ashrae-55-2004

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ASHRAE Standard 55-2004for High Performance Buildings

Brian Lynch, Brian Lynch, HBDP, LEED AP

Western Mechanical Solutions

ResourcesResources

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Brian Lynch, SecretaryCommittee Member thru June 2012Brian Lynch, SecretaryCommittee Member thru June 2012

ANSI/ASHRAE 55ANSI/ASHRAE 55--20042004Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human OccupancyThermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy

Committee Member thru June 2012Committee Member thru June 2012

Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) 55Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) 55Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) 55Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) 55


Continuous Maintenance

Meets: ASHRAE Winter Meeting (January) ASHRAE Annual Meeting (June)

Conference Call 2-4 times per year

Continuous Maintenance

Meets: ASHRAE Winter Meeting (January) ASHRAE Annual Meeting (June)

Conference Call 2-4 times per yearp yp y

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Continuous MaintenanceContinuous MaintenanceContinuous MaintenanceContinuous Maintenance


3 addenda out earlier this year (one recalled)

3 addenda out earlier this year (one recalled)

Continuous MaintenanceContinuous MaintenanceContinuous MaintenanceContinuous Maintenance


4 addenda currently out / being reviewed: 30 day ended October 12th (addenda f)

SET* methodology

45 day ended October 27th (addenda g) revises 7.6.2.1 (surveying occupants) and Appendix E

(Thermal Environment Survey)

60 day ending November 11th (addenda d and e) D: Quite Extensive E: simplifies Section 6 (documenting design and

showing compliance)

4 addenda currently out / being reviewed: 30 day ended October 12th (addenda f)

SET* methodology

45 day ended October 27th (addenda g) revises 7.6.2.1 (surveying occupants) and Appendix E

(Thermal Environment Survey)

60 day ending November 11th (addenda d and e) D: Quite Extensive E: simplifies Section 6 (documenting design and

showing compliance)showing compliance)showing compliance)

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The ASHRAE Research Strategic Plan centers on the concept of Sustainability. The ASHRAE Research Strategic Plan centers on the concept of Sustainability.

ASHRAE ResearchASHRAE Research

One of the goals of this research is to optimize and make consistent ASHRAE Standards 90, 62, and 55 to achieve measured and verified high system energy efficiency with high indoor environmental quality.

One of the goals of this research is to optimize and make consistent ASHRAE Standards 90, 62, and 55 to achieve measured and verified high system energy efficiency with high indoor environmental quality.

New Package from ASHRAE Gives Users Tools for LEEDNew Package from ASHRAE Gives Users Tools for LEED

“ASHRAE standards have long been a part of the LEED program’s technical requirements, and we are pleased to offer these standards together to best benefit the buildingand we are pleased to offer these standards together to best benefit the building industry.” -W. Stephen Comstock, ASHRAE publisher

The full package includes:• ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004• 90.1-2004 User’s Manual• ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004,Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality• 62.1-2004 User’s Manual• ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2004, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy• Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings• Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Retail Buildings• Advanced Energy Design Guide for K–12 School Buildings• Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits

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Thermal comfort is the main reason we have Thermal comfort is the main reason we have


main reason we have buildings.main reason we have buildings.

Tents are pretty energy efficientTents are pretty energy efficient


efficient.efficient.

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HistoryHistory

1966 – replaced 1938 Code for Minimum Requirements for Comfort Air ConditioningRequirements for Comfort Air Conditioning

Comfort Zone = 73-77 F, 20 to 60 % RH, 45 fpm

1981 – recognized a Winter and Summer comfort Zone.

8 Sections8 Sections

1.1. PurposePurpose2 S2 S 2. Scope2. Scope

3. Definitions3. Definitions 4. General Requirements4. General Requirements 5. Conditions5. Conditions 6 Compliance6 Compliance 6. Compliance6. Compliance 7. Evaluation7. Evaluation 8. References8. References

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Section 1Section 1


Purpose:

- specify the combinations of • indoor thermal environmental factors• personal factors

- acceptable to a majority of the occupants within the space.

Purpose:

- specify the combinations of • indoor thermal environmental factors• personal factors

- acceptable to a majority of the occupants within the space.

Section 2 – Scope• Addresses environmental factorsSection 2 – Scope• Addresses environmental factors


Addresses environmental factors • And personal factors• up to 10,000 ft• doesn’t cover air quality, etc.

Section 3 – Definitions

S ti 4 G l R i t

Addresses environmental factors • And personal factors• up to 10,000 ft• doesn’t cover air quality, etc.

Section 3 – Definitions

S ti 4 G l R i tSection 4 - General Requirements• must specify the space to which it applies• activity and clothing of the occupants must be considered

Section 4 - General Requirements• must specify the space to which it applies• activity and clothing of the occupants must be considered

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Section 5 – Conditions that Provide Thermal Comfort5.1 IntroductionSection 5 – Conditions that Provide Thermal Comfort5.1 Introduction


Six Primary Thermal Comfort VariablesSix Primary Thermal Comfort Variables Air temperatureAir temperature HumidityHumidity

Six Primary Thermal Comfort VariablesSix Primary Thermal Comfort Variables Air temperatureAir temperature HumidityHumidity Humidity Humidity Humidity Humidity

Section 55.1 IntroductionSection 55.1 Introduction


Six Primary Thermal Comfort VariablesSix Primary Thermal Comfort Variables Metabolic rate Clothing insulation Air temperature Radiant temperature Air Speed Humidity

Six Primary Thermal Comfort VariablesSix Primary Thermal Comfort Variables Metabolic rate Clothing insulation Air temperature Radiant temperature Air Speed Humidity Humidity Humidity

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Method for Determining Acceptable Method for Determining Acceptable Thermal Conditions in Occupied Thermal Conditions in Occupied Method for Determining Acceptable Method for Determining Acceptable Thermal Conditions in Occupied Thermal Conditions in Occupied


ppSpaces (Section 5.2)Spaces (Section 5.2)

Graphical Method for Typical Indoor Environments

C t M d l M th d f G l

ppSpaces (Section 5.2)Spaces (Section 5.2)

Graphical Method for Typical Indoor Environments

C t M d l M th d f G l Computer Model Method for General Indoor Application

Computer Model Method for General Indoor Application

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Acceptable Range of Operative Acceptable Range of Operative TemperaturesTemperatures ASHRAE 55ASHRAE 55--2004, Figure 5.2.1.12004, Figure 5.2.1.1

Acceptable Range of Operative Acceptable Range of Operative TemperaturesTemperatures Figure 5.2.1.1Figure 5.2.1.1

Operative TemperatureOperative Temperature

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predicted mean vote (PMV): predicted mean vote (PMV): an index that predicts the mean value of the votes of a large group of persons on the seven-

PMV PMV –– PPD IndexPPD Index

value of the votes of a large group of persons on the seven-point thermal sensation scale.

PMV model uses heat balance principles to relate the six key factors for thermal comfort to the average response of people on a seven point scale.

predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD): predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD): an index that establishes a quantitative prediction of the percentage of thermally dissatisfied people determined from PMV.

Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) <10%Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) >-0.5 to <+0.5

ASHRAE Thermal Sensation ScaleASHRAE Thermal Sensation Scale

+3 hot+3 hot+2 warm+2 warm+1 slightly warm+1 slightly warm0 neutral--1 slightly cool1 slightly cool--2 cool2 cool--3 cold3 cold--3 cold3 cold

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Local Thermal Discomfort FactorsLocal Thermal Discomfort Factors

••Radiant temperature AsymmetryRadiant temperature Asymmetry••Vertical air temperature differenceVertical air temperature differenceFloor s rface temperat reFloor s rface temperat re••Floor surface temperatureFloor surface temperature

••Temperature variation with timeTemperature variation with time••Cyclic variations in operative temperatureCyclic variations in operative temperature••Drifts or rampsDrifts or ramps••Draft Draft (in winter) (in winter) -- ISO Comfort Standard 7730 defines draft as “Unwanted local cooling”.ISO Comfort Standard 7730 defines draft as “Unwanted local cooling”.

A certain percentage of people are usually dissatisfied by a factor other than thermal sensation, such as draft or radiant asymmetry.

ASHRAE Thermal Comfort ToolASHRAE Thermal Comfort Tool

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Typical Office Cooling Values Air temperature (75 ˚F)Typical Office Cooling Values Air temperature (75 ˚F)

Designing for Thermal Comfort Designing for Thermal Comfort -- CoolingCooling

Air temperature (75 F) Humidity (50% RH) Metabolic rate (1 met) Radiant temperature (75 ˚F) Clothing insulation (0.5 to 1.0 clo) Air speed (40 fpm or less)

Air temperature (75 F) Humidity (50% RH) Metabolic rate (1 met) Radiant temperature (75 ˚F) Clothing insulation (0.5 to 1.0 clo) Air speed (40 fpm or less)p ( p )p ( p )

Savings from Raising Thermostat Savings from Raising Thermostat Settings in CoolingSettings in Cooling

Rule of ThumbRule of Thumb Each degree of thermostat offset saves ~ 2% of cooling energy

Rule of ThumbRule of Thumb Each degree of thermostat offset saves ~ 2% of cooling energy

Energy Model Energy Model -- 20,000 ft20,000 ft22 OfficeOfficeEnergy Model Energy Model -- 20,000 ft20,000 ft22 OfficeOffice

Location 75F Cooling 79.7F Cooling % Reduction

Miami 121,290 kWh 108,735 kWh 10.35 %

Houston 94 420 kWh 87 046 kWh 7 81 %Houston 94,420 kWh 87,046 kWh 7.81 %

Los Angeles 45,913 kWh 43,404 kWh 5.46 %

Kansas City 50,575 kWh 46,071 kWh 8.91 %

Chicago 43,035 kWh 39,175 kWh 9.01 %

DenverDenver 38,904 kWh38,904 kWh 35, 147 kWh35, 147 kWh 9.66 %9.66 %

Madison 38,147 kWh 34,799 kWh 8.78 %

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Air Speed Required to Offset Air Speed Required to Offset Increased Temperature Increased Temperature Figure 5.2.3Figure 5.2.3

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1111°° F per F per cloclo –– effect of changing clothing insulation on the optimum operative temperature

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Radiant heating or cooling sources do not change the temperature of the air in a space directly.

Radiant TemperatureRadiant Temperature

the temperature of the air in a space directly. Due to the wavelength of the energy, an object is

directly heated or cooled without cooling the air between.

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7.6.2.1 Survey Occupants. The purpose of this standard is to ensure that a room, building, etc., is comfortable for a substantial majority (at least 80%) of the occupants. Therefore, an effective way to evaluate the environmental conditions is to survey the occupants. This survey should be performed for every operating mode, in every design condition. This would require a survey check sheet to be provided by the team responsible for validating the thermal environment of thethe team responsible for validating the thermal environment of the space. The sheet shall have, as a minimum, the following data for the occupant to fill in:

• Occupant’s name, date, and time• Occupant’s name, date, and time• Approximate outside air temperature• Approximate outside air temperature• Clear sky/overcast (if applicable)• Clear sky/overcast (if applicable)• Seasonal conditions• Seasonal conditions• Occupant’s clothing• Occupant’s clothing• Occupant’s activity level• Occupant’s activity level• Applicable equipment• Applicable equipment• General thermal comfort level• General thermal comfort level• Occupant’s location• Occupant’s location

Standard 55 must find ways to better support Standard 55 must find ways to better support High Performance Buildings better. High Performance Buildings better.

Where is the Standard going?Where is the Standard going?

High Performance Buildings better. High Performance Buildings better. Change in Air speed limits good step. Change in Air speed limits good step. Must work on Adaptive Method.Must work on Adaptive Method.

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Acceptable Operative Temperature Acceptable Operative Temperature Ranges for Naturally Conditioned Spaces Ranges for Naturally Conditioned Spaces Figure 5.3Figure 5.3

ttococ = 66 + 0.255(= 66 + 0.255(ttoutout -- 32) 32) °°FF

Acceptable Operative Temperature Acceptable Operative Temperature Ranges for Naturally Conditioned Spaces Ranges for Naturally Conditioned Spaces Figure 5.3Figure 5.3

Denver =Denver =

76.576.5

Denver = Denver =

73.473.4°°FF

76.676.6

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Mixed Mode ventilation – swing seasonal use, different zones.


different zones.

What are people submitting for Standard 55 compliance (LEED and Standard 189.1)


compliance (LEED and Standard 189.1)

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Rearrange standard to start with occupant. Start with parameters such as metabolic rate, clothing,


with parameters such as metabolic rate, clothing, and then working outward.

Move impact of clo on setpoints from Appendix B to front of normative body of standard.

HVAC is for people, requirements are for occupants, not buildings.


occupants, not buildings. Goal should be to focus on making people

comfortable not buildings.

ashrae-55-2004

Documents

thermal comfort

human occupancy

brian lynch

acceptable

pmv

ppd

occupants

index