianpartners.

ASWOTanalysisofNordic-Indo/Chinesecollab-orationindicatesthatthemainstrengthsofthiscol-laborationaretherelativeabsenceofpoliticaltensionbetween theNordiccountriesand India/China, andcertainthemesofcommoninterestinvitefurtherex-ploration. On the other hand, the main weaknessesofNordic-Indo/ChinesecollaborationaretheabsenceofacommonprofileamongtheNordiccountriesto-wardsIndiaandChinaandlimitedresourcesand/orfunding.Theabsenceofacommonprofilemightactasanobstacleincreatingtrustbetweenthepartnersandalsointhecommunicationprocess,sinceitmightlead to confusion about to whom to talk to/work/cooperate with. The main opportunities of Nordic-Indo/ChinesecollaborationarethescientificstrengthoftheNordiccountries,especiallyinviewofwiththeirsize, and the research potential created in the proc-essofcollaboration.ThemainthreattoNordic-Indo/Chinesecollaborationisahighriskofmiscommuni-cation,linguistically,culturallyandonotherlevels.Alackofbilateralandequalbenefitsforthepartnersisalsoathreat.

ItisunambiguousthatNordiccooperationbringscritical mass to potential funding cooperation withIndiaandChina,somethingwhichtheNordiccoun-triescouldnotobtainindividually.The‘Nordic-Asian research funding cooperation NORIA-net (Asia NORIA-net)’ project suggests the launching of a multilateralresearchprogrammeonselectedthemesinclearlyde-finedresearchfields.

TheAsia NORIA-net seesthat inordertoachievesuchaneffectiveNordic-Asiancooperationitisnec-essarytodefinethethemesforcollaboration.There-searchcouncilsystemintheNordiccountries,aswellasIndiaandChina,haveallplacedtheirfocusoncer-

Asia NORIA-net�

tainresearchthemes.Thesethemesdiffer,asdoesthegeography,demography,economyandpoliticalenvi-ronmentineachcountry.Inspiteofthenationaldif-ferences,transnationalresearchprogrammecoopera-tionandcoordinationisbothdesirableandattainable.However, when many stakeholders are involved thethemes must be chosen carefully and in accordancewitheachpartner’semphasis.

Additionally, the Asia NORIA-netsuggeststhatthethemes for collaboration should be selected on po-liticalgrounds,atleastinpart,ascooperationintheformsuggestedheremustbeagreedonapoliticallev-el.Theprojectgroupfurthersuggestthatthethemesforcollaborationshouldbebasedonthestrengthsofthe partners, even though that will mean that someofthethemesaresuitableonlyforsomeoftheNor-dicpartners.For itsownpart,Asia NORIA-net pro-

poses two themes as focal points for future cooper-ation:Environment and energy,andLife sciences and biotechnology.FortheresearchcouncilsystemsintheNordiccountries,aswellasforIndiaandChina,theenvironment,energy,lifesciencesandbiotechnolo-gy are research topics of high priority. That is alsoevidentincurrentinternationalcooperationinwhichthe Nordic countries participate. More defined top-icsmayvaryaccordingtothestrengthsofindividualparticipants.OnthebasisofestablishedcooperationprojectsbetweenindividualNordiccountriesandIn-diaandChina,topicsthatarelikelytosucceedincludecleanandrenewableenergy,earthquakeresearch,en-vironmental ecology,publichealth, climate researchandtechnology.Naturally,sometopicsarenotofin-teresttoallNordiccountriesbuttherearealsotopicsthatareofhighinteresttoalltheNordiccountries.

�Future prospects for Nordic-Asian cooperation

1 Nordic Partners and their cooperation with China and India

1.1 DescriptionofPartners

TheDanishAgencyforScience,TechnologyandInnovation

TheDanishAgencyforScience,TechnologyandIn-novation2isaninstitutionundertheDanishMinistryofScience,TechnologyandInnovation.TheAgency’sactivitiesdealwith,amongotherthings:

PublicresearchfundingResearchermobilityDialogueonprioritiesinresearchandtechnologyinitiativesRegionalisationofresearchandinnovationCommercialisationofresearchInteractionbetweenknowledgeinstitutionsandthebusinesscommunityInnovationpolicyEUresearchpolicyInternationalcooperationonresearchandinnovationResearchdissemination,etc.

TheAgencyalsofunctionsassecretariattotheDanishResearchCoordinationCommittee,theDanishCoun-cilforIndependentResearch,theDanishCouncilforStrategicResearch,theDanishCouncilforTechnolo-gyandInnovation,theDanishResearchPolicyCoun-cilandtheDanishCommitteesonScientificDishon-esty.

TheAcademyofFinland

TheAcademyofFinland3istheprimefundingagen-cy forbasic research inFinland.OtherkeyagenciesfundingscienceandtechnologyinFinlandareTekes,theFinnishFundingAgencyforTechnologyandIn-novation,andSitra,theFinnishInnovationFund.TheAcademyoperateswithintheadministrativesectoroftheMinistryofEducation.

TheAcademyofFinland’smissionistoadvancesci-entific researchand itsapplication, support interna-

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tionalscientificcooperation,actasanexpertorganinsciencepolicyissuesandallocatefundingtoresearchand other advancement of science. The Academyworkstopromotetheprogressofsciencebyallocat-ingfundingtothehighest-qualityandthescientifical-lymostinnovativeresearch.

TheAcademyiscommittedtoraisingtheproduc-tivityandstrengtheningtheimpactofresearchfund-ingandsciencepolicyby:

emphasisinginterdisciplinarityandinnovativenessinitsreviewsandassessmentsofscientificqualitygrantingfundingtoresearchprojectsratedasexcellentpromotingtheinteractionandcollaborationbetweenresearchersandknowledgeend-users.

The Academy supports the research career at all itsstages and encourages the mobility of researcherswithintheresearchsystem,businessandindustry,andthe public administration as well as internationally.UniversitiesaretheAcademy’smostimportantpart-nerinitsmissiontoadvancescientificresearch.Inter-nationally,theAcademycooperateswithanumberofothercountriesaswellaswithinternationalfundingorganisations.

TheAcademytakesactivelypartinthepublicde-bateonsciencepolicy,thegoalsofscience,itsimpactsandethics.TheAcademyalsopromotesgoodscien-tificpracticesandstrengthenstheethicalsustainabili-tyoftheresearchitfinances.TheAcademy’skeygoalsandmeansaredefinedinitsstrategies.Themostim-portant one, ‘Academy of Finland Strategy’, is from2006. Another important document is the ‘Acade-my of Finland International Strategy 2007–2015’.TheAcademy’s operations are particularly influenced bythe strategies of the Science and Technology Poli-cy Council of Finland (renamed the Research andInnovationCouncilasof1 January2009), the latestofwhich, ‘Science, Technology, Innovation’,waspub-lishedin2006.

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2 TheDanishAgencyforScience,TechnologyandInnovation:www.fi.dk3 TheAcademyofFinland:www.aka.fi

http://www.fi.dk

http://www.aka.fi

Asia NORIA-net�0

RANNIS–TheIcelandicCentreforResearch

The Icelandic Centre for Research4 (RANNIS) sup-ports research, research studies, technical develop-mentandinnovationinIceland.RANNIScooperatesclosely with the Icelandic Science and TechnologyPolicy Council and provides professional assistanceto the preparation and implementation of scienceand technology policy in Iceland. RANNIS admin-isters competitive funds and strategic research pro-grammes, coordinates and promotes Icelandic par-ticipation in collaborative international projects inscienceandtechnology.Thisincludesparticipationinjointinternationalresearchprogrammesandfundingschemes.ForthispurposeRANNISprovidessupportforthoseseekinginternationalfunding,i.e.fromFP7programmes,JulesVerne,COST,ESF,EMBO,EMBLandvariousERA-Nets.Furthermore,RANNISmoni-tors resources and performance in R&D and pro-motespublicawarenessofresearchandinnovationinIceland.

TheResearchCouncilofNorway

The Research Council5 is Norway’s official body forthedevelopmentandimplementationofnationalre-search strategy. The Council is responsible for en-hancingNorway’sknowledgebaseandforpromotingbasicandappliedresearchandinnovationinordertohelpmeetresearchneedswithinsociety.TheResearchCouncilalsoworksactivelytoencourageinternation-alresearchcooperation.

Threecentralareasoffocus:TheResearchCouncilservesasanadvisorybodyonresearchpolicyissues,identifiesresearchneedsandrecommendsnationalpriorities.ThroughtheestablishmentandimplementationoftargetedfundingschemestheResearchCouncilfacilitatesthetranslationofnationalresearchpolicyobjectivesintoaction.TheResearchCouncilservesasameetingplaceforresearchers,fundingbodiesandend-usersofresearchfindings,aswellasforthedifferentsectorsandsubjectfieldsthatareaffiliatedwiththeworldofresearch.

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Fivemaingoals:Enhanced quality and capacity:TheResearchCouncilwillworktoenhancethecapacityandqualityofandpromotethediversityinNorwegianresearch.Thematic priorities:TheResearchCouncilwillworktostrengthenresearchinareasofparticularimportanceforresearch,tradeandindustry.Structure:TheResearchCouncilwillpromoteconstructivecooperation,distributionofresponsibilityandstructuresintheresearchsystem.Learning: TheResearchCouncilwillhelptotranslateresearchresultsintoaction.Organisation:TheResearchCouncilwillworktowardsbecominganevenmorecompetentandstrategicorganisation.

TheSwedishCouncilforWorkingLifeandSocialResearch,FAS

TheSwedishCouncilforWorkingLifeandSocialRe-search6 (FAS) is tasked with supporting and initiat-ing primary and needs-driven research in the fieldsofemployment,workorganisation,workandhealth,publichealth,welfare,caringservices,andsocialre-lations.TheCouncilwasestablishedin2001throughamergeroftheSwedishCouncilforSocialResearchandtheSwedishCouncilforWorkLifeResearch.

ThemaintasksofFASincludeevaluatingresearchinitsownfieldsofresponsibility,identifyingfieldsfornewventuresanddrawingupresearchprogrammesin consultation with other research funding agen-cies, working for greater national and internation-alcooperationandexchangeintheresearchcommu-nity,promotingmulti-andinterdisciplinaryresearch,promotingscientificpublishing,knowledgetransmis-sion,anddialogue,andfurtheringgenderequalityinresearch.

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4 TheIcelandicCentreforResearch:www.rannis.is5 TheResearchCouncilofNorway:www.forskningsradet.no6 TheSwedishCouncilforWorkingLifeandSocialResearch:www.fas.se

http://www.rannis.is

http://www.forskningsradet.no

http://www.fas.se

��Future prospects for Nordic-Asian cooperation

Mission and objectivesTopromote theaccumulationofknowledge inmat-tersrelatingtoworkinglifeandtheunderstandingofsocialconditionsandprocessesthrough:

PromotionandsupportofbasicandappliedresearchIdentificationofimportantresearchneedsDialogue,disseminationofinformationandtransferofknowledgePromotionofcooperationbetweenresearchersbothnationallyandinternationally,particularlyinEUprogrammesResearchfunding

The Council’s support for research takes variousforms.Themainoneisgrants for projects.Proposalsaresubmittedbyresearchersandtheirscientificmer-itandsocietalrelevanceareassessedthroughapeerreviewprocess.TostimulateresearchwithinspecificareastheCouncilmayawardlongerperiodgrants to research programmesatacademicdepartmentsofex-cellence.TheCouncilalsocreatesresearch positionsatSwedishuniversitiesandprovidesgrantsforvisit-ing researchers, national and international postdoc positions,aswellasscholarships for studiesabroad.

TheresearchfundedbytheCouncilcoversthefol-lowingareas:

ChemicalandphysicalhazardsatworkincludingelectromagneticfieldsStress,workandhealthWorkorganisationLabourmarketissuesPublichealthandhealthservicesInternationalmigrationandethnicrelationsSocialpolicyandsocialinsuranceSocialwelfareFamilyandchildrenTheelderlyDisabilityDrugabuse

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FAShasaspecialresponsibilitytocoordinateresearchrelatingtoolderpersons,disability,internationalmi-gration and ethnic relations, and social science re-searchconcerningalcoholandnarcotics.Ofparticu-larinterestismultidisciplinaryresearchandresearchthataddressestopicsrelatingtoequalitybetweenthesexes.

NordForsk

NordForsk7 isaNordicresearchboardwithrespon-sibility for cooperation on research and researchertrainingintheNordicregion.Theorganisationfocus-esonresearchareasinwhichtheNordiccountriesareinternationalleaders,andpromotesresearchandre-searchertrainingofhighinternationalcalibre.

NordForsk has three main functions – coordina-tion,fundingandpolicyadvice:

TheobjectiveofNordForsk’scoordinationactivityistodeveloptheNordicResearchandInnovationArea(NORIA)intoanattractive,cutting-edgeregionforresearchandinnovation.NordForsk’sresearchfundinginstrumentsseektocreatesynergiesthatsupplementexistingnationalinvestmentsinresearch.NordForskistheNordicCouncilofMinister’sadvisorybodyintheareaofresearch.NordForskusesitspolicy,analysisandcommunicationactivitiestobuildaplatformfromwhichtheNordiccountriescantakefulladvantageoftheirsharesopportunities.

NordForsk was established on 1 January 2005 fol-lowingaconsolidationoftheactivitiesoftheformerNordicResearchPolicyCouncilandtheNordicRe-searchTrainingAcademy.TheBoardofNordForskiscomprisedofrepresentativesfromthefiveNordicre-search councils, the Nordic University Association,andtradeandindustry.

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7 NordForsk:www.nordforsk.org

http://www.nordforsk.org

Asia NORIA-net��

1.2 DENMARK

1.2.1 ChinaandDenmarkKnowledge-based cooperation between Danish research funding agencies and partners in China

Denmark–ChinaStrategy: China Strategy (2008) Partners: MOST (MoU 2007) NSFC (MoU 2008) ITC–Hong Kong (MoU 2009) Forms: Innovation Centre Support for network activities (workshops, symposia) Globalisation fund PPP Sino-Danish Center for Advanced Education and Research Danida fellowship Support for research projects Areas: Biotechnology and -medicine Agricultural and food technology Clean and renewable energy Nanoscience and -technology Health and traditional medicine application ICT Natural sciences

Funding: (volume is not easy to sum up)Priorities: Industrial PhD programme Support for strong R&I environments (collaboration, joint professorship, networking) Joint projects

MSTI (Denmark) and MOST (China)

Collaboration between the Danish Ministry for Science, Technology and Innovation, the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China and other Chinese partners

InSeptember2007,aMemorandumofUnderstand-ing(MoU)wassignedbetweentheDanishMinistryforScience,TechnologyandInnovation(MSTI)andtheMinistryofScienceandTechnologyof thePeo-ple’s Republic of China (MOST) on scientific andtechnologicalcooperation.TheprincipalobjectiveoftheMoUistofacilitatebroadopportunitiesforscien-tificand technologicalcooperationbetween the twocountries,therebypromotingareasofresearchofmu-tualbenefit.Morespecifically,priorityisgiventocol-laborationthatcanadvancescienceandtechnology,


notablywithintheresearchareasofmutual interest,suchasa)biotechnologyand -medicine,b) agricul-turalandfoodtechnology,c)cleanandrenewableen-ergy,d)nanoscienceand -technology, e)healthandtraditionalChinesemedicineapplicationandf)infor-mationandcommunicationtechnology.

In September 2007, the Danish Ministry for Sci-ence, Technology and Innovation and the DanishMinistryforForeignAffairsalsoopenedtheInnova-tion Center DenmarkinShanghai.AsisthecaseoftheInnovationCenterDenmarkinSiliconValleyandinMunich,theInnovationCenterDenmarkinShanghaiisoneofthedirectresultsoftheglobalizationstrat-egydesignedbytheDanishGovernment in2006tohelpachievetheambitiousobjectiveofbecomingoneoftheleadingknowledge-basednationsintheworldby2015.ThemissionoftheCenteristobuildbridgesbetweenresearchinstitutionsandcompaniesinDen-markandinChinaandtherebytostrengthentheac-cesstoaforeignknowledgecentreofahighquality.TheInnovationCenterDenmarkinShanghaiisfur-thermoreappointedtothetaskofassistinginfillingouttheframeworkofthebilateralagreementonsci-enceandtechnologybetweenChinaandDenmark.

InFebruary2008,theDanishMinistryforScience,Technologyand Innovationpublisheda strategy forknowledge-based collaboration between DenmarkandChina.Withthelaunchofthestrategy,DenmarkintendstofacilitateSino-Danishcollaborationandtoencourage individual universities and companies inDenmarkandChinatousetheframeworkofthebi-lateralagreementtoconcludeconcreteagreementsonprojectsandtalentexchange.Inadditiontotargetingtheexistinglinesofactionandblockgrants,theDan-ishMinistryforScience,TechnologyandInnovationaimstocontributetoanumberofnewinitiativestosupportcooperationwithintheprioritisedareas.

InMay2009,DASTIandtheInnovationandTech-nologyCommission,HongKongsignedaMemoran-dumofUnderstanding.Thefocusisprimarilyonnatu-ralsciencedisciplinesandpublic-privatecooperation.TheMoUisaresultoftheactivitiesattheDanishIn-novationCenterinShanghai.ItaimsatstrengtheningthestrategyforChinaandexistingcontactswithuni-versitiesandscienceparksbyincreasedfocusonChi-na’ssouthernprovinces.

Forms of collaborationIn order to secure the optimal implementation andthe progress of cooperation activities within theframework of the MoU, the parties have agreed to

setupaJoint Coordinating Committee (JCC)consist-ingofanequalnumberofrepresentativesfromeachcountry.TheresponsibilityoftheJCCistopromote,developandreviewcooperativeactivitieswithin theframeworkoftheMoU,andtoadvisetheMSTIandMOSTonwaystoenhancescientificcooperationbe-tweenChinaandDenmark–alsoasregardsscientif-icandtechnologicalcollaborationbetweenDenmarkandChina.AsfortheDanishpartoftheJCC,therep-resentatives will also be responsible for the promo-tion,developmentandmonitoringofcooperationac-tivities within the framework of the China strategy.The following forms of collaboration are according-lyinitiated:

Open call for the cultivation of new research collaboration initiatives between Denmark and ChinaTheMinistryofScience,TechnologyandInnovationwillfocusonthecultivationandsupportofnewop-portunities for bilateral collaboration. Thus it is in-tendedtosupportsmaller-scaleinitiativesseekingtoestablishcontactandtoidentifythepotentialforcol-laborationbetweenpublicandprivateresearchersinDenmarkandChina.ThroughacallopentoDanishscientistswishingtoestablishorenhancetheircollab-orationwithChinesepartners,financialsupportwillbegranted specifically to thematicworkshops, sym-posia, conferences etc. that facilitate the interactionbetweenresearchersinDenmarkandChina.

The Innovation Center Denmark as a promoter of Sino-Danish knowledge-based collaboration between companies and research institutesThe mission of the Innovation Center Denmark inShanghai is to build bridges between research in-stitutes and companies in Denmark and China andtherebytostrengthentheaccesstoa foreignknowl-edgecentreofahighquality.Limitedfundingisac-cordinglyprovidedtonetworkactivities.

Establishment of a Sino-Danish Center for Advanced Education and Research in ChinaInordertoenhancethevisibilityofDanishresearch-basedadvancededucationinChina,theMinistryofScience,TechnologyandInnovationis,incollabora-tion with Danish universities, exploring the possi-bilitiesforestablishingaSino-DanishCenterforAd-vancedEducationandResearchinChina.Thecentercould function as a visible and accessible platformfor interaction with Chinese knowledge institutionsand authorities. The center could be organised, for


instance,asajointventurebetweentheeightDanishuniversities, a Chinese university and a number ofresearchinstitutionsandapprovedtechnologicalser-viceinstitutes.Suchcollaborationwouldgeneratethenecessarycriticalmasswhilecombiningthepositionsofstrengthofthevariousinstitutions.Inadditiontotheactorsmentioned,DanishandChinese industrycouldmakecontributionstothecenterintheformoffundingandofferinternshipsandcollaborationwithregardtothecontentoftheprogramme.

FundingTheMoUisaframeworkagreementencouragingin-dividualresearchinstitutionsinChinaandDenmarktodevelopscientificcollaboration.Withintheframe-work of the MoU, earmarked funding has not beenset aside by the MSTI and MOST. Rather, expensesrelatedtotheactivitiesundertakenwithintheframe-workwillbebornebytheindividualparticipatingre-searchinstitutions.Itis,however,theaimoftheDan-ishMinistryforScience,TechnologyandInnovationto increase the amount of earmarked funding forinternationalandbilateralcooperation,hereunderthecollaborationwithChina.

In2008,inordertofacilitateandsupporttheini-tiativesforstrengthenedcollaborationbetweenDan-ish and Chinese research institutions, the Danishsideexpectstoinitiateinitiativesthatcanbefinancedthroughfundsearmarkedforinternationalcollabora-tionaspartoftheblockgrantforglobalisation.Therelatively modest means will be targeted at networkactivitiesorganised incooperationwith the Innova-tionCenterDenmarkinShanghaiandtheJointCo-ordinatingCommittee.In2009–2012,thelinesofac-tionoftheChinastrategyareexpectedtobefinancedthroughtheestablishmentofafundearmarkedforbi-

lateral cooperation. Following negotiations with thepartiesintheDanishParliament,thisappropriationisexpectedtocomeoutoftheunallocatedreserveoftheglobalisationfundfor2009–2012.

Danish priorities for further strengthening Sino-Danish research collaboration in 2008–2010In addition to above mentioned ongoing initiativesand based on the MoU and the China strategy, theDanishsideoftheJCCwishestoemphasisethefol-lowing priorities and activities to be carried out in2008–2010:

Priorities:Block grants for Danish universities offering Indus-trial PhD programmes for China for the purpose of financing the stay of Chinese researchers in compa-nies related to Denmark.ThepurposesofthenewPhDprogrammeforChinaistofurtherdevelopthe Danish knowledge-intensive business com-munity by strengthening the relationships be-tweenDanishandChinesescienceandtechnologycommunities. The programme promotes mutualinterchangeofknowledgebetweenDenmarkandChinabyeducatingscientistswithaninsightintothecommercialaspectsofresearchanddevelop-ment in both countries, and by promoting per-sonal networks in which relationships betweencompaniesanduniversitiescanbestrengthened.AnindustrialPhDprojectisa3-yearPhDprojectconducted in cooperation with a private com-pany,auniversityandanindustrialPhDstudent.Thestudentisemployedbythecompanyanden-rolledattheuniversityanddivideshisorhertimebetweenthetwoworkplaces.Theprogrammein-cludessubsidiestocoverthestudent’ssalary,travelexpensesandtuition.Theprogrammeisintendedfortop-gradeapplicantswithaMaster’sdegreeorsimilarfromaninstitutionofhighereducationinChina.Theprojectmustbebased inacompanywithbranchesinbothDenmarkandChina.Theapplicationdeadlineis1February2010.Block grants to promote joint research collabora-tion between strong research and innovation en-vironments in Denmark and China. Strong rela-tionshipsbetweenresearchersconstituteanothercornerstone of increased knowledge-driven col-laboration between Denmark and China. Re-search collaboration creates a critical mass ofinfrastructureandtalents,andlaysthefounda-tion for exchange of knowledge and know-how.

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TheMinistryofScience,TechnologyandInnova-tionwillseektoprovideearmarkedsubsidiesforcollaboration, joint professorships and network-ingbetweenpowerfulpublicandprivateresearchenvironmentsinDenmarkandChinawithinpri-oritisedfields.Thesesubsidieswillbeallocatedasblockgrantstoexistingresearchergroupsandin-novationnetworks in the twocountries that arealreadysubsidisedas faras thedomesticpartoftheiractivities isconcerned.Thusthe fundswillbetargetedatthecostsofthegroups’mutualco-operationonly, and thiswill createagoodbasisforconcreteresultsthatcanbeachievedquicklyfromtheircollaboration.

MFA (Denmark), MSTI (Denmark) and MOST (China) Collaboration between the Danish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the Danish Ministry for Science, Technology and Innovation and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of ChinaThe Sino-Danish Committee on Scientific and Techno-logical Cooperation (CSTC)wasestablished in1985.TheCommitteewasappointedtothetaskofdiscuss-ing theSino-Danishscientificand technological co-operationandofassessingprojectproposalsforSino-Danish collaborative projects. From the perspectiveof Danish international development assistance,inclusion on the Committee’s list of approved col-laborativeprojectsenablesapplicationtobemadetotheDanida Fellowship ProgrammeundertheDanishMinistryofForeignAffairs(MFA).FromtheDanishside, three representatives from prominent researchandinnovationenvironmentsappointedmembersoftheCSTC,andontheChineseside,themembersoftheCommitteearerepresentativesfromtheMinistryofScienceandTechnologyofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(MOST).TheDanidaFellowshipProgrammeismanagedandimplementedbytheDanidaFellowshipCentre,andaDanidaFellowshipfinancesaChineseresearcherforaten-monthstayinDenmark.ItsvalueisDKK7,500permonth(EUR1,000,conversionrate2008).AmaximumoftenfellowshipsmaybegrantedbyDanidapercalendaryear.

DNRF (Denmark) and NSFC (China) Collaboration between the Danish National Research Foundation and the National Natural Science Foundation of China In January 2008, a Memorandum of Understanding(MoU)wassignedbetweentheDanishNationalRe-

searchFoundation(DNRF)andtheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(NSFC)onscientificco-operationwithinthefieldsoflifesciences,naturalsci-encesandengineering.Theguidingprincipalof theMoU is to promote cooperation in the area of jointresearch where this seems desirable and where theavailableresourcespermit.

WithintheframeworkoftheMoU,theDRNFandtheNSFCestablishjointcallsforresearchprojectsbe-tweenDanishandChinesepartnerswithinthemati-callyand jointlyprioritisedscientificfields.Theaimistolaunchacalleachyear.Withineachcall(thefirstcall on Nano Research Collaboration was publishedinspring2008),thetwofoundationswillsupport1–3 project proposals for a three-year period with thepossibilityofextensionuptothreeyears.TheDNRFwillfundtheDanishgroupsandtheNSFCwillfundtheChinesegroups.TheDNRFiswillingtogranttheselectedprojectsDKK10–15millioneach(EUR1.3–2.0 million, conversion rate 2008), including over-head.Furthermoreandpriortothejointcall,thetwofoundationsarrangeasymposiumona thematicallyandjointlyprioritisedscientificfield.

1.2.2 IndiaandDenmark

Knowledge-based cooperation between Danish research funding agencies and partners in India

Denmark–India Strategy: - Partners: DBT (MoU 2004, extended 2009) Forms: Support for network activities Industry delegations Areas: Biotechnology ICT Funding: EUR 1.1 millionPriorities: PPP Joint research projects Exchange of researchers

MSTI (Denmark) and DBT (India)Collaboration between the Danish Ministry for Science, Technology and Innovation and the Department of Biotechnology, the Indian Ministry of Science and TechnologyIn 2004, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)wassignedbetweentheDanishMinistryforScience,Technology and Innovation (MSTI) and the Depart-ment of Biotechnology (DBT), the Indian Ministryof Science and Technology, on scientific and techno-


logical cooperationwithin thefieldofbiotechnology.The principal objective of the MoU is to facilitatebroad opportunities for scientific and technologicalcooperationbetweenthetwocountries,therebypro-motingareasofresearchofmutualbenefit.TheMoUwasextendedbyfiveyearsinautumn2009.

In order to secure the optimal implementationandtheprogressofcooperationactivitieswithintheframeworkoftheMoU,thepartieshaveagreedtosetupa Joint Coordinating Committee (JCC)consistingofanumberofrepresentativesfromeachcountry.TheresponsibilityoftheJCCistopromote,developandreview cooperation activities within the frameworkoftheMoUandfurthermoretoadvisetheMSTIandthe DBT on ways to enhance scientific cooperationbetweenIndianandDenmarkwithinthefieldofbio-technology.FromtheDanishside,fiverepresentativesfrom prominent research and innovation environ-mentswithintheareaofbiotechnologyare–bytheMinister – appointed members of the JCC, whereastheIndianrepresentativesarefromtheDBT.

The MoU is a bilateral framework agreement en-couraging individual research institutions in IndiaandDenmarktodevelopscientificcollaboration.Theforms of collaboration and the extent to which re-searchcollaborationbetweenIndianandDanishre-searchinstitutionsisimplementedisnotincludedinthis account of research collaboration between re-searchfundingagencies.Inordertofacilitateandsup-porttheinitiativesforjointresearchcollaborationbe-tweentheindividualresearchinstitutions,theDanishsideoftheJCChasdevelopedasystematicapproachto their responsibilityofpromoting,developingandreviewingcooperativeactivitieswithintheframeworkoftheMoU.WithintheframeworkoftheMoU,ear-markedfundinghasnotbeensetasidebytheMSTIandtheDBT.Rather,expensesrelatedtotheactivitiesundertaken within the framework will be borne bytheindividualparticipatingresearchinstitutions.

Joint call within the area of BiotechnologyConsistent with the overall area of collaboration –a jointbiotechnology–a themeof joint IndianandDanish interest and priority is selected. Besides theexchangeofknowledgewithinthethematicallyselect-edarea,thepurposeofthejointcallistofacilitatethecontactbetweenIndianandDanishprivateandpub-licpartners.

Network programmeInthewakeoftheworkshop,theDanishsideofthenetwork programme committee publishes a call fornetwork programme scholarships. Within the net-work programme scientists can apply for funding,which gives a number of Danish and Indian scien-tists an opportunity to go to India or Denmark tofindfuturepartnersandformabasisforcollaborationprojects within biotechnology and ICT. The idea ofthegrantisthereforetomotivateIndo-Danishscien-tificcollaborationandtoserveasacatalystforgrow-ing Indo-Danish research and development collab-oration. The call is established and administered byanetworkprogrammeboardwherethereisarepre-sentativefromtheDanishsideoftheJCC.

Industry delegationsParallel to the call for network programme scholar-shipstheJCCwishestopromoteprivate-publicpart-nerships within scientific biotechnological collabo-ration. This is done by the arrangement of visits byindustry delegations within a thematically selectedarea.

Danish priorities for strengthening Indo-Danish research collaboration within the area of biotechnology in 2008–2010Basedonthepositiveoutcomeofthecooperationac-tivitieswithintheframeworkoftheMoUandthepo-tential for further collaboration between India andDenmarkwithintheareaofbiotechnology,theDan-ishsideoftheJCCwishestoemphasisethefollowingprioritiesandsuggestionsforactivities tobecarriedoutin2008–2010:

Priorities:TheDanishSteeringGroupwillthroughthenet-workprogrammeworktoprovidefocusonjointresearchprojectsbetweenpowerfulresearchen-vironmentsinDenmarkandIndiawithintheareaof biotechnology and ICT. Regarding joint callswithin biotechnology, it is a condition that thejointinitiativeisbasedontheprincipleof‘match-ingfunding’.TheDanishSteeringGroupwilllookintothepos-sibilityofdevelopingvisitinggrantsprogrammesinordertopromotetheexchangeofresearchersbetweenDenmarkandIndia.

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1.3 FINLAND

According to the International Strategy 2007–2015 oftheAcademyofFinlandtherearesevenkeystrategicco-operationcountries.IndiaandChinaaretwoofthem.

1.3.1 ChinaandFinland

Knowledge-based cooperation between the Finnish research funding agency and partners in China

Finland–ChinaStrategy: International Strategy 2007–2015Partners: NSFC (MoU 1999, 2004) CAS (MoU 1981, 2004) CASS (MoU 1989, 2004) Forms: Researcher mobility Thematic research programmes Joint seminars and research projects CoE cooperation Areas: Environment and energy Environmental ecology Ubiquitous computing Signal processing Cross-cultural communication NeuroscienceFunding: EUR 3.3 million Priorities: Priorities of the Research Councils Combination with the thematic research programmes

The aim is to carry out cooperation in competi-tive,publicresearchfundingindifferentfieldsofre-search.Projectcooperationisimplementedinthepri-orityareasjointlydefinedbytheAcademyofFinlandResearchCouncilsandtheChinesefundingorganisa-tions. Inadditionto jointresearchprojects, fundingisalsograntedforthemobilityofresearcherstogeth-erwiththepartners.TheAcademyalsopromotesthenetworkingofFinnishuniversitiesandinstitutionsofhighereducationwithChineseresearchinstitutions.

The Academy of Finland and NSFC (China)Collaboration between the Academy of Finland and the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaThe National Natural Science Foundation of Chi-na(NSFC)operatesdirectlyundertheStateCouncil(likeMOST)andistheprimefundingorganisationofbasicresearchinChina.TheNSFCistheAcademy’skey funding partner in China, as it operates on na-tionallevelanditsresearchfundingisbasedoncom-petitionandpeerreview.

IntheMemorandumofUnderstandingsignedbe-tweentheAcademyofFinlandandtheNSFCpossibleformsofcooperationare:

JointresearchprojectsThematicresearchprogrammes

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ResearchermobilityJointseminarsCentreofExcellencecooperation

TheAcademyandtheNSFCagreedinJanuary2007toannuallyorganiseatargetedjointcallforresearchproposalsinthefieldsoflifesciences,naturalscienc-esandengineering.Theaimistosupportlong-termgenuineresearchcollaborationof thehighest stand-ard.However,thefirstjointcallwasorganisedasearlyas2002andwastargetedatFinnishCentresofExcel-lenceinresearchandChineseStateKeyLaboratories.Fundingwasgrantedtofourthree-yearjointprojects.This cooperation was evaluated in November 2006,andthoughtheprogrammewasfoundtobesuccess-ful,itwasdecidedthatfuturecooperationwouldnotbelimitedtoCentresofExcellence.ThenextinitiativewastheResearchProgrammeonNeuroscience(NEU-RO)thatisajointlyfundedresearchprogrammebe-tweenFinland,ChinaandCanadarunningfrom2006to2009.WithintheNEUROprogramme,fundingisprovidedtofourFinnish-Chineseresearchprojects.

Since2007,threejointcallshavebeenorganised:InJanuary2007,thethemesofthecallwereenvironmentandenergy,andenvironmentalecology.Atotalof14applicationswerereceivedofwhichfourthree-yearprojectsweregrantedfunding(AcademyfundingaboutEUR0.96million).InMarch2008,acallwaslaunchedinconnectionwiththeAcademy’sResearchprogrammeonUbiquitous Computing and Diversity of Communication(MOTIVE).Asaresultofthecall,threeprojectsoutofelevenapplicationswerefunded(AcademyfundingaboutEUR1million).InApril2009,ajointcallwasopenedwithinthethemeSignalProcessing.Fourprojectswerefunded(AcademyfundingaboutEUR1.6million).

Thethemeofthecallhastobeagreedseparatelyeve-ryyearat least threemonthsbeforeopeningthecall.The call is open in both countries at the same time.TheFinnishresearchteamsendsitsapplicationtotheAcademyand theirChinesepartner to theNSFCre-spectively,buttheteamsneedtoattachajointlydraftedresearchplantotheirapplications.BoththeAcademyand NSFC evaluate and rank the proposals accord-ingtotheirownrulesandpractices.Thefundingde-cisionsaremadeonthebasisoftheconsensusdiscus-sionwhere the fundingpartnersmatchtheirranking

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listsandlookforamutuallysatisfactorysolution.How-ever, the most important criterion guiding the deci-sion-makingisalwaysscientificexcellence.

IncooperationwiththeNSFC,aswellasCASandCASS,theAcademyalsograntsfundingforthemobil-ity of researchers(annualquota:12months)andforar-rangingjoint seminars.TheannualcallisopeninJan-uary.Theapplicant is required tohavean invitationfromtheChinesereceivinguniversitydepartmentorinstitutionwherehe/sheisgoingtoconductresearch,andtheminimumdurationof thevisit isoneweek.TheAcademy’sgrantcoversaresearcher’sroundtripfromtheplaceofresidenceinFinlandtothedestina-tioninChina,andtheChinesefundingagencypro-vides for his/her accommodation and daily allow-anceandviceversainthecaseofaChineseresearchercomingtoFinland.

Finnish researchers Chinese researchers

2008 5 persons 117 days 6 persons 360 days



Table 1. Mobility of researchers: NSFC

The Academy, together with the NSFC, is also apartnerintheCO-REACHERA-NETwhosegoal istopromoteresearchcooperationbetweenEuropeandChina.

The Academy of Finland and CAS (China)Collaboration between the Academy of Finland and the Chinese Academy of SciencesTheChineseAcademyofSciences(CAS)isprimarilyaresearchorganisationandfundsonlyresearchthatisconductedatitsowninstitutions.However,there-searchinstitutions(about100)undertheCASrepre-sent cutting-edge research in China. These researchinstitutions receive one third of their funding fromCAS,onethirdfromtheNSFCandtherestfromex-ternalsources,suchasprivatecompanies.TheAcad-emyandCAShavenotorganisedany jointcalls forresearchprojects,butthemobilityofresearchersthatisfundedwithintheframeworkoftheMemorandumofUnderstandinghasbeenactive (annualquota:12months)sincethe1980s.

TheAcademyisworkingtofindwaystoboostandsupport cooperation between Finnish and Chinese


graduate schools (doctoralprogrammes) incoopera-tionwith theCASgraduateuniversityGUCAS.TheAcademyandGUCASorganisedajointseminarforFinnishandChinesegraduateschoolswithinthear-easofphysics,chemistry,naturalresourcesandenvi-ronmentalsciencesinBeijingon20–22May2009topromotenetworking.Atotalof21participantsfrom12 Finnish graduate schools attended the seminar.TheintentionistoorganiseasimilarseminarinHel-sinkiin2010.TheAcademydoesnotprovideanyad-ditional funding for graduate schools to boost theircooperationwithChinesepartnersbut considers itsrolemerelyasfacilitatorandmatchmaker.

CAS has sought to identify and support Nordic-ChinesejointprojectsthroughtheCASNordicFoun-dation,buttheNordicfundingorganisationswerenotactive in the twoCAS-NordicForums thatwereor-ganisedin2007and2008.

The Academy of Finland and CASS (China)Collaboration between the Academy of Finland and the Chinese Academy of Social SciencesThe Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) isaresearchorganisationthatisthecounterpartoftheCAS in the social sciences. In December 2005, theAcademyarrangedajointseminarwiththeCASSinHelsinkiwiththetheme‘Cross-Cultural Communica-tion’,andinOctober2006,acallforjointprojectswaslaunchedinthisthematicarea.Fiveapplicationsweresubmitted,ofwhichonewasgrantedfunding.AjointseminarinthefieldofComparative LawwasarrangedinOctober2009inBeijingtofacilitatenetworkingofFinnishandChineseresearchers.

1.3.2 IndiaandFinland

Knowledge-based cooperation between Finnish research funding agencies and partners in India

Table 2. Mobility of researchers: CAS

Table 3. Mobility grants annually awarded for research at research institutes of the CAS (quota: 3 months).






2008 1 person 30 days 2 persons 47 days



Finland–India Strategy: International Strategy 2007-2015Partners: DBT (MoU 2005) DST (MoU 2005) Tooltech Ltd. (MoU 2003)Forms: Researcher mobility Thematic research programmes Joint seminars and research projects CoE cooperation Areas: BiotechnologyFunding: EUR 2.7 million Priorities: Priorities of the Research Councils Combination with the thematic research programmes

The Academy of Finland and DBT (India)Collaboration between the Academy of Finland and the Department of Biotechnology in IndiaTheAcademyofFinlandandtheDepartmentofBio-technology(DBT),aresearchfundingorganisationinbiotechnologyunder theIndianMinistryofScienceand Technology, signed a Memorandum of Under-standing on 14 July 2005. Cooperation between theAcademyandtheDBTcanbecarriedoutinthefol-lowingfieldsofbiotechnology:advancedbiotechnol-ogy (e.g. gene therapy, structural and functional bi-ology with relation to genomics and proteomics),medical biotechnology (e.g. drug development incl.vaccines and diagnostics), food biotechnology, agri-culturalandenvironmentalbiotechnology(e.g.biore-mediation).Inaddition,researchermobilityisfundedbilaterally.BoththeAcademyandtheDBTareverypleasedwith theirmutual cooperationandwith theresultsithasgenerated.

ThecooperationbetweentheAcademyofFinlandandtheDBTincludesfundingofFinnish-Indianjoint research projectsandresearcher mobilityinthefieldofbiotechnology.Cooperationiscarriedoutinpriorityfieldsthathavebeenjointlyagreedonandarepartlybasedonexistingresearchercontacts.ThethemeforeachcallforjointprojectsisdefinedandspecifiedinaworkshopthatisattendedbyresearchersfromFin-landandIndiapresentingthethematicareainques-tion.TheAcademyandtheDBThavearrangedfourresearcher seminars and four calls for joint researchprojectswiththefollowingthemes:plant,foodanden-vironmental biotechnology and medical biotechnol-

Asia NORIA-net�0

ogy. The amount of funding granted to the Finnishpartners within the three-year research projects to-talssomeEUR2.5million.TheDBTprovidesfund-ingfortheIndianresearchersintheprojects.In2009,theAcademyofFinland,TekesandtheDBTarrangedacallbetweenthethreepartnersinthefieldofmedi-caldiagnostics.Inthiscall,itwasalsopossibletoap-plyforfundingforcorporatecooperation.

TheAcademyandtheDBThavearrangedfourIn-do-Finnishresearcher seminars tomapoutpotentialfieldsofcooperation.Theseminarsalsoprovidedre-searchers with an opportunity to establish contacts.Theseminarswereheldin:1)DelhiinOctober2005inthefieldofmedicalbio-

technology:diagnosticsandinterventionofinfec-tiousdiseases,systemsbiologyanddrugdevelop-ment.

2)HelsinkiinApril2006inthefieldofplantandfoodbiotechnology.

3)HelsinkiinMay2007withthethemeEnvironmen-tal biotechnology research and Management of bio-resources.

4)Gurgaonon23January2008withthethemeBio-markers and Diagnostics. In this connection, aninterimevaluationofthefiveprojectsthatreceivedfundinginthe2006callwascarriedout.

Asaresultoftheseminars,four calls for joint research projectswerelaunched:1)in2006,acallforjointresearchprojectstogether

withtheDBTinthefieldofmedicalbiotechnolo-gy(vaccinedevelopmentandrelatedtechnologies,developmentofnewinnovativediagnosticsusingdifferent technologies and computational biolo-gy related to drug development). The Academygranted a total of EUR 1 million to the Finnishpartners within the five three-year (2006–2008)Indo-Finnishresearchprojects.Thefundingpro-

videdbytheDBTtoIndianresearchersisequaltothatamount.

2)in2007:acallforjointresearchprojectsinthefieldof plant and crop biotechnology research; of thesixteenapplicationsthatweresubmitted,fivethree-year projects were granted a total of some EUR1million.

3)in 2007: thirteen applications were submitted tothecalllaunchedinOctober2007.Twothree-yearprojects were granted funding (total: about EUR0.5million).

4)in2009:thejointcall,arrangedincooperationwithTekes,theFinnishFundingAgencyforTechnologyandInnovation,waslaunchedinJanuary2009withthe themeMedical diagnostics.Within this call, itwasalsopossibletoapplyforfundingforcorporatecooperation.

The seminar arranged in Gurgaon in January 2008alsoassessedtheprogressofthefivejointprojectsinmedicalbiotechnologythatweregrantedfundinginthe2006call.Theseminardemonstratedthatcollabo-rationwithinallfiveprojectshasstartedsuccessfullyand generates added value for both parties. Formsofcooperationincludeexchangeof informationandknowledge,mobilityofresearchersandPhDstudents,preparationofjointpublicationsandestablishmentofonejointlaboratory.

The Academy of Finland and DST (India)Collaboration between the Academy of Finland and the Department of Science and Technology in IndiaA Memorandum of Understanding was signed withthe Department of Science and Technology (DST),operatingunder the IndianMinistryofScienceandTechnology,on18May2005.Thefirstjointcallwaslaunched in January 2010 with the theme GreenChemistry.

The Academy of Finland and Tooltech Ltd. (India)Collaboration between the Academy of Finland and Tooltech Software Private Limited in IndiaSince2003theAcademyofFinlandhasaMemoran-dumofUnderstandingwithTooltechSoftwarePrivateLimitedtosupportresearchermobilityinthefieldofbioinformatics.

New INDIGO ERA-netTheAcademyparticipatesasanobserverintheNewINDIGO ERA-net that is aimed at strengthening andpromotingcooperationwithIndiaonaEuropeanlevel.


1.4 ICELAND

1.4.1 ChinaandIceland

Knowledge-based cooperation between Icelandic research funding agencies and partners in China

The Ministry for the Environment (Iceland) and the Environmental Protection Administration (China)Collaboration between the Ministry for the Environ-ment of Iceland and the Environmental Protection Administration of the People’s Republic ChinaIn2005,aMemorandumofUnderstanding (MoU)was signed between the Ministry for the Environ-ment of Iceland and the Environmental ProtectionAdministrationofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonenvironmental protection cooperation. The princi-palobjectiveoftheMoUistopromotecooperationbetween the two countries in the field of environ-mentalprotection,onthebasisofequalityandmu-tualbenefit.ThefollowingareasareidentifiedintheMoUasmutuallyhighpriorityareasofcooperation:

NatureconservationandcombatingsoilerosionSolidwastemanagementEnvironmentalprotectiontechnologyincludingrenewableenergyandenvironmentalprotectionindustryPromotionofenvironmentaleducationandimprovingthepublicawarenessofenvironmentOtherareasasmutuallyagreedupon

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Iceland–ChinaStrategy: Partners: Rannis has no direct MoUs China Earthquake administration Forms: Exchange of scholarsAreas: Earthquake researchFunding: Priorities:

IcelandandChinahaveanongoingculturalagreementthatwassigned1994andthereareseveraluniversity-level programmes regarding student or teacher ex-change.FormalcollaborationbetweenIcelandicandChineseministries,governmentalinstitutesandotherpublicinstitutesinthefieldsofjointresearch,scienceand innovation projects/programmes are otherwisescarce. The three collaborative efforts described be-lowareatthemomenttheonlyformalcollaborationbetween Icelandic research funding agencies andpartners inChina. Ingeneral there isnobudget setforthecollaborations.


InordertoimplementtheMoUthecountriesen-courageenvironmentalprotectionorganisations,en-terprises and municipalities as well as research in-stitutionsinbothcountriestoestablishanddevelopdirect contacts with each other in the fields of en-vironmental protection and sustainable develop-ment.Bothcountriesdesignateacoordinatoratdi-rectorgeneral level.Nobudgethasbeenset.Travelandsimilarexpensesarebornebythesendingcoun-trybutlocalexpensesarebornebythehostingcoun-try.FutureprioritiesfortheMoUhavenotbeende-cidedupon.

The Ministry for the Environment (Iceland) and the Earthquake Administration (China)Collaboration between the Ministry for the Environment of Iceland and China Earthquake Administration of the People’s Republic of ChinaIn 2005, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)inthefieldofearthquakestudieswassignedbetweenthe Ministry for the Environment of Iceland andChinaEarthquakeAdministrationofthePeople’sRe-publicofChina.TheprincipalobjectiveoftheMoUistodevelopcooperationandexchangeinthefieldsof seismology, volcanology, geophysics, earthquakeengineering and countermeasure for seismic hazardreduction as well as to develop scientific and tech-nological cooperation and exchange on the basis ofequality,mutualbenefitandreciprocity.Thecountriesagreedthatcooperationandexchangeshouldincludetopicsofmutualinterestsuchas:

SeismologyusingdigitaltechniquesEarthquaketrendanalysisandassessmentatlargeearthquakesites;earthquakeengineeringandengineeringseismologySeismichazardreductionmeasuresBasicseismologyandgeophysicsPhysicsoftheearth’sinteriorVolcanologicalstudyPublicawarenesscampaignOthertopicsasmaybemutuallydetermined

Thecountriesagreedthatcooperationandexchangemightbecarriedoutinthefollowingmanners:

Exchangeofscholars,specialistsanddelegationsorteamsforfieldinvestigationsCollaborativeresearchontherelevanttopicsExchangesofseismologicalandvolcanologicalinformationanddata,earthquakecataloguesandrelevantpublications

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Jointorganisationofsymposia,workshopsandlecturesOtherformsofcooperation,asmutuallyagreedbetweenthecountries

Both countries designate a coordinator at directorgenerallevel.Nobudgethasbeenset.Travelandsim-ilarexpensesarebornebythesendingcountrybutlo-calexpensesarebornebythehostingcountry.Futurepriorities for the MoU have not been decided uponbutwillremaininforceuntil2010.

The Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (Iceland) and the Minister of Education of the People’s Republic of China (China)Collaboration between the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Iceland and the Minister of Education of the People’s Republic of China InSeptember2006,theIcelandicMinisterofEduca-tion,ScienceandCulturepaidanofficialvisittoChi-na with the aim of strengthening relations betweenthecountriesinthefieldofeducation,science,inno-vationandculture.Duringthevisit,theMinisterhadameetingwiththeMinisterofEducationofthePeo-ple’sRepublicofChina.ThatsamemonththeMinis-terofEducation,ScienceandCultureandtheChina’sStateCouncillorsignedacommonletterofintenttoestablishajointprogrammeofaConfucius CentreinReykjavík.Itwasestablishedinautumn2008.Collab-orationisimplementedmainlyintheformofencour-aging collaboration between academic institutions.The fundingofConfuciusCentre is in thehandsoftheMinisterofEducationofthePeople’sRepublicofChinawhiletheUniversityofIcelandcollaboratesbyproviding personnel and the necessary facilities fortheinstitution.Futureprioritiesforthecollaborationhavenotbeendecidedupon.

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1.4.2 IndiaandIceland

Knowledge-based cooperation between Icelandic research funding agencies and relevant partners in India

The Ministry for Education and Science (Iceland) and the Ministry of Science and Education (India)Collaboration between the Icelandic Ministry for Education, Science and Culture and the Indian Ministry of Science and EducationIn2007, the IcelandicAmbassador to Indiaand theSecretaryof theIndianMinistryofScienceandEd-ucation signed a Memorandum of Understanding(MoU) on earthquake prediction research betweenIceland and India. The Memorandum foresees in-creased cooperation between Icelandic and Indi-anscientistswith theaimofpredictingearthquakesmore accurately. This MoU follows the AgreementonScienceandTechnologybetweenIcelandandIn-dia,signedbyIceland’sMinisterofEducation,ScienceandCultureandtheIndianMinisterforScienceandTechnologyinReykjavikon19October2005.Inre-centyears,Icelandicgeologistshavedevelopedaseis-micsystemforthestudyofanomaliespriortoearth-quakes. The Indo-Icelandic earthquake predictionresearchis intendedtostrengthenthiscapabilityforthemutualbenefitofbothcountries.

ThesigningoftheMoUpavesthewayforthefirstphaseofcooperation.ThiswillincludeavisitoftwoIndiangeologists toIcelandandareciprocalvisitofIcelandicscientiststoIndiainordertodraftaprojectproposal.ThefirstphasewillbeledbytwoPartnershipCoordinators;onenominatedbytheIcelandicMete-orologicalOffice,theotherbyIndia’sDepartmentof

Iceland–India Strategy: - Partners: Ministry of Science and Education (MoU 2007) Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MoU 2007) Forms: Development of new technologiesAreas: Earthquake research Geothermal energy Funding: ISK 209 million (EUR 1.2 million) Priorities: -

Iceland and India have an ongoing cultural agree-ment. Otherwise formal collaboration between Ice-landicandIndianministries,governmentalinstitutesand other public institutes in the fields of joint re-search,scienceandinnovationprojects/programmesisscarce.ThetwocollaborationsdescribedbelowareatthemomenttheonlyformalcollaborationbetweenIcelandic research funding agencies and partners inIndia. In addition, the governments of Iceland andIndiahavesignedadraftMoUregardingsustainablefisheriesdevelopment.


ScienceandTechnology.Otherpartners include theUniversityofIceland,theUniversityofAkureyriandthe IcelandicMinistry forForeignAffairs, the IndiaMeteorological Department, the Wadia Institute ofHimalayan Geology, the National Geophysical Re-searchInstitute(NGRI)andtheMinistryofExternalAffairs.Thecollaborativeeffortsareexpected tobe-ginin2010.

The budget was set at a total of ISK 209 million(EUR1.2million),distributedovera three-yearpe-riod. The Icelandic Government will pay salary andother travel expenses for three Icelandic specialistsworkinginIndiaandlocalexpensesforvisitingspe-cialistsfromIndia.TheIndianGovernmentwillpaysalaryandother travelexpenses for15Indianspe-cialists working in Iceland and local expenses forvisiting specialists from India. The Indian Govern-ment also pay for research equipment. There havebeensomeelaborationsconcerningfurtherfundingfromEUorsimilarinstitutionsbutnothinghasbeendecided.FutureprioritiesfortheMoUhavenotbeendecidedupon.

The Ministry of Industry Energy and Tourism (Iceland) and the Ministry for New and Renewable Energy (India)Collaboration between The Icelandic Ministry of Industry Energy and Tourism and the Secretary of the Indian Ministry for new and renewable energyIn2007, the IcelandicAmbassador to Indiaand theSecretaryoftheIndianMinistryforNewandRenew-ableEnergysignedaMemorandumofUnderstanding(MoU)betweenIcelandandIndiaonrenewableener-gycooperation.

TheMoUenvisagescooperationfordevelopmentof:SystemsSub-systemsDevicesComponentsMonitorandevaluationofcooperationactivities

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The countries declared their mutual cooperation onthedevelopmentofnewtechnologyforrenewablere-sourcesintheareasof:

GeothermalHydrogenFuelcellsWindenergy

Inaddition,bothgovernmentswillmonitorandeval-uatetheircooperationactivitiestogether.CooperationonhydrogenandfuelcellswasagreeduponaspartoftheInternationalPartnershipforHydrogenEconomy(IPHE).Activeformsofcollaborationhavenotbeendecidedupon.Thereisnodefinedbudget.Futurepri-oritiesfortheMoUhavenotbeendecidedupon.

Sustainable fisheries development and the United Nations University Fisheries Training Programme

The United Nations University Fisheries TrainingProgramme is funded and operated by the Govern-mentofIceland.ThreeIndianstudentsareexpectedto takepart inthe trainingprogrammesof theUni-versitystartinglaterthisyear.AdraftMemorandumof Understanding on sustainable fisheries develop-mentbetween Indiaand IcelandhasbeenapprovedbytheGovernmentsofbothcountries.

Forms of collaboration are implemented partic-ularly through the student training programmes atthe United Nations University Fisheries TrainingProgramme. The programme is funded and operat-edbytheGovernmentofIcelandanditreceivesan-nualfundingfromtheGovernment.Thereisnospe-cificbudgetearmarked forcollaboration infisheriesbetween India and Iceland. Future priorities for thecollaborationwillprobablybemainlyintheformofstudent training programmes at the United NationsUniversityFisheriesTrainingProgramme.

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1.5 NORWAY

1.5.1 ChinaandNorway

Knowledge-based cooperation between Norwegian research funding agencies and partners in China

Norway–ChinaStrategy: Governmental level strategy (2008) Partners: MOST (AoC 2008) NSFC (MoU 1992) Forms: Joint projects Scholarships Researcher mobilityAreas: Natural sciences Climate change and technology Public services EnvironmentFunding: NOK 34 million/year (EUR 4.1 million/year, conversion rate 2008)Priorities: Sino-Norwegian cooperation programme: expansion of the themes (agriculture, energy etc.)

andtopics.Areasthataresubjecttoparticularstrate-giceffortaredescribedinthefollowing.

The Ministry of Education and Research (Norway) and MOST (China)Collaboration between the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of ChinaIn November 2008, an Agreement of Cooperation8

(AoC) was signed between the Norwegian MinistryofEducationandResearchand theMinistryofSci-enceandTechnologyofthePeople’sRepublicofChi-na (MOST) on scientific and technological cooper-ation. The AoC serves as a replacement for a MoUbetween MOST and the Research Council of Nor-way;theMoUwasterminatedastheAoCenteredintoforce.TheprincipalobjectiveoftheAoCistofacilitatebroad opportunities for scientific and technologicalcooperationbetweenthetwocountries.Ajointcom-mitteeshallmeetalternatelyintheKingdomofNor-way and the People’s Republic of China at mutuallyagreedtimes.

8 TheAoCispublishedat:http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/kd/tema/forskning/forskningsavtaler.html?id=495515

ThecooperationbetweenNorwegianandChinesere-searchpartnersisbroadandcoversanumberoffields

http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/kd/tema/forskning/forskningsavtaler.html?id=495515


RCN (Norway) and NSFC (China) Collaboration between the Research Council of Norway (RCN) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Thecooperation,basedonaMoUsignedin1992be-tween the Research Council of Norway (RCN) andthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC),havethreeaims:

TostrengthencontactsbetweenChineseandNorwegianresearchers,includingmutualresearchpolicyinformationexchangebetweenthepartners.ProvidefundingforSino-Norwegianbasicresearchprojectsinnaturalsciences.Supporttonetworkactivities.

Support isgivenprimarily intheformof individualscholarships and mobility support. Applications forfunding are sent to both parties. The sending partycovers the travel expenses and the receiving partycovers the running expenses during the stay. Bothparties have to accept an application for the projecttobefunded.

Norwegian Programme for Research Cooperation with China (CHINOR)

AChinacooperationprogrammeCHINOR9(2009–2017) amounting to NOK 20 million a year (EUR2.4 million, conversion rate 2008) has been estab-lishedintheResearchCouncil.Thecooperationpro-gramme will work through thematic research pro-grammes,andaimsatopeningcalls for fundingofSino-Norwegiancooperation.Thecalls,projecteval-uationandproject follow-upwillbeorganisedandmanaged by thematic research programmes on theNorwegian side. In addition, the cooperation pro-gramme may participate in Sino-Nordic and Sino-Europeancooperation.Bothbilateral joint calls withresearch fundingcounterparts inChina,and inclu-sion of third countriesfromtheNordiccountriesortheEUarepartoftheprogrammemandate,andtheRCNandCASwillengageinajointprojectscheme.Inthefieldofwelfareandsocialsciences,CASSisanimportantpartnerfortheCHINORprogramme.

Thematic scopeInthestartingphase,theprioritiesoftheSino-Nor-wegianprogrammeare:

Climatechange

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ClimatetechnologyPublicservicesandwelfareEnvironment

In the future, provided there is substantial funding,thesetofprioritythemescouldbewidened.Basedonananalysisofcommonresearchprioritiesandinter-est fromChina, the following fouradditional topicscouldbeincluded:

EnergyNanoscienceandmaterialscienceICTBiotechnology

Inaddition,Chinahasexpressedinterestforcoopera-tioninthefieldofTraditionalChineseMedicine.Tradi-tionalChineseMedicinemayhaverelevanceforhealth,medicine, pharmacy, biotechnology and bioprospect-ing.ChinahasalsoexpressedinterestinstrengtheningtheexistingstrongcooperationinPolarresearch.

Basedoncommoninterestinbusinessandindus-try,governanceandnaturemanagement,anothersetoffuturetopicsforcooperationcouldberaised:Chi-naandNorwayareboth large infisheriesaswellasaquaculture,andthereispotentialforcooperationinthefieldofaquacultureandfisheries,aswellasfish-ery management. Furthermore, offshore oil and gasandmaritimetechnologyarefieldsofcommoninter-est.SomeofChina’sgreatestchallengesarelinkedtofood.Foodproductioncapacity,foodsafetyandenvi-ronmental issues inagricultureconstitute themesofcommoninterestandcouldbeareasofcollaborativeresearchinthefuture.

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9 Chinor:http://www.forskningsradet.no/servlet/Satellite?c=Page&cid=1253952407004&p=1253952407004&pagename=chinor%2FHovedsidemal

http://www.forskningsradet.no/servlet/Satellite?c=Page&cid=1253952407004&p=1253952407004&pagename=chinor%2FHovedsidemal


Calls in 2008 in climate research and public service researchTopavethewayforaChina-Norwayprogramme,twocallswere implementedat theendof2008aimedatincreasing Sino-Norwegian research cooperation.The topics were climate change and public services,respectively. The calls resulted in six large researchprojectsonclimatechangewithatotalfundingcon-tributionofaboutEUR5millionfrombothcountriesforoverthreeyears.Ofthis,EUR3millionwaspro-videdbytheRCN.Inaddition,anumberofnetworkprojectswereestablishedintheareaofpublicservicesandwelfareresearch.

1.5.2 IndiaandNorwayKnowledge-based cooperation between Norwegian research funding agencies and partners in India

Ministry of Education and Research (Norway) and MST (India)Collaboration between the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research and the Indian Ministry for Science and TechnologyA Memorandum of Understanding was signed be-tween the two parties in 2006, and a more detailedProgrammeofCooperation(PoC)wassignedinMay2009, in Oslo. A joint minister-level working grouphasbeenestablishedandthegroupsmeetabouteverysecondyear.

ThePoChasthefollowingprioritisedtopics:Climateresearchincludingocean,arcticandpolarresearch

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Norway–India Strategy: Governmental level strategy (August 2009) Partners: DST (MoU 2006, PoC 2009) DBT Forms: Cooperation projects Joint projects Scholarships Researcher mobilityAreas: Climate Clean energy Geotechnology Marine Nanoscience and -technology Vaccines International political issues Environment Social developmentFunding: NOK 30 million/year from 2010 (EUR 3.7 million/year, conversion rate 2010)Priorities: Indian-Norwegian cooperation programme

CleanenergyGeotechnologyandearlywarningsystemsforgeohazardsMarineresearch–bioprospectingandpolarresearchNanoscience/-technologyprimarilyrelatedtocleanenergyandsolarenergyandmedicalissuesVaccines–humanandfish/animal,includingvaccinationprogrammesandbiotechnologyofnewvaccinedevelopment

RCN (Norway) and DBT (India)Collaboration between the Research Council of Norway and the Department of Biotechnology, Indian Ministry for Science and TechnologyThe Department of Biotechnology (DBT), MinistryofScience&Technology,Govt.ofIndiaandTheRe-search Council of Norway (RCN), Programme forGlobal Health and Vaccination Research (GLOB-VAC) have established collaborative efforts betweenIndiaandNorwayinthefieldofhumanvaccinationresearch,includingjointcallsforproposalsandjointresearchprojectsbetweenIndianandNorwegiansci-entists,andwiththeintentionofmatchedfunding.

Followingjointcallsin2006,2007,2008,therearenow three projects ongoing (totalling NOK 40 mil-lion(EUR4.9million)fromtheRCN,conversionrate2008),andthreeprojectsareundercontractnegoti-ations(NOK11million(EUR1.3million)fromtheRCN, conversion rate 2008). Hence, approximately25%ofGLOBVACfunding forvaccination researchhassofarbeenallocatedtoIndo-Norwegiancollab-orativeprojects.Proposalsfromthejointcallin2009areunderevaluation.Further,followinganinvitationfromtheDBTandPATH,workisongoingtowardsaNorwegianengagementinandco-fundingofaphaseIIItrialofanoralrotavirusvaccineinIndia.

A new Indian-Norwegian cooperation programme in the RCN (INDNOR)

TheRCNhasestablishedan Indiaprogramme(5+5years 2010–2020) amounting to NOK 20 million ayear(EUR2.4millionayear,conversionrate2009),whichwillcooperatecloselywithotherprogrammesattheRCNorotherfundingbodies.Thisisinaccord-ancewith,andanintegralpartof,theGovernment’snewstrategyonIndia,whichwaslaunchedinAugust2009. Topics for research calls will be internationalpoliticalissues,climate,theenvironment,cleanener-gy and social development. The funding of the firstprojectswillbegrantedin2010.

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1.6 SWEDEN

1.6.1 ChinaandSweden

Knowledge-based cooperation between Swedish research funding agencies and partners in China and India

Sweden–ChinaStrategy: -Partners: MOSTForms: VINNOVA Joint research projects in telecommunication Joint centre as node for projects in material scienceAreas: VINNOVA Telecommunication Material science Biotechnology FAS Public health Demographics Health care systemsFunding: VINNOVA Telecommunications SEK 27 million (EUR 2.9 million, conversion rate 2007) for 2008–2011 from VINNOVA. Material science center approx. SEK 1 million a year (EUR 108,000 a year, conversion rate 2007).

Priorities: FAS Public health – Ageing Reproductive health Demographics VINNOVA Biotechnology Telecommunication Material science

GovernmentalagreementsoncooperationinscienceandtechnologyhavebeeninplacebetweenSwedenandChinasince1978butwerethenpartofa larg-ergeneralcooperationagreement.SincethisimpliedthatitwouldnevercometoconcretediscussionsonS&Tcooperationunderthisagreement,itwasdecid-edtomakeaseparateagreementandasubgroupforS&T cooperation in 2004. In this agreement, threeareas were identified as particularly important forresearchcollaboration: telecommunication,materi-alscienceandbiotechnology.In2007,anewmeet-ingwasheldinBeijingwheretheareasofenergyandenvironment,andmedicineandhealthwereadded.AlltheseagreementsweresignedbytheMinistryofScienceandTechnologyofthePeople’sRepublicof


China (MOST) and the Ministry of Education inSweden.

TheSwedishGovernmentalAgencyforInnovationSystems, VINNOVA10, has been the governmentalagencyinSwedenthathassofarimplementedpracti-calcollaborationwithinthethreeareasdefinedinthefirstagreement.OthergovernmentalagenciessuchastheSwedishCouncilforWorkingLifeandSocialRe-search, FAS11, and the Swedish Energy Agency12 areworking on implementing collaboration under thenewsectorsaddedtothefirstones.

VINNOVA (Sweden) and MOST (China)

Collaboration between the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China

TelecommunicationsIMT Advanced and Beyondisthefirstjointinitiativeon mobile communication research between Swe-denandChinainthe Sino-Swedish Strategic Coopera-tive Programme on Next Generation Networks. TheprogrammeisfundedbyVINNOVAinSwedenandtheMinistryofScienceandTechnologyof thePeo-ple’sRepublicofChina(MOST).Sevenprojectsstart-edin2008andarefundedwithSEK27million(EUR2.9million,conversionrate2007)byVINNOVAandRMB 20 million (EUR 1.9 million, conversion rate2007)byMOST.Theprojectswillrunforthreeyears,coveringabroadrangeoftopicsfromprotocolsandcodingtotransmissionandantennastoenhancethecapabilitiesoffuturemobilecommunicationsystems.Biannualworkshopsareheldtogivetheresearchersanopportunitytomeetandexchangeresults.

Material scienceIn 2002, the Sino-Swedish Advanced Materials Ex-changeCentreonbothsideswasestablishedandspon-soredbySwedishVINNOVAandChineseMOST,re-spectively.TheChineseofficeislocatedatCentralIron&SteelResearchInstitute(CISRI),Beijing,andtheof-fice in Sweden was set up at Chalmers University ofTechnology,Gothenburg.OneimportantpurposeistoactasanodeforSino-Swedishscientificcooperationinmaterials technologyandthusprovideaplatformforvariousresearchinstitutes,universities,industriesand

10 VINNOVA:www.vinnova.se11 FAS:www.fas.se12 TheSwedishEnergyAgency:www.energimyndigheten.se

technicalserviceorganisationsinbothcountries.Thecentreaimstobeamaininitiatorforforefrontcoop-erationinmaterialsscience.Projectareasareinitiated,grownandmovedintomatureconditions.Newtopicsareidentifiedandchannelledforthefuture.Thecen-treisadynamiccontactnodeandvehicleforemergingandgrowthofscientificcooperationratherthananor-ganisationforkeepingthesameresearchongoing.

BiotechnologyIn this area VINNOVA has not supported any pro-grammecollaborationorcentreactivitiesinthewaythathasbeendoneintheotherareas.Instead,afewprojectshave been supported that are more on an ad hoc ba-sisandnotasaresultofacallforproposals.Onesuchprojectispresentlysupportedinfoodtechnology.

FAS (Sweden) and ChinaCollaboration between the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research and ChinaTheSwedishGovernmentandtheRiksdagputgreatemphasisonapolicyofglobaldevelopment(PGU),which“inaneffectivewaywillcontributetofairandsustainable global development enabling poor peo-pletomoresuccessfullybenefitfromglobalisation”.InanumberofdifferentbillstheGovernmenthasreit-eratedboththeneedforandmeasuresofglobalisingSwedishresearchpolicytocovercountriesoutsidetheEUandtheUSA.ThepriorityfieldsofthePGUare:

HumanrightsandactionsagainstoppressionSocialandeconomicexclusionMigrationClimatechangeandenvironmentsConflictsandvulnerablesituationsInfectiousdiseasesandotherthreatstohealth

TheGovernment’semphasisonapolicyforglobalde-velopmentmeansthatglobalissuesaremorestronglylinkedwiththeirrespectiveministriesandauthorities.Overthelastyear,theGovernmenthasgivengreaterprominencetotheglobalperspectiveinanumberofbillsconcerningresearch.FAShasparticipatedinre-searchcontactswithIndiaandChina,bothofwhichSwedenhasspecialagreementswith.InvolvementinEU research also has consequencesonglobal issues.Furthermore,FASisamemberofthe Swedish Unesco Council for Scientific Cooperation and chair of the

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http://www.vinnova.se

http://www.fas.se

http://www.energimyndigheten.se

Asia NORIA-net�0

MOST Committee,whichopensnewwindowsforac-tioninglobalissues.Inaddition,FASworkstogetherwithSidaand theSwedishResearchCouncilwithintheframeworkofResearch Links (seebelow).

The2ndSino-SwedishScienceWeekwasheldinBeijinginSeptember2007withintheframeworkofthe research policy exchange between Sweden andChina.FAStookpartintheSwedishdelegationandorganisedaworkshoponpublichealth,demographicsandhealthcaresystemsincollaborationwithVårdal Foundationandthe Knowledge Foundation.Theworkhascontinuedduring2008and2009withvisitsofsev-eraldelegationswithintheseresearchareas.

1.6.2 IndiaandSweden

Sweden–India Strategy: -Partners: Ministry of Science & Technology (DST, DBT), Ministry of Communications & Information Technology (DIT), Ministry of Health Forms: VINNOVA Joint research projects Areas: VINNOVA e-Health/Visualization Biology, diagnostics and treatment of tuberculosis FAS Alcohol policy Medicines (research) Antibiotic resistance Sexual and reproductive health Maternity welfare Innovations in the healthcare sectorFunding: VINNOVA-DBT SEK 16 million (EUR 1.7 million, conversion rate 2008) for three years 2009–2012 by VINNOVA VINNOVA-DIT SEK 5.3 million (EUR 0.6 million, conversion rate 2008) for three years 2009–2012 by VINNOVAPriorities: FAS Public Health – Reproductive health, Maternity welfare, Addiction VINNOVA Biotechnology and ICT

ThegovernmentsofIndiaandSwedensignedin2005a cooperation agreement in the field of science andtechnology. This agreement was signed by the Min-istry of Science and Technology (MoST) in IndiaandtheMinistryofEducationandResearchinSwe-den.TheSwedishGovernmentalAgencyforInnova-tionSystems,VINNOVA,hasbeenthegovernmentalagencyinSwedenthathassofarimplementedpracti-

calcollaborationswithinthetwoareasdefinedinthefirstagreement.UnderthisagreementVINNOVAhassignedtwoagreements,onewiththeDepartmentofScience&TechnologyandonewiththeDepartmentofBiotechnology.VINNOVAhasalsoagreedtofundjointprojectswiththeDepartmentofIT,MinistryofCommunicationsandIT.

VINNOVA (Sweden) and IndiaCollaboration between the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems and India

BiotechnologyVINNOVA and the Department of Biotechnolo-gy (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology, In-dia,haveagreedtosupport top-levelresearchcoop-erationbetweenIndianandSwedishscientistsinthefieldofbiology,diagnosisandtreatmentoftubercu-losis. The programme is the first bilateral co-opera-tion,basedonjointfunding,betweenthetwofund-ing organisations and is a result of the signing of acollaborativeagreementinMay2007.VINNOVAwillfundtheSwedishresearchteamsandtheDBTtheIn-dianteams.VINNOVAhascommittedtocontributearoundSEK16million(EUR1.7million,conversionrate2008)forthreeyears(2009–2012).

Information technologyVINNOVAandtheDepartmentofInformationTech-nology, Ministry of Communications and Informa-tionTechnology,India,haveagreedtosupport jointresearchprojectsinthefieldofe-Health and Visuali-zation of medical data.VINNOVAwillfundtheSwed-ishresearch teamsandDITthe Indian teams.VIN-NOVAhascommittedtocontributearoundSEK5.3million (EUR 0.5 million, conversion rate 2008) forthreeyears(2009–2012).

Environmental technologyIn 2008, VINNOVA co-funded four workshops or-ganisedby theSwedishnetwork ‘Centre for Indian-SwedishCooperationonTechnicalResearchandEd-ucation (INSTEC)’ in collaboration with the Indiancounterparts. VINNOVA funding came to aroundSEK0.3million(EUR31,000,conversionrate2008).

FAS (Sweden) and lndiaCollaboration between the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research and IndiaIn2008, indiscussionsonclosercooperation in thepublichealthsectorbetweenSwedenandIndia,FAS


wasrepresentedintheSwedishgovernmentaldelega-tionincludingtheSwedishNationalInstituteofPub-licHealth13andtheVårdalFoundation14.InFebruary2009, the Ministries of Health in Sweden and IndiasignedaMemorandumofUnderstandingintheareaof health, which identifies several priority fields, ofwhichthemostrelevantare:

AlcoholpolicyMedicines,researchAntibioticresistanceSexualandreproductivehealthMaternitywelfareInnovationsinthehealthcaresector

InFebruary2010,anIndo-SwedishHealthweekwillbearrangedinIndiawithaviewtofurtherdevelopingcollaborationbetweenthestakeholdersinvolved.

1.6.3 TheSwedishResearchLinksprogramme

TheSwedishResearchLinksProgrammeseekstofos-terresearchtiesbetweenresearchers inSwedenandresearchersinAsia,theMiddleEast,SouthAfricaandNorthAfrica.TheprogrammeisfundedbytheSwed-ish International Development Cooperation Agen-cy(Sida)andadministeredbytheSwedishResearchCouncil.Theprogrammeoffers two formsofgrantsfor international collaboration: International Re-searchGrant(normallyawardedforthreeyears)andInternationalPlanningGrant(oneyear).Thefundingcanbeused for jointactivities suchas exchange re-search visits between the partners, seminars, work-shopsandjointpublishing.Itisawardedforbothba-sicandappliedresearch.

CriteriaScientificquality,inrelationtotheresearchstandardscurrentlyapplicablewithinthefieldordisciplineRelevance,inrelationtotheobjectivesestablishedforthisprogrammeCompetenceoftheapplicantsinrelationtotheproposedresearchassignment,andtheirrespectiveacademicstandingandtrackrecordBalancedcooperation,bothresearchpartnersshouldcontributeequallytotheproject.Budget,inrelationtotheprojectplanandfundsavailable(pleasenotethatsalariesare

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notfunded);basicprojectfundingmustcomefromothersources.

Grant amountSEK0.3million(EUR31,200,conversionrate2008)ayearforthreeyears,i.e.atotalofSEK0.9million(EUR93,600,conversionrate2008).InternationalPlanningGrant,foroneyear,amountstoSEK75,000(EUR7,800,conversionrate2008).

1.7 SummaryofNationalActivities

1.7.1 Currentstatus

Many/most of the Nordic countries have govern-ment-levelS&TagreementswitheitherChinaorIn-diaorboth.Inaddition,nationalresearchfundingor-ganisationshavesignedcooperationagreementswiththeirChineseand/orIndiancounterparts.

In some cases this cooperation is relatively long-standingandwell-established,whileotherorganisa-tionsarejuststartingtobuilduptheirrelationswithAsianfundingorganisationsorhaveonlystartedtheircollaborationquiterecently.SomeorganisationsevenhavepoliciesorspecificstrategiesforR&D&Icollab-oration with India and China. However, all Nordicfundingorganisationsseemtobeinterestedinbuild-ing up and strengthening relations with their Asianpartners.

Formsofexistingresearchcollaborationvaryfromresearcher mobility to jointly funded thematic pro-grammesandinnovationcentres.Fundingcanalsobeearmarked for research collaboration with China orIndiaoritcanbeopentoallinternationalpartners.

Itisalsoworthpointingoutthatexistingfundingcooperationisfocusedonbiosciencesandnaturalsci-ences.

1.7.2 China

ThevolumeofresearchcollaborationandresearchermobilitybetweentheNordiccountriesandChinaisreasonably big and still growing in many fields. Insomecases,cooperationbetweenthefundingorgani-sations has begun as early as the 1980s. MOST andthe NSFC are the main partners, but there is alsosomesmaller-scalecooperationwithCAS,CASSandMSTI.

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13 SwedishNationalInstituteofPublicHealth:www.fhi.se14 VårdalFoundation:www.vardal.se

http://www.fhi.se

http://www.vardal.se


Areasofinterest:MOST:biotechnology,biomedicine,agriculturalandfoodtechnology,cleanandrenewableenergy,nanoscienceand-technology,healthandtraditionalChinesemedicineapplication,publichealth,ageing,ICTNSFC:neuroscience,environmentandenergy,environmentalecology,ubiquitouscomputing,cross-culturalcommunication,climateresearchandtechnology,publicservices,environmentCurrentformsofcooperation:innovationcentreinShanghai,fundsfornetworks(seminars,conferencesetc.),PhDprogrammes(forstayinginDenmark),supportforstrongR&Ienvironments(jointprofessorship),callsforjointresearchprojects,collaborationbetweenCentresofExcellence,jointthematicprogrammes,researchermobility,jointseminars

1.7.3 India

ThevolumeofresearchactivitybetweenNordicandIndianresearchersisstillmodestinseveralfields.Theinterest in researcher mobility, especially from theNordic countries to India, is limited but increasing.Oneshouldbearinmindthatthequalityofresearchvariesgreatlyfromoneuniversityorresearchinstitu-tiontoanotherinIndia.

CooperationbetweentheNordicresearchfundingorganisationsandtheirIndiancounterpartsiseitherintheplanningphase,ortheexistingbilateralagreementsarerelativelynew.ThemaincooperationorganisationsaretheDepartmentofBiotechnology(DBT)andtheDepartmentofScienceandTechnology(DST).There

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arealsootherpartnerssuchassectoralministries(e.g.IMNRE).TheDBThasinseveraloccasionsexpresseditswillingness toarrangeacall forproposals jointlywithtwo(ormore)Nordicorganisations.

Areasofinterest:DBT:e.g.advancedbiotechnology,structuralandmedicalbiotechnology,foodbiotechnology,agriculturalandenvironmentalbiotechnologyDST:earthquakeresearchMinistryofHealth:publichealth(sexualandreproductivehealth)Currentformsofcooperation:supportfornetworksandPPP,jointprofessorships,callsforjointresearchprojects,researchermobility,summerschools

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1.7.4 Nordic-Asiancooperation:Strengths, weaknesses,opportunitiesandthreats

SWOT analysisTable 4.

StrengthsNo political tension between countries involved Some common interests Increased funding in India and China Good reputation of the Nordic countriesSocial security (in the Nordic countries) Strong educational systemResearch environmentCritical mass togetherNordic part of high-tech societies

Weaknesses Lack of resources/Limited fundsAbsence of a common profile among the Nordic countriesNo thematic issues shared by all Nordic countriesInefficiencySmall sizeOrganisational problems

Opportunities Common scientific strengthResearch potentialLarge-scale cooperationCooperational increase Increase regional cooperation‘Hot topics’ in commonGood reputationMore resourcesIncrease of flexibilityFood topics are high importance topicsPolitical gains

Threats MiscommunicationLack of bilateral and equal benefitsLack of instruments to mandateUnclear goals

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StrengthSTheSWOTanalysisoftheNordic-Indo/Chinesecol-laboration indicates that the main strengths of thiscollaborationarethatthereisno,oratleastvery lit-tle, political tensionbetweentheNordiccountriesandIndia/China–especiallyifcomparedtothebigplay-ersontheglobalpoliticalarena.Anotherstrengthofthe Nordic-Indo/Chinese collaboration is that therearecertainthemes of common interestthatinvitefur-therexploration.

WeakneSSeSAccording to the SWOT analysis, the main weak-nessesoftheNordic-Indo/Chinesecollaborationarethe absence of a common profile among the NordiccountriestowardsIndiaandChinaandthelack of re-sources/limited funds.Theabsenceofacommonpro-filemightactasanobstacleincreatingtrustbetweenthepartnersandalsointhecommunicationprocess,sinceitmightleadtoconfusionabouttowhomtotalkto/work/cooperatewith.

OppOrtunitieS AccordingtotheSWOTanalysis,themainopportu-nities of the Nordic-Indo/Chinese collaboration arethe scientific strength of the Nordic countries, espe-cially inviewof theirsizeandtheresearch potential createdintheprocessofcollaboration.

threatS AccordingtotheSWOTanalysis,themainthreatoftheNordic-Indo/Chinesecollaborationisahighrisk of miscommunication,linguistically,culturallyandonotherlevels.A lack of bilateral and equal benefitsforthepartnersisalsoathreat.


2 S&T System in China and India

to the contributions of international actors and astronggrowthinproductionofengineersandscien-tists.Finally,theNationalPlanforR&Ddevelopment(2006–2020) has emerged which is a managementtoolforChina’sambitiousresearchstrategyofthefirst20yearsofthe21stcentury.

2.1.1 PublicandprivateR&Dinvestments inChina

Today,Chinaisamongtheworld’sleadingcountriesin termsof investments inR&Dandhenceastrongplayer in the global knowledge economy. In 2007,Chinainvested1.49%ofGDPinR&D,whichrepre-sentspublicandprivateinvestmentsatUS$102.3bil-lion.Bycomparison,thetotalinvestmentinSwedenwasUS$12.1billion(3.6%ofGDP),inFinlandUS$6.4billion(3.48%ofGDP),inDenmarkUS$5billion(2.55%ofGDP),inNorwayUS$4.1billion(1.64%ofGDP)andinIcelandUS$0.3billion(2.75%ofGDP)(OECD2009/1).

Unlike countries such as Germany, USA and Ja-panthathavetraditionallybeenseenasglobal lead-erswhenitcomestoresearchandtechnology,China’sR & D investments increased dramatically. Between1999and2005,China’stotalR&Dinvestmentprolif-

2.1 CHINA’SS&T&ISYSTEM

ThissectionofthereportisanEnglishtranslationofpartsoftheDanishstrategyforknowledge-basedcol-laborationbetweenDenmarkandChina.15

China’scurrentinnovationsystemcanbetracedbackto early 1980, where the ongoing economic reformalso led to a thorough review of the scientific andtechnologicalsystem.Theprocessofchangewasre-latedtoabreakwiththehierarchicalsystemdominatedby large public research institutions established aftertheSovietmodel.Thekeyobjectiveswereabetterlinkbetweenresearchandproductionandamajorincreaseinpublicandespeciallyprivateinvestmentinresearchanddevelopment(R&D).Thereformshavebeendrivenbyfivebigtechnologyprogrammesandthoroughre-structuring,wherehundredsofinstitutionshavebeenmerged,shutdownortransformedtounitsoperatingonmarketconditions.

Simultaneously investments in a large number ofscienceandincubatorinitiativesfortechnologycom-panieshavepromotedpublic-privateinteractionandthecreationofhigh-techenterprises inChina.Also,theprocesshasbeensupportedbygreateropenness

15 MinisterietforVidenskap,TeknologiogUdvikling2000.

Table 5. Overview of the major science and technology programmes in China. (Source: OECD 2007)

R&D programme for core technologies (1982) Development of core technologies in support of China’s industrial production. Priority given to public-private partner-ships and operation-driven processes for boosting effectiveness.

Spark programme (1986) R&D with a focus on improving the efficiency of the agricultural sector and creating incentives for technology transfer to rural regions in China.

R&D programme for high technology – 863 (1987) Improvement of China’s innovation capacity in high-tech sectors. Focus on IT, biotechnology, agriculture, environment, energy, new materials and robotics.

Torch programme (1988) Support for high-tech sectors through the establishment of science parks and business incubators.

National basic research programme – 973 (1997) Promotion of research that creates a platform for future development and/or generates pioneering new research knowledge.


eratedbyanaverageof21%ayearandin2006ChinaachievedapositionasthesecondleadingcountryintheworldonlysurpassedbytheUnitedStateswhoin-vestsevenmoreinresearchanddevelopment.

TheimpressivegrowthofChina’sR&Dinvestmenthasmainlybeendrivenbyindustry.Intheearly1990s,companiesfundedabout40%oftotalR&Dactivities;this share has grown to over two thirds. The imple-mentedreformshavemanagedtochangethebalanceintheChineseinnovationsystempromotingresearchrelatedtoproduction.Itisespeciallyintheprivatesec-torChinahasexperiencedanexplosivegrowthinthenumberofpersonsengagedinresearchanddevelop-ment,whiletherehasbeenamoremoderateandstablegrowthinuniversityscientificstaff.ConsistentwiththeGovernment’sdesiretopromoteresearchintheprivatesector, there has been a decline in the number R&Dstaffingovernmentalresearchinstitutions.

AnunintendedconsequencehasbeenthatChinacurrently invests relatively little in development ofnew knowledge. Today, only respectively 6% and24% of China’s total R&D investments is allocatedtobasicandappliedresearch,whilemorethantwothirdstargetingpracticaldevelopmentwork.Inthepast fewyears, economicgrowthhasbeenconcen-trated in most of the Chinese R&D investments inthe country’s eastern provinces. Especially in areasaroundBeijing,ShanghaiandinthesouthernGuang-dongprovincenear thedeltaof thePearlRiverac-

countsforaverylargeproportionofthetotalR&Dactivities.China’s22provincesarealsocharacterizedbylargedifferencesinspecializationandgrowthpo-tentials.

IntheareaaroundBeijingalargenumberofChi-na’s public research institutions are focusing on ba-sic research, while R&D activities in the areas nearShanghaitoagreaterextenthaveacommercialfocus.Thereforetheregionaldimensionisofcrucialimpor-tance–localdifferenceshavetobetakenintoconsid-erationwhenresearchersandcompaniesaretryingtoestablishpartnershipsinChina.

2.1.2 CentralorganisationsinChina’sresearch andinnovationsystem

China’s innovation system consists of approximate-ly 5,400 governmental research organizations, 3,400university-related research institutions, 13,000 re-search institutionsoperatedby state enterprisesand41,000privatecompanieswithR&Dactivities.Ofthe5,400governmentalresearchinstitutionsnearly5,000institutionsareintheareaofscienceandtechnologywhile400institutionsareintheareaofsocialscience.Approximately1,000ofthetechnologicalandscien-tific institutions is controlled by the central govern-ment, including thevariousministriesand theChi-nese Academy of Sciences (CAS). The remainingresearchinstitutionsareadministeredbyregionalandlocalauthorities.

Figure 1. Chinese R&D expenditures and R&D intensity. (Source: OECD 2007)


Figure 2. Overview of key institutions in the Chinese innovation system. (Source: OECD 2007)


The Ministry of Science and technology of the people’s republic of China (MOSt)hasoverallre-sponsibilityfortheformulationandimplementationofChina’sR&Dpolicy.ThisisdonewithreferencetotheStateCouncilforScience,TechnologyandEduca-tion,acouncilrepresentedbythePresident,ScienceMinister, and the Minister for Education and otherrelevant actors. MOST’s tasks include, among otherthings,draftingandimplementationofstrategicandlong-term strategies for China’s research and devel-opmentandplanningofbasicresearchandscientif-icandtechnologicalprogrammes.ThesemattersaresolvedbyMOSToftenincooperationwithotheror-ganizationswithinthegovernment,thehighereduca-tionsectorandtheprivatesector.

The Commission of national Development re-form (nDrC) isalsoanimportantplayerintheChi-neseinnovationsystem.TheNDRCisresponsibleforChina’seconomicandregionaldevelopmentandhasa large shareof thegovernmentalR&Dbudget.TheNDRCispredominantlyresponsiblefortheformula-tionofChina’sdevelopmentstrategyinrenewableen-ergyandhigh-techindustry.

The Ministry of education of the people’s repub-lic of China (MOe)overseestheStateKeyLaborato-

riesandresearch institutionswithin theuniversitiesandisresponsibleforresearchscholarshipswhichareadministratedbytheChinaCouncilforInternationalScholarships(CSC).EachyeartheCSCawardsabout5,000abroadscholarshipstopromisingChinesedoc-toralstudents.

The Chinese academy of Sciences (CaS) isChi-na’s leading scientific institution in natural science,technology and science and technology innovation.TheAcademyhasmorethan50,000employeesspreadover92researchinstitutions.

The Chinese academy of Social Sciences (CaSS)istheleadingacademicresearchcentreinthefieldsofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesinChina.CASShasmorethan3,000researchersinits32researchinstitutes.

The national Science Fund of China (nSFC)fundsbasicresearchprovidedonthebasisofcompe-titionandconductedbyuniversitiesandresearchin-stitutions. NSFC’s budget is expected to increase by20%ayearoverthenextthreeyears.Budgetin2008:EUR630million.

Local government research and development committees. Most of China’s provinces have inde-pendentresearchfunding,includingfundstofinanceR&Dactivitiesatregionaluniversities.


2.1.3 Researchschools

AlongwithastronginvestmentinR&D,Chinahasin-vestedintargetedresearch.ThenumberofregistereddoctoralstudentsinChinareached55,000studentsin2005,whichisalmostthreetimesmorethanin2000.AverylargeproportionofChina’sPhDstudentsareenrolled intheengineeringsciences(42%)and17%isenrolledinthenaturalsciences.However,inrecentyearstherehasbeenatrendtowardsincreaseddiver-sification inter alia medicine, agriculture and socialsciences.

China has a long tradition of sending young re-searchers abroad. 12% of all Chinese students en-rolledataMastersorPhDeducationatauniversitywent in2005abroad.Studiesshowthatover90%ofthe Chinese, who obtained a doctoral degree in theU.S. in1996,wasstill inthecountryfiveyears later.Consequently there is a large recruitment potentialassociated with the Chinese to conduct research intheNordiccountries.

IncreasinginvestmentandproductionofscientistscanbeseeninthenumberofChineseworkingwithR&D.Since1995,thenumberofresearchershasin-creasedwith6%ayearandamountedin2007to1.4millionfull-timeresearchers.Statisticsshowsthatnotonlyhasthenumberofresearcherswhoholdauni-versitydegreeincreasedbuttherehasbeensignificantquantitativeimprovementstoo.Incomparison,Swe-denhad48,000full-timeresearchersin2007,Finland39,000,Denmark30,000andNorway25,000.(OECD,2009/1.)

2.1.4 Researcheffortsandstrengths

In2006,ChinalaunchedtheNationalPlanforR&D(2006–2020)thatsetsthedirectionforpublicR&Din-vestmentinthenearfuture.ThroughambitiousfocusonresearchandinnovationChinatriestocutitsde-pendenceonforeignknowledgeandknow-howandincreasingly placing Chinese companies in the highendofvaluechain.

The15-yearplanfocusesonanumberofareascon-sideredtobeofstrategic importanceforChina’seco-nomicandsocialdevelopment.Itrelatestoenergysec-tor, water and environmental protection. Moreover,emphasisisoninnovationwithininformationtechnol-ogy,innovationofnewmaterialsandadvancedmanu-facturingtechnologytoupgradeChina’sindustriallev-el.Biotechnologyandhealthscienceisalsoconsideredcrucialinattempttoreducethethreatfromseriousdis-eases and improve the general public health. In totalthereare11researchareas,16programmes,27techni-calspearheads,16basicprogrammesandfourresearchplanswhichsettheagendaoftheChineseresearch.

Publications

ByanalysingChinesepublicationsandcitations it ispossibletoobtainanideaoftheextenttowhichthe15-yearplan’seffortsarereflectedinChina’sexistingresearchstrengths.Since1995therehasbeenamas-sive growth in the production of Chinese scientif-icarticles.Chinanowproducesmorethan6%oftheworld’sscientificarticlesandisakeyglobalplayerintermsofdevelopmentofnewknowledge.


Table 6. Chinese publications by scientific disciplines, 2001–2008. (Source: Thomson Reuters 2009)

Chinese publications by scientific disciplines

Scientific area 2001–2005 2004–2008 2001–2005 2004–2008Publications Publications Citations /

publicationCitations / publication

Chemistry 63,333 98,863 2.44 3.49

Physics 41,390 63,277 2.51 3.11

Engineering 25,437 42,524 1.37 1.8

Material Sciences 30,322 47,177 1.54 2.18

Clinical Medicine 17,035 29,039 4.24 4.25

Biology and Biochemistry 9,648 15,953 2.94 4.06Mathematics 9,334 15,857 0.99 1.24

Geosciences 8,186 13,123 2.25 3.09

Earth sciences* 7,655* 2.5*

Plant and Animal Science 8,443 14,639 1.98 2.6Environment/Ecology 4,903 9,012 2.08 2.88

Energy and Environment* 4,835* 2.3*

Pharmacology & Toxicology 3,256 6,530 2.39 3.41Pharmacology* 3,633* 2.5*

* Source: National Science Indicators (updated data unavailable for Asia NORIA-net report).

ThelargestproducerofChinesescientificarticlesisthe Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).AnumberofChineseuniversitiesarealsoincreasinglyproductivewithahighpublicationrate.In2005,Tsinghua,Bei-jingandZheijianguniversitiesallhadaproductionofmore than 2,500 publications in recognized inter-nationaljournals.

Bibliometric analyses give a clear indication thatChineseresearchstrengthsaretobefoundwithinthenaturalscienceandtechnicallyorienteddisciplinesingeneral.MostofChina’spublicationsare inchemis-try,physicsandengineeringscience.Lookingat theimpactoftheChineseknowledge,whichtosomeex-tentreflectsthequalityofpublicationsandusability,Chinaisespeciallystrongwithinspacescience,clini-calmedicineandbiotechnology.

Within the listed strengths, there are particularlytwoareasofinnovativeresearch,whereChinaisdo-ingverywellandattractsmanyforeigninvestments.Thesearenanotechnologyandstemcellbiology.Bothfields are important, according to their medical andtechnologicalpotential,buttheseareashavealsogainedattentiondue to theeconomic support, theareashasbeengivenfrombothinvestorsandkeydecisionmak-ers.Chinaiscurrentlythe9thhighestinvestorintheworldinnanotechnology,andtheChineseAcademyofSciences(CAS)isrankednumber4afterUCBer-keley, MIT and IBM in terms of achieved citationswithinnanoscience.

2.1.5 Innovation

CompaniesinChinahavetraditionallybeencharac-terizedbyavery limitedability to innovateandab-sorbknowledge.However,therehasbeenachangeinrecentyears inwhichhigh-techcompanieshavebe-guntoprioritizeR&Dactivities.Oneexampleisthetelecommunications company Huawei, which hasR&D branches in India, USA, Netherlands, Swedenand Russia and more than 10,000 research workersin China.10% of the company’s turnover is allocat-ed to R&D activities and Huawei is included in theUNorganizationforintellectualrights’(WIPO)listofworld’s50mostinnovativecompanies.

Despiteseveralgoodexamples,therearestillrela-tivelyfewChineseknowledgecompaniesthatarevis-ibleandcompetingontheglobalmarket.Chinaise.g.

Asia NORIA-net�0

Figure 3. Increase of Chinese Patents in America. (Source: USPTO 2009)

still scoring very low in international comparisonson thenumberofapplicationsofpatents.Asacon-sequence,the15-yearplanforR&Dhasastrongem-phasis on strengthening the ability of enterprises tobeinnovativeandusenewknowledge.Notablysmallandmediumenterprises(SMEs)willbeconsideredasmarket players who can help to change the innova-tionlandscapeinChina.Itisthereforeexpectedthatin the coming years, there will be opportunities forforeignbusinessestofindcommercialR&DpartnersinChina.

Science parksScienceparkshavebeenacentralelementinChina’sef-fortsininnovation.Thebuildingofscienceparksbeganin late1980,and therearecurrently53nationalparksspreadacrossChina’sprovinces.Theparksoperatelarge-lyasincubatorschemesforhigh-techSMEs.Themostsuccessful scienceparksare locatedatprestigiousuni-versitiesandgovernmentalresearchinstitutions.Anex-ampletheZhongguancunScienceParkinBeijing,whichisaffiliatedtheuniversitiesofBeijingandTsinghua,andtheChineseAcademyofScience(CAS).

In2000,around21,000businessesweresituatedinasciencepark.Thesecompanieshadrecruitedscien-tific staff, equivalent to 560,000 full-time equivalent(FTE),includingalmost10,000PhDsandmorethan5,000returnedtothecompaniesafteranexchangeataforeignuniversity.Thescienceparkshadhigh-techexportsin2000byapprox.US$100billion(EUR99billion,conversionrate1999).

Table 7. Foreign firms in China R&D departments, 2006. (Source: Wilsdon and Keeley 2007, OECD 2007)

Numbers (estimated)

Foreign direct investments

DKK 300 billion (EUR 40 billion, conversion rate 2006)

Multinational R&D centres in China

750 centres

2.1.6 Foreignfirms

Since2000,theestablishmentsofforeignR&DcentreshavereallytakenoffespeciallyaroundthethreemainhubsofeconomicdevelopmentBeijing,ShanghaiandHong Kong. Development is driven by companies’desireforacloserrelationshipbetweendevelopmentandproduction,butinparticularalsoastrategiccon-siderationofthatChinaisdevelopingintoamajorin-ternationalplayerintheR&Darea.

2.1.7 Researchandinnovationcooperation betweenChinaandtheEU

In1998,ChinaandEUsignedabilateralagreementon scientific and technological cooperation. Theagreementwas laterconfirmedandexpandedonanEU-ChinaSummitNovember2007.Duringthebilat-eralcooperationagreement,ChinahasbeengiventheopportunitytocooperatewithoneormoreEuropeancountrieswithintheEuropean Union’s Framework for research and development.

InrelationtoEU’s6thFrameworkProgram(2002–2006) China had approx. 400 participants in 229


projects – one of the most active countries. China’sambitionistoexpandthiscooperationunderthe7thFramework Program (2007–2013). In 2007, therewasChineseparticipationinmorethan450applica-tionsforCIPwithemphasisinthefieldsofenviron-ment,healthandICT.InadditiontothecollaborationthroughtheFPwithEU,ChinaandEUareplanningaseparatelookupinthefieldsofhealth,biotechnology,energy, environment and climate. It is therefore ex-pectedthatNordicresearchersandcompaniesinthecomingyearswillhavegoodopportunitiestodevelopcooperationwithpartnersinChinathroughpartici-pationinEUfundedprojects.

2.2 INDIA’SS&TSYSTEM

ThetextforthissectionisanextractfromtheCRESTOMC Working Group document Country Report India:An Analysis of EU-Indian Cooperation in S&TbyJanPeterWogart16(exceptforfiguresandconver-sionrates).

2.2.1 Indiamoves:Resultsandlimitationsof recentreforms

Since the independence of the country in the late1940s, Indian policy makers have followed a two-pronged approach towards development in generalandscience,technologydevelopmentandinnovationinparticular.Whileattemptingtocatchupwiththefullyindustrializedcountriesbygettingforeigncom-panies to transfer technology – first to public latertoprivateenterprises–manypoliciesandprogramshaveaimedatdeveloping technologiesendogenous-lybypublicsectorresearchorganizationstosupportthesmallandmediumsizedenterprisesinagricultureandindustry.

Those policies were part and parcel of a devel-opment strategy, which was following a statistic ap-proach towards economic development, in which aseriesof5-yearplandeterminedtheallocationofre-sourcesbythecentralgovernmentandinwhichpub-licenterprisesdominatedtheindustrialdevelopmentofthecountry.Highbarrierstoimportsanddisincen-tives for exports led to an inward directed develop-mentprocess,whichresultedinlowgrowthofoutputandemploymentandwithitacontinuationofwide-scalepovertywithinthecountry.

Theroleof technology-intensivesectors in thatextraordinaryrapidexpansionoftheIndianecon-

16 Wogart2008.

omy is evident from the rising shares of servic-esintheeconomyingeneralandtheICTservicesin particular, as is the predominance of those in-dustries inoutputandexportswhichhaveunder-gonethemostintensetechnologicalinnovations,ofwhichpharmaceuticalsandchemicalsandtoaless-er extent automobiles and electrical and electron-icequipmentmanufacturersare leadingexamples.Thelatteroneshave–similartotheICTindustriesand services – benefited from a more responsivetechnological infrastructureand innovativepolicyschemes.

2.2.2 R&Dinstitutionsandtheirknowledge inputs&outputs

Byinternationalstandards,India’sresearchstrengthsincludemathematics,theoreticalphysics,engineeringsciences, chemistry, molecular biology and biotech-nology,nanotechnology,informationtechnologyandspaceresearch.[...]Moreover,thepublicR&Dsystemis fragmented, with too many government agencies,organizationsandstructuresaimingtotacklethevar-


iouschallengessimultaneouslywithlittleornocoor-dinationwithprocesseswhichare“slow,bureaucraticand hierarchical.” [...] While the Planning Commis-sionhasbeenactivelyengagedinbudgetingandout-liningmajorguidelinesofR&Daswellasadvisingontechnologymatters,asingleplanoninnovationorapreciseapproachoninnovationismissing.

Themainresponsibilityfororganizing,coordinat-ingandpromotingS&Tactivitiesaswellasinterna-tionalcooperationlieswithinoneMinistry,theMin-istryofScienceandTechnology(MOST)(http://www.mst.nic.in). Almost all of the organisations dealingwith innovation in India are under the aegis of thisMinistry. MOST is in charge of the Department ofScience and Technology (DST), the Department ofScientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), the De-partmentofAtomicEnergy(DAE), theDepartmentof Space (DoS), the Department of Biotechnology(DBT),and theDepartmentofOceanDevelopment(DOD).MOST’sobjectiveistopromotenewareasofScience&Technologyandtoplaytheroleofanodaldepartment for the governance of S&T activities inthe country. Under MOST, the newly establishedNational InnovationFoundation is theonlygovern-mentalinstitutionwhosesolepurposeisthepromo-tionofinnovationinthecountry.

As pointed out above, the public sector in 2002–2003hasaccountedfor67%ofthetotalnationalR&Dexpenditure. In fact, major scientific agencies ac-counted for a share of 84% of the total governmentR&D expenditure including public sector in-houseR&Dunits.Fivemajorscientificagencies,theDefen-ceResearchandDevelopmentOrganisation(DRDO),theDepartmentofSpace(DOS),theIndianCouncilofAgriculturalResearch(ICAR),theDepartmentofAtomicEnergy(DAE),andtheCouncilofScientificIndustrialResearch(CSIR)accountforcloseto90%of totalR&Dexpenditureunder thecentralgovern-mentmajorscientificagencies,withtheDRDOaloneaccountingforashareofjustover30%.

The DST is primarily entrusted with the respon-sibilityofformulationofS&Tpoliciesandtheir im-plementation,identificationandpromotionofthrustareasofresearchindifferentsectorsofS&T;techno-logy information, forecasting and assessment; inter-nationalcollaboration,promotionofscience&socie-typrogrammesandcoordinationofS&Tactivitiesinthecountry.

ThemajororganisationunderDSIRistheCouncilofScientificandIndustrialResearch(CSIR),withits40 institutesdedicated to researchanddevelopmentin well-defined areas and around 100 field stations.

Figure 4. Indian S&T Structure. (Source: New Indico ERA-net 2010)

http://www.mst.nic.in

http://www.mst.nic.in


AmongtheotherprogrammesofDSIRare:supporttoR&Dbyindustry,programmesaimedattechnologi-calself-reliance,schemestoenhanceefficacyoftrans-feroftechnologyandaNationalInformationSystemforScienceandTechnology(NISSAT).

Traditionally,researchinscienceandtechnologyinIndiahasbeengovernment-led.Currently,twothirdsofgrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(GERD)isdi-rectlyfundedbythecentralgovernment,withanad-ditional9%comingfromstategovernments,and5%being funded by the higher education sector. Only20%arefinancedbytheprivatesector.In2004,GERD

amountedtoUS$5.9billion.Between1995and2004,theaveragenominalgrowthofIndianGERDwasmo-re than13%peryear.Thus,according to thesizeofthecountry,Indiarankson8thpositionamongnati-onalR&Dexpendituresintheworld.However,India’sR&Dintensity,measuredbyGERDasapercentageofGDPisbelow1%,anditdeclinedslightlyafter2000sincestrongeconomicgrowthoutpacedR&Dexpen-ditureadvances.Asconsequence,theR&Dintensitystayedatarelativelymodestlevelofonly0.8%.

2.2.3 Publicationsandpatents

Thecommonandstillveryroughindicatorsforout-putsintheS&Tfieldarepatentapplicationsgrantedby the EU and US Patent Offices and scientific andtechnical journalarticles.During2003/4Indiansci-entistsandengineerpublishedclose to13 thousandarticles,whichwashalfofChineseoutput,butwasac-complishedatgreaterefficiency,ifmeasuredbyUS$costsperarticlepublished.

WithIndiapolicy-makersdemandinggreaterem-phasisonmeasurableresultsfromS&Tinstitutionsinthelast20years,scientificpublicationshaverisenrap-idly.WhileIndiahasastronginstitutionalbaseforS&Tresearch,themajorityoftheinstitutionswerefoundtobeofmediumorlowproductivity,i.e.stillnotveryac-tively pursuing publications, or publishing in no im-pact journals. Chemistry, Physics and Engineeringwere characterized as highly productive areas of re-search,whilesurprisinglyMathematicsandComput-erSciencewerelessproductive.Indianscientistsalso

Figure 6. Sectorwise R&D Expenditure. (Source: DST 2008)

Figure 5. National R&D Expenditure. (Source: DST 2008)


provedtobeincreasinglypresentatthefrontierandemergingsciences,suchasbiotechnology,drugsandpharmaceuticalresearch,materialsciencesandmed-ical sciences. Last but not least, India’s collaborativeresearchoutputhasgrownfasterthantheoverallex-pansionofscientificpublications.

In the case of patents received by the major twopatentofficesinEuropeandtheUS,Indiastartedonaverysmalllevel,butincreaseditsapplicationsrapid-lyleadingtoasubstantialriseinofficialpatentsgrant-ed, which past the 600 mark by 2006. While Chinapassedthe1,000mark,similarlytotheearlierobser-vationconsideringcostsofachievingthosegoals,In-diaagainwasaheadbyspendingonlyonethirdperpatentgranted.

2.2.4 Innovationindustriesandtheirimpact onS&Tdevelopment

India’sICTcapabilitiesanditspresenceintheworldmarketforICTsoftwareandservicesarewelldocu-mented.TheITsoftwareandservicesectorhassus-tainedanannualcompoundgrowthrateofover45%duringthelastdecade,whichhasbeenunprecedentedinanyoftheothersectorsoftheIndianeconomy.AsaresulttheICTsectorcontributedabout22%ofto-talexportearningsandprovidedemploymenttooverone million people in 2004. India exports ICT soft-ware and services to about 133 countries, and over300FortunecompaniesoutsourceICTservicestoIn-diancompanies.

A high proportion of Indian software companiesare engaged in developing software applications forthebanking,manufacturing,communications, retailanddistribution,andgovernmentsectors.Emergingareas of software applications development includehotels, insurance, and transportation. More impor-tantforthedevelopmentofthescienceandtechnolo-gyfield,thenationalICTrelatedsystemofinnovationinIndiahasevolvedover timeandhasbeen instru-mentalinthecreationofanextensiveinfrastructurebaseforthedevelopmentofotherinnovativeskill-in-tensiveactivities.Thisincludesoneofthelargestandmostexpandingmassoftechnicallytrainedmanpow-er,anetworkofcentresofinternationalreputationinnatural sciences such as the Indian Institute of Sci-ence,theIndianInstituteofTechnologies(IITs),na-tionallaboratoriesandanumberofSoftwareTechnol-ogyParkstofacilitatetheexportofICTsoftwareandservices.

AsecondfieldofrisingimportanceinS&Tdevel-opment is thehealthsector.Pharmaceuticalcompa-niesfromIndiaproducegenericdrugsandtheenact-mentoftheIndianPatentActof1970allowedIndiancompaniestotakenewdrugsdevelopedabroad,usethe ‘reverseengineering’processanddevelopgener-icdrugsuntil2005.Thishasresultedinanenormousgrowthinthenumberofpharmaceuticalmanufactur-ingcompanies,accompaniedbyanincreaseininvest-mentinthepharmaceuticalsectorfromUS$250mil-lionin1973toaboutUS$1billionin2002–03.With

Figure 7. Indian publications. (Source: DST 2008)


competitivepricingofthegenericdrugsIndianphar-maceutical companies export those to about 200countriesandhavebecomeamajorsourceofsupplyforcriticaldrugsinthenationalandglobalmarkets.

Today,Indiapharmaceuticalventuresaccountformorethan20%oftheworld’sgenericdrugproduc-tion.Localcompaniescontrolabout75%oftheIn-dianmarket,upfrom30%in1972.Upuntilrecently,however, theIndianpharmaceuticalcompaniesdidnotworryaboutdevelopingnewdrugsthroughin-ternal R&D. The lack of scientific knowledge, per-sonnel and copyright law required for successfulnewdrugdiscoverydidnotbecomeapriorityuntilIndiabecameasignatorytotheWorldTradeOrga-nization(WTO)in1995andtheobligationtoimple-mentaproductpatentregimein2005.Thatmeantaparadigmshiftfromprocesstoproductinnovation.LargerIndianpharmaceuticalcompaniesbeganin-vestinginnewdrugdiscoverybypursuingandreal-izingresearchallianceswithglobalfirms.

Inadditiontotheprivatepharmaceuticalcompa-nies, there are public institutions organized by theCouncilofScientificandIndustrialResearch(CSIR)and the IndianCouncilofMedicalResearch,which

are also involved in the discovery of new drugs. Asa result, both the private run and public companiesincreasingly contribute to the global patent applica-tions.Inthetimeperiodbetween1995and1999,pub-licandprivateenterprisesfiled56patentapplicationsthat increased to 246 patent applications between2000and2004.Despitethatincrease,Indiancompa-niesstillspendarelativelysmallfractionoftheirrev-enueonR&D,thatis,Indiancompaniesinvest2%onR&Dcomparedwithanaverageof18%bytheTNCs.

There is now a major shift from chemistry-driv-endrugdevelopmenttobiology-baseddrugdevelop-ment.Theso-calledbiopharmaceuticalsaremedicinesderived from living cells and include end productssuchasinsulinandhumangrowthhormones.TheIn-dian biopharmaceutical market is growing at about30%ayearandthegovernmentsupportforthemed-ical biotechnology industry has increased by 69%between 2001 and 2005. According to the Nation-alBiotechnologyDevelopmentStrategy,theentryofbiotechnology into thepharmaceutical industrywillenhancetheinnovativeabilityofthegenericsproduc-ingIndiandrugindustryandcontributetothetrans-formationofthesector.


2.2.5 Long-termplansandpoliciesfor S&Tdevelopment

Unlike China, India’s policy-makers have not pro-ducedagrandioselong-termplanforS&T.However,India’sPlanningCommissionhasbeenresponsibletoissueconsecutive5-yearplanssinceIndependence,allof which contain an important section on S&T. [...]Twoothermajorvisionsandpolicyproposals,whichhavebeenelaboratedwiththesupportofDepartmentofScienceandTechnology(DST)regardingscience,technology and innovation in India, are Technol-ogyVision2020andScienceandTechnologyPolicy2003.

TechnologyVision2020istheumbrellastrategyini-tiallypreparedbyTIFAC,TheTechnologyInformation,ForecastingandAssessmentCouncilofDSTunderthechairmanshipofDr.AbdulKalam,India’smostfamousnuclear scientist and former President. The documentlaysouttheobjectivesandactionsforIndiatoundertakeinordertobecomeafullydevelopedcountrybytheyear2020.[...]FiveareaswereidentifiedbasedonIndia’scorecompetence,naturalresourceendowments,andtalentedmanpower.Theyinclude:

Agricultureandfoodprocessing–withatargetofdoublingthepresentproductionoffoodandagriculturalproductsby2020.Agrofoodprocessingindustrywouldleadtotheprosperityofruralpeople,foodsecurityandspeeduptheeconomicgrowth;Infrastructurewithreliableandqualityelectricpowerincludingsolarfarmingforallpartsofthecountry,providingurbanamenitiesinruralareasandinterlinkingofrivers;EducationandHealthcare:Toprovidesocialsecurityanderadicationofilliteracyandachievehealthforall;InformationandCommunicationTechnology:Consideredacorecompetenceandwealthgenerator.ICTcanbeusedfortele-education,tele-medicineande-governancetopromoteeducationinremoteareas,healthcareandalsotransparencyintheadministration;Criticaltechnologiesandstrategicindustrieswitnessedthegrowthinnucleartechnology,spacetechnologyanddefencetechnology.

TheScience&TechnologyPolicy2003,developedbytheDepartmentofScienceandTechnology,alsopro-videsaroadmapforintegratingscienceandtechnol-

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ogydirectlywithsocietalconcerns.Keepinginviewthese broad objectives, the document spells out animplementation strategy that will enable identifica-tionofspecificplans,programmesandprojects,withclearlydefinedtasks,estimatesofnecessaryresourc-es,andtimetargets.ThebroadobjectivesoftheIndi-an Science and Technology Policy include the sameareasastheVision2020andaddmoregeneralobjec-tivesrangingfromusingS&Tmoreeffectivelytoal-leviate poverty, ensure nutritional, environmental,water,healthenergysecurity,promotetheempower-mentofwomen,establishintellectualpropertyrightstomakingsure“that themessageof sciencereacheseverycitizenofIndiaandtomakeitpossible forallpeopletoparticipatefullyinthedevelopmentofsci-ence and technology and its application for humanwelfare.Scienceandtechnologywillbefullyintegrat-edwithallspheresofnationalactivity.17”

2.2.6 PrivatesectorinteractionsandFDI

Indiahashaditsshareofrestrictingtheflowoffor-eign capital, and although reforms since the mid-1980shave liberalizedIndia’sFDIregime, IndiawasstillfarbelowtheamountsandGDPsharesofitsma-jor competitors earlier in this decade. However, thelatest official data indicate that FDI which mainlywentintoelectricalequipment,telecommunications,real estateandconstruction,andparticularly the ITservice sector, have substantially increased between1999and2007fromUS$2.2billion(EUR2.2billion,conversionrate1999)toclosetoUS$20billion(EUR14.6billion,conversionrate2007).

Inthelastfewyears,over300transnationalcorpo-rations(TNCs)havebeensettingupR&Dandtech-nicalcentresinIndia.Theyemploy80,000plusscien-tistsandengineers.CurrentspendingisaboutUS$4billionayearandfurtherinvestmentplanshavecomeclosetoUS$5billion.TheUnitedStatesaccountsformorethanhalfthenumberofcompaniesand72%oftheinvestments.OtherskeycountriesincludeSouthKorea,Germany,Denmark,andtheUnitedKingdom.Accordingtothe2005TIFACReportonForeignDi-rectInvestmentinR&D,companiesfromEUmem-berandassociatecountrieshadestablishedcloseto30R&DcentresinIndiaby2003,whichwaslessthanthe53UScentres,butclearlyaheadofthe12EastAsianones.Almosthalfof thecentreshavebeen installedin Bangalore, followed by Delhi and Mumbai. MostworkisconcentratedonIT,R&Dsoftware,engineer-

17 DST2003.


ing design (automotive, consumer durables, aero-space), chemical design (molecules, chemical struc-tures), and agriculture and biotechnology (seeds,food, enzymes). Between 2000 and 2005, some 415patentsfromIndiahavebeenfiledbythesefirmswiththeU.S.PatentOffice.

2.2.7 InternationalS&Tstrategies:Objectives andinstrumentsWhile India’s policy-makers have pursued interna-tional cooperation in the S & T field for decades, itisinterestingtonotethatuntilrecentlythereisscantmentioningofthoseeffortsinIndia’smajorpolicyandstrategydocumentsconcerningscientificandtechno-logicaldevelopment.Thoughspendingover30pagesonIndianS&Tdevelopmentofthepastandfollowingplanning period, 10th 5 Year Plan (2002–2007) hasbutaterseparagraphontheroleofinternationalco-operationintheS&Tfield.SimilarscanttreatmenttothatissueisdevotedintheVision2020paperandtheGovernment’sS&TPolicies2003document,althoughthelatteroneacknowledgestheimportanceofinter-nationalcooperationmoreexplicitly,especiallyinel-evatingS&TpoliciesintothepoliticalsphereofIndia’sinternationalrelationspolicies.

Withthe10th5YearPlan(2002–2007),theatten-tiontointernationalcooperationintheS&Tfieldhasbeenspecifiedmoreexplicitly.It isnowputintotheforefrontandismentionedtogetherwithseveraloth-erprioritiesinthe‘renamed’Chapteron‘InnovationandTechnology’.Awhole section isdevoted to ‘Le-veraging International Collaborative Inputs’, whichexposes the major rationale behind that endeavour,i.e.“providingfirst-handacquaintancewithscientif-icandtechnologicaldevelopmentsandworkculturesinothercountriesandaccesstosophisticatedresearchfacilitiesabroad.”

2.2.8 Furtheringandattractinghumanresources

TodayIndia’srisetoaglobalplayerisnotattributedtoitseducationsystem,includingitsuniversitysystem,but to its specialS&T institutions.Seven Indian In-stitutesofTechnology(IIT)andsixIndianInstitutesofManagement(IIM)aswell theIndianInstituteofScience(IISc)andthenewlyestablishedInstitutesofInformationTechnology(IIIT)andtheAllIndiaIn-stitute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) are the leadingcentres of scientific, technical and engineering ex-cellence in India. Those elite institutions are knowntohaverigorousentranceexaminationstoselect1%fromcloseto400thousandapplicants,andtheyoffer

demandingcoursework.Asaresult,over60%ofdoc-toratesinsciencesandengineeringaregrantedbyjustabouttwodozenofthosetopinstitutionsoflearning.

Attheturnofthecentury,thesevenIITsturnedoutabout3,000graduatesperyear.Thatiswoefullyinad-equateforfulfillingworldwideandIndiandemands.Similar to thetwo-tiercharacterofIndia’seconomy,dualismseemsalsobetypical fortheeducationsys-temingeneralandthehighereducationinstitutionsin particular. Many of the universities and collegeswhichsupplytodayIndia’shightechandmodernizingindustries lackqualifiedstaff to teachandresourcestokeeppacewiththeneedofindustrytogetqualifiedpersonnel.Asaconsequence,engineeringindustriesandsoftwarefirmsareforcedtoincreasinglyfosterin-housetraining.Inadditiontoseveraleffortsfromin-dustry,thegovernment’sMissionREACHprogramisin the process of creating Centres of Relevance andExcellenceinanetworkofuniversities.Anotherini-tiativeoftheMinistryofScienceandDevelopmenttohavegraduatesmakethejumpfromacademiatoap-plied research and development is a scheme involv-ing universities helping ‘techno-entreneurs’ identifyappropriatenetworksandacademicinstitutionswithappropriate R&D, which can then provide guidanceindevelopingprototypes,filingIPRs,andevenfind-ingappropriatesourcesoffinanceforcommercializa-tionofthefinalproductsorservices.

Likeotherdevelopingcountrieswitheliteuniver-sitiesandresearchinstitutions,Indiahastodealwiththebraindrainproblem.Althoughtherearenoexactdata tocalculate the loss to India’s economyby stu-dents staying and working abroad after graduation,thecostshavebecomemoresignificantsince India’sfirmsand institutions requirean increasingnumber


of highly skilled personnel. Surveys undertaken onIndianPhDgraduatesinscienceandtechnology,whohavestayedabroad,showthatcloseto80%of1990–91doctoralrecipientswerestillworkingintheUnitedStatesin1995.WhileanevenhighershareofChinesestudentsstayedon,only11%ofKoreanswithscienceand engineering doctorates from US universities in1990–91wereworkingintheUnitedStatesin1995.

WhilethatproblemhasledcountriessuchasIndiatothinkofpoliciestoreversethebraindrain.EarlierproposaltoestablishacompensatoryfundforOECDcountriesreturningsomeoftheinvestmentineduca-tiontothepoorernationswentnowhere,mainlybe-causeofmultilateraljurisdictionissues.Ontheotherhand,Indiahasdevelopedanumberofprogrammes,whichweretoencouragereturnmigration.TheCoun-cil forScientificandIndustrialResearch(CSIR)wasinvolvedinboth,aschemetotemporarilyandperma-nentlyattractIndianscientistsandengineers.

2.2.9 Encouragingpublic-privatepartnerships inR&D

India’s policy makers’ inclination to support endog-enous technological development was strengthenedwhenitbecamenecessarytomovefromreverseen-gineering to serious R&D activities once the coun-tryjoinedtheWTO.Asaconsequenceanumberofprogrammeshavebeenimplemented,whichwentbe-yondtraditionalfiscalandmonetaryincentives.Quiteanumberofpublic-privatepartnershipshaveformed,whichhavefosteredthelinkagebetweenresearchin-stitutionsand industry.Among themorepromisingundertakings are the Technology Development andDemonstrationProgramme,theNewMillenniumIn-dia Technology Leadership Initiative and the DrugDevelopmentProgram.

Oneoftheearlyexternalprogrammeswasinitiat-ed inthe late1980swiththeWorldBank’sTechnol-ogy Development Project, which – besides provid-ing funds for imports of embodied technology andventurecapital– supportedaresearchanddevelop-ment fund(R&DSPREADFund)promoting indus-try-sponsored research at public R&D institutionsandtheIITs.TheFundwasmanagedbyatechnologyorientedunitofICICI,atthattimestillIndia’smostlypublicpremierDevelopmentBank.

Since 1994 SPREAD has funded 120 projects ofwhichclose to50werecompletedby2008;of thesetwothirdsweresuccessfulinbeingcommercialized,asignificantnumberforaprogrammewhichattempt-ed to bring India’s public and private sector closertogether. Three sectors (pharmaceuticals/bio-tech-nology,electrical/electronicsandchemicalsandpet-rochemicals) counted for three quarters of all proj-ects.Anevaluationhasbeenundertakenandcametoverypositiveresults,especiallysinceover80%ofthecompaniesinvolvedintheprogrammehadnoprevi-ousinvolvementwiththeR&Dinstitutions.Asacon-sequence,afollow-upprogrammewasimplemented,whichdisbursedoverUS$15million(EUR14.9mil-lion,conversionrate1999)between1994and2002.

Since1992,bilateralaid(mostlyfromtheU.S.andGermany) supplied US$70million (EUR 69 million,conversionrate1999)tosupportSPREADandmoreimportantly helped to modernize and update facili-ties, equipment, and organizational structure of In-dia’smajorresearchinstitutes.Outofthose,CSIRlab-oratoriessucceeded toreceive funds for11projects,withcentraleducationalinstitutesreceivingeightandothergovernmentinstitutionsreceivingfundsfor16projects. The SREAD Program was not only madepossiblebygovernment’sdecisiontograduallyliber-alizetheeconomy,butalsobytheexpressedwishandfinancialpressuretohavethetechnologicalinstitutesforgelinkswithindustry.

The recently inaugurated Indo-German Scienceand Technology Centre (IGSTC) has taken up theideatoactivelyfurthertheinteractionandcollabora-tionoftheS&Tinstitutionsandindustry.Named‘2+2ResearchandDevelopmentProjects’,afoursomeofaresearchinstitutefromeachcountryandtwoenter-prisesfromIndiaandGermanywillattempttoforgecloserlinksbetweenappliedR&Dandinnovationinsuchareasasbiotechnologyandhealthresearch,pro-ductiontechnologiesaswellasenergyandenviron-mentaltechnologies.SincethesigningoftheAgree-ment in 2007, six partnerships have been approvedandsupported.GermanyandIndiahaveallocateduptoEUR10millioneachforthecomingfiveyears.


3 Future prospects for Nordic-Asian cooperation

3.2 SuggestionsThe ‘Nordic-Asian research funding cooperation NO-RIA-net (Asia NORIA-net)’ suggestsaninitiationofamultilateralresearchprogrammeonselectedthemeswithinwell-definedresearchfields.

Thefieldsandthemesforcooperationwereidenti-fiedbyaproactiveapproach.Theproactiveapproachenvisagesresearchprogrammecooperationandcoor-dinationonspecificthemesbasedoncurrentempha-sis of national research council systems both in theNordiccountriesandinIndiaandChina.ItalsolooksaswhattheNordiccountrieshaveincommonregard-ingcooperationwithChinaandIndia.

ChineseandIndianwishesforcollaborativethemeshavealsotobetakenintoaccount.Butasneitherfor-malnor informaldialoguehas startedwithChineseand Indian counter partners their wishes have notbeen stated within the Asia NORIA-net. However,while choosing themes for cooperation, emphasesof the Chinese/Indian research council system havebeentakenintoconsideration.

The Nordic-Asian research funding cooperation NORIA-netsuggeststhat:

Themesforcollaborationshouldbepartlypolit-ically selected as cooperation such as suggestedherehastobeagreedonthepoliticallevel.Themesforcollaborationshouldbebasedonthestrengths of the partners, even though that willmean that some themes are suitable for someNordicpartnersonly.

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3.1 GeneraldiscussionAsstatedintheprojectdescription“the ultimate goal of the ‘Nordic-Asian research funding cooperation NO-RIA-net (AsiaNORIA-net)’ is to establish long-lasting funding instruments and funding mechanisms coordi-nated and funded by NordForsk and the national re-search council’s together”.

Tobeable to reach that aspiration it isnecessaryto define the themes of cooperation. The researchcouncilsystemintheNordiccountries,aswellasIn-diaandChina,haveallsettheirfocusoncertainre-searchthemes.Thosethemesdifferasthegeography,demography,economyandpoliticalenvironmentaredifferentineachcountry.Inspiteofthisnationaldif-ference,transnationalresearchprogrammecoopera-tionandcoordinationbetweentheNordiccountries,IndiaandChinaisbothdesirableandreachable.

Researchprogrammecooperationandcoordinationbetween the Nordic countries, India and China canputemphasisbothonbroadareasandcomprehensive-lydefinedthemesthatareofgreatinteresttoallpart-ners involved. Possible thematic advantages of Nor-dic-Chinese/Indian research programme cooperationandcoordinationarevarious;politically, scientificallyandsocioeconomically.ItisalsounambiguouswhetherNordiccooperationaddsacriticalmassintopotentialfundingcooperationwithIndiaandChina,whichtheNordiccountriescouldnotobtainindividually.How-ever,asalwayswhenmanystakeholdersareinvolved,thethemeshavetobechosencarefullyandinaccord-ancetoeachpartner’semphasis.

Figure 8. The methodological focal points of topic designation.

Asia NORIA-net�0

Having stated that the themes should be partlypolitically selectedand they shouldbebasedon thestrengths of the partners and with consideration tothedefinedthemesofeachnationalresearchcouncilsystem, the Nordic-Asian research funding cooperation NORIA-netsuggeststhefollowingthesethemesofco-operationasfocalpoints:

According to the research council systems in theNordiccountries,IndiaandChina,theenvironment,energy, life sciences and biotechnology are researchtopicsofahighpriority.ThatisalsoevidentincurrentinternationalcooperationinwhichtheNordiccoun-triesparticipate.

Moredefinedtopicsmayvarybasedonindividualparticipants’strengths.Basedonexistingestablishedco-operational projects between individual Nordiccountrieswith IndiaandChina topics likely to suc-ceedare:cleanandrenewableenergy,earthquakere-search,environmentalecology,publichealth,climate

researchandtechnology.Itisalsoclearthatsometop-icsarenotofinteresttoallNordiccountries;asanex-amplecouldbeearthquakeresearchthatevidentlyisahighinterestthemeforIcelandbutnotsomuchfortheotherNordiccountries.Ontheotherhand,thereare topics that are of high interest for all countriessuchasrenewableenergy.

3.3 Forms,proceduresandfunding

ThissectionintroducessomepotentialschemesforajointNordiceffort to increase scientificcooperationwithIndiaorChina.

3.3.1 Jointcall–(TheNORFACEERA-Netmodel)

Oneofthepartners(e.g.theAcademyofFinland)actsasacoordinatorofthejointcallandattendstoadmin-istrativeandfinancialissues.Fundingcanbeprovidedbythepartnercouncilsthemselves–basedonthesize

Table 8. Suggested themes of cooperation.


ofthecountry(GDPandpopulation)plusaddition-alfundingfromNordForskortheNordicCouncilofMinisters.AnERA-NetmodellikethismayinvolveaNetworkBoard(NB)consistingofonerepresentativeofhighstandingfromeachpartnercouncil.Addition-allyonecouldhaveaManagementTeam(MT)withofficerswhotakecareoftheday-todayactivitiesofthecall:planning,launchingthecall,organisingpeerre-view,evaluationandmonitoring.

Thismodel is laboriousand timeconsumingandquitealargeamountoffundingwouldbeneeded–ifthetimeandresourcesdevotedtotheprojectshallbeworthwhile.Anotherquestioniswhatoneshoulddowith China and/or India. If one managed to attracttherelevantpartnerinstitutionstheyshouldalsohaverepresentativesintheMTandNB,andwiththegeo-graphicaldistance thismightbedifficult toarrange.The NB should decide a theme for a call based onsuggestionsfromtheMT.Itseemsperhapsnotsore-alistic to organise the funding using a common potprocedurelikeNORFACEhasdoneontwooccasions.Butadistributivepot–whereallpartnersfundthere-searchersfromtheircountrywhoaredeemedworthyoffundingfollowingpeerreviewandevaluation–isamorelikelymodeltoconsider.Theresearchconsor-tiumsinsuchacallshouldhaveasaminimumoneAsian partner and one Nordic partner, or even twofromtheNordiccountries.

3.3.2 Trilateralcallusingexistingschemes

Alesstime-consumingandnotsoambitiousschemecouldbeatrilateralormultilateralcallliketheonetheAcademyofFinlandhasrecentlyproposedforDASTI,andlaterfortheRCN.Thisschemewouldimplythatonecountry/partnercouncilusestheirexistingmech-anisms(bilateralcooperationwithaparticularpart-nerabroad–forexampleDBTinIndia)andsimplyinvitesathirdcounciltojoinin.Whenregardsfund-ingsuchacallcaninvolveEUR1–2millionfromeachofthepartnersperyearin3–4yearsandbelaunchedwithinafieldwhichisrelevantforseveralorallcoun-tries, for example ICT, biotechnology, nanomater-ials or even social sciences. Administratively such aschemedoesnotnecessarilydemandverymuchmoreworkthanabilateralcall.Ofcourse,atleast1–2rep-resentativesofthedifferentpartnerswhojoininwillhavetodevotesometimetomakepreparationsinter-nallyandtomeettheotherpartnersforplanningandstrategicpurposes.

3.3.3 CoordinatedcallsintheNordiccountries andAsia

AlastoptionistosimplycoordinatethetimeframeforrelevantcallsintheNordiccountriesaswellasinChinaandIndia,respectively,inordertopromotetheideaofAsian-Nordiccollaboration.Applicants fromallthesecountriesshouldaspartofthecallbeencour-agedtoconsidercreatingconsortiumswhichincludeboth Asian and Nordic expertise in the field. Onecouldenvisageaclosecoordinationwithrelevantin-stitutionsinChinaand/orIndiatoensurethatasmallpartofmajor thematiccallscouldbeearmarkedforAsian-Nordiccollaborativeprojects.Thiswayofgo-ing forward would place emphasis on networkingactivitiesanddialogueinordertoachievecloserre-searchcooperationwithinselectedthemes.

3.3.4 Networkingactivities

Seminar series and workshops

AnideathatalsoisinspiredbyERA-nets,andNOR-FACE in particular, is to organise a series of semi-nars indifferentcountries.Onewouldneeda limit-edamountof funding thatmightbemadeavailablethrough an open competition arena. The successfulapplicants (research institutes or networks) wouldthengettheresponsibilitytoarrangeworkshopsandseminarsengagingparticipantsfromChina/IndiaandtheNordiccountries.Theremightbeforinstanceonemajortopicforeachyearinathree-yearperiod.Thepurposewouldbethreefold:a)toshowcasethemostpromisingresearchinapar-

ticular field – which is of importance in all thecountriesinvolved;

b)createanarenaforresearchersfromdifferentcoun-trieswhichwould facilitate theexchangeof ideasandpractices;

c) make policy makers, research administrators andresearchers come together to explore the oppor-tunities for research collaboration and joint pro-gramming.

Exchanges and mobility

Ashort-termexchangeprogrammemightbeinterest-ingtodevelopthroughtheAsiaNORIA-netnetwork.Theexchangesmightinvolvebothresearchadminis-tratorsandresearchers.OnecouldenvisagethatbothChinaandIndiainadditiontotheNordiccountriescouldtakepartsothata ‘triangle’ofexchangehosts


canoffervisits.InsuchaschemeaChineseresearch-ercouldchoosetotraveleithertoIndiaortooneofthe five Nordic countries. Accordingly, a researcherfromanyoftheNordiccountrieswouldgettwoalter-natives:IndiaorChina.Forresearchadministratorsastayof1–2weeksmightberealistic.Forresearchersadurationof2–4monthsmightbesuitableforavisitsothat–ifadefinedtopicandareaofresearchisspec-ified–participationinaconcreteresearchprojectismadepossible.Aschemelikedescribedabovewouldofcoursemean that researchcouncilsarewilling tohostvisitors forashortstay–andmore important-lythatuniversitiesorresearchinstitutesvolunteertobothsendandhostresearchers.

Nordic centres and contact points

Athirdpossiblenetworkingactivitythatisworthcon-sideringistocreatecommonNordiccentresinIndiaand/orChina.TheseshouldexclusivelyfocusonR&DcooperationandactasaninformationpointforNor-dicresearchandtechnology.TheobjectivesshouldbetoinformtherelevantChineseandIndianstakehold-ersaboutNordicresearch;itsstrengthsandopportu-nitiesforbilateralandmultilateralcooperation.Likean embassy or a trade and industry office abroad itwouldfunctionasabrokerinordertofindcommonground for a strengthened cooperation in the R&Dfieldbetweentop-qualityinstitutionsinAsiaandtheNordiccountries.IfaclosercooperationisestablishedwithandamongstthedifferentindividualNordicper-manent actors (embassies, companies, chambers ofcommerce)thatarealreadypresentinChinaandIn-dia–theestablishmentofanewNordiccentreorin-formationpointforR&Dmightbeofmutualbenefit.TheideaisbasedonanassumptionthatChineseandIndianpolicy-makersandresearchgroupswillfinditbotheasierandmoreattractivetoconsiderNordicre-searchintheirsearchforrelevantinternationalpart-ners–iftheycanapproachthefivecountriesbytheuseofonlyonecommunicationchannel.

List of references

DST:DepartmentofScienceandTechnology,Ministryof Science and Technology, Government of India.(2008). Research and Development Statistics at a Glance 2007–2008. New Delhi: http://www.dst.gov.in/scientific-programme/ser-nstmis.htm#.

DST:DepartmentofScienceandTechnology,Ministryof Science and Technology, Government of India.(2003).S&T Policy 2003.http://dst.gov.in/stsysindia/stp2003.htm.

Ministeriet for Videnskap, Teknologi og Udvikling.(2000). Strategi Vidensamarbedje mellem Danmark og Kina. Kopenhagen: http://vtu.dk/site/forside/publikationer/2008/strategi-for-vidensamarbejde-mellem-danmark-og-kina.

New Indico ERA-net. (2010, 28 Jan). Info on India. Re-trieved from http://www.newindigo.eu/info/india.html

OECD. (2009/1). Main Science and Technology Indica-tors.

OECD. (2007). Reviews of Innovation Policy: China: Synthesis Report.

Thomson Reuters. (2.11.2009). Essential Science Indica-tors -database.

USPTO: United States Patent and Trademark Office.(2009).Patenting by Organisations Report, CY1996, 2001, 2007. http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/reports.htm#by_org.

Wildson,J.,&Keeley,J.(2007).China: The Next Science Superpower? The Atlas of Ideas: Mapping the New Geography of Science. Demos: http://www.demos.co.uk/publications/atlaschina.

Wogart,J.P.(2008).Country Report India: An Analysis of EU-Indian Cooperation in S&T. CREST OMCWorking Group: Brussels. http://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/crest_india_06-12-08.pdf.

http://www.dst.gov.in/scienti%E1%B8%80c-programme/ser-nstmis.htm#

http://dst.gov.in/stsysindia/stp2003.htm

http://vtu.dk/site/forside/publikationer/2008/strategi-for-vidensamarbejde-mellem-danmark-og-kina

http://www.newindigo.eu/info/india.html

http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/reports.htm#by_org

http://www.demos

http://ec.europa.eu/esearch/iscp/pdf/crest_india_06-12-08.pdf.

The ’Nordic-Asian research funding cooperation NORIA-net (Asia NORIA-net)’ is a Nordic-Asian research funding cooperation project between the Academy of Finland, which also acts as project coordinator, the Research Council of Norway RCN, the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research FAS, the Icelandic Centre for Research RANNIS and the Danish Agency of Science, Technology and Innovation DASTI. These partners form the Asia NORIA-net project group. The Asia NORIA-net is funded by NordForsk, which also acts as an observer. The aim of the Asia NORIA-net is to identify the needs and prepare a model for joint research funding activities to be implemented together with the Nordic countries and their Asian counterparts, focusing on China and India. The ultimate goal is to establish long-lasting funding instruments and funding mechanisms coordinated and funded by NordForsk and the national research councils together. This report, Future Prospects for Nordic-Asian cooperation, serves as a final report introducing the results of the work done by the Asia NORIA-net project group and is a joint effort by the partners. Its purpose is to identify the partners’ existing cooperation with Chinese and Indian counterparts as well as the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to Nordic-Asian collaboration. It also describes the main characteristics of the S&T systems of China and India. Finally, the Asia NORIA-net project group makes suggestions for future collaboration.

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