354 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. S., 39, 1937

were pioneered as early as the Neolithic Age, during which the Brenner Pass was settled along its entire course. Others were established in the Bronze and Iron Ages. These arteries linked widely separated areas and served to accommodate cultural traffic and ethnic movements. Over them came into the plains of northern Italy some of the peoples who were later amalgamated into the basic Roman stock. Cer- tain cultural expressions, derived from trans-Alpine inspirations, and transmitted via such ancient trails, were absorbed in the forces which ultimately moulded the foundation of Roman civilization. Indeed, over the Alps eventually came the de- cisive onslaught which detroyed the Western Empire. A legacy of prehistoric pioneering with the Romans, the Alpine pass-routes became, in turn, a heritage of the Middle Ages, and finally of our own times. “Their story, then,” the author concludes, “is in brief merely the increasing use man has made of them throughout the ages. For their number and location had been fixed for all time by the conforma- tion 01 the Alpine barrier” (p. 194).

The scholar’s wide familiarity with the Alps, and specifically his numerous rec- onnoitering excursions on foot, give a distinct advantage to his authority. The subject matter is conveniently treated under logical geographical subdivisions, and there is an appended discourse on the much disputed question of Hannibal’s pass. Written in a fluent style, the volume is fully as enjoyable as it is profitable, and cer- tainly fills a prominent need in American literature.

VLADIMIR J. FEWKES CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

The Tress6 Iron-Age Megalithic Monument (Sir Robert Mond’s Excavation). Its Quadruple Sculptured Breasts and their Relation to the Mother-Goddess Cosmic Cult. V. C . C . COLLUM (xii, 123 pp., 35 pls., 14 figs. $4.00. New York: Oxford University Press, 1935.)

This megalithic monument, of the allte couverte type, is situated on the property of Baron Robert Surcouf in the Commune of TressC, Arrondissement of St. Malo, Department of Ile-et-Vilaine. It belongs to a late phase of the Megalithic Age and had not been previously excavated, but had been mentioned as early as 1883 in an inventory of the megalithic monuments of the region.

The monument dates from the first century A.D., probably in the reign of Domitian. The contents of this native Gallic tomb include: pottery (some hand- made, some turned on the wheel), flint and chert implements, beads, fibula frag- ments, bones, charcoal, an iron sword, and a Roman coin.

The chief interest of the monument lies in the two stones with pairs of sculptured bosses representing human mammae. These are supposed to represent the Great Mother, whose cult was so popular throughout Armorican Gaul in the days of the Roman Occupation (and perhaps even earlier), and which is believed to have spread from Asia Minor, Syria, and the Aegean Islands by way of the Mediterranean to the Iberian peninsula and Armorica.

BOOK REVIEWS 355

The excavation and prompt publication of this remarkable monument is a re- minder of the great debt archeology owes to the foresight and generosity of Sir Robert Mond.

GEORGE GRANT MACCURDY YALE UNIVERSITY

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

The Physical Anthropology of the Seminole Indians of Oklahoma. WILTON MARION KROGMAN. (Pubblicazioni del Comitato Italian0 per lo Studio dei Problemi della Popolazione, Serie 3, Vol. 2. xi, 199 pp., 36 pls., 6 figs., 3 maps. 20 lire. Rome: Failli, 1935.)

This publication is for the most part devoted to a very extensive analysis by D r Krogman of a series of anthropometric measurements and observations taken on adult and sub-adult Seminole and mixed Seminole Indians of Oklahoma. I n addition there are some notes by J. N . Hadley on the socio-economic status of the Oklahoma Seminoles, and a relatively small section by H. Hamlin which deals with certain vital statistics and health data on the same group.

As a fitting introduction to the discussion of the anthropometric data, Dr Krogman begins with a very clear and concise historical analysis of the ethnic make-up and population statistics of the Florida Seminoles as well as those of Oklahoma. The various elements which form the present day populations are pointed out and it is concluded quite rightly that The Oklahoma Seminole is an extremely mixed type: non-Muskhogean (Hitchiti) plus Musk- hogean (Creek); White; Negro. These are his essential ingredients. Add to this intermixture with other Indians and the crossing and re-crossing of all the variants, and the “f ull-blood” becomes at best a full-blood Indian rather than a full-blooded Seminole.

The anthropometric analysis which forms the main body of the report deals with observations, measurements and indices of adults of the following groups: pure-blood Seminole (608, 49 O), Seminole plus Creek (208 , 23 O), Seminole plus White ( 7 8 , 2 1 o ) , Seminole plus Negro (2 8) 1 o ) , pure Creek ( 5 8 , 8 0).

Dr Krogman describes in detail the various characteristics of the above groups and finds among other interesting results that the Seminole and Creek types are substantially identical. Particular attention is paid to an attempt to establish the purity of his full-blood Seminole group by means of tests of degree of homogeneity. Comparisons are made between the standard deviations and coefficients of variation of the Seminole group with those of other series considered to be relatively homo- geneous. The conclusion reached on this point is that the sample of male full-blood Seminoles has a degree of unity which argues for a minimum amount of mixture.

To the serious student of the physical anthropology of the American Indian who wishes to use these data, this reviewer must point out some important considera- tions. In the first place, it is found necessary to question the degree of accuracy