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ASHRAE Standard 15: Proposed Changes to Incorporate 2L Refrigerants Phillip Johnson, P.E. ASHRAE Member McQuay International McQuay International Staunton, VA San Antonio, Texas San Antonio, Texas 2012 Annual Conference 2012 Annual Conference

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Page 1: ASHRAE to Incorporate 2L Refrigerantstc0301.ashraetcs.org/documents/presentations... · 1. ASHRAE Standard 15: Proposed Changes to Incorporate 2L Refrigerants 2. ISO 5149, IEC 60335‐2‐40:

ASHRAE Standard 15: Proposed Changes to Incorporate 2L Refrigerants

Phillip Johnson, P.E.ASHRAE Member

McQuay InternationalMcQuay InternationalStaunton, VA

San Antonio, TexasSan Antonio, Texas2012 Annual Conference2012 Annual Conference

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Learning Objectives for this Session• Describe the changes to ASHRAE Standard 15 that are under consideration 

to allow the use of 2L refrigerants.• Describe the changes to ISO 5149 and EN 378 that are under consideration 

to allow the use of 2L refrigerantsto allow the use of 2L refrigerants.• Describe the changes to UL Standards that are under consideration to allow 

the use of 2L refrigerants.• Provide a comparison of the approaches being proposed in the US and the• Provide a comparison of the approaches being proposed in the US and the 

EU relative to the application of mildly flammable refrigerants.• Provide well informed comments on proposed changes to ASHRAE, ISO, and 

UL Standards when they are circulated for public review.y p• Describe the risks of 2L refrigerants relative to class 2 and 3 refrigerants.

ASHRAE is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems.  Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to ASHRAE Records for AIA members.Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to ASHRAE Records for AIA members.  Certificates of Completion for non‐AIA members are available on request.

This program is registered with the AIA/ASHRAE for continuing professional education.  As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any y g, g, g, g ymaterial or product.  Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

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Seminar 11St d d D l t f 2L Fl bl R f i tStandards Development for 2L Flammable Refrigerants

1. ASHRAE Standard 15: Proposed Changes to Incorporate 2L Refrigerants

2. ISO 5149, IEC 60335‐2‐40: Proposed Changes to Incorporate 2L Refrigerants

3. UL's Effort to Harmonize Product Safety Requirements for A2L, A2, and A3 Refrigerants

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IntroductionIntroductionEnvironmental considerations are reducing the number of chemicalsthat can be used as refrigerants. The HFCs were introduced to replace ozone depleting CFCs and HCFCs, but they are greenhouse gases and are subject to use restrictions in some countries. As a result the industry is evaluating chemicals with very low global warming potential. Some of these chemicals are mildly flammable and have been assigned to a new these chemicals are mildly flammable and have been assigned to a new flammability safety classification, 2L, in ASHRAE Standard 34. This seminar provides information on the changes to standards that specify requirements for the use of 2L flammable refrigerants.

Type of standards US Europe InternationalRefrigeration Safety

ClassificationASHRAE 34

UL 2182 --- ISO 817

System Safety ASHRAE 15 EN 378 ISO 5149y y

Equipment Safety

UL 207UL 250UL 471UL 474UL 484UL 984

EN 60335-2-34EN 60335-2-40

IEC 60335-2-34IEC 60335-2-40UL 984

UL 1995UL 60335-2-34UL 60335-2-40

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Abbreviations & NomenclatureAbbreviations & Nomenclature

AIT = Auto Ignition TemperatureATEL = Acute‐Toxicity Exposure LimitCFD = Computational Fluid DynamicsFCL = Flammable Concentration LimitFCL = Flammable Concentration LimitFDIS = Final Draft International StandardHOC = Heat Of CombustionLEL/UEL = Lower/Upper Explosion LimitLFL/UFL = Lower/Upper Flammability LimitLOC Li iti O C t tiLOC = Limiting Oxygen ConcentrationMIE = Minimum Ignition EnergyODL = Oxygen Deprivation Limityg pRCL = Refrigerant Concentration LimitSU = Burning Velocity

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What Are “2L” Refrigerants?What Are  2L  Refrigerants?

A safety group classificationA safety group classification used by several refrigerant designation standards:• ASHRAE Standard 34‐2010

• ISO 817:201x(d f FDIS i d f f l l(draft, FDIS registered for formal approval, will replace ISO 817:2005)

from: ASHRAE Standard 34‐2010

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Flammability ClassificationsFlammability Classifications

from: ASHRAE Standard 34‐2010

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What Are “2L” Refrigerants?What Are  2L  Refrigerants?

• Exhibit flameExhibit flame propagation when tested at 60°C

Heat oity

 Lim

it

Class 2Subclass 

2L• LFL > 0.10 kg/m³

• HOC < 19000 kJ/kgof Com

bustion(kJ/kg)19000

wer Flammabili

(kg/m³)

0.1

Class 22L

g

• SU ≤ 0.1 m/s0.1

Low

Class 3

Maximum Burning Velocity(m/s)

flame propagation tests per ASTM E 681flame propagation tests per ASTM E 681

burning velocity test methods in final process of standardization (ASHRAE  RP‐1583, RP‐1584)

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Current “2L” RefrigerantsCurrent  2L  Refrigerants

• Per ASHRAE 34‐2010 Addendum h Addendum i:Per ASHRAE 34 2010, Addendum h, Addendum i:

A2L B2L

R‐32 R‐717

R‐143a

R 1234yfR‐1234yf

R‐1234ze(E)

• Future possibility of blends (R‐4xx or R‐5xx) or other single component refrigerants.

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Brief History of 2LBrief History of 2L

• Initiated by ISO 817 (first proposal started 1999)Initiated by ISO 817 (first proposal started 1999)

• Removed from final draft of ISO 817:2005 (insufficient consensus at that time))

• Continued to develop within ISO (817 and 5149) and ASHRAEASHRAE 34‐2007 Addendum ak (2009 public review, published 2010)

• ASHRAE 34‐2010 included Subclass 2LASHRAE 34‐2010 Addenda h and i established five “2L” refrigerants

• ISO FDIS 817:201x will include Subclass 2L (to be published 2012 or 2013)published 2012 or 2013)

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Risks of Flammable RefrigerantsRisks of Flammable Refrigerants• Quantitative Risk Assessment Methods

Risk = Probability × Severityy y

• Probability of an event occurring:– Fuel: refrigerant leak or release into air: LFL UFL, LOC (range  

– Oxidant:– Ignition sources: presence, quantity, energy level (MIE, AIT); may be 

l t i th l

of flammable limits); size of flammable volume or region that may change size and location versus time

electric or thermal

• Severity of an event when it occurs:– Energy release:Energy release:

• Quantity: HOC • Rate: SU (chemical reaction rate); LEL UEL (range of explosion limits)explosion limits)

• Pressure rise

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Risks of Flammable RefrigerantsRisks of Flammable RefrigerantsASHRAE Research (active projects)

• RP‐1580: Study of Input Parameters For Risk Assessment of 2L Flammable Refrigerants in Residential Air Conditioning and Small Commercial Refrigeration Applications

• RP‐1583: Assessment of Burning Velocity Test Methods

• RP‐1584: Assessment of Alternative Approaches to Predicting the Burning VelocityApproaches to Predicting the Burning Velocity of a Refrigerant

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Risks of Flammable RefrigerantsRisks of Flammable Refrigerants

Heat oity

 Lim

it

Class 2Subclass 

2L

of Combustion

(kJ/kg)19000

wer Flammabili

(kg/m³)

0.1

Class 22L

0.1

Low

Class 3

Increasing probabilit of a Maximum Burning Velocity

(m/s) Increasing severity of a 

combustion event

probability of a combustion event

combustion event

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Risks of Flammable RefrigerantsRisks of Flammable Refrigerants

• Standard 15‐2010 currently includes safety Sta da d 5 0 0 cu e t y c udes sa etyrequirements for Class 2 and Class 3 refrigerants– Most of the requirements have existed for many years– Not always developed using a quantitative approach (no formal risk assessment calculations)Reasonable success if looking back over time– Reasonable success if looking back over time (empirical justification)

– Relatively conservative (risk averse  relatively y ( yrestrictive)

• SSPC 15 now working to determine what can be l d t f l ll b d f 2Lrelaxed to safely allow more broad use of 2L 

refrigerants

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Development of Safety StandardsDevelopment of Safety Standards

• Many industries must address safety issues,Many industries must address safety issues, and develop appropriate standards and guidelines

• One possible development process:ISO/IEC Guide 51/“Safety aspects – Guidelines for their inclusion in standards”

provides standards writers with guidelines for the inclusion of safety aspects in standards… applicable to any safety aspect related to people, property or the environment… aimed at reducing the risk arising from the use of products processes or services considers the complete life cycle of athe risk arising from the use of products, processes or services… considers the complete life cycle of a product, process or service, including both the intended use and the reasonably foreseeable misuse…safety is achieved by reducing risk to a tolerable level

• SSPC15 not formally adhering to Guide 51, but taking a similar approach

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Development of Safety StandardsDevelopment of Safety Standards• ISO/IEC Guide 51

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ASHRAE Standard 15 Overview – Basis of Standard• Refrigerant Safety Classification

• Class 1  Nonflammable

• Class 2  Lower Flammability

• Class 3  Higher Flammability

• Class A  Lower Toxicity

• Class B  Higher Toxicity

• Occupancy Classification• Institutional

• Public assembly

• Large mercantile

• Industrial

• Refrigerating System Classification

• Residential

• Commercial

• Mixed

• Restrictions on Refrigerant Use

• Direct

• Indirect  (open or closed)

• High probability

• Low Probability

Restrictions on Refrigerant Use

• Installation Restrictions

• Design and Construction of Equipment & Systems

must address each possible combination of classifications

• Operation and Testing

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Risk ManagementRisk Management

• Risk assessmentRisk assessment– Quantitative analysis becomes very specific to each application each scenario each equipmenteach application, each scenario, each equipment type

• SSPC 15 has reviewed quantitativeSSPC 15 has reviewed quantitative flammability test data and some CFD modeling but has taken more of a qualitativemodeling, but has taken more of a qualitative approach to risk assessment– Complexity due to the scope of the standard– Complexity due to the scope of the standard

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Safety FactorSafety Factor• RCL = min(ATEL, ODL, FCL)• FCL = 25% × LFL

Refrigerant RCL Source

R‐32 FCLFCL   25% × LFLR‐143a FCL

R‐717 ATEL

R‐1234yf FCL

• Safety Factor = 4 relative to LFL (margin to limit)

R 1234yf FCL

R‐1234ze(E) FCL

• Standard 15 methodology assumes catastrophic release of largest refrigerant circuit into available volume of occupied space with instantaneousvolume of occupied space with instantaneous mixing

• Does not directly consider flammable volume yversus time or leak rate, so event probability is not zero

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Standard 15 Approach to 2LStandard 15 Approach to 2L

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Standard 15‐2010 Addendum aStandard 15 2010 Addendum a• SSPC 15 issued a draft of revisions to obtain 

t d f db kcomments and feedback

• SSPC 15 now working to address several issues

• Upcoming slides will show selections from the APR• Upcoming slides will show selections from the APR, but not more recent revisions now in process

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Standard 15‐2010

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Class 2 & 3 Restrictionsincludes 2L, because 2L is 

sub‐class of class 2in general, it is very restrictive

Class 2 & 3 Restrictions

“high probability system”high‐probability system  is defined as:

thi ti llthis exception allows small self‐contained systems, with some restrictions on where it may be located, see next page

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Class 2 & 3 Restrictionsin general, it is very restrictive

so current revision allows use of A2 or A2L refrigerants in self‐contained systems with less than 3kg or 10kg, depending on location in the building and depending p g g p gon the occupancy (usage) of the building

see  next page for definitions of various occupancies

but this means split systems are generally not allowed due to field installed refrigerant tubing/piping, with exception for use of companion or block valves

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Occupancy Definitionswhere A2 or A2L is currently allowed y

or not allowed in some form or fashion (i.e. with restrictions)(Class 3 is much more restricted)

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Class 3 Restrictionsin general, it is very restrictive

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Proposed A2L RestrictionsProposed A2L Restrictions

intent is to allow A1 and A2L for human comfort, with restrictions as shownwith restrictions as shown 

on next page

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Additional Proposed A2L RestrictionsAdditional Proposed A2L Restrictionsas first step towards less restrictive use of 2L refrigerants theserefrigerants, these requirements were proposed in the APR

revisions in process now may further change the requirements based on more risk assessmentmore risk assessment and risk analysis, to address issues such as: (1) reliability of detection & ventilation systems, (2) hot surface temperature limit, (3) ignition sourceignition source restrictions

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Basic Approaches to Using Class 2LBasic Approaches to Using Class 2L

• Ignition source restrictions in all casesg• Locate equipment outdoors & use indirect system• If equipment is indoors, or an outdoor direct system:– Remove or revise the upper cap limit on total flammable refrigerant on siteflammable refrigerant on site

– Continue to use RCL to limit charge size in each independent refrigerant circuitSafety margin to LFL included in RCL– Safety margin to LFL included in RCL

– Refrigerant detection and ventilation requirements in the occupied space

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Additional IssuesAdditional Issueschanging Standard 15 is only the first step, next t i h i d lstep is changing model building codes, after that next step is state and local codes must adopt model pcodes and/or Standard 15

without changes to UL standards (such as UL1995, UL984, UL60335‐2‐34, pending draft UL60335‐2‐40, etc.), to clearly identify eq ipment design req irements for lass 2Lequipment design requirements for class 2L fluids, it will be difficult to receive product safety listing from UL or ETL, without listing label on the equipment it is difficult to persuade the local code official to allow the installation

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Institutional Occupancy Issuesbuildings with institutional occupancy are generally places where people have restricted ability to move  by themselves, thus preventing them from escaping in case of emergency

because of  increased risk for prolonged exposure, in the event of a refrigerant release, the refrigerant h i li i f i i i lcharge quantity limits for institutional occupancy is reduced to half the normal limit

so section 7.2.1 is an exception to 7.5.1.1, and this exception makes it more restrictive for institutional occ panc (total from 500kg to 250kgoccupancy (total from 500kg to 250kg, and from 100% RCL to 50% RCL)

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Institutional Occupancy IssuesInstitutional Occupancy Issuesif refrigerant charge quantity limits (50% of RCL) seem too restrictive, co nter meas re is to change thecounter measure is to change the building design to make separate sections, each using separate HVAC system (independent refrigerant circuits)

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TimelineTimeline

• SSPC 15 ActivitiesSSPC 15 Activities

21-Jun-2009

SSPC 15 creates ad hoc working group to evaluate changes required in Standard 15 to accommodate class 2L, based on report that SSPC 34 was evaluating a change proposal to create subclass 2L

2009 ~ 2011 ad hoc working group studies issues and develops proposed revisions

29-Aug-2011 public review period ends for APR of Addendum a

22-Jan-2012 SSPC 15 reviews ad working group results after incorporating feedback from public review comments

Feb~Apr 2012SSPC 15 interim teleconference meetings, further discussion and work on the committee draft, sends back to ad hoc working group

24-Jun-2012 ad hoc working group meeting and report back to SSPC 15

To Be Determined first Publication Public Review (PPR1)

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Interaction with Building CodesInteraction with Building Codes• Code Change Cycles2012 di i bli h d d i 2011 (IMC IFC)• 2012 editions published during 2011 (IMC, IFC) and 2012 (UMC)

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Change CyclesChange Cycles

• Standard 15‐2010 is “Continuous Maintenance”

• anyone can submit change proposals at any time, SSPC15 committee reviews and can modifySSPC15 committee reviews and can modify, accept, or reject

• consensus based with a public review processdd d bli h d ti b i• addenda published on continuous basis

• every 3 years publish an updated edition, y y p p ,including all addenda approved since the prior edition

2001, 2004, 2007, 2010 … 2013, 20162001, 2004, 2007, 2010 … 2013, 2016

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Standard 15‐2010Standard 15 2010

• the Standard is referenced by, or adopted in t e Sta da d s e e e ced by, o adoptedpart/whole, or copied into various building codes

– National model building codes that are then d t d b i di id l j i di ti hadopted by individual jurisdictions, such as:• International Mechanical Code( IMC )• International Fire Code ( IFC )• Uniform Mechanical Code ( UMC )

developed by ICC

de eloped b IAPMO• Uniform Mechanical Code ( UMC )– State building codes– Local building codes, where applicable

M d l b ildi d bli h d

developed by IAPMO

• Model building codes are published once every three years, following a fixed process during each code change cyclecode change cycle

ICC = International Code CouncilIAPMO = International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials

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Code Change CyclesCode Change CyclesIn the past, the ASHRAE cycle for code‐intended standards was leading the model building code cycles (ASHRAE published first, just before the beginning of a 2 year 

l f b ildi d ) h CC h d h i l ( li i f

Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4 future ? future ?

cycle for building codes).  The ICC changed their cycle (split into two groups of codes, each with a separate cycle time line).  Now there is a conflict with ASHRAE.

Std 15

Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4 future ? future ?

IMC

IFC

UMC

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

IFC

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

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Code Change CyclesCode Change Cycles• ICC “2012/2013 Code Development Cycle”

– will result in the 2015 I‐Codes (published during 2014)– The cycle was changed from past practice, this is the first time the codes will be split into two groups (A/B) with a Code Development Hearing and Final Action Hearing in p g gboth 2012 (Group A) and 2013 (Group B). Now also Group C.

• Code change cycle for the 2015 edition startedd dli f h l b i i– deadlines for change proposal submission

IMC IFC UMC

3‐Jan‐2012 3‐Jan‐2013 3‐Jan‐2013

Due to revised process by ICC, ASHRAE is not correctly synchronized p y , y ywith ICC schedule.  ASHRAE CIS considering how to respond.

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Code Change CyclesCode Change Cycles• If safety requirements for class 2L refrigerants are not added to the 2015 building codes, the nextnot added to the 2015 building codes, the next opportunity is the 2018 edition

• Adoption & effective date by individual states or localities will be at different times

39

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BibliographyBibliography

• ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15‐2010, Safety Standard for f fRefrigeration Systems, American Society of Heating, 

Refrigerating and Air‐Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329.ANSI/ASHRAE St d d 34 2010 D i ti d S f t• ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34‐2010, Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air‐Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 3032930329.

• ISO/IEC Guide 51:1999, Safety aspects – Guidelines for their inclusion in standards.

• ISO Guide 73:2009 Risk management Vocabulary• ISO Guide 73:2009, Risk management – Vocabulary.• ISO DIS 817, Refrigerants – Designation and safety 

classification, International Organization for Standardization, 20102010.

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Q i ?Questions?

Phillip Johnsonh ll h d [email protected]