ASECENTRE FOR ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION

An ESRC Research Centre

ESRC Research Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion

annual report 2007CASEreport 48

Staff and Associates 2007

Director

Professor John Hills

Deputy Director

Professor Anne Power

Co-Directors

Professor Emeritus Howard Glennerster

Professor Kathleen Kiernan

Professor Julian Le Grand

Professor Carol Propper

Research Staff

Dr Francesca Borgonovi

Dr Tania Burchardt

Dr Carmen Huerta (until Sept 2007)

Dr Eleni Karagiannaki

Dr Abigail McKnight

Dr Jörg Plöger

Mr Tom Sefton

Dr Kitty Stewart

Ms Astrid Winkler

Associates

Dr Arnstein Aassve (Essex)

Professor Simon Burgess (Bristol)

Professor Robert Cassen

Professor Frank Cowell

Dr Rosemary Davidson (University College London)

Dr Martin Evans (Oxford)

Mr Alex Fenton (Cambridge)

Professor Paul Gregg (Bristol)

Professor John Hobcraft (York)

Professor Jane Falkingham (Southampton)

Dr Orsolya Lelkes (European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research)

Dr Bingqin Li

Dr Ruth Lupton (Institute of Education)

Professor John Micklewright (Southampton)

Professor David Piachaud

Ms Liz Richardson (Manchester)

Dr Christian Schluter (Southampton)

Dr Hyun-Bang Shin (Leeds)

Dr Wendy Sigle-Rushton

Dr Emily Silverman (Technion, Israel Institute of Technology)

Professor Holly Sutherland (Essex)

Dr Rebecca Tunstall

Dr Polly Vizard

Professor Jane Waldfogel (Columbia)

Dr Asghar Zaidi (European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research)

Visitors

Gianluca Busilacchi (Ancona)

Liliana Fernandes (UC Portugal)

Robyn Martin (Curtin)

Ann Owens (Harvard)

Vincent Vandenberghe (UC Louvain)

Research Students

Ms Francesca Bastagli

Mr Ben Baumberg (from Sept 07)

Ms Sheere Brooks

Ms Mingzhu Dong

Ms Ludovica Gambaro (from Sept 07)

Mr Aaron Grech

Mr Bryan Jones

Ms Suyoung Kim

Ms Sarah Mohaupt (from Sept 07)

Ms Sarah Thomas de Benitez

Ms Catalina Turcu

Ms Yuka Uzuki

Mr Stephen Wang (from April 07)

Research assistants

Ms Ludovica Gambaro (from Aug 07)

Ms Sarah Mohaupt (from Sept 07)

Ms Ellen Stewart (from Sept 07)

Ms Paulina Terrazas (from Oct 07)

Ms Catalina Turcu

Ms Katharina Janke (Bristol University)

Administrator

Ms Jane Dickson

Administrative and IT Support

Ms Nicola Serle

Mr Joe Joannes

Ms Laura Lane

Ms Anna Tamas

Mr Nic Warner

Advisory Committee

Ms Sue Duncan, HM Treasury (Chair)

Professor Daniel Dorling, Sheffield University

Mr Norman Glass, National Centre for Social Research

Professor Janet Finch, Keele University

Professor Stephen Jenkins, Essex University

Mr Nicholas Timmins, Financial Times

Mr Adrian Towse, Office of Health Economics

Ms Moira Wallace, Home Office

Dr Sally Witcher, Edinburgh University

�

CASE – An Introduction 2

Review of the Year 2007 3

Generational and Life Course Dynamics 8

Economicdeprivation,maternaldepression,parentingandchildren’scognitive andemotionaldevelopmentinearlychildhood�0

Women’semploymenthistoriesandincomesinlaterlife��

Poverty, Local Services and Outcomes 12

TheimpactofneighbourhoodontheincomeandmentalhealthofBritishsocialrenters�3

Therelationshipbetweenparentalincomeandoutcomesinmiddlechildhood�4

Low Income Areas, the CASE Neighbourhood Study and Social Networks 15

DIYcommunityaction:neighbourhoodproblemsandcommunityself-help�7

Industrialcollapseanditsaftermath:sevenEuropeancitiesintherecoveryward�8

Education, Employment, Welfare and Exclusion 20

Notenoughrungs?Welfaretoworktransitions22

Therolesofsocialhousinginthe2�stcentury23

Makingsocialpolicywork:essaysinhonourofHowardGlennerster24

Policies, Concepts and Measurement of Social Exclusion 25

Fromsocialsafetynettosocialpolicy?TheroleofconditionalcashtransfersinwelfarestatedevelopmentinLatinAmerica27

Resilienceandsocialexclusion28

Doingwellbydoinggood:therelationshipbetweenformalvolunteering andself-reportedwell-beingintheUnitedStates29

Appendix 1 – Current Research and Research Staff 30

Appendix 2 – List of Publications 2007 36

Appendix 3 – Key Performance Indicators 42

How to find us 44

Contents

2

TheCentrefortheAnalysisofSocial

Exclusion(CASE)isamulti-disciplinary

researchcentrebasedattheLondon

SchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience

(LSE),withintheSuntoryandToyota

InternationalCentresforEconomicsand

RelatedDisciplines(STICERD).Ourfocus

isonexplorationofdifferentdimensions

ofsocialdisadvantage,particularly

fromlongitudinalandneighbourhood

perspectives,andexaminationofthe

impactofpublicpolicy.

CASEwasoriginallyestablishedin�997

withcorefundingfromtheEconomic

andSocialResearchCouncil(ESRC).The

CentreisnowsupportedbySTICERD

(includingforitsToyotaResearch

Fellowship),theLSE,andarangeof

otherorganisations,includingESRC,

theJosephRowntreeFoundation,

theNuffieldFoundation,theBritish

Academy,theDepartmentof

CommunitiesandLocalGovernment,

theDepartmentforWorkandPensions,

andtheScottishExecutive.Itincludes

theresearchandconsultancygroup

LSEHousing.TheCentreisaffiliatedto

theLSEDepartmentforSocialPolicy.

Itcurrentlyhouses�3postgraduate

studentsworkingontopicsrelatedtoits

coreareasofinterest.

Thisreportpresentssomeofthemain

findingsfromourresearchandactivities

during2007,ourtenthyearofoperation,

andovertheprecedingtwoyears.

Moredetailcanbefoundinthe

publicationslistedinAppendix2,which

includeCASE’sowndiscussionpaperseries

(CASEpapers),researchandconference

reports(CASEreports)andsummariesof

findings(CASEbriefs),allofwhichare

disseminatedviatheweb(withalimited

numberofprintedcopiesavailable).The

Centrepublishesbooksresultingfromits

researchinThePolicyPress’sseries,CASE

Studies in Poverty, Place and Policy(www.

policypress.org.uk/catalog/).

For more information about the Centre and its work, including texts of our publications, please visit our website: http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/case/

CASE – An Introduction

3

The Year at a Glance ThisreportcoversCASE’sactivitiesduring

thecalendaryear2007(withfinancial

andrelatedinformationforthe2006-07

academicyear).Thisyearmarkedthe

completionoftheCentre’stenyearswith

corefundingfromtheEconomicand

SocialResearchCouncil(ESRC).Having

completedthatresearchprogramme,

theCentreiscontinuingitswork,with

anumberofprojectsalreadyunderway;

fundingforseveralnewprojectswas

securedduringtheyearfor2008to

20�0,andweareawaitingtheresultsof

otherapplications.

•Newprojectsstartingin2008include:

researchovertwoandahalfyears

fortheNuffieldFoundationonthe

distributionofwealthanditspolicy

implicationsandastudyoftheimpact

ofpolicysince�997onpoverty,

inequalityandexclusionfortheJoseph

RowntreeFoundation,whichalso

extendedfundingforourcomparative

‘WeakMarketCities’programmefor

athirdyear.TheSuntoryandToyota

InternationalCentresforEconomics

andRelatedDisciplines(STICERD)are

providingcoresupportforCASEfor

theperiodfrom2007-08to2009-�0,

andsupportfromSTICERDandLSE

willallowexpansionoftheCentre’s

workintonewareas.

•Majorpublicationsduringtheyear

includedAnnePowerandJohn

Houghton’sbook,Jigsaw Cities;

Making Social Policy Work,edited

byJohnHills,JulianLeGrandand

DavidPiachaud;RobertCassenand

GeetaKingdon’sreport,TacklingLow

Achievement;andAnnePower’s,

City Survivors: Bringing up children in

disadvantaged neighbourhoods.Two

furtherbooksarealreadyinpressfor

publicationin2008.

•Ends and Means: The future roles

of social housing in England by

JohnHillswaslaunchedinFebruary

byCommunitiesSecretary,Ruth

Kelly,whohadcommissioned

thereport,whileTaniaBurchardt

andPollyVizard’sresearchledto

theEqualitiesReviewadopting

theirframeworkforevaluating

progressindifferentdimensions

ofequalityandrecommendingits

usebythenewCommissionon

EqualityandHumanRightsand

byallgovernmentdepartments.

•TheCentremaintaineditsoverall

levelofpublishedoutputduring

theyear,despiteitssomewhat

smallerscaleofoperation,with87

publicationsinall,includingseven

booksorreportsand�9refereed

journalarticles,withafurthernine

articlesacceptedforlaterpublication

•SinceCASEstarteditsresearch

inOctober�997,morethan720

outputshavebeenpublishedasa

resultofitswork.Wehavecontinued

toproduceonepieceofpublished

outputforeachfivedaysofthat

time,maintainingthisin2007.This

hasincludedmorethan�50refereed

journalarticles,68booksorreports,

and�25chaptersinotherbooks.By

theendoftheyear,wehadpublished

�29papersinourCASEpapersseries,

and47CASEreports.Useofthe

internettoaccessourpapersincreased

sharplyintheyear,with44,000

downloadspermonthdirectlyfrom

ourwebsite.

•TheCentrewasselectedbyESRC

asoneoftwocasestudiesfrom

itsportfolioforanindependent

examinationoftheeconomicimpact

ofresearchsupportedbytheresearch

councils.ThereportbyPAConsulting

forResearchCouncilsUKreported

that,‘CASEresearchworkenabled

governmenttomakebetterpolicy,

andfasterthanwouldotherwisehave

beenproduced’inareaswherepublic

spendingrunstomanybillionsof

poundsannually.

•Wecontinuedtodisseminateour

workwidelythroughseminarsand

conferences,inpolicyforums,and

throughthemedia.InJune2007,

RebeccaTunstallmadethe�000th

presentationbasedonCASE’sresearch

sinceourinception.Inall,CASE

membersmade�33conferenceand

seminarpresentationsduringtheyear,

manyofthemoverseas,makingitour

mostactiveyearinthisrespect.Media

coveragewasalsoatitshighestlevel

sincewebegan,includingover�00

pressarticlesandatleast37radioand

televisioninterviewsrelatedtothe

Centre’swork.

•EventsorganisedbytheCentreduring

theyearincludedthewell-attended

launchesofEnds and Means, Jigsaw

Cities, Making Social Policy Work,and

City Survivors,aswellasameeting

oftheEuropeanNetworkforthe

SociologicalandDemographicStudy

ofDivorce,andafurthermeetingof

theCityReformers’Group,bringing

togetherurbanpractitionersfrom

EuropeandtheUSA.

•TheESRCprovidedjustoverhalfof

theCentre’stotalfundingof£970,000

intheacademicyear2006-07,with

hostinstitutionsupportproviding20

percentofthetotalandco-funding

fromotherbodies27percent.New

grantsof£526,535weresecured

duringtheyear.

•Overallresearchstaffinputswere�0.2

FTEs.Two-fifths(4.�FTEs)wereESRC-

funded.Associatedacademicstaff

contributed2.6FTEs,andsupport

staff4.2FTEs.

Review of the Year, 2007

4

CASE’s future research programme CASEsuccessfullycompleteditsmajor

researchprogrammefundedbyESRC

attheendof2007.TheCentrewill

continueitsactivitiesandresearchinto

thecomingyears,however,withsupport

alreadyagreedforanumberofnewand

continuingprojects.

TheSuntoryandToyotaInternational

CentresforEconomicsandRelated

Disciplines(STICERD)areproviding

supportforCASE’scoreactivitiesfor

theperiodfrom2007-08to2009-�0,

aroundwhichwewillcarryoutspecific

researchprojectsfundedfromavariety

ofsources.SupportfromSTICERDand

LSEisalsoallowingexpansionofthe

Centre’sworkintonewareas,andwe

willberecruitinganewstaffmemberto

leadthisactivityearlyin2008.

Newprojectstostartin2008include

researchovertwoandahalfyears

fortheNuffieldFoundationonthe

distributionofwealthanditspolicy

implications.Weshallalsocarryout

anewstudyoftheimpactofpolicy

since�997onpoverty,inequalityand

exclusionfortheJosephRowntree

Foundation(JRF),extendingsomeofour

earlierresearchinthisarea(published

asA More Equal Society? in 2005).The

Foundationalsoextendedfundingfor

our‘WeakMarketCities’programmefor

athirdyear(seepage�8).

ContinuingprojectsincludeKitty

Stewart’sresearchontheimplications

forlaterlabourmarketinvolvementof

varyingemploymentpatternsofmothers

withyoungchildren,andTomSefton’s

work(withMariaEvandrouandJane

FalkinghamatSouthamptonUniversity)

ontherelationshipbetweenworkand

familyhistoriesandolderwomen’s

incomesintheUK,Germany,andthe

USA,bothfundedbytheNuffield

Foundation.EleniKaragiannakiwill

completeherESRC-fundedresearch

onhealth,wealthandconsumption

inlaterlife,andTaniaBurchardther

researchfundedbyJRFontimeand

incomepoverty.FrancescaBorgonovi

willresumeherBritishAcademypost-

doctoralfellowshipin2009,having

alreadyhadseveralarticlesonaspects

ofvolunteeringandcharitableactivity

acceptedbyhighlyratedjournalsduring

thelastyear.JohnHillsandTomSefton

willcontinuetheirinvolvementwithan

internationalteamproducingpartofthe

2008EuropeanSocialSurvey.

Wehavealsosubmittedapplications

topotentialfundersforresearchusing

attitudinaldataonhumanrightsto

developacapabilitylist(freedoms

andopportunitiesthatareofcentral

concern);onwideroperationalisation

ofTaniaBurchardtandPollyVizard’s

frameworkformeasurementof

equalitiesindifferentdimensions;andon

thewaysinwhichawiderangeofsocial

provisiondoesandcouldreacttothe

dynamicsofpeople’slives,fromshort-

termweek-to-weekincomefluctuations

tochangingpatternsofintergenerational

mobilityandimmobility.

Aswellasthetenresearchstaffinvolved

intheseandotherprojects,ourresearch

associatesbasedinLSEandother

universities,andoursupportstaff,the

Centrecurrentlyhousesthirteendoctoral

students.Welookforwardtocontinuing

ouractivitiesandcollaborationsinthe

yearsahead.Appendix�givesmore

informationontheresearchcurrently

underwaywithinCASE.

The ESRC research programme Thesevenspecificissuesonwhichour

researchprogrammeagreedwithESRC

forthefiveyears2002to2007focused,

andwhichhasmadeupalargepartof

ourrecentwork,were:

•Whataretheimpactsofchildhood

circumstancesonlaterlife?

•Howdofamilystructures

andparentingcontribute

totheseprocesses?

•Howdoeseducationaffectpatternsof

advantageanddisadvantage?

•Howdoestheareawhere

peopleliveaffecttheirlife

chancesandopportunities?

•Whatistheroleofsocialnetworks

andsocialcapital?

•Howdoprocessesofinclusion

andexclusionoperatein

thelabourmarket?

•HowdotheseprocessesintheUK

comparewithothercountries?

Thesectionswhichformthemainbody

ofthisreportdiscusstheprogresson

theseissues,reflectinginparticularon

whatwehaveachievedoverthethree

yearssincetheCentrewaslast–very

positively–reviewedbytheResearch

Councilcoveringtheperioduptothe

endof2004.Wealsopresentresults

fromsomeofourmostrecentstudies,in

whathasbeenaveryproductiveyear.

Inaddition,twooverarchingthemes

linkeddifferentpartsoftheESRCresearch

programme:whatexperiencesand

processesgeneratesocialexclusionor

promoteresilience,andwhatistheimpact

ofpolicyandpolicychange?InOctober

2007,wepublishedourbook,Making

Social Policy Work: Essays in honour of

Howard Glennerster(editedbyJohnHills,

JulianLeGrandandDavidPiachaud),

coveringawiderangeofpolicyissues(see

boxonp.24),whileTaniaBurchardtand

CarmenHuertahaveeditedaspecialissue

ofthejournal,Social Policy and Society,

tobepublishedin2008,containing

articleswrittenbymembersoftheCentre

crossingourinterestsonthethemeof‘risk

andresilience’.

5

Theyearsawthepublicationof

sevenbooksorreportsresultingfrom

theCentre’sresearch.Thesemajor

publicationsduringtheyearincluded

AnnePowerandJohnHoughton’sbook,

Jigsaw Cities; Making Social Policy Work;

andRobertCassenandGeetaKingdon’s

report,Tackling Low Achievement.

AnnePower’sbook,City Survivors:

Bringing up children in disadvantaged

neighbourhoods,drawnfromour

longitudinalqualitativestudyoffamilies

infourlow-incomeneighbourhoodswas

published,andathirdbookfromthe

studyisinpreparationforcompletion

earlyin2008.

LizRichardson’sbook,DIY Community

Action: Neighbourhood problems and

community self-help,basedonourwork

withtheNationalCommunitiesResource

CentreatTraffordHall,willbepublished

inMarch2008(seeboxonp.�7).

AvolumeeditedbyTaniaBurchardt,

GaryCraigandDavidGordon,Social

Justice and Public Policy: Seeking fairness

in diverse societies isalsoinpresswith

thePolicyPress.

AbigailMcKnightandRichardDickens

(fromtheLSE’sCentreforEconomic

Performance)completedtheirresearch

fortheJosephRowntreeFoundation

usinglongitudinaldataonearningsto

examinewelfaretoworktransitions

andassimilationofmigrantsintothe

UKlabourmarket.Thiswillresultina

numberofpublicationsfromearly2008.

Wealsocompletedtwomajorpiecesof

activitycommissionedbygovernment.

Ends and Means: The future roles of social

housing in EnglandbyJohnHillswas

launchedinFebruarybyCommunities

Secretary,RuthKelly,whocommissioned

thereport(seeboxonp.23).Inresponseto

thereport,whichprovokedawidedebate

inthehousingpolicyfield,thegovernment

setupaninternalpolicyreviewtotake

recommendationsforward,witharange

ofpolicyproposalspromisedshortly.Tania

BurchardtandPollyVizard’sresearch(see

CASEpapers���,�20and�2�)ledtothe

EqualitiesReviewchairedbyTrevorPhillips

adoptingtheirframeworkforevaluating

progressindifferentdimensionsofequality

andrecommendingitsusebythenew

CommissiononEqualityandHuman

Rightsandbyallgovernmentdepartments.

Thetotalnumberofpublishedoutputs

maintainedtheflowofpreviousyears,

despitethereducedresearchstaffinputs

astheESRCprogrammedrewtoaclose

(seeAppendix3).TheCentreproduced

87publicationsinall,includingseven

booksorreportsand�9refereedjournal

articles,withafurtherninerefereed

journalarticlesalreadyacceptedforlater

publication.Theseincludepapersin

journalsincludingAmerican Journal of

Sociology, Feminist Economics, Health

Economics, International Family Law,

Journal of European Social Policy, Journal

of Social Policy, Labour Economics,

Population Studies, Population, Social

Science and MedicineandUrban Studies.

Ruth Kelly, Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, launches CASE’s

report on the future roles of social housing in England

6

Lookingbackoverthewholeoftheten

yearsoftheESRCresearchprogramme

atCASE,wellover700publicationshave

resultedfromourresearch,including

morethan�50refereedjournalarticles,

68booksorreports,and�25chaptersin

otherbooks.Bytheendoftheyear,we

hadpublished�29papersinourCASE

papersseries,and47CASEreports.As

wereportedforthemid-termreview

ofourfirstfouryearsofactivity,we

havecontinuedtoproduceonepiece

ofpublishedoutputeveryfivedays,

maintainingthisratein2007.

Dissemination and external impact ResearchCouncilsUKhasrecently

publishedareport,Excellencewith

Impact,whichexaminedthewider

economicimpactofresearchsupported

bytheresearchcouncils,basedon

anindependentevaluationbyPA

Consulting.CASEwasoneofthetwo

casestudiesselectedforthisexerciseby

ESRC.Thestudyfocussedinparticular

onthepartsofCASE’sresearchthathave

examinedthelinksbetweenchildhood

circumstancesandadultoutcomes,

andthatlookedatpolicyoptionsand

impactsinthisarea.Thereviewersspoke

toarangeofusersofourresearch,

specificallythoseinvolvedinthepolicy

process,andreportedthat,‘CASE

researchworkenabledgovernment

tomakebetterpolicy,andfasterthan

wouldotherwisehavebeenproduced

…andhasbeenoneofthekey

driverssupportingmulti-millionpound

programmes…Stakeholderspointedto

clearlinksbetweentheworkofCASE

andthedevelopmentanddirectionof

particularpolicies’.

Thisfavourableassessmentoftheimpact

ofourresearchoverthelasttenyears

goingbeyondouracademicoutputs

reflectstheeffortswhichmembersofthe

Centrehaveputintodisseminationand

contactwithpotentialresearchusers,as

wellasthequalityofanalysis.

Inthemostrecentyear,membersof

CASEalsocontinuedtobeactively

involvedwithacademicandnon-

academicresearchusersinavariety

ofways.JohnHillscontinuedhis

involvementwithpensionspolicy

asaNon-ExecutiveDirectorofthe

DepartmentforWorkandPensions’

PensionsClientBoard.Healsojoined

theGreenFiscalCommission,which

isexaminingthepotentialimpacts

–includingthedistributionaleffects

–ofapotentialshifttoataxbase

aimedmoreatachievingenvironmental

objectives.AnnePowercontinuedasa

memberoftheSustainableDevelopment

Commission,JulianLeGrandasChairof

HealthEngland,andCarolPropperasa

memberoftheESRCCouncil.Kathleen

KiernanisamemberoftheArchbishop

ofCanterbury’s‘GoodChildhood’

inquiry,aswellastheESRC’sexpert

groupforpanelandcohortstudies.

MembersoftheCentrewereonadvisory

groupsonalargenumberofresearch

projectsinotherinstitutions,andwere

oneditorialboardsofjournalsincluding

Benefits; Demographic Research; Fiscal

Studies; International Journal of Law,

Policy and the Family; Journal of Health

Economics; Journal of Policy Analysis

and Management;andSocial Policy and

Administration.

Otherdisseminationactivitiesagain

includedmorethan�30presentationsby

membersoftheCentreatconferences

andseminarsinBritainandinother

countriesincludingAustria,Belgium,

Brazil,France,Greece,Israel,Italy,Korea,

theNetherlands,Germany,Hungary,

Ireland,Norway,Poland,Spain,Sweden,

andtheUSA.Thismadeitourmost

activeyearinthisrespectsincethe

Centrestarted.Notably,inJune2007,

RebeccaTunstallgavethe�000th

presentationbasedonresearchwithin

CASEsincetheCentrestarted.

Weorganised�6ofourownseminars

andotherevents,withattendances

rangingasinpreviousyearsfrom30-40

forseminarstomorethan200forspecial

eventsandlectures.Theseincludedthe

launchesofEnds and Means, Jigsaw

Cities, Making Social Policy Work,and

City Survivors,aswellasameetingofthe

EuropeanNetworkfortheSociological

andDemographicStudyofDivorce,and

afurthermeetingofourCityReformers’

Group(seebelow).

Useoftheinternettoaccessourpapers

increasedsharplyintheyear,with

44,000downloadspermonthdirectly

fromourwebsite.Ourpapersarealso

accessedviaREPEC(ResearchPapers

inEconomics)website,withmorethan

3,000downloadedthiswayduringthe

first�0monthsof2007.Morethan

�00,000downloadsweremadeofEnds

and Means: the future roles of social

housing in Englandinthefirstnine

monthsafteritwaspublished.Partlyas

aresultofthepublicitysurroundingthat

report,mediacoverageoftheCentre’s

workincreased,whichincludedmore

than�00pressarticlesandatleast37

radioandtelevisioninterviewsrelatedto

theCentre’swork,thehighestlevelsince

webegan.

International links Ourinternationalresearchlinks

continuedtobestrong.Aswellasthe

disseminationandinternationalevents

notedabove,ourcollaborationwiththe

BrookingsInstitutioninWashington,

DCcontinuedthroughthejoint‘Weak

MarketCities’programme,bringing

togetherlessonsfromwhathasbeen

happeninginUScitiesandseven

citiesinEurope,andthroughafurther

meetingoftheCityReformersGroupin

September.Thisinvolvespractitioners,

policy-makersandcityleadersand

discusseshowtheprocessofrevitalising

citiesisworkingontheground.

7

JohnHillsandTomSeftonarepartners

inthedesignofamoduleon‘Welfare

AttitudesinaChangingEurope’selected

tobeincludedinthe2008EuropeanSocial

Survey,withpartnersfromDenmark,the

Netherlands,Sweden,Switzerland,and

theUK.Thequestionnaireforthesurvey

wasfinalisedbytheendof2007,andwill

betranslatedandtestedinawiderange

ofcountriesearlyin2008.

CASEandtheLSE’sCentreforEconomic

PerformancecontinuetobetheUK

partnersintheEuropeanNetworkon

InequalitywithHarvardandPrinceton

Universities.JohnHobcraftandKath

Kiernanvisitedandmadepresentationsat

PrincetonUniversity.Onedoctoralstudent

fromHarvard,AnnOwens,spenttimeat

CASEaspartofthenetwork.

CASEalsohostedavisitfromDrVincent

VandenberghefromtheUniversité

CatholiquedeLouvain,carryingoutwork

ontertiaryeducationanditsfinancing.

Otherinternationalvisitorsthisyearincluded

GianlucaBusilacchifromAnconaUniversity,

LilianaFernandesfromUniversidadeCatólica

Portuguesa,andRobynMartinfromCurtin

University,Australia.

Arrivals and departures TheyearsawseveralchangesinCASE’s

researchstaff.CarmenHuertaleftCASE

attheendofSeptember2007tojoin

theNationalCentreforSocialResearch,

withwhichCASEandtheLSEhavea

longandstrengtheningassociation.She

continuestoworkwithTaniaBurchardt

oncompletionofthe‘riskandresilience’

project.FrancescaBorgonoviwas

promotedtoResearchFellowduringthe

year,thesecondofherBritishAcademy

post-doctoralfellowship.Sheisnow

onsecondmenttotheOrganisationfor

EconomicCo-operationandDevelopment

inParis,andwillcompleteherfellowship

whenshereturnstoCASEinJanuary

2009.PollyVizardformallyrejoinedCASE

asaResearchFellow,andisdevelopinga

researchprogrammewithTaniaBurchardt,

extendingtheirinfluentialworkon

measuringequalitiesandhumanrights.

KittyStewartwasonmaternityleave

duringtheyear,returninginJanuary2009,

whileTomSeftonspentthefirsthalfofthe

yearawayfromhisCASEactivitiesinthe

USAandFiji.Meanwhile,CarolPropper,

whohasbeenaCo-DirectorofCASEsince

�998,hastakenupaChairinEconomics

atImperialCollege,London,butwill

continueasaResearchAssociateofCASE

aspartofhercontinuingactivitiesatthe

CentreforMarketandPublicOrganisation

attheUniversityofBristol,withwhich

CASEmaintainsitsstrongassociation.

JuliaMorganandEmilySilvermanwere

awardedtheirPhDsduringtheyear,while

SarahThomasdeBenitezsubmittedher

thesis.Wewereverypleasedtowelcome

BenBaumberg,LudovicaGambaro,

SuyoungKim,SarahMohaupt,and

StephenWangasnewPhDstudents

withintheCentreduringtheyear.

Ascanbeseen,theCentrecontinues

toflourish,andwelookforwardtoa

productiveyearahead.

John Hills

Director,CASE

December2007

8

The impact of childhood circumstances on later life has been a prominent feature of our research.

John Hobcraft,Wendy Sigle-Rushton

andCarmen Huerta broughttogether

datafromthe�958and�970British

birthcohortstudies.Awiderangeof

comparisonshavebeenmade,posingthe

questionastowhetherthetwocohorts

showdifferentialresponsestochildhood

disadvantageandtheextenttowhich

responsesdifferbygender.Theadult

outcomesexaminedincluded:lowincome,

receiptofnon-universalbenefits,living

insocialhousing,andbeinginalowskill

occupation;thetimingandpartnership

contextofentryintoparenthood;and

generalhealth,mentalhealth,limiting

long-standingillness,andlifesatisfaction.

Forthevastmajorityofchildhood

antecedentsthereisnoevidenceof

differentialresponsestodisadvantageby

cohortorbygender.Theseremarkable

continuitiesinthelegaciesofdisadvantage

acrosscohorts,andcommonalitiesformen

andwomensuggestthatfewshortterm

policiesaltersuchlegacies.�,2

John HobcraftandWendy Sigle-

Rushton extendedtheirworkonrecursive

treestoexamineresiliencyfactorsinvolved

inthechildhoodpathwaystoachieving

qualificationsamongstchildrenwhogrew

upinfostercare.3Wendy Sigle-Rushton,

Kathleen KiernanandJohn Hobcraft

examinedtheassociationsofparental

disruptionwithsubsequentwell-being

forchildrenbornin�958and�970.They

foundthat,contrarytowhatmightbe

expected,therewaslittleevidencefor

thehypothesisthatdivorcehasbecome

lessselectiveovertime.4Darcy Hango

researchedtheextenttowhichgreater

parentalinvolvementinchildhoodmediated

theeffectsofsocioeconomicdisadvantage

onchildren’seducationalattainment.5

Youthfulparenthood,animportant

elementinsocialexclusion,has

beenthefocusofanumberofour

studies.Carmen HuertaandWendy

Sigle-Rushton examinedthetiming

andpathwaysassociatedwithearly

motherhood.Usingdatafromthe�970

cohort,theyassessedthemechanisms

throughwhichchildhoodantecedents

influencethelikelihoodofbecoming

ayoungmother,andinvestigated

theextenttowhichlinksarestronger

orweakeratdifferentpointsintime

–earlychildhood,pre-adolescent,

ortheadolescentyears.Theresults

suggestthat,regardlessofwhen

theyaremeasuredduringchildhood,

educationaltestscoresandsocio-

economiccharacteristicsarelinkedto

earlymotherhood,whereasadolescent

behaviouralattributeshaveagreater

effectonyoungmotherhoodthanthose

earlierinchildhood.6Carmen Huerta

foundthatthefindingsforyoung

fatherhoodmirrorthoseformotherhood.

Wendy Sigle-Rushton alsopublished

apaperonyoungfatherhoodand

subsequentdisadvantage.7

Theearlyyearsofchildhoodhavebeen

afocusofourresearchdrawingondata

collectedintheMillenniumCohortStudy

(MCS).Kathleen Kiernanexamined

theextenttowhichnon-residentfathers

areengagedwiththeiroff-springatthe

timetheyarebornandinlaterinfancy.8

WithKatePickett,sheusedtheMCSto

examinewhethertheclosenessofthe

tiebetweenparents,asassessedbytheir

partnershipstatusatbirth,wasrelatedto

smokingduringpregnancy,breastfeeding

andmaternaldepression.Ineachcase,

therewasastatisticallyincreasedriskof

adversehealthandhealthbehaviours

bydecreasingdegreeofparental

connectedness.9Kathleen Kiernanand

Carmen Huerta areusingtheMCS

toexaminehowparentingpractices

playamediatingrolebetweenparental

resourcesandchildoutcomes(seebox).

Comparativeanalysesarealsoan

importantfeatureofourresearch.

Examplesinclude:Wendy Sigle-

Rushton andJane Waldfogel’s

examinationoftheextenttowhich

parenthoodisselectiveofhigheror

lowerincomefamiliesinsevenEuropean

countries�0;Wendy Sigle-Rushton’s

collaborativework,examiningthe

associationbetweenparentaldivorce

andeducationaloutcomesinNorway��;

Kathleen Kiernan’sworkondivorce

andcohabitationacrossnationsand

generations�2;andherworkwith

PetraNahmaisandSaraMcLanahanof

PrincetonUniversityonunmarriedparents

intheUSandUKusingtheMCSand

theFragileFamiliesStudy.Otheraspects

ofourworkincludeJohn Hobcraft’s

explorationofhowBritishworkonsocial

exclusionmightinformworkonchronic

povertyinthedevelopingworld.�3Hehas

alsobeendevelopingideasontheneed

for,andmeansof,integratinggenetics

andneuroscienceintothestudyof

humanbehaviour.�4

Attheotherendofthelifecourse,Tom

Sefton, Maria EvandrouandJane

Falkingham havebeeninvestigating

therelationshipsbetweentheworkand

familyhistoriesofolderwomenandtheir

incomesinlaterlife.Hisfindings,based

onanalysisontheUKdata,showthat

evenrelativelylongperiodsofpart-time

employmentarenotassociatedwith

significantlyhigherpersonalincomesin

retirementandthat,asaconsequence,

womenretiringoverthenexttwo

decades(atleast)maybenefitlittlein

laterlifefromtheadditionalyearsthey

havespentinemploymentcompared

withyoungerbirthcohorts(seebox).

ThreestudentshavegainedtheirPhDs

since2006.Jason Strelitzcompletedhis

thesisentitled,‘TheSecondGenerations:

alongitudinalstudyoforiginsand

socio-economicoutcomesforchildren

ofimmigrants’.Carmen Huerta

evaluatedtheimpactofaMexican

povertyalleviationprogrammeonchild

outcomesandJulia Morganexamined

familycontexts,parentingandtheir

impactonchildanti-socialbehaviour.

Contact: John Hobcraft, Carmen Huerta, Kathleen Kiernan and Wendy Sigle-Rushton

Generational and Life Course Dynamics

9

�JHobcraft.(2004)Parental,childhoodandearlyadultlegaciesintheemergenceofadultsocialexclusion:evidenceonwhatmattersfromaBritishcohort.InP.LChase-Lansdale,K.E.KiernanandR.J.Friedman(Eds.)Human Development Across Lives and Generations: The Potential for Change.CambridgeU.P.(pp.63-92).

2FMensahandJHobcraft(forthcoming)Childhooddeprivation,healthanddevelopment:associationswithadulthealthinthe�958and�970Britishprospectivebirthcohortstudies.Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

3JHobcraftandWSigle-Rushton(2007)‘IdentifyingPatternsofResilienceUsingClassificationandRegressionTrees.’Submitted.

4WSigle-Rushton,JHobcraftandKKiernan(2005)‘ParentalDisruptionandAdultWell-Being:ACrossCohortComparison.’Demography,42(3):427-446.

5DHango(2007)ParentalInvestmentinChildhoodandEducationalQualifications:CanGreaterParentalInvolvementMediatetheEffectsofSocioeconomicDisadvantage?’Social Science Research.36:�37�-�390.

6CHuertaandWSigle-Rushton(2007)‘PathwaystoearlymotherhoodintheUnitedKingdom.’Submitted.

7WSigle-Rushton(2005)‘YoungFatherhoodandSubsequentDisadvantageintheUnitedKingdom.’Journal of Marriage and the Family67(3):735-753.

8KKiernan(2006)Non-residentialfatherhoodandchildinvolvement:evidencefromtheMillenniumCohortStudy.Journal of Social Policy 35:4 651-669.

9KKiernanandKPickett(2006)MaritalStatusDisparitiesInMaternalSmokingDuringPregnancy,BreastfeedingAndMaternalDepression.SocialScienceandMedicine63:335-346.

�0WSigle-RushtonandJWaldfogel(2007)‘FamilyGapsinIncome:ACrossNationalComparison.’Journal of European Social Policy �7(4):299-3�8.

��FSteele,WSigle-RushtonandØKravdal(2007)‘Familydisruptionandchildren’seducationaloutcomes.’Submitted.

�2KKiernan(2004)Cohabitationanddivorceacrossnationsandgenerations.InP.L.Chase-Lansdale,K.KiernanandR.Friedman(eds)Human Development across Lives and Generations: The Potential for ChangeNewYork,CambridgeUniversityPressp�39-�70.

�3JHobcraft(2007)Childdevelopment,thelifecourse,andsocialexclusion;aretheframeworksusedintheUKrelevantfordevelopingcountries?Chronic Poverty Research Centre WP72,UniversityofManchester.

�4JHobcraft(2007)Genomicsandbeyond:improvingunderstandingandanalysisofhuman(social,economicanddemographic)behavior.InM.Weinstein,J.W.VaupelandK.W.Wachter(Eds)Bio-social Surveys: Current Insight and Future Promise.WashingtonD.C.,NationalAcademiesPress.

�0

Economic deprivation, maternal depression, parenting and children’s cognitive and emotional development in early childhood

Kathleen Kiernan and Carmen Huerta

Cognitive and Emotional Development in Early Childhood: Hypothesised Pathways

Controlvariables:ethnicity,birthorder,familystatus,maternalagefirstbirth,

maternaleducation,maternalworkingstatus

Kathleen Kiernan and Carmen Huerta used data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study to examine the extent to which economic circumstances in infancy and mother’s mental well-being are associated with children’s cognitive development and internalising and externalising behaviours at age 3 years, and what part parenting plays in mediating these factors. Structural equation modelling methods were used to assess the extent to which these factors directly and indirectly affect a child’s development (see below the statistical model in pictorial form).

Aswithmuchstatisticalmodelling,themodelwasasimplificationofamorecomplexreality,neverthelessitprovidedanumberofinsightsandfindings.Withrespecttocognitivedevelopment,theirfindingsincluded:

•theinfluenceofpovertyonachild’sintellectualdevelopmentwassubstantiallymediatedbytheparentingfactors.

•cognitivelyenhancingactivities,suchasreadingtothechild,wereparticularlyinfluentialinmediatingtheeffectofpooreconomiccircumstancesonintellectualdevelopment,withimpoverishmentexertingafairlylargenegativeeffectoncognitivestimulatingactivities,andthesetypesofactivitiesinturnexertingafairlylargepositiveeffectonintellectualdevelopment.

Atagethreetherewerealreadynotabledisparitiesinchildren’scognitivedevelopmentandemotionalwell-being.Theanalysesshowedthateconomicdeprivationmatteredmoreforachild’scognitivedevelopmentandmother’smentalwell-beingforchildren’sbehaviour,buteconomicdeprivationalsoengenderspoorermaternalwell-being,whichinturnleadstoareductioninchildren’semotionalwell-being.Manysocialsciencestudieshaveshowntheimportanceofparentalcharacteristicsfortheeducationalandemotionalwell-beingofchildrenbutstudyingwhatparentsdoisalsoimportant.Thisstudyhighlightstheimportanceofparentalbehaviourscharacterisedbyparentalattitudesanddisciplineforchildren’sconductproblemsandemotionalwell-being,andparentalinvolvementcharacterisedbyactiveparticipationinactivitiessuchasreadingthatpromotecognitivedevelopment.Ourfindingsonlyrelatetoanarrowwindowinearlychildhoodbutwhathappensintheseearlyyears,withoutappropriateinterventions,arelikelytohavefarreachinglegacies.

Formoredetails,seeKKiernanandCHuerta(2007)‘EconomicDeprivation,MaternalDepression,ParentingandChildren’sCognitiveandEmotionalDevelopmentinEarlyChildhood’.

•povertyhadanegativeeffectonthewarmthoftherelationsbetweenthemotherandchild,whichinturnwasimportantforachild’sintellectualdevelopment.

•incontrastwitheconomiccircumstances,theassociationbetweenmaternaldepressionandchildren’scognitivedevelopmentwasmuchweaker.

Withrespecttobehaviourproblems,theirfindingsincluded:

•maternaldepressionwasstronglyassociatedwithchildren’sbehaviourproblems.

•maternaldepressionwasassociatedwithareductioninthemother’sabilitytoengagepositivelywithherchild,whichinturnwasassociatedwiththeincreasedlikelihoodthatthechildexhibitedconductandemotionalproblems.

•maternaldepressionwasmostnoticeablyassociatedwiththeuseofharshdisciplinarypractices(morefrequentsmackingandshouting)whichinturnwereverystronglyrelatedtoconductproblemsamongstthechildren.

•additionally,asubstantialpartoftheeffectofeconomicdeprivationonchildbehaviourproblemswasmediatedthroughthemother’sdepression.

Controlvariables:age,sex,ethnicity,birthorder,maternalagefirstbirth,maternal

education,temperament

Controlvariables:age,sex,ethnicity,birthorder

Readingactivities

Mother-childrelations

Disciplinepractices

Economicdeprivation

Mothersdepression

Externalisingproblems

Cognitivescores

Internalisingproblems

��

Women’s employment histories and incomes in later life

Tom Sefton, Maria Evandrou and Jane Falkingham

This study examines the relationship between older women’s employment histories and individual incomes in later life in the UK, using retrospective data from the British Household Panel Survey. How have the shorter and more interrupted work histories often associated with marriage and having children impacted on these women’s ability to build up pension entitlements? And, to what extent has the British welfare state helped to cushion some of the adverse effects on women’s pension outcomes? This study is part of larger research project for the Nuffield Foundation investigating the links between the life course, the welfare state, and incomes later in life in the UK, US and Germany.

Asexpected,longerperiodsinemployment

areassociatedwithsignificantlyhigher

individualincomesforolderwomen,due

largelytodifferencesinprivatepension

income.Publictransfers,includingthebasic

statepensionandmeans-testedbenefits,

weakentheassociationbetweenolder

women’sincomesandworkhistories,

especiallyatthebottomendofthe

incomedistribution.Ouranalysisconfirms

theimportanceofextendedfull-time

employmentfortheaccumulationofpension

rights.Comparedwithwomenwhowere

youngercohortsofpensioners,atleastinpart

becauseoftheintroductionofanearnings-

relatedcomponentintothepublicpension

systemwhichmainlyaffectedlatercohorts.

Workhistorymatterslessforwomenwithno

formalqualifications,asthemajorityofthese

womenarenotinreceiptofaprivatepension

eveniftheyhaveworkedfull-timeformostof

theirworkinglives.

Aswomen’semploymentrateshavebeen

rising,today’syoungerwomenwillretire

withfulleremploymenthistoriesthantoday’s

pensioners–andthis,itisoftenargued,

willmeanthatfuturecohortsofwomen

willbebetteroffinretirement.However,

ourfindingsindicatethatonlywomenwith

longandpredominantlyfull-timecareersare

likelytoreapthebenefitsofworkinglonger.

Analysisoftheearlyemploymenthistories

ofsuccessivecohortsofwomenbornupto

theendofthe�950sshowsthatmostof

theincreaseinemploymentwasinpart-time

workandthattherewasnoincreaseinthe

proportionofwomenwhoworkedmainly

full-timefor20ormoreyearsuptotheage

of45(seetable).Ontheevidencepresented

here,itseemsunlikelythatwomenretiring

overthenexttwodecadesatleastwillbenefit

significantlyinlaterlifefromtheadditional

yearstheyhavespentinemployment.

inactiveformostoftheirworkinglives,

evenlongcareersarenotassociatedwith

significantlyhigherincomesiftheywerein

predominantlypart-timeemployment.Many

womenreturntoworkpart-timeforatleast

partoftheirsubsequentworkingcareer

tofitaroundtheircaringresponsibilities,

whichisoftenconcentratedinlowerstatus

occupationsand,untilrecentyears,hadvery

lowratesofprivatepensioncoverage.

Timingalsoappearstomatter:womenwho

wereeconomicallyinactiveduringmostof

their30sor40shavesignificantlylower

incomes,moresothanwomenwhowere

inactiveearlyorlateonintheirworking

lives,presumablybecauseemploymentand

occupationalstabilityhelpstofosterthe

accumulationofpensionrights.

The‘breadwinner’modelisstillrelevantto

manyolderwomen.Theassociationbetween

women’sworkhistoriesandincomesin

laterlifeismuchweakerforwidowsthan

formarriedwomen,becauseworkhistory-

relateddifferencesinolderwomen’sincomes

areoffsetbyderivedrightstoaformer

husband’sprivatepensionandsubstantially

dilutedbypublictransfersbasedontheir

formerhusband’scontributionsrecord,which

disproportionatelybenefitthosewomenwith

theweakestcontributionsrecordoftheir

own.Workhistoriesalsomattermorefor

Changes in early employment histories of women by birth cohort up to age 451,2

Birth cohort:

Born Bornin Bornin Bornin Bornin

pre-�920 �920s �930s �940s �950s

Employment pattern aged 20-45:

% % % % %

Employed<�0yrs 5�.9 35.5 26.3 2�.0 �9.6

Mixedpart-/full-timeemployed,�0-20yrs ��.4 �9.7 26.� 32.4 27.5

Mainlyfull-timeemployed,�0-20yrs �3.� �7.9 �8.6 �8.8 20.8

Mixedpart-/full-timeemployed,20+yrs 4.9 6.8 �3.6 ��.6 �6.5

Mainlyfull-timeemployed,20+yrs �8.7 20.2 �5.4 �6.3 �5.7

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source: waves 1-15 of the British Household Panel survey�Basedonasampleof2,58�womenwithfullemploymenthistoriesbetweentheagesof20and45.2Mainlyfull-time’isdefinedashavingworkedfull-timeforatleasttwo-thirdsofthetotalnumberofyearsinemployment.Otheremploymenthistoriesaredescribedasmixed.

�2

Our research has focused on understanding the associations between low income and poorer life outcomes, mainly, but not exclusively, for children. Within this, we have focused on the role in intergenerational transmission of inequality played by neighbourhood and parental behaviours. In parallel, we have also continued our examination of poverty dynamics.

Neighbourhood Inearlierworkwehaveshownanincome

gradientinthehealthofchildrenas

youngassevenintheUK�.Onesourceof

thisgradientmightbethequalityofthe

healthservicesopentoparentsofyoung

children.Burgess,Propper andRigg

usedataonover6,000childrenbornin

Avonintheearly�990stoinvestigatethis

byexaminingwhetherpoorerchildren

havelowerqualityGPs.Theyfindthat,

contrarytoexpectationsfromthesmall

arealiterature,childrenfrompoorfamilies

donotseemtohaveaccesstomarkedly

worsequalityprimarycare.2

Burgess,Lupton andWilsonexamine

ethnicsegregationofBritain’schildren

acrossschoolandneighbourhood.They

findconsistentlyhighersegregationfor

SouthAsianthanforBlackpupilsandfind

thatschoolsaremoresegregatedthanthe

neighbourhoodsinwhichtheyarelocated,

suggestingthatpolicyisneededifschools

aretorepresenttheneighbourhoodsin

whichtheyarelocated.3

Janke andPropper focusonadult

healthandexaminewhetherthecurrent

levelsofpollutionpermittedinEngland

–permittedonthebeliefthatthese

levelsarenotharmfultohealth–have

animpactonpopulationhealth.Many

previousstudiesexamineonlyonearea,

sothatitisnotpossibletoseparateout

changesinpollutionfromcharacteristics

ofcitiesandtheirinhabitants.In

contrast,ourresearchexaminesvariation

inpollutionlevelsoverseveralyears

acrossalllocalauthorities,allowing

ustonetouttheeffectofthecityor

localauthority.Ourresearchshows

thatcurrentlevelsofairpollutionare

associatedwithexcessdeathsinadults.

Inparticular,theresearchsuggeststhat

thecurrentUKregulatedlimitsforOzone

andParticulatemattermaybetoohigh.

Propper andothersexaminedthe

impactofneighbourhoodonthe

incomeandmentalhealthofadult

socialrenters.Whilsttheyfoundthat

socialrenterstendedtoliveinmore

deprivedcommunitiesandhaveboth

lowerincomeandlowermentalhealth

thanthosewhowerenotsocialrenters,

theyfoundnoevidencethatchanges

ineitherincomeormentalhealthwere

associatedwiththepopulationlivingin

theneighbourhood(seebox).

Parental behaviour Thereisgrowingevidencethatchildren

ofpoorerfamiliessuffernotjust

penaltiesintermsofschoolingbut

alsohealthandbehaviour.4,5Evenby

seven,poorerchildrenarelesshealthy,

dolesswellevenatschoolandhave

morebehaviouralproblems.Whatisless

understoodishowlowincometranslates

intothesepooreroutcomes.Dolow

incomeparentsbehaveinparticularways

thatdisadvantagetheirchildren?Does

behaviourwhichleadstodisadvantage

inonedimensionofchildren’slives,

saytheirschooling,alsohavenegative

impactsonotherdimensions,suchas

theirobesitylevelsortheirselfesteem?

Toexaminethis,Paul Gregg,Carol

Propper andLizWashbrookhaveused

datafromthe‘cohortofthe�990s’

–over6,000childrenborninAvon

between�99�-92(seebox).

Income dynamics Aassve,Burgess,Dickson,Propper6

buildonAassveetal7topresentan

economicapproachtoanalysingpoverty.

Theyfocusonendogenousdemographic

andemploymenttransitionsasthe

drivingforcesbehindchangesinpoverty.

Theyfindemployment,andparticularly

employmentofdisadvantagedwomen

withchildren,isimportant.These

findingssupportanemphasisonwork

asawayoutoffamilypoverty.Sefton

andRigg examineincomedynamicsover

thelifecycleandshowtheimportance

ofemploymentingeneratingfluctuating

incometrajectories.8

�CPropper,JRiggandSBurgess(2007)Childhealth:evidenceontherolesoffamilyincomeandmaternalmentalhealthfromaUKbirthcohortHealth Economics,Vol.�6,Issue��(November2007),pp�245-�269.

2SBurgess,CPropperandJRigg,(2005)HealthSupplierQualityandtheDistributionofChildHealth,CASEpaper�02.

3Burgess,S,DWilsonandRLupton(2005)Parallellives?Ethnicsegregationinschoolsandneighbourhoods,UrbanStudies,42(7):�027-�056.AlsopublishedasCASEpaper�0�.

4CPropperandJRigg(2007)Socio-EconomicStatusandChildBehaviour:EvidencefromacontemporaryUKcohort,CASEPaper�25.

5CPropperandJRigg(2006)Understandingsocio-economicinequalitiesinchildhoodrespiratoryhealth,CASEpaper�09.

6AAassve,SBurgess,MDicksonandCPropper(2006)Modellingpovertybynotmodellingpoverty:AnapplicationofasimultaneoushazardsapproachtotheUK,CASEpaper�06.

7AAassve,SBurgess,CPropperandMDickson(2006)‘Employment,FamilyUnionandChildbearingdecisionsinGreatBritain,JRSSA,�69,pp78�-804.

8JRiggandTSefton(2006)Incomedynamicsandthelifecycle,Journal of Social Policy35,3,pp4��-435.

Contact: Simon Burgess, Katharina Janke and Carol Propper

Poverty, Local Services and Outcomes

�3

The argument that neighbourhood affects life chances is long standing in the social sciences. The issue has been given impetus by research on US cities where it is argued that the poor are concentrated in small areas that create additional impacts which prevent individuals in them from escaping poverty and is given importance by the high levels of income segregation found in the US and also in Britain. But the emerging empirical evidence is mixed: the quasi-empirical evidence finds little impact of neighbourhood on adult outcomes, while observational studies find somewhat more.

Thereareformidablemethodological

problemsinidentifyingareaor

neighbourhoodeffects.Onekeyissueis

thatofselection,whicharisesbecause

individualschoosewheretheylive.

Thisselectioneffectmeansthatsimple

regressionsofareaeffectsonindividual

outcomescannotbestraightforwardly

interpreted,asthecorrelationbetween

individualandareacharacteristicswill

biastheestimatesoftheareaeffect.In

addition,thedirectionofthisbiascannot

necessarilybedeterminedapriori.

CASEresearchersSimonBurgessand

CarolPropper,inconjunctionwith

RonJohnstonandKelvynJonesofthe

UniversityofBristol,soughttoovercome

thisissuebyexaminingtheimpactof

neighbourhoodforasetofindividuals

whoaremoreconstrainedintheirchoice

ofresidentiallocationthanothersin

society.Wefocusonthosewhowere

socialrentersintheUKintheearly

�990s.Duringthisperiod,allocationsto

socialhousingweremainlyonthebasis

ofpointssystems.Thesepointssystems

werebroadlybasedoncategoriesof

needandoftenlocalresidence.Prior

totheadventofchoice-basedletting

policies,firstintroducedinEngland

duringthelate�990s,onceinsocial

housingindividualsoftenhadlittle

chanceofmovingvoluntarilyfromtheir

initialallocation.‘Righttobuy’policies

thatoperatedinthe�980shadalso

causedtheexodusofmoreaffluent

tenants,leavingthoseinsocialhousing

tobecomemorenarrowlybasedsocially

andeconomically.

Inpartsofthesectorthequalityof

housingstockislow(theresultof

under-investmentinthesector)and

thehousinglocatedinbroaderareas

characterisedbypoorerphysical

appearance,pooreramenities,and

pooreraccesstotransport.Ifthelocal

environmentispoor–eitherinterms

ofhumanconnectionsorphysical

conditions–individualstrappedin

theseareasmaybemorelikelyto

experiencepooreroutcomesthanthose

whocanchoosewheretheylive.Social

rentersarethereforeagroupforwhich

neighbourhoodmaybeparticularly

importantinshapinglifeoutcomes.

Totestthisideaweexaminetheimpact

ofneighbourhoodontwoaspectsof

lifechances–householdincomeand

individualmentalhealth–amongst

adultsinsocialhousingintheUK.We

tookalargescalehouseholdsurvey–the

BritishHouseholdPanelStudy(BHPS)

–andforeachindividualinthesurvey

defineasmallneighbourhoodbased

ontheirlocationin�99�.Thissmall

neighbourhoodisbasedonthe500to

800peopleclosestindistancetothe

studyindividual.Wethencharacterised

theseneighbourhoodsonthebasisof

thesocialdeprivationofthepopulation

wholivedinthemin�99�usingcensus

data.Thisverylocalfocusisincontrast

tomuchofthepreviousquantitative

analysesthatexaminerelativelylarge

areassuchaswardsintheUKand

censustractsintheUS.

Forallthosewhoweresocialrentersin

�99�,wedifferentiatebetweenthose

livinginthemostsocio-economically

disadvantagedneighbourhoodsand

allothersocialrenters.Totestfor

neighbourhoodeffectswecompare

thechangesintheincomesand

mentalhealthofpeopleacrossthetwo

groups.Byexaminingchangesinthese

outcomeswecancontrolforunobserved

attributesoftheindividualsthatmay

becorrelatedwiththeirlocationin

poorerneighbourhoodsandsoaddress

theselectionproblem.Ifwefindthat

livinginaneighbourhoodwithmore

deprivedindividualsinitin�99�is

associatedwithlowerincomegrowthor

lessimprovementsinmentalhealthten

yearslaterthenwecanconcludethat

neighbourhoodhashadacausaleffect.

Wefindthatsocialrenterswhowere

inpoorerneighbourhoodsin�99�had

lowerincomeandpoorermentalhealth

bothin�99�andtenyearslater.But

wedonotfindevidencethatthereisan

impactofneighbourhoodonthechange

inincomeandmentalhealthovertheten-

yearwindow.We,therefore,findclear

evidenceofacorrelationbetweenpeople

andplace:thesocialrenterswhohave

lowerincomeandpoorermentalhealth

liveinneighbourhoodswhichcontain

moresociallydeprivedindividuals.But

wefindnosupportfortheindependent

effectoftheseneighboursonthe

trajectoriesofincomeandmentalhealth.

Thissuggeststhatsomeoftheassociation

ofpovertyandpooreroutcomesisdue

toselectioninwherepeoplelive,rather

thananimpactofneighbourhoodand

neighboursperse.

Formoredetails,seeCPropper,S

Burgess,ABolster,GLeckie,KJones

andRJohnston(2007)‘Theimpactof

neighbourhoodontheincomeand

mentalhealthofBritishsocialrenters’,

Urban Studies44,2,393-4�6.

The impact of neighbourhood on the income and mental health of British social renters

Carol Propper and Simon Burgess

�4

It is now established that children from poorer families in the UK begin school less ready to learn than their peers from richer families, have poorer non-cognitive behaviours and physical health. What is less understood is how low income translates into these poorer outcomes. Do low income parents behave in particular ways that disadvantage their children? Are the local environments in which low income families live worse for the children? Does behaviour which leads to disadvantage in one dimension of children’s lives, say their schooling, also have negative impacts on other dimensions, such as their obesity levels or self esteem?

Toexaminethis,PaulGregg,CarolPropperandLizWashbrookuseddatafromthe‘cohortofthe�990s’,agroupofaround6,000childrenborninAvonbetween�99�-2.Theyexamineseveralaspectsofdevelopmentincludingschoolperformanceatage7,IQ,self-esteem,behaviourandobesity.Thesearerarelyconsideredtogetherbyacademicresearchers–yetparentsareconcernedwithalltheseaspectsoftheirchild’sdevelopment.

Theresearcherslookedatthelinksbetweenincome,theseoutcomesandalargesetofparentalbehavioursandcircumstancesthatmaybeassociatedwithpooroutcomesinchildren.Theserangefrommaternalanxietyanddepression,theextenttowhichparentsreadtotheirchildren,thefoodtheirchildreneat,whethertheyattendout-of-schoolclasses,andthephysicalenvironmentinwhichthefamilieslive.

Theyfindthatbyage7childrenoflowincomefamiliesaredoingworsethantheirpeersonalltheseoutcomes.Thefigurebelowshowsthegradientacrossincomeinthedifferentoutcomes.Allaresociallygraded.Thedifferencesbetweenrichandpoorchildrenaregreatestforcognitiveoutcomes.Butpoorchildrenarealsofallingbehindintermsofnon-scholasticoutcomes–theyhavelowerselfesteem,aremorelikelytomanifestdifficultbehaviour,and(evenbyageseven)areatgreaterriskofobesity.

Theresearchersalsofindthattheriskfactorsassociatedwithparentalpovertyvarymarkedlyintheirassociationwithdifferentoutcomes.Unsurprisingly,schoolingdeficitsoflow-incomechildrenarestronglyrelatedtolackofparentaleducation.Poorparentalpsychologicalfunctioningandpoorhealth-relatedbehavioursaredriversbehindthegreaterbehaviouralproblemsandriskofobesityoflow-incomechildren.Buttheyalsofindimportantlinksinunexpectedplaces.The

poorerschoolingoutcomesofpoorchildrenarejustascloselyrelatedtothepoorerhealth-relatedbehavioursoftheirparents,suchasgreatersmoking,lessbreastfeedingandfeedingtheirchildrenlessgooddiets,astheyaretotheirparent’slackofeducation.Thisfindingsupportscallsforbetterfoodasawayofimprovingnotjustchildren’sdietsbutalsotheirschoolingachievement.

Andevenmoresurprisingly,someaspectsofpoorchildren’supbringingthataregenerallyviewedasharmfulmayevenbeprotective.Thelearning-focusedenvironmentsofchildreninmoreaffluentfamilies,alongwiththeirgreatercarownership,appeartoincreasetheriskofchildhoodobesitybydiscouragingphysicalactivity.Theuseoflonghoursofchildcareatage3and4alsoappearstofostergreaterbehaviouralproblemsinthechildrenofthebetter-off.Finally,whatappearstomatteratthisage–ifnotlater–isthequalityofthehomeenvironment.Theimpactofschoolappearstobeveryweakincomparisontotheroleofthehomeenvironmentprovidedbylow-incomeparents.

Theseresultsindicatethattheeffectofincomeonchild-wellbeingoperatesthroughanumberofdifferentchannels.Thismaybenosurprisetomany,butdoesemphasisethatpolicyinterventionswhicharenarrowlytargetedononeaspectofthehomeenvironmentofthepoorwillmissthepoint.

The relationship between parental income and outcomes in middle childhood

Paul Gregg, Carol Propper and Liz Washbrook

Estimated income gradients in child outcomes in middle childhood

�4

30 80 130 180 230 280 330 380 430 480 530 580 630 680

104

108

106

100

102

98

96

94

92

90

88

Sco

re (

mean

10

0,

SD

10

)

Equivalised disposable weekly household income at age 3 to 4 (1995 prices)

OutcomeIQ (5.85)

Key Stage 1 (5.46)

Locus of control (3.30)

Self esteem (1.71)

Behaviour (2.01)

Fat mass (1.34)

Higherscoresreflectmorefavourableoutcomesonallsixmeasures.Allscoresarenormalisedatmean�00,withstandarddeviation�0.Pinklinesshowcognitiveoutcomes,bluelinesselfesteemmeasures,andyellowlineshealthmeasures(behaviouralproblemsandobesity).

�5

Our work has covered the study of disadvantaged neighbourhoods and concentrated poverty, communities and self-help, area regeneration and the sustainability of existing homes1, social housing, housing management, educational performance and family life and community. We have also studied major regeneration areas such as the Thames Gateway2 and Housing Market Renewal areas.3

Low Income Areas Our�2areasstudytrackedtheprogress

of�2representativedisadvantaged

neighbourhoodsbetween�998and

2006,lookingatkeyfactorsassociated

withneighbourhooddeclineand

renewal.Weusedcasestudiestolookat

cross-cuttingissueswithinourresearch

programmesuchashousing,crime,

schools.In2005,Caroline Paskell and

Anne Power documentedthelocal

impactsofgovernmentregenerationand

housingrenewal.Theyfoundenhanced

environmentalqualityandincreased

neighbourhoodmanagementinthe

targetedlow-incomeareas.Policiesand

initiativesimplementedsince�997were

predominantlyleadingtorecoveryinthe

mostdisadvantagedanddecliningareas,

whilethemostperipheralestatesonthe

edgeofstrugglingcitieswerestilldeclining.4

In2006,Caroline Paskellcompleted

thefourthandfinalroundofvisits

lookingatcommunityinfrastructure,

thedistributionoflocalfacilitiesand

resourcesandcommunitysafety

initiatives.Thisfieldworkevidence,will

formpartofthefinalreportonarea

changeovereightyearsfocusingon

housing,regeneration,neighbourhood

managementandcommunity

involvement.Thisworkalsoledtotwo

internationalconferencepapersonthe

nationaldistributionandlocalcharacter

ofsocialexclusionandabookchapter

andjournalarticleoncommunitiesand

crimecontrol.5,6Overall,areascloserto

citycentreswithmoremixedpopulations

andmixeduseswithadenserbuiltform

wererecoveringmorestrongly,whilst

areasfurthestawayfromrecovering

citieswerestrugglingthemosttofinda

newrationale.

The CASE Neighbourhood Study TheNeighbourhoodStudyisaunique

longitudinalstudyoffamilieslivinginhigh

povertyneighbourhoodstracking200

familieslivinginfourneighbourhoods

withinthe�2lowincomeareaswehave

beenstudyingmoregenerally(twoin

EastLondon,oneinSheffieldandonein

Leeds).Thestudystartedin�999,and

followedthefamiliesoversevenyears

withyearlyinterviewvisits.Thefamilies’

experienceofareachangewhilebringing

upchildrenhasbeendocumentedinthree

booksandfourreports.Weexplored

whatfactorspushedandpulledfamilies

intotheneighbourhoods,whatheld

themthere,andwhatmadethemwant

tomoveout.Inthefinalbook(nowin

draft)theresearchers–Rosey Davidson,

Helen Willmot andAnne Power

–havemeasuredthemainelementsof

socialexclusion,includingwork,skills,

educationalattainment,crime,housing

andenvironment,fromtheperspectiveof

parents.Theyfoundconsiderableprogress

insomeaspectsofneighbourhoodlife,but

manyremainingbarrierstofamilystability

inlowincomeneighbourhoods.

City Survivors7offersmorein-depth,

qualitativeevidencebasedonthelife

storiesoftwentyfourfamilieswho

explainovertimefromtheinside,how

neighbourhoodsinandofthemselves

directlyaffectfamilysurvival.These

storiesillustratehowdifferentfamilies

andneighbourhoodscanbe,andyet

howdominantthepressuresofpoor

neighbourhoodconditionsareonfamilies.

Italsoshowsthatfamiliescancounter

widerproblemsbycreatingsupport

networksthathavethepotentialtohelp

thewidercityaswellasthemselves.

Inaddition,Rosey Davidsonproduced

areportforSportEnglandontheimpact

oftheOlympicsonfamiliesinthetwo

EastLondonareas;8andHelen Willmot

usedevidencefromthe�00Northern

familiesforareporttoDEFRAonsocial

capitalamonglowincomefamilies.9

Social networks and social capital Liz Richardson,whoisnowbasedatthe

UniversityofManchester,studiedsocial

networksandsocialcapitalwithAnne

Power,Helen Beck,Alice Coulter,

Laura Lane andotherresearchassistants.

Theyhaverunthinktanksandevaluated

communitytrainingprogrammesand

pump-priminggrantsupporttosmall,

mutualaidandself-helpprojectsin

disadvantagedareas.�0InJuly2005and

July2007theyrantwoworkshopsfor

communitygroupsfromalloverthe

countryopposingdemolitionplansfor

theirareas.��In2006/07,theyalsoran

twoconsultationeventsinordertogather

theviewsofresidentsinlowincome

housingestatestofeedintoJohn Hills’

ReviewofSocialHousing(seeboxonpg

23)andtorespondtothepolicyinitiatives

thatarefollowingfromtheReview.�2

Liz Richardson completedherstudyof

communitydevelopment,basedonher

involvementinGatsby’strainingandgrant

programmethatCASEevaluatedoverasix

yearperiod(seebox).

Weak Market Cities programme: SinceJanuary2006,Anne Power,Jörg

PlögerandAstrid Winklerhavebeen

analysingthestrategiesofurbanrecovery

insevenWesternEuropeancitiesthat

havesufferedfromindustrialdecline(see

box).FundingfromtheJosephRowntree

Foundationhasbeensecuredtocontinue

thisresearchuntiltheendof2008.

ThreestudentshavegainedtheirPhD’s

since2003.Caroline Paskellstudied

actiontakenbyresidentsoflow-income,

high-crimeareastodeteryoungpeople

frominvolvementincrime,druguseand

antisocialbehaviour.Emily Silverman

completedherthesisonmixed-income

newcommunitiesintheUKandHyun

Bang Shincompletedhisthesison

urbanneighbourhoodregenerationin

SeoulandBeijing.

Contact: Jörg Plöger, Anne Power, Liz Richardson and Astrid Winkler

Low Income Areas, the CASE Neighbourhood Study and Social Networks

�6

�Power,A(2007)PaperfortheForesightProgrammeonenergyandthebuiltenvironment:doesdemolitionorrefurbishmentofoldandinefficienthomeshelptoincreaseourenvironmental,socialandeconomicviability?Availableatwww.foresight.gov.uk/

2Power,A,Richardson,L,Seshimo,KandFirth,Kwithothers(2004)LondonThamesGateway:aframeworkforhousingintheLondonThamesGateway.LSEHousing.

3Mumford,KandPower,A(2003)BoomorAbandonment?Resolvinghousingconflictsincities,CharteredInstituteofHousing

4Paskell,C&Power,A(2005)‘Thefuture’schanged’:Localimpactsofhousing,environmentandregenerationpolicysince�997.LSE:CASEreport29:

5Paskell,C(2007)‘PlasticPolice’Or‘CommunitySupport’?:TheRoleofPoliceCommunitySupportOfficersWithinLow-IncomeNeighbourhoods’JournalofEuropeanUrbanandRegionalStudies�4:349-36�.

6Paskell,C,‘Negotiatingcommunitypolicerelations:theroleofPCSOsinpolicinglow-incomeneighbourhoods’.InRAtkinsonandGHelms(eds)SecuringanUrbanRenaissance:crime,communityandBritishurbanpolicy.ThePolicyPress.

7Power,A(2007)CitySurvivors:Bringingupchildrenindisadvantagedneighbourhoods.Bristol:PolicyPress.

8Davidson,RandPower,A(2007)Families’andchildren’sexperienceofsportandinformalactivityinOlympicareasoftheEastEnd.LSE:CASEreport35.

9Power,AandWillmot,H(2007)SocialCapitalwithintheNeighbourhood.LSE:CASEreport38.

�0Beck,HandRichardson,E(2004)LSEEvaluationoftheTraffordHallMakingThingsHappenCapacityBuildingProgramme�999-2003LSE:CASEreport26.

��Power,A(2007)Communitiesanddemolition–findingsfromaWorkshopatTraffordHall,theNationalCommunitiesResourceCentre27thJune2007.LSE:CASEreport47.

�2Power,A(2007)ReportontheconsultationwithtenantsonthefutureofsocialhousingatTraffordHallLSE:CASEreport36;Power,A(2007)Tenantsandtheircommunities:SummaryReporttotheDepartmentforCommunitiesandLocalGovernmentontheconsultationwithtenantsatTraffordHallontheFutureRolesofSocialHousing.LSE:CASEreport42.

�7

Thecontributionofactivecitizensto

makinggoodneighbourhoodsishigh

onpolicyagendasacrosspoliticallines.

Thereisaconsensusthatweneedto

facilitatepeopletotakemorecontrol

oftheirownlives.Butthepromotion

ofcommunityself-helpraisesmany

questions.Howcanweunderstandthe

valueofseeminglytrivialcommunity

activity?Isitpatronisingresidentsto

talkofcommunityself-help?What

legitimacydocommunityrepresentatives

have?Whatstimulatespeopletoget

involved?Doesitmatterthatonlya

minorityareinvolved?Whatisthe

relevanceofcommunitygivenafast

changingsociety?Howcanparticipatory

democracyandrepresentativedemocracy

worktogether?

LizRichardson’snewbookexploresthese

questions,basedondetailedreallife

evidencefromcommunitygroupstrying

tocombatneighbourhoodproblems.The

groupsweresupportedbytheTrafford

HallGatsbyProject,theresultsofwhich

demonstratethatinvestingincommunity

self-helpcanunlockpeople’sdesireand

potentialtosolvecommunityproblems,

andthattheirDIYcommunityaction

hasacriticalroletoplayincommunity

building.Lizputsforwardsevenlessons

basedonherresearch,arguingthat:

•problemsofachievingneighbourhood

renewalandsocialinclusionareabout

morethanpoverty,andeconomic

successcannotcompensatefor

neighbourhooddisorder;

•neighbourhoodsandcommunities

mattertopeople;

•self-helpinallformsisatthebaseof

communitybuilding,bothindividual

andcollectiveformsofself-help;

•inparticular,communityself-help

solutionsarepositivehumanresponses

todifficultsituationsbytheminority

thatproducebenefitsforthemajority;

•communityself-helpinpoor

communitiesprovidestriplebenefits

inimprovingmainstreamservices,in

generatingneighbourhoodrenewaland

revivingdemocracy,andthesebenefits

arenotwidelyenoughchampionedin

thiscomplexsetoftasks;

•thelegitimacyofcommunitygroups

engagedincommunityself-helpwas

questionedbymanyotherbodies,and

oftenmisunderstood;

•communityactionisstrong,yet

fragile,andisboostedbycommunity

developmentsupports.

Thebookputsforwardaframeworkfor

communitybuildingthatrecommends

waysinwhich:localpeoplecan

genuinelyfeelimprovementsinpublic

servicesandcontributetooutcomeson

apersonallevel;civicengagementcan

bereformedusingmoredeliberative

approaches;trustandcommunityspirit

canbebolstered;andcommunityself-

helpcanbeacceleratedorsupported.

Formoredetails,seeLRichardson

(March2008,forthcoming),DIY

Community Action: neighbourhood

problems and community self-help,

Bristol:ThePolicyPress.

DIY community action: neighbourhood problems and community self-help

Liz Richardson

Ways to judge the legitimacy of small informal groups

The group’s relationship to the wider community

•Thegroupsorganisedactivities,andpeopleusedthe

servicesthegroupsprovided

•Residentssoughtouthelpandadvicefromthegroups’

membersinformally

•Residentshelpedtofundraisefororgavefinancialbacking

tothegroups

•Lackofvandalismofthegroups’projects

•Anabsenceofcriticism

•Thegroupsreachedouttothewidercommunityusing

informationandconsultation

The groups’ relationship to external bodies

•Theywereopentoscrutiny

•Thegroupshadpositiveapproachestopromotingdiversity

�8

The CASE Weak Market Cities Programmes looks at seven case study ‘weak market’ cities across Europe. A parallel study in partnership with the Brookings Institution in Washington explores similar problems facing older industrial cities in the United States. During the industrial era, these cities were the demographic, cultural and economic hubs of their respective regions, maturing at a time when access to raw materials, dense transportation networks and proximity to markets were clear competitive advantages for the development of strong manufacturing industries producing goods for local and national needs. Since the oil shocks of the 1970s and the decline of industry and manufacturing in the West, however, these spatial attributes have decreased in importance, leaving these cities struggling to find their economic niche.

TheCASEteam’sresearchfocusesonsevenEuropeancitiesinfivecountries:SheffieldandBelfast(UnitedKingdom),Saint-Étienne(France),Bilbao(Spain),Torino(Italy),LeipzigandBremen(Germany).Thesecitiesareeachmarkedbyheavylossesinmanufacturingjobs(seechart)andasubsequenthaemorrhagingoftheirpopulation,economicandsocio-spatialpolarisation,alowskillsbaseandhighlevelsofunemployment.Anoverallpatternisrecognisable:steepgrowthuntilthemidtolate20thcenturyfollowedbyasharpdecline.Commonchallengesincludedadiminishingtaxbase,large-scalevacantandabandonedproperty,concentratedpoverty,andalow-educatedworkforce.

Theturningpointsarosebroadly�5-20yearsaftertheeconomicdecline.Ourresearchindicatesthatinallcasesittookarealcrisistosparkdecisiveaction.Theacuteandcumulativenatureoftheeconomicandsocialcrisesinthesecitiesgalvanizednewpoliticalactionandthrewupnewleadership.Themajorchallengesweretostoptheleakageofpeopleandjobs;tocultivateandattractnewindustriesandentrepreneurs;andtoretainthehigher-skilledmiddle-classpopulations(manyofwhomwereleavingtoseekworkelsewhere).Thepopulationswhostayed

inthecitieswerelower-skilledandmoremarginaltotheneweconomy.

Incitieswherecivicpridewasdamagedasmuchasurbanlandscapes,wheresocialexclusionandinequalitywererampantandwhereskillsmismatchesplayedabigroleinimpedingrecovery,thegrowthofnewindustriesandtheupgradingandoverhaulofcityinfrastructureseemedanalmostimpossiblechallenge.TheWesternworldhadmovedonfromheavy-footedintensivemanufacturingtoamuchlighter-footed,moreservice-basedeconomyandthemismatchbetweenwhatformerindustrialcitiescouldofferandtherequirementsoftheneweconomywasextreme.

Citiesadoptedmanydifferentapproachestoaidrecovery.Thereare,however,somecommontraits:

•Firstly,theyallreliedonstronggovernmentsupportforphysicalrenewalprojects,involvingfundingfortransportupgrading,reclamationofderelictsites,neighbourhoodregeneration,restorationofhistoricbuildingsandotherinfrastructureinvestment.Themoneytodothesethingscameslowlyandpiecemealfrommanydifferentprogrammes.OftenitwasheavilysupplementedbysocialandregionaldevelopmentfundsfromtheEuropeanUnion.

•Secondly,thecitiesthemselvesfocusedonreducingunemploymentandpreparingtheirlower-skilledpopulationfornewjobsthroughtrainingprogrammesandintermediate,semi-subsidisedsupportedemploymentprogrammes.

•Thirdly,theydevelopedprogrammestofosterthedevelopmentofhigh-value-addedsectorslinkedtotheirexistingstrengths(forexample,advancedmanufacturinginSheffield,opticsinSaint-Étienne),mainlybylinkinglocaluniversities’researchactivitywithprivateenterprise.

•Fourthly,theyaimedtoincreasetheirresidentialappealbycreatingculturalattractionsandupgradingtheirhousingstock.

Amajorfocusofalleffortshasbeenonhowtocreatenewjobswithinaneweconomicenvironment.Thecoreroleofthecitieshadtobe‘reinvented’andstrengthenedfollowingtherapidandstarkdecayofde-industrialisation.Economicconcernslaybehindmostdecisions,asthecitieshadbeenweakenedmostbythelossoftheireconomicbase.

Todothis,allsevencitiesbuiltontheirheritageandculture,launchingphysicalupgradingprogrammesfocusedonupdatingtheirgrittyindustrialimagesandcreatinganattractiveculturalandresidential‘offer’.Inpoorerneighbourhoods,conditionsurgentlyrequiredreinvestment.Socialtensionsandethnicconflictdominatedmuchofthelocalpoliticalagenda,butallthecitieshavemajorneighbourhoodregenerationprogrammesunderway.

Toshakeofftheirimageof‘grime,sweatandtoil’linkedtotheirindustrialpast,thecitiesadoptedinnovativereinvestmentstrategieswhichconcentratedonthefollowingareas.

Leadership and ‘City Strategies’.Strongleaderscapableofunitinglocalactorsaroundafocusedvisionforthecity’sfuturewerekeytorecovery.Mostcitiesdevelopeda‘CityStrategy’inconsultationwitharangeofcivicandbusinessleaders.Theyalsofoundednewpartnershipsandinstitutionstotakeforwardeachelementofthestrategy.

Land and building reclamation and environmental upgrading.Largeportareas,contaminatedland,disusedsteelworks,gasworks,millsandwarehousesallneededrestorationandreuse.

Physical redesign and upgrading of major landmarks.Formerindustrialerabuildingssuchasoldtownhalls,theatres,civichallsandevenolderdepartmentstoreswerereadyfornewuses.Wholecitycentreswereredesigned.

Transport infrastructure.Allcitiessoughtfundingtoimproveinternalandexternalconnectivity.Newtransportlinksalsoopenedupemploymentopportunities.

Industrial collapse and its aftermath: seven European cities in the recovery ward

Anne Power, Jörg Plöger and Astrid Winkler

�8

50

60

40

30

20

10

0Leipzig

1970

2005

Bremen Bilbao Belfast Sheffield Torino Saint-Étienne

�9

Building new skills within the populationtoattractnewcompaniesbecamecrucial.Thisapproachwasoftenlinkedtosocialintegrationandneighbourhoodrenewalefforts.

Thecitiesareatdifferentstagesintheprocessofdoingthisbutinfiveofthesevencitiesunemploymentrateshavefallentothecountryaverageorlower.Unemploymentlevelshavefalleninallthecities,exceptLeipzigwhereparticulareconomicconditionsmakerecoverymoredifficult.Allthecitiesnowshowaslowinginpopulationdeclineandre-growthin

fourofthesevencases.Thereissignificantrecoveryinunemploymentrates,althoughprobingthenatureandsustainabilityofjobcreationefforts,theflowsinemploymentandthenatureofthenewinvestmentsthatthesecitiesareattractinghasbeenoneofthebiggestchallengesofthisresearch.

Thereiswidespreadagreementthatimprovementsineducationfosteringhigher-levelskillsandaspirations,moresociallyintegratedcommunities,continuousphysicalrenewalandenvironmentallysustainablebehaviourareessentialtotacklingfutureurbanchallenges.Weare

exploringcitybycityhowthesethemesarebeingintegratedinspecificregenerationprojects,andin2008wewilldrawonUSandEuropeanexperiencetodeveloparecoveryindexforformerindustrialcities.

TheCASEWeakMarketCitiesProgrammeisfundedbytheJosephRowntreeFoundation,withcontributionsfromtheAcademyforSustainableCommunitiesandtheDepartmentforCommunitiesandLocalGovernment.Formoredetails,seehttp://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/case/_new/research/weakmarketcities/default.asp

Proportion of Workforce in Manufacturing Employment (1970-2005)

‘Before and after’, Saint-Étienne

The emblematic Imperial Arms Factory of Saint-Étienne, 1894.

Source:CollectionMuséeduVieuxSaint-Etienne

The new (from foreground) private apartment blocks, ‘Design Village’ and ‘Optics/Vision’ cluster sites (architect’s impression)

Source:Saint-ÉtienneMétropole

20

Education Wehavesoughttodeepenour

understandingofhoweducation

affectsthepatternsofadvantageand

disadvantageinsociety.Ruth Lupton’s

workinasampleofschoolsandthe

areasfromwhichtheydrewtheir

pupilsshowedthepowerfulinteraction

betweenneighbourhoodandschool.

Whatuseschoolsmakeoftheir

resources,howtheydefinetheirgoals

andstructurethelearningenvironmentis

stronglyinfluencedbythelocalcontext.�

Robert CassenandGitaKingdon

combinedvariousnationaldatasetsto

testthe(conditional)correlationoflow

achievementwitharangeofriskfactors,

theroleplayedbysortingintodifferent

schools,bydifferencesinschoolquality

andtheimpactofschoolresources.2

Itfoundthat‘sorting’studentsinto

lowandhighqualityschoolsand

neighbourhoodsplaysanimportant

partinexplaininglowachievement.

Higherschoolexpenditurereducesthe

chancesoflowachievementbyasmall

amountoverallbutsomegroupsof

studentsbenefitsignificantly–notably

girls,ethnicminoritystudentsandthose

withsomekindofsocialdisadvantage.

Thissuggeststargeteduseofadditional

resourcescanmakeadifference.

Ethnicminoritystudentsovercome

disadvantagebetter.Suchpupilshavea

greaterchanceofbeinglowachieversat

��butbyage�6languageandethnic

disadvantageispowerfullyreversed.

Thesefindingswerereinforcedbythose

ofDeborahWilson,Simon Burgess

andAdamBriggswhichshowedthatall

ethnicgroupsmakemoregainsinschool

thanwhitepupilsandthisisespecially

trueofIndianstudentspriortoexternal

examinations.Theyoutperformtheir

whitepeersin90percentoftheschools

theyattend.Thisfindingsupportsthe

conclusionsofothersthataspiringfamily

andstronglocalcommunitytiescanbe

powerfulpositivefactors.3

Jane Waldfogel reviewedthe

internationalliteratureontheneeds

ofchildreninworkingfamiliesandon

theimpactofearlyyearsexperienceon

socialmobilityandlaterlifechances.She

developedaprogrammeofpolicyaction.4

VincentVandenburghemodelledthelikely

impactofreformingthefundingofhigher

educationindifferentcountries.5

Employment Tania Burchardt showedthat�6year

oldchildrenwithdisabilitiesnowhave

similaraspirationstootherchildren

ofthatage,apositiveimprovement

fromthepast,butthesearenot

matchedbylabourmarketexperience.6

Eleni Karagiannakireviewedthe

effectivenessofJobcentrePlusin

integratingthoseexcludedfromthe

labourmarket.7John Riggexamined

thelabourmarketexperienceofdisabled

peopleandfoundtheyexperienced

slowerearningsgrowthandmorejob

exits,especiallymen.Itisnotenough,he

concluded,tofocusonbarriersfacedby

thedisabledinaccessingjobs.8

Kitty Stewart trackedasamplecohort

oflonemothersfrom�99�to200�to

examinetheiremploymenthistoriesand

foundlittleevidencethatearlyreturn

toworkmakesstabilityinemployment

morelikely.Wagessteadilydeclinedin

relationtomaleearningsandmovement

intolowpaidworkwasmorecommon

thanmovementout.9Abigail McKnight

examinedtheemploymenttrajectories

oflowpaidworkersoverlongperiodsof

timeusingtheLifetimeLabourMarket

Database(seebox).

Welfare policy John Hills andcolleaguesuseddata

fromregularinterviewswithasampleof

familiesoverayeartoanalysevariations

inincomeandcircumstances.Incomes

formanyfamiliesvariedconsiderablyand

wereaggravatedbytheworkingofthe

thenunreformedChildTaxCreditsystem.�0

John Hillswasheavilyinvolvedinthe

workofthePensionsCommissionandhas

publishedreflectionsonpensionpolicy

resultingfromit.��Hillsalsoundertooka

reviewofthecurrentandpossiblefuture

roleforsocialhousing(seebox).

RachelSmithiesanalysedtrendsinthe

balancebetweenpublicandprivate

welfareprovisionanditsfinancefrom

�979-�999,updatingearlierworkby

Burchardt.Perhapsmoststrikingwas

therelativelysmallshift,forexample,

towardsprivateprovisionandfinancein

aperiodwhendiscussionofsuchmoves

havehadahighpoliticalprofile.�2

Howard Glennersterputtogethera

timeseriesshowingtheextenttowhich

taxesandsocialbenefitsincashand

kindhadreducedthescaleofinequality

offinalincomesovertheperiodsince

�937.Taxesandbenefitswerereducing

thescaleofinequalitybytwiceasmuch

in2005astheywereintheimmediate

postwarperiod,evensonotfully

offsettingtheriseinlabourmarket

inequality.�3Tom Seftoncontributed

ananalyticaloverviewofredistributive

policyfortheOxfordHandbookofPublic

Policy.�4Havingpreviouslyanalysedthe

effectivenessofvariousenergyefficiency

schemesinreducingfuelpoverty,healso

carriedoutareviewoftheGovernment’s

methodologyforcalculatingthenumber

ofhouseholdsinfuelpoverty.�5,�6

Kitty StewartandJohn Hills pulled

togethercontributionsfromacross

theCentretodiscusswhatimpact

theLabourGovernmenthadmadeon

inequalityandsocialexclusion(published

asA More Equal Society?in2005�7),

whichwillbeupdatedandextended

in2008.Inthelastyear,severalCASE

authorscontributedtothevolumeedited

byJohn Hills,Julian Le Grand and

David PiachaudentitledMaking Social

Policy Work,focusinginparticularon

thewaysinwhichsocialpolicyinBritain

hasbeenreshapedinthefirstdecadeof

the2�stcenturyandimplicationsforthe

futureevolutionofpolicy(seebox).

Contact: Tania Burchardt, Simon Burgess, Robert Cassen, Howard Glennerster, John Hills, Eleni Karagiannaki, Abigail McKnight, David Piachaud, Tom Sefton and Kitty Stewart

Education, Employment, Welfare and Exclusion

2�

�RLupton(2005)‘SocialJusticeandschoolimprovement:Improvingthecapacityofschoolsinthepoorestneighbourhoods’British Educational Research JournalVol3�(5)pp589-604.

2RCassenandGKingdon(2007)Tackling Low Educational Achievement York:JosephRowntreeFoundation;GKingdonandRCassen(2007)UnderstandingLowAchievementinEnglishSchoolsCASEpaper��8isthetechnicalversion.

3DWilsonandRBurgess(2006)The Dynamics of School Attainment of England’s Ethnic Minorities CASEpaper�05.

4JWaldfogel(2006)What Children Need Cambridge,Mass:HarvardUniversityPress.

5VVandenbergheandODebande(2007)Refinancing Europe’s Higher Education through Deferred and Income-Contingent Fees: An empirical assessment using Belgian, German and UK data.CASEpaper�24.

6TBurchardt(2005)The education and employment of disabled young people York:JosephRowntreeFoundation.

7EKaragiannaki(2005)Job Centre Plus or minus: Exploring the performance of Job Centre Plus for non-job seekers CASEpaper97;Exploring the effects of integrated benefits systems and active labour market policies; Evidence from Job Centre Plus CASEpaper�07.

8JRigg(2005)Labour Market Disadvantage amongst Disabled People: A longitudinal perspective CASEpaper�03.

9KStewart(2007)Employment trajectories for mother in low skilled work: Evidence from the British Lone Parent Cohort CASEpaper�22.

�0JHills,RSmithiesandAMcKight(2006)Tracking Income: How working families’ incomes vary through the year CASEreport32.

��JHills(2006)From Beveridge to Turner: Demography, Distribution and the Future of Pensions in the UK.CASEpaper��0.

�2RSmithies(2005)Public and Private Welfare Activity in the United Kingdom 1979- 1999.CASEpaper93.

�3HGlennerster(2006)TiborBarna:TheredistributiveimpactoftaxesandsocialpoliciesintheUK:�937-2005.

�4TSefton‘Distributiveandredistributivepolicy’inM.Morqan,MRein,andR.Goodin(eds)OxfordHandbookofPublicPolicyOxford:OxfordUniversityPress.

�5TSefton(2005)AimingHigh:anevaluationofthepotentialcontributionofWarmFronttowardsmeetingtheGovernment’sfuelpovertytargetinEngland,CASEreport28.

�6TSeftonandPCheshire(2005)PeerReviewoftheMethodologyforCalculatingtheNumberofHouseholdsinFuelPovertyFinalReporttoDTIandDefra.

�7JHillsandKStewart(2005)A More Equal Society: New Labour poverty, inequality and exclusionBristol:PolicyPress.

2222

The employment trajectories of low paid workers are still not well understood. Very large samples of workers tracking the employment experience of the same individuals over long periods of time are required before any meaningful analysis can be conducted. The Lifetime Labour Market Database (LLMDB), an administrative data source which is comprised of linked information on earnings, benefit receipt and a range of personal data, for the same large random sample of individuals since the mid 1970s, provides such an opportunity. In a research project funded by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Abigail McKnight and Richard Dickens (CEP) have been analysing the LLMDB to gain a better understanding of the evolution of the employment trajectories of low paid workers. They have focused on three main areas for analysis.

Firstly,theyhaveexploitedthe

longitudinalnatureoftheLLMDBto

assesstheextenttowhichthemobility

ofemployees,intermsoftheirearnings,

haschangedovertime.Makinguseof

recentmethodologicaldevelopments,

theyareabletocomparedifferent

groupsofworkerswithaparticularfocus

onlowpaidemployees.Theyfindthat

earningsmobilityfellthroughthe�980s

and�990sbutchangessince�997are

mixedandsensitivetothemeasureof

mobilityused.Takingacloserlookat

differentearningslevelstheyfindthat

mostmobilitywhichtendstoequalise

longertermdifferencesinindividuals’

earningsoccursmainlyamonglower

paidemployees,butthatthishasfallen

overtime.Thismightindicateafallinthe

opportunityforlowerpaidemployeesto

progressinthelabourmarket.

Secondly,theyfocusonimmigrantsas

theyareagroupofindividualswho

areknowntobedisadvantagedinthe

labourmarket.TheLLMDBprovidesa

uniqueopportunitytotrackdifferent

wavesofmigrants,includingthe

recentinfluxofmigrantsfromtheEU

accessioncountries.Usinginformation

onthedatetheseindividualsentered

theUKandlongitudinalinformationon

theirearningsandbenefitreceipt,itis

possibletoassesstheirlabourmarket

disadvantagewhentheystartworking

andthelengthoftimeittakesfor

themtofullyassimilateintotheBritish

labourmarket.Therawdatarevealsthat

newlyarrivedimmigrantsearnawage

thatis,onaverage,halftheaverage

non-immigrantwage.Thiswagegap

declinesthelongermigrantsremainin

theUKuntil7-9yearsaftertheyenter

whenimmigrantandnon-immigrant

wagesconverge.Assimilationisfasterfor

women(3years)thanformen(�0years).

Furtherstatisticalanalysisrevealedthat

thewagegapismuchlowerformore

recentcohortsofmigrants;particularly

womenamongwhomthemost

recentcohortforwhichwehavedata

(2000-2003)actuallyrecordarelative

wagepremium.Controllingforage

andyearofarrivalrevealsthatyounger

immigrantshavealowerwagepenalty

andassimilatefasterthanolderworkers

andwomenassimilatefasterthanmen.

Itisalsothecasethatthecountryof

originisanimportantdeterminantof

wageassimilationwithmigrantsfrom

AsiaandtheMiddleEastfaringthe

worst.Nochangeintherateofwage

assimilationforwomenwasfoundwhile

formenboththewagegaphasfallen

formorerecentcohortsandtherateof

assimilationhasincreasedmarkedly.

Finally,theyexploredtheroleofin-work

benefitsinhelpingindividualsretain

theirjobsandprogressinthelabour

market.Inthestatisticalanalysisthey

focusonassessingtheimpactofthe

WorkingFamiliesTaxCredit/Family

Creditonemploymentretentionand

advancement.Manyindividualsclaim

in-workbenefitsforlongperiodsof

timeandmanyclaimantsgoontohave

repeatclaimsinshortsuccession.They

findthatemploymentretentionishigher

forin-workbenefitrecipientsthan

non-recipientsandthattheintroduction

ofWFTCin�999wasassociatedwith

anincreaseinemploymentretention

amongrecipientsabovethatobserved

fornon-recipients.Whencontrolsare

madeforarangeoffactorswhich

mayindependentlyaffectemployment

retention,theyfindnostatistically

significantimpactassociatedwiththe

introductionofWFTCforwomen.For

men,theresultssuggestthatWFTC

increasedemploymentretentionratesby

2percentagepoints.Preliminaryresults

suggestthatWFTChashadnoimpact

onwagegrowth.

Findingsfromthisresearchprojectwill

bepublishedbytheJosephRowntree

Foundationearlyin2008.

Not enough rungs? Welfare to work transitions

Abigail McKnight and Richard Dickens

80

90

70

60

50

40

10

20

30

0Unqualified

Social Sector

Non-social Sector

Disabled Ethnic Minority Over 50s Lone Parents

Perc

en

tag

e

23

In July 2006 I was commissioned by Ruth Kelly, then Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, to write a report, published in February 2007 as Ends and Means: The Future Roles

of Social Housing in England.

Socialhousingplaysacrucialrole

fornearlyfourmillionhouseholdsin

England,givingstabilityandsecurityina

fundamentalpartoffamilies’lives.The

qualityofhousingitprovidesisusually

significantlyhigherthanlowincome

tenantscouldaffordintheprivatesector.

Itsexistencehasprotectedaffordability

fortenantswhilerealhouseprices

havedoubledinthelastdecade.Social

landlordsoftenplayaleadingroleinthe

renewalandregenerationofsomeofthe

mostdeprivedareas.

Inonesense,then,theanswertothe

corequestionforthereviewwasclear:

thereisnoreasonwhysocialhousing

shouldnotcontinuetoplaythisvital

role,andinconsideringpolicychange

itsbenefitsshouldnotbeputatrisk.

However,theevidencesuggeststhat

intermsofthekeyreasonsforusing

socialhousingasapolicyinstrument,

someoftheoutcomesareatpresent

disappointing:aspectsoftenant

satisfactionhavedeteriorated,despite

theimprovedphysicalqualityofthe

stock;halfofsocialhousingislocated

inthepoorestfifthofneighbourhoods;

andlevelsofworklessnessarehigh,

evenwhenonestartsallowingforthe

particularlabourmarketchallengesthat

manytenantsface(seefigure).

Inparttheseproblemsreflectthesheer

pressurethesectorisunderasalternatives

becomelessaffordableandasthe

supplyofsocialhousingavailableto

re-letdeclines.Butmorecouldbedone

toachievebetteroutcomesforexisting

tenantsandforothersinhousingneed.

Thereportsuggestsfourdirectionsin

whichpolicycouldbetterachievethe

underlyingobjectivesofsocialhousing

andofhousingpolicymoregenerally.It

asks,whatcanbedone:

•Toincreasetheattentiongiventothe

existingstockandtenantpopulation?

•Tosupportmixed-incomeswithin

existingcommunities?

•Tosupportthelivelihoodsoftenants

andothersinhousingneed?

•Tooffera‘morevariedmenu’toboth

prospectiveandexistingtenants?

Howfarpolicymoveswilldependon

prioritiesand,insomecases,onavailable

resources.Butifsocialhousingisto

fulfilitspotential,newapproachesare

needed.Weneedtomovebeyondan

approachwherethekeyfunctionis

oneofrationingandtryingtoestablish

whoisnoteligibleforsocialhousing

toonewherethekeyquestionis‘How

canwehelpyoutoafforddecent

housing?’and‘Hereareyouroptions’.

Withinthis,housinginitselfisnotthe

onlyissue.Theoverallpolicyaimmay

remainthetraditionaloneofachieving

‘adecenthomeforallatapricewithin

theirmeans’,buthistoricallywemay

havegiventoolittleattentiontothelast

partofthat–doingenoughtosupport

people’slivelihoodsandsoboostingthe

meansattheirdisposal.

Formoredetails,seeJHills(2007)

Ends and means: the future roles of

social housing in England,CASEreport

34.Thereportandasummarycanbe

downloadedfrom:http://sticerd.lse.

ac.uk/case/publications/reports.asp

The roles of social housing in the 21st century

John Hills

Worklessness by tenure and indicators of labour market disadvantage, Spring 2006

Source: Labour Force Survey

2424

How to make social policy work? How can policies be designed so as to achieve the aims of government in the social arena? How can these policies be implemented in such a way so as to promote the desired aims but without damaging other aims that we might wish to pursue? Can we ensure that social policies have only those consequences that are intended? Howard Glennerster, whose work has inspired the contributions to this book, published in 2007, has devoted much of his professional life to answering such questions and the book attempts to build on his contributions. It is thus concerned, not so much with the theory of social policy, but with its practice. The chapters of the book, written by his colleagues, focus on the historical development and the practical implementation of policy in key areas of social concern.

Themainfocusofthebookison

contemporaryissues,particularlyonthe

waysinwhichsocialpolicyinBritain

hasbeenreshapedinthefirstdecade

ofthe2�stcenturyandtheissuesthat

theyraiseforthefutureevolutionof

policy.Thefirstpartofthebooklooks

attheunderlyingaimsofsocialpolicy.

JoseHarrisdeconstructssomeofthe

mythologysurroundingthehistoryof

thewelfarestate,arguingthatseemingly

quitedatedpoliciesandinstitutionsof

pasterasmaycontainelementsthat

areconstantanduniversalinmany

differentcontextsandepochs,while

otherapparently‘timeless’modelsare

actuallytime-specific.Therearelessons

tobelearnedfromhistoryaboutwhat

works;buttheymaynotalwaysbethe

mostobviousones.TaniaBurchardt

emphasisestheneedtoclarifythe

objectivesofpolicy,especiallywith

respecttosocialjustice,andpointsto

contradictionsinthisrespectbetween

recentdevelopmentsindifferentaspects

ofpolicy.

Thesecondpartofthebooklooks

atthewaysinwhichsocialpolicies

aredelivered.JaneLewisexamines

whyfamilyissuesaresohardfor

policymakers.Shelooksathowrecent

policyintheUKhas‘muddledthrough’,

examininginparticularchangesin

policytowardsthebalancebetween

workandfamilylifesince�997.Anne

Westbringsoutsomeofthetensions

thatarisewhentryingtomeetdifferent

goalsineducationpolicy,usingthe

evolutionoftheLabourGovernment’s

policiestowardsschooleducationas

anillustration.NickBarrfocuseson

highereducation,lookinginparticular

atthesystemforfinancinghigher

educationthathademergedaftera

seriesofreformsby2006,making

theimportantdistinctionbetween

strategicpolicydesign,political

implementation,andadministrative

andtechnicalimplementation.Julian

LeGrandexaminestheUKexperience

ofquasi-marketsinhealthcare,and

concludesthattheessentialelements

ofthesemarkets–notablyuserchoice

andprovidercompetition–canachieve

theendsofhealthcarepolicy,solong

asthemeasuresconcernedareproperly

designed.MartinKnappexamines

policydevelopmentsinsocialcare,

aimedatbothincreasingindividuals’

choiceoverserviceproviders,butalso

theircontroloverthatchoice.Hetraces

thedevelopmentof‘directpayments’

and‘individualbudgets’,whereservice

usersareusingcombinedresources

fromavarietyoffundingstreams

withinwhatbecomesareal,rather

thana‘quasi-market’.AnnePower

looksatthedeliveryofpolicyonthe

ground,intheshapeofpoliciestowards

neighbourhoods,particularlythose

withconcentrationsofhouseholds

withlowincomes.Sheexamines

whyneighbourhoodsaffectsocial

conditions,evidenceofrecentprogress

inneighbourhoodrenewal,andwhether

moremixedurbancommunitiesarelikely

toemergeasaresultofit.

Thethirdpartofthebooklooksat

thedistributionaleffectsofpolicy.

DavidPiachaudreviewsthemany

developmentsinsocialsecurityand

anti-povertypolicyinrecentyearsunder

theLabourGovernment.Heconcludes

thattheevidenceupto2004-05shows

that‘redistributionworks’,butatthe

priceofincreasedcomplexity,high

effectivemarginaltaxratesandasplit

inresponsibilitybetweengovernment

departments.JohnHillsdiscussesthe

majorreformsunderwayinpension

policy.Drawingonevidencecollected

bythePensionsCommission,helooks

atpublicprioritiesforpensions,but

alsocontradictionsinattitudes.He

emphasisestheneedtomakehard

choices,andforthosechoicestocarry

popularsupport.Finally,TonyTravers

reviewsthedevelopmentanduse

offundingformulaefordistributing

resourcesgeographicallybetween

differentlocaljurisdictionsintheUnited

Kingdom.Hetracesthehistoricalroots

oftoday’ssystemsbacktotheideasof

theWebbsandothersintheearly20th

century,forwardtothechangesinlocal

governmentfinanceproposedinthe

Lyonsreportearlyin2007.

HowardGlennerster’sworkservedto

improvethelivesofmillionswhohave

neverheardhisname–anditcontinues

todoso.Therecanbenobettertribute

foratruescholarofsocialpolicy.This

bookattemptstofollowalongthepath

hehascleared,andcontinuestoexplore.

Formoredetails,seeJHills,JLeGrandand

DPiachaud(eds)(2007)Making Social

Policy Work,Bristol:ThePolicyPress.

Making social policy work: essays in honour of Howard Glennerster

John Hills, Julian Le Grand and David Piachaud (eds)

25

Policies CASEhasdevelopedastrongthemeof

workaroundchildpoverty,including

microsimulationofthepredicted

impactofvariousgovernmentpolicies,

assessmentofwhatcombinationof

materialandparentalresourcesare

neededtosupportyoungchildren’s

development,andexplorationofpolicies

tosupportchildrenindiversecountries

includingBritain,SouthernEurope,

countriesintheex-USSR,Mexicoand

Brazil(seebox).�,2,3In2007,threenew

projectsbeganinthisarea:Sarah

Mohaupt’sPhDonintergenerational

patternsofchildhooddisadvantage

inIndonesia,usingpaneldata,Yuka

Uzuki’s PhDonthevaryingeffectsof

growingupinpovertyontheuseyoung

peopleinBritaincanmakeoftheir

education,usingcohortdata,anda

‘thinkpiece’byDavid Piachaud onthe

commercialisationofchildhood.4

Children’swell-beingisofcourse

intimatelyboundupwiththe

circumstancesoftheirparents.We

weredelightedtohostStephen

Morris,aCASEUserFellowfromthe

DepartmentforWorkandPensions,

whocarriedoutatimelyanalysisof

childsupportarrangements,inthe

lightofproposalstomovetowards

morevoluntaryagreements.5

Socialsecurityandpensionshavebeen

animportantthreadrunningthrough

theCentre’swork,eversincetheWelfare

StateProgrammewasabsorbedinto

CASEin�997.Currently,Martin Evans,

John HillsandHolly Sutherland are

workingontheimpactofindexation(or

lackofit)forthevalueandeffectiveness

ofUKsocialsecurityinaprojectfunded

bytheJosephRowntreefoundation.Ben

Baumberg beganhisPhDthisyearon

incapacitybenefitrecipients,focusing

onpsychologicalaspectsofwellnessto

work,whileAaron Grech continued

hisdoctoralworkonthefundingof

pensionssystems.6

CASEhasalsoproducedanumberof

overviewsofwelfarepolicy.Howard

Glennerster haswrittenachapter

fortheforthcomingOxfordUniversity

ComparativeHandbookonSocialPolicy

onthefutureofwelfarestates,and

revisedhisbest-sellingBritish Social

Policy: 1945 to the present foritsthird

edition.7David Piachaud challengedthe

discipline’sexclusivefocusonservices,

arguingforabroaderconceptionofthe

relationshipbetweenindividuals,policies

andsocialoutcomes.8

Concepts Aseriesofinterconnectedprojectshave

examinedsocialattitudestovarious

aspectsofsocialpolicy,including

redistributionandinequality(both

amongthegeneralpublicandamong

theveryrich),anddiscriminationagainst

disabledpeople.9,�0Anewproject

isplannedbyPolly Vizard in2008

onsocialattitudestocitizenshipand

theproposedBillofRights,including

whetherthereissupportforinclusionof

socialandeconomicrights.

Socialattitudesareoneoftheconstraints

whichmayoperateonpolicy.Other

constraints–orfacilitators–arethe

underlyingmotivationsandcapacitiesof

thepolicymakers,thestaffdeliveringthe

policies,andcitizensthemselves.Julian

Le Grand broughttogetherhisthinking

overmanyyearsonthedynamicsof

individualmotivationandsocialpolicy

inabookwiththeintriguingsub-title

‘of knights and knaves, pawns and

queens’.��Thisyear,arangeofCASE

workisbeingbroughttogetherona

themeofresilience,aconceptwhich

locatesindividual’smotivationsand

strategieswithinthecontextoftheir

family,communityandwidersocial

structures(seebox).

Analysisofanyareaofsocialpolicyis

difficultwithoutanaccountofwhat

valuesorobjectivesthepolicyis,orshould

be,promoting.Anumberofaspectsof

CASEworkinrecentyearshasrelated

totheoriesofwhatmatters:happiness,

humanrights,centralandvaluable

capabilities,orotherinterpretations

ofsocialjustice.�2,�3,�4,�5,�6Someofthis

workisbeingtakenforwardin2008in

developingaframeworkrelatingequality

andhumanrights.

Inaseparatestudy,Francesca

Borgonovi examinestherelationship

betweenformalvolunteeringandself-

reportedwell-beingintheUSA(seebox).

Measurement Translatingtheoreticalconcepts

intomeasurableindicatorsisalways

challenging.CASEworkhastackled

thischallengebothcross-nationally

andacrossdisciplines.Kitty Stewart

exploredwhethertheEU’sproposed

frameworkformeasurementofwell-

beingcouldsensiblybeoperationalised

ataregionallevel�7,whileDavid

Piachaud respondedtoarequestfrom

theScottishGovernmenttoconsider

howScotland’seconomicandsocial

policycontextcomparedtothe‘arcof

prosperity’identifiedbyAlecSalmond

asstretchingacrossScandinaviaand

Ireland.�8Tania Burchardt joined

colleaguesinthePersonalSocialServices

ResearchUnitatLSEtoconducta

systematicmappingexerciseofthe

literatureonmentalhealthandsocial

exclusion,aprojectwhichledtothe

developmentofnewmethodstocope

withthechallengesofinter-disciplinary

systematicreviewing.�9

Measurementofincomeinequalityison

asoundermethodologicalfootingthan

measurementusingmulti-dimensional

indicators,butofcourseincomedoes

notgenerallycapturearangeofother

disadvantages.Aseriesofprojectshave

exploredwaysofadjustingincometo

takeaccountofthesedifferentneeds,

throughequivalisation,examiningthe

relationshipwithconsumption,and

takingintoaccounttimebudgetsaswell

asincomeconstraints.20

Contact: Francesca Borgonovi, Tania Burchardt, Julian Le Grand and Polly Vizard

Policies, Concepts and Measurement of Social Exclusion

26

�DPiachaud(2005)‘Childpoverty:anoverview’.InGPreston(ed)AtGreatestRisk,ChildPovertyActionGroup;JWaldfogel(2006)What Children Need,Cambridge,Mass:HarvardUniversityPress.

2KStewartandCHuerta(2005)‘Reinvestinginchildren?PoliciesfortheveryyounginSouthEasternEuropeandtheCIS’,UNICEFInnocentiWorkingPaper.

3CHuerta(2006)‘ChildhealthinruralMexico:didProgresareducechildren’smorbidityrisks?’,Social Policy and Administration,40(6):652-677.

4DPiachaud(2007)‘FreedomtobeaChild:CommercialPressuresonChildren’,CASEpaper�27.

5SMorris(2007)‘Mothers,childsupportarrangements:acomparisonofroutesthroughwhichmothersobtainawardsformaintenanceinGreatBritain’,Benefits: The Journal of Poverty and Social Justice,�5(�):�7-3�.

6AZaidiandAGrech‘PensionPolicyinEU25anditsImpactonPensionBenefits’, Benefits: the Journal of Poverty and Social Justice,�5(3):299-3��.

7HGlennerster(2007)British social policy: 1945 to the present.3rded.Blackwell.

8DPiachaud(2005)‘Socialpolicyandpolitics’,Political Quarterly,76(3):350-356.

9TSefton(2005)‘Giveandtake:publicattitudestoredistribution’.InAPark,JCurtice,KThomson,CBromley,MPhillipsandMJohnson(eds)British Social Attitudes Survey: the 22nd report.Sage.

�0JRigg(2006)‘Disablingattitudes?Publicperspectivesondisabledpeople’.InAPark,JCurtice,KThomson,CBromley,MPhillipsandMJohnson(eds)British Social Attitudes Survey: the 23rd report.Sage.

��JLeGrand(2006)Motivation, Agency and Public Policy: of knights and knaves, pawns and queens.OUP.

�2TBurchardt(2006)‘Happinessandsocialpolicy:barkinguptherighttreeinthewrongneckofthewoods’.InLBauld,KClarkeandTMaltby(eds)Social Policy Review 18ThePolicyPress.

�3OLelkes(2006)‘Knowingwhatisgoodforyou:empiricalanalysisofpersonalpreferencesandthe‘objectivegood’,Journal of Socio-Economics,35(2):285-307.

�4OLelkes(2006)‘Tastingfreedom:happiness,religionandeconomictransition’,Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization,59(2):�73-�94.

�5PVizard(2006)Poverty and Human Rights: Sen’s capability framework explored,OxfordUniversityPress.

�6TBurchardt,GCraigandDGordon(eds)(forthcoming2008)Social Justice and Public Policy: seeking fairness in diverse societies,PolicyPress.

�7KStewart(2005)‘Dimensionsofwell-beinginEUregions:doGDPandunemploymenttellusallweneedtoknow’,Social Indicators Research,73(2):22�-246.

�8DPiachaud,SMangenandTBurchardt(2007)‘Tacklingpovertyanddisadvantage:arcofprosperityandothercountries’,paperforScottishGovernment.

�9CCurran,TBurchardt,MKnapp,DMcDaid,BLi(2007)‘Challengesinmulti-disciplinarysystematicreviewing:astudyonsocialexclusionandmentalhealthpolicy’,Social Policy and Administration,4�(3):289-3�2.

20AZaidiandTBurchardt(2005)‘Comparingincomeswhenneedsdiffer:equivalisingfortheextracostsofdisabilityintheUK’,Review of Income and Wealth,5�(�):89-��4.

27

Since the early 1990s, countries throughout Latin America have introduced conditional cash transfers (CCTs) as key components of their poverty reduction and redistributive strategies.

CCTstypicallyprovidemonetarysubsidies

tothepoor,providedtheycomplywith

conditionalitiesintheformofschool

attendanceforschool-agedchildren

andregularhealthvisitsforwomenand

children.Evaluationsofearlyexperience

revealthatprogrammeshavecontributed

toincreasingschoolenrolmentrates,

improvinghealthserviceutilization

andariseinhouseholdconsumption.

Lessattentionhasbeenpaidtothe

positioningofsuchprogrammeswithin

acountry’ssocialprotectionsystem

andtheircontributiontotheevolution

ofsuchsystems.Thisstudyinvolved

acomparativeanalysisofCCTsin

sixLatinAmericancountries(Brazil,

Chile,Colombia,Honduras,Mexico

andNicaragua)alongfourdimensions

(policyrationale,designcharacteristics,

financing,andinstitutional

arrangements)andconsiderstheir

contributiontothepotentialtransition

fromalargelyabsentorminimalsafety

nettoasustainable,coordinatedsetof

socialpolicies.

Cash transfers Variationsintermsoftransferamountsto

beneficiariesareconsiderable,withCCT

amountsrangingfromabout4percent

ofbeneficiaryexpendituresinHonduras

to20percentofbeneficiaryexpenditures

inMexicoandNicaragua.Lowtransfer

amounts,coupledwiththefailurein

somecountriestoindexorregularly

upratetransferamounts,condemnsCCTs

toaresidualnet.Intermsofpopulation

coverageandduration,thetrendinmost

countrieshasbeenoneofexpansion.

WhereCCTswereinitiallylimitedto

particulargeographicareas(Mexicoand

Nicaragua)theyhaveexpandedtocover

previouslyexcludedareas.Incountries

whereCCTsoriginatedatalocallevel

(Brazil),effortshaveledtothenational

regulationofanational

policy.Furthermore,incountrieswhere

CCTswereoriginallyintroducedas

primarilyshort-termcompensatory

measures,paymentshavebeenextended

overtime(ColombiaandNicaragua).

Targeting Thetargetpopulationvariesbybreadth,

usuallyreflectingwhethertheCCT

pursuesasitspriorityobjectivehuman

capitalaccumulationamongparticular

subgroupsofthepoorpopulation(Chile,

Mexico)ortheprovisionofaminimum

income(Brazil).Targetingsystemsvaryby

levelofcomplexity.SomeCCTsrequire

informationonnumerousindicatorsfor

theimplementationofproxymeans-

testsandincludemultipleverification

procedures(Chile,Mexico).Othersapply

lessonerousinformationrequirements

foreligibilityverification,based,for

example,onunverifieddeclared

income(Brazil).Proponentsoftargeting

mechanismsofthefirstkindarguethat

theyattenuateerrorsassociatedwith

simpletargetingproceduressuchas

thosearisingfromthepotentialbias

indeclaredincome.Ourcomparative

analysisshows,however,thatsimple

means-testscanperformaswellas,

orevenoutperform,morecomplex

targetingmechanismsintermsof

targetingefficiency.

Conditionality TheconditionalitiesoftheCCTsinthe

studycountriessharebasiccommon

definitions,butvarysubstantially

bydesignandimplementation.

ConditionalitiesarecentraltoCCT

implementationwhenbeneficiary

complianceisfirstverifiedand

benefitpaymentisonlysubsequently

made(Mexico).Elsewhere,once

eligibilityisverified,transfersarepaid

tobeneficiariesandconditionality

complianceismonitored(ifever)ata

laterstage.Responsetonon-compliance

alsovaries,leadingtotheautomatic

suspensionofbenefitpaymentsinsome

countriesandinotherstoadditional

servicesinthefirstinstanceandthe

gradualreductionofbenefitsifnon-

compliancepersists.

Finally,conditionalitiesvarydepending

onwhethertheyareaccompaniedby

measurestoimproveserviceprovisionor

focusentirelyonbeneficiarybehaviour.

Conclusions Thispaperarguesthat,alongwith

otherdevelopmentsintheareaofsocial

assistance,CCTsrepresentanopportunity

forcountriestodevelopanintegrated

andinclusivesetofsocialpolicies.

However,theemphasisonnarrow

conceptsofriskandriskmanagement

hascontributedinsomeinstancestothe

developmentofshort-term,narrowly

targetedmeasuresthatcircumvent

moredemandinginstitutionalreforms.

Astheystand,CCTsinseveralcountries

havebeenimplementedbecauseoftheir

relativelylowcostandaffordability–both

financialandpolitical.Thechallengeis

toensurethatinthelongertermsuch

interventionsareintegratedintonational

socialprotectionsystems.Withregardsto

CCTsasspecificinterventions,‘thedevil

isinthedetails’:asthispapershows,

cashtransfercoverageandamounts,

targetingpracticesandconditionality

implementationcanbemodifiedtoreflect

apriorityconcernforsocialinclusionand

long-terminstitutionaldevelopment.

Formoredetails,seeFrancescaBastagli,

From social safety net to social policy?

The role of conditional cash transfers

in welfare state development in Latin

America,CASEpaper,forthcoming.

From social safety net to social policy? The role of conditional cash transfers in welfare state development in Latin America

Francesca Bastagli

2828

A themed section of the journal Social Policy and Society is being prepared drawing together CASE work on resilience and social exclusion.

Overtheyears,muchofouranalysishas

focusedonriskfactorsforindividuals

andareasbecomingorremainingsocially

excluded,andthewaysinwhichsocial

policieshavefailedtoprotectpeople

fromtheimpactofexclusion,or,insome

cases,haveactivelycontributedtoits

creation.Muchlessattentionhasbeen

giventoresilience:totheindividuals

whosurviveandthrivedespiteseriously

disadvantageouscircumstances,andto

theindividualandcollectiveresources,

structuresandpolicieswhichenable

themtodoso.Inthisthemedissue,

weseektotakeanewcutthrough

ourexistingandon-goingresearch,to

revealsomeofthelessonswhichcanbe

learntfordesigningsocialpolicieswhich

supportandpromotegoodoutcomesin

thefaceofadversity.

Thecommondefinitionofresilience

whichauthorswilluseis‘positive

adaptation,given what usually occurs

withintheadversityunderconsideration’

(Luthar,Cicchetti,andBecker,2000,

p.575).Inthetablebelow,wehave

identifiedforeacharticlethecontext

ofadversitywithinwhichresilience

withrespecttoaspecificoutcome

willbeinvestigated.Thecontextscan

broadlybedescribedassocialexclusion

inchildhoodoradultlife,although

theparticularfocusvariesbetween

authors.Themajorityofthearticles

willfocusontheUK,althoughtwoof

themofferacomparativeperspective.

Theoutcomesofinterestrangeacross

severalareasofsocialpolicy:education,

mentalandphysicalhealth,incomeand

employment,andparentingandsocial

interaction.Therangeofprotective

factorsthatwillbeinvestigatedoperate

onanumberofdifferentlevels,from

individualcharacteristics(suchasgenetic

endowmentorpersonalefficacy),

throughfamilyandcommunity

(includingsocialcapital),tolocaland

nationalinstitutionsandpolicies(such

associalsecurity).Manyauthorswill

examinefactorsatseveraldifferentlevels.

CASEauthorsworkingonmaterialfor

possibleinclusionintheissueinclude

FrancescaBastagli,FrancescaBorgonovi,

RobertCassen,RoseyDavidson,Carmen

Huerta,EleniKaragiannaki,Sarah

MohauptandWendySigle-Rushton.The

issueisbeingeditedbyTaniaBurchardt

andCarmenHuerta,forpublicationin

SocialPolicyandSocietyJanuary2009.

SLuthar,DCichettiandBBecker(2000)

‘Theconstructofresilience:acritical

evaluationandguidelinesforfuturework’,

Child Development,7�(3):543-62.

Resilience and social exclusion

Tania Burchardt and Carmen Huerta (eds)

Context of adversity Outcomes of interest Protective factors investigated

Lowincomehousehold,poor

neighbourhoods

Educationalattainmentatage�6 Geneticendowment,homelearning

environment,schoolpolicies

Livinginalow-incomeneighbourhood Parenting;employment Senseofcontrol/personalagency;

neighbourhoodregeneration

Childhoodpoverty,loweducation Malaiseinadultwomen Familystructure

Poverty,loweducationalattainment,

lowsocialclass,unemployment

Mentalhealth Socialcapital

Enteringoldagewithlowincome Income,healthandsocialinteractionin

oldage

Familyandstatesupport

Poverty Income,healthandeducation Conditionalsocialsecuritytransfers

29

People who volunteer enjoy good physical and mental health: they have lower rates of mortality and are more likely to report and have medical records indicating good or excellent health. They are also more likely to report being happy and satisfied with their lives and are less likely to suffer from depression. While volunteers overwhelmingly enjoy good health and happy lives, it is possible that volunteering is not the cause of greater well-being but its effect? Does volunteering improve well-being, or does a healthy and happy life lead individuals to volunteer?

Thisstudyusedcountyleveldata

fortheUnitedStatesfromthe2000

SocialCapitalCommunityBenchmark

Surveytoexaminewhetherengaging

informalvolunteerworkleadsto

greaterwell-being,asmeasuredby

self-reportedhealthandhappiness

indicators.Resultssuggestthatpeople

whovolunteerreportbetterhealthand

greaterhappinessthanpeoplewho

donot,arelationshipthatisnotthe

resultofsocio-economicdifferences

betweenvolunteersandnon-volunteers.

Aftercontrollingforalargenumberof

backgroundvariables–socio-economic

characteristics,psychologicalcoping

resourcesandsocialsupport–volunteers

arefourpercentmorelikelytoreport

beinginexcellenthealthandseven

percentmorelikelytoreportbeingvery

happythannon-volunteers(seetable).

Individualsmightdifferinwaysthatare

notobservableandsuchdifferences

couldbeatthebasisofbothwhysome

individualsvolunteerandwhythey

reportbeingingoodhealthandhappy.

Statisticalanalysisofthisissuesuggests

thatvolunteerlabourforreligiousgroups

andorganizationshasapositive,causal

influenceonself-reportedhappiness,

butnotonself-reportedhealth.Formal

volunteerworkforreligiousgroupsand

organizationstranslatesintoahappier

butnotnecessarilyhealthierlife.Possible

explanationsthatcouldaccountforthe

observedcausaleffectofvolunteering

onhappinessareexplored.Findings

indicatethatlowstatusisassociated

withunhappystatesonlyamongthose

whodonotvolunteer,whilevolunteers

areequallylikelytobehappywhether

theyhavehighorlowstatus.The

paperhypothesisesthatvolunteering

mightcontributetohappinesslevelsby

increasingempathicemotions,shifting

aspirationsandcruciallybymovingthe

salientreferencegroupinsubjective

evaluationsofrelativepositionsfrom

therelativelybetter-offtotherelatively

worse-off.

Formoredetails,seeFBorgonovi

(forthcoming)‘DoingWellbyDoing

Good.TheRelationshipbetweenFormal

VolunteeringandSelf-reportedHealthand

Happiness’,Social Science and Medicine.

Doing well by doing good: the relationship between formal volunteering and self-reported well-being in the United States

Francesca Borgonovi

Difference in the probability of being in ‘excellent’ health and ‘very happy’ among non volunteers and volunteers

Excellent health Very happy

VolunteersLessthanmonthly 0.045 0.037 0.03� 0.072 0.055 0.032

VolunteersMonthly 0.062 0.049 0.039 0.�22 0.09� 0.054

VolunteersWeekly 0.066 0.05 0.039 0.�6� 0.�22 0.076

Controls:

Socioeconomicbackground Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

PsychologicalCopingResources No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Socialcontacts No No Yes No No Yes

Source:analysisbasedon2000SocialCapitalCommunityBenchmarkSurvey

All changes in probability are significant at the 1% level.

Referencecase:whitenon-hispanic,female,withaHighschooldegreeorless,commutinglessthanhalfhourtowork,witha

totalhouseholdincomeof$20,000peryearorless,withnoyoungchildren,livingalone,neverdivorced,notunemployedandnot

volunteering

30

Francesca Bastagli continuedherPhD

researchontheeffectivenessofconditional

cashtransfers(CCTs)targetedtothe

poor,focusingonBrazil’snationalcash

transferprogramme,theBolsaFamilia.

Sheworkedonthreerelatedpieces.She

completedananalysisofthedistributional

impactsandtargetingperformanceof

publiccashtransfersinBrazil,usingBrazil’s

annualnationalhouseholdincomesurvey.

Theanalysisexploitsstatelevelvariations

toexplorewhetherbettertargeting

performanceisassociatedwithgreater

povertyreduction.Italsoexaminesthe

determinantsofexclusionfromtheBolsa

Familiaoftheeligiblepoor.Secondly,

shecompletedastudyofvariationsin

BolsaFamiliaimplementationatthe

municipallevel,basedontheanalysisof

administrativedataandoninterviewsshe

conductedwithlocalpolicyadministrators

intheBrazilianstateofMinasGerais.

Finally,shecompletedapaperanalysing

thecontributionofCCTstobroader

developmentsinsocialprotection

systemsintheLatinAmericaregion.

BasedonacomparativeanalysisofCCTs

insixcountries,thepaperinvestigates

whethersuchpoliciesarepromotingthe

developmentofasustainable,integrated

setofsocialpoliciesorthefurther

residualizationofsocialsafetynets(seebox

onp.27).

Ben Baumberg’s recentandongoing

researchhasfocusedontwomainareas.

Firstly,howpeoplethinkabouttheright

andabilitytowork(andnotwork)was

firstlyinvestigatedinhisMScresearch

onretirement,andwillbedevelopedin

thecontextofdisabilitybenefitsforhis

PhDresearchoverthenextthreeyears.

Secondly,hisInstituteofAlcoholStudies-

fundedworkhasmainlyinvolvedan

interview-basedstudyoncorporatesocial

responsibility,whichwillleadtoareport

onalcoholandCSRinSpring2008and

potentiallyanextensiontootherareasof

socialpolicylaterin2008.

Francesca Borgonovi holdsaBritish

AcademyPostdoctoralFellowship.Her

researchthisyearfocusedonindividual

andcontextualdeterminantsofsocial

participationandtherolecommunity

engagementcanplayinpromoting

mentalandphysicalwell-beingamong

disadvantagedgroups.Inparticularshe

hasworkedontherelationshipbetween

individualandcommunitylevelsocial

capitalandphysicalandmentalhealthin

EnglandusingdatafromtheHealthSurvey

forEngland.Shehasexaminedtheeffect

offormalvolunteerworkonhealthand

happinessindicatorsusingcountylevel

datafromtheUnitedStates(seeboxonp.

29).Shealsoexaminedtheroleofreligious

diversityandpluralisminfosteringgiving

andvolunteeringtobothreligiousand

non-religiouscausesintheUnitedStates.

FinallysheusedBCS�970andtheNCDS

toexaminetheroleofsocialintegration

andsocialcapitalinexplainingdifferences

inmentalhealthandlifesatisfactionacross

cohorts,gendersandsocio-economic

groups.During2008shewillbeon

secondmenttoOECDinParis.

Sheere Brooks continuedworkonher

PhD,focusingontheimplicationsof

tourismexpansiononsquattersettlements

inacasestudyofaJamaicantouristresort

town.Havingcompletedallherfieldwork

abroad,sheisnowintheprocessof

analysingandwritingupchaptersofher

thesis.Inadditiontothis,shehasbeen

workingwiththePolicyStudiesInstituteon

anumberofwelfaretoworklongitudinal

studiesfortheDepartmentforWork

andPensions.Shehasrecentlyhada

bookchapteracceptedforinclusionina

forthcomingeditedbooktobepublished

earlynextyearbyRoutledge,NY.

Tania Burchardt workedwithPolly

Vizard developingameasurement

frameworkfortheUKgovernment’s

EqualitiesReview–aframeworkwhich

wasadoptedinfullintheReview’s

finalreport.Herresearchontimeand

incomepoverty,supportedbytheJoseph

RowntreeFoundation,continuedandis

expectedtoconcludeinthenextyear.

Shesecuredatwo-yearresearchcontract

forCASEwiththeScottishExecutive

andcontributedtoasuccessfulbidto

theNuffieldFoundationforamajor

programmeofworkonwealthinequality.

Simon Burgess’sworkrelevanttoCASE

hascontinuedtofocusoneducation,and

onpoverty.Intermsofthelatter,earlier

workwithAassve, Propper andDickson

isbeingrevised.Thislooksatthejoint

dynamicsofemployment,partnershipand

fertility,andtherelationshipofthesewith

povertydynamics.Hehasalsoworkedon

educationandethnicity,jointlywithWilson

ofCMPO,andforsomepapersalsowith

HarrisandJohnstonofCMPO.Theyhave

useddatafromPLASCtoexaminewhether

therehasbeenanychangeinethnic

segregationinschoolsoverthepastseven

years.Theresultssuggestthatforallgroups

thereisnooveralltrendtowardsgreater

segregation.Forsomeminoritygroups

(egIndianethnicitystudents),segregation

hasifanythingslightlydeclined,whereas

forothers(egPakistaniethnicitychildren)

itisslightlyincreased.Inanumberof

cities,thechangeislargelydrivenbythe

changeinthepopulation,butnotinall

cases,forexampleBlackburn.Inon-

goingresearch,wehavealsoinvestigated

whetherethnicsegregationimpactson

educationaloutcomes.Thisagainuses

PLASCwithmatchedinspatialdata.They

havemodelledvariationintheminority-

whitetestscoregapacrossLEAs,andwe

havecomparedminoritystudenttestscores

acrossLEAs.Thisresearchison-goingbut

resultstodatesuggestthatsegregation

mayhavearoletoplayininfluencing

testscoreoutcomes.Ongoingworkfor

2007-08remainsfocussedoneducation

andethnicity.Theprojectontheimpact

ofsegregationoneducaitonaloutcomes

remainson-going.Wearealsoexploring

differencesbetweenethnicgroupsin

educationalaspirations,andthecorrelates

ofthese.Thisusesanewdataset,the

LongitudinalStudyofYoungPeople

inEngland.

Robert Cassen completedhisresearch

fortheJosephRowntreeFoundationthis

year,togetherwithGeetaKingdon(Oxford

University).Itexaminedthefactorslying

behindloweducationalachievement

inEnglishschools.Thestudyincludeda

fairlycomprehensivesurveyofexisting

research,aswellastheauthors’own

statisticalmodelling.Themainstoryis

oneofdisadvantageleadingtovery

Appendix 1 – Current Research and Research Staff

3�

earlyeducationaldeficits;anequalising

educationalsystemwoulddomoreto

correctforthisthanwasfoundtobethe

case.Thestatisticalstudy,basedonthe

NationalPupilDatabase,examinedgender,

ethnicandschoolqualitydifferentialsas

wellasdisadvantage.UKmediapicked

upinparticularontheobservationsabout

WhiteBritishboysdoingbadly,andgave

thereportconsiderableattention.

Followingthesuccessfulapplicationin

2007foraprojecton‘TheChanging

DistributionofWealth’(withJohn Hills,

Tania Burchardt,Howard Glennerster,

Eleni Karagiannaki,Abigail McKnight

andTom Sefton),Frank Cowell will

bestartingthemodellingoftheUK

wealthdistributionusingsemiparametric

techniquesdevelopedinconjunctionwith

Maria-PiaVictoriaFeser.Healsoexpects

tostartonworkcomparingthestructure

ofUKwealthinequalitywiththatofother

developedcountriesusingtheLuxembourg

WealthStudy.

Rosemary Davidson continuedtowork

ontheNeighbourhoodStudywithAnne

PowerandHelen Willmot,writing

areportforSportEngland,‘Families’

andchildren’sexperienceofsportand

informalactivityinOlympicareasofthe

EastEnd’(CASEreport35),andco-

writingabookchartingtheprogressof

thefamiliesoverthesevenyearsofthe

project.FromOctober2006toJanuary

2007sheworkedwithTania Burchardt

onaprojectcollatingliteratureonmental

healthandsocialexclusion.InFebruary,

RosemarytookupaResearchFellowpost

atUniversityCollegeLondonintheClinical

HealthPsychologyDepartmenttoworkon

aprojectexamininghownationalhealth

guidelinesareformulated.

Mingzhu Dong’s researchthisyear

focusesonherPhDthesis,titled

Reemployment and Social Exclusion of the

Urban Unemployed in Northeast China.

ShefinishedthefieldworkinAugust2006

anddataanalysisbyMarch2007,and

startedtowriteupthethesis.Thisthesis

challengesthetraditionalviewofthe

reemploymentdifficultyoflaid-offs(from

stateownedenterprises),whichexplains

itfromaneconomicsperspectivewith

labourmarketdynamicsonthemacro

levelandtheunfavourabledemographic,

socialandeconomiccharacteristicsofthe

laid-offsonthemicrolevel.Thethesis

re-investigatesthesituationofthelaid-offs

whilecriticallyreflectingonthetheories,

methodologyandvaluesthathavebeen

inusetraditionally.Itinvestigatestheir

disadvantagedliveswithafocusonthe

processandagentthattransformand

generatethemwithacombinationof

qualitativeandquantitativemethodsand

arguesthatwhatdisqualifiesthemfor

atickettojointheprosperitypursuing

activitiesliesinbothpersonalfactorsand,

moreimportantly,thewaytheeconomy

andsocietyfunctionaswellasinpolicy

settings.Thethesisisexpectedtobe

finishedbytheendof2008.

Alex Fenton hascontinuedto

investigatesocio-culturalandeconomic

dimensionsofneighbourhood

deprivation,withaparticularfocuson

theUKhousingsystem.Amajorproject

thisyearhasbeentheevaluationof

the‘MixedCommunitiesInitiative’.

Thisisasetofpilotprojectswhichare

seekingtoeffect‘transformational’

changeinhighlydeprivedurbanareasby

involvingtheprivatesectorinchanges

tothehousingstock.Alexhasbeen

conductingfieldworkinGipton,in

Leeds,andCanningTown,inNewham,

anddoingquantitativeanalysisacross

thecasestudies.Hisotherresearch

thisyearhasincludedmodellingfuture

take-upoflow-costhome-ownership

products,workonregionalplanning

policyintheEastandWestMidlands,

andmethodologicalworkonqualitative

dataanalysisinanthropologyand

sociology.Heiscurrentlystartinganew

projectfundedbytheBarrowCadbury

Trustwhichwillinvestigatewhetherand

howthedisadvantageofsomeethnic

minoritiesinBirminghamiscompounded

bylivinginareasofconcentratedand

persistentpoverty.

Ludovica Gambaro’sPhDresearch

intendstolookattherecentevolution

ofemploymentconditionswithinthe

occupationalsectorsrelatedtochildcare

intheUK,andtostudythesechanges

inrelationtotheincreasedcommitment

towardschildcareprovisionbythe

Britishgovernment.Inparticularsheis

interestedinunderstandingwhatpolicy

framesandinterventionsaremorelikely

tobeassociatedwitharevaluationof

careworkcarriedoutbypaidworkers.

Sherelatestheworkingconditionsof

thechildcareworkforcewithtwocrucial

outcomes.First,thequalityofchildcare,

asthecontextinwhichcareisprovided

tendstoshapethecontentofthecare

relationship.Second,theoverallposition

ofwomeninthelabourmarket,as

personalservicesareanimportantsource

ofemploymentforwomen.

Howard Glennerster completedastudy

ofincomedistributionfrom�937to2005

andtheimpactoninequalitythattaxes,

cashbenefitsandservicesinkindhave

madeoverthatperiod.Hebeganrevising

hisbookUnderstanding the Finance

of Welfare whichwillbecompletedin

2008.Hewillalsomakeacontribution

totheOxford Handbook of Comparative

Welfare States on‘TheSustainabilityof

WesternWelfareStates’.Hegavevarious

lecturesabroadnotablyoneinMadridon

‘EuropeanWelfareStatesandEconomic

Efficiency’andoneinAthenson‘The

fundingofhighereducation’.In2008,

hewillassistontheNuffield-fundedproject

studyingchangesinwealthinequality.

During2008,Aaron Grech willcontinue

toworkonhisdoctoraldissertation.

Afterhavingindividuatedagapinthe

pensionreformliterature–namelythe

lackofaholisticapproachtoassessing

sustainability–hewillproceedtodevelop

amulti-dimensionalapproachtopension

reformevaluation.Theaimofthisresearch

willbetoassesstheimpactofreforms

onthedegreetowhichapensionsystem

canachieveitssetgoals,andinthisway

determinepossiblesourcesofpressuresfor

policyreversalinthefuture.Theresearch

32

willfocusonanumberofcountries,

selectedonthebasisofthedifferentaims

theyaresetuptofulfil.

John Hillsworkedonavarietyofprojects

during2007.Hecarriedoutareviewof

theaimsofsocialhousinginEnglandfor

theSecretaryofStateforCommunities

andLocalGovernment,publishedas

CASEreport34,Ends and Means: The

future roles of social housing in England.

Thereportattractedagreatdealof

attention,andhehascontinuedtoadvise

thegovernmentonitsfollow-uppolicy

review(seeboxonp.23).Heworkedwith

Julian Le Grand andDavid Piachaud

editingpapersfromaconferenceto

markHowardGlennerster’sseventieth

birthdayinOctober2006,publishedas

Making Social Policy WorkbythePolicy

PressinOctober2007.Hehasalso

beenworkingwithHolly Sutherland

(Essex)andMartin Evans (Oxford)on

thelong-runimplicationsofdifferent

approachestoindexationofbenefitrates

andtaxbrackets.HeandTom Sefton

arepartnersindesigningamoduleofthe

2008EuropeanSocialSurveyonattitudes

towelfareservicesandredistribution.

In2008,hewillbeworkingwithFrank

Cowell andothersonthedistribution

ofwealthandwithTom Sefton,Kitty

Stewart andcolleaguesontheimpact

ofpoliciestowardspovertyandsocial

exclusionsince�997.

John Hobcraftcontinuedtoworkonthe

intergenerationalandlifecourseissuesin

CASE,particularlyusingthecombineddata

fileforthe�958and�970Britishbirth

cohortstudiestoexploretheantecedents

ofadultdisadvantageandhowthese

differbygenderandbycohort.Hehas

recentlyexaminedarangeofhealth

outcomes.HealsoworkedwithWendy

Sigle-Rushtononanillustrationofan

innovativemethodologicalapproachtothe

studyofresilience.Hecompletedapaper

linkinghisCASEworkwithitspotential

forthestudyofchronicpovertyinthe

developingworld.Histheoreticalworkon

exploringthelinkagesbetweengenetics,

neuroscience,andthesocialscienceswas

alsodevelopedfurther.Hisfutureplans

includeconsolidationofexistingresearch

andproductionofapapersummarizing

thewiderangeofresultssuggesting

fewdifferentialresponsestochildhood

disadvantagebygenderorbirthcohortfor

multipleadultoutcomes.

Carmen HuertaworkedwithKathleen

Kiernan examiningwhetherparenting

activitiesplayamediatingormoderating

rolebetweenparentalresources(eg,

economicresources,mentalhealth,

socialsupport)andchildren’scognitive

developmentandbehaviouralproblemsat

age3.Theirstudydrawsonlongitudinal

datafromtheUKMillenniumCohort

Study,andusesStructuralEquation

Modellingtoassesstheextenttowhich

thesefactorsdirectlyandindirectlyaffect

child’sdevelopment.Theirresultsshow

thateconomicdeprivationandmaternal

depressionarenegativelyassociatedwith

children’swell-being,andpartofthis

negativeassociationderivesfromless

nurturingandengagedparenting.An

importantaspectofthisstudyisthatit

exploreswhetherparentingactivitiesplay

adifferentialprotectiverolebyfamilytype

andwhetheritdiffersacrossgenders.

Kathleen Kiernancontinuestoworkon

familycontextsandchilddevelopmentover

theperiodfrombirthtoage5.

Bryan JonesiscurrentlyworkingonaPhd

thesislookingatthesocialandeconomic

impactonexistingcommunitiesofnew

housingandcommercialdevelopment

inKentThameside,whichisoneofthe

keyhousinggrowthareasidentifiedby

theGovernmentintheThamesGateway.

Heiscurrentlycarryingoutfieldworkin

SwanscombeandGreenhithe;twoformer

cementandpaper-makingcommunities

withlowskillsandeducationaloutcomes

thatlienexttothenewEbbsfleet

InternationalStation.

Eleni Karagiannaki’sresearchthisyear

hasbeenfocusedontheimpactofhealth

onthesavingsandconsumptiondecisions

oftheelderly.Themainobjectiveofthis

researchistodescribehowconsumption

andsavingdecisionsoftheelderlyadjust

tohealthchangesandtodisentangle

thedifferentpathwaysthroughwhich

consumptionandsavingsrespondtohealth

changes.Toidentifytheeffectofhealth

onconsumptionandsavingdecisions,

sheusesdatafromtheBritishHousehold

PanelSurveyandtheEnglishLongitudinal

SurveyofAgeingandestimatesaseries

ofregressionmodelswhichrelatehealth

changestoobservedchangesindecisions,

consumptionandsavingsdecisions.

Preliminaryresultsfromthisresearch

suggestsignificantadjustmentsinthe

compositionofconsumptionfollowingthe

onsetofhealthconditions.

Suyoung Kim’s PhDresearchhasbeen

focusedonthe‘welfarereform’in

SouthKorea.Inparticular,shehasbeen

lookingintotheinterweavingimpacts

ofglobalizationanddemocratization

ontheintroductionofwelfare-to-work

programmesinKorea.Herbroadresearch

interesthasbeentofindcharacteristicsof

socialpolicyformationandadministration

inthenon-westernlatedeveloped

countries(EastAsia),whicharebasedon

distinctiveeconomical,political,andcultural

contextscomparedtodevelopedWestern

Europeancountries.Reviewingthegeneral

debatesonwelfarereformpremised

onthecasesoftheWesternworldand

analyzingtheinterviewdataandhistorical

documentsontheKoreanwelfare-to-work

introductionsincetheearly�990s,shehas

triedtorevealhowverysimilarwelfare

reformscouldhavedifferentimplications

andeffectsaccordingtothesocieties

wheretheyareimplemented.Apartfrom

thePhDresearch,shehasalsoengagedin

publishingabookseriesonKoreanfeminist

‘herstories’asaco-authorthisyear.

Ruth Luptonhascontinuedtowork

onissuesofpovertyandplace,andtheir

relationshiptoeducation.WithRebecca

Tunstall andothers,sheisinvolvedinthe

evaluationofthegovernment’sMixed

CommunitiesInitiativedemonstration

projects,anewurbanregeneration

programmebasedonintroducingincome

andtenuremixintolowincomeareas.

33

Theprojectrunsforthreeyearsfrom

2006-2009,andisestablishingways

ofresearchingoutcomesfromthese

interventions,includingdisplacementand

benefitstodifferentgroupsofresidents,

aswellaslookingatdeliveryprocesses,

riskfactorsandbarrierstosuccess.Other

projectsthisyearhaveincluded:work

withLeonFeinsteinandcollaguesforthe

SmithInstituteandHousingCorporation

toanalysetheimpactofhousingonlife

chancesusingtheBritishbirthcohort

studies;continuinganalysisoftheeffect

ofschoolcontextandcomposition(the

ESRCHampshireResearchwithPrimary

Schoolsproject);andworkwithDanny

DorlingandcolleaguesonaJoseph

RowntreeFoundationreportontrendsin

povertyandwealthinBritainoverthelast

40years,whichdemonstratedincreasing

polarisationandthesqueezingoutofthe

‘neitherrichnorpoor’fromLondonand

itshinterland.ContinuingherLondon

interest,sheisalsonowdirectingaLondon

EducationResearchUnitattheInstituteof

Education,andhaswrittenabookchapter

onLondon’schangingsocial,economic

anddemographicmake-upasacontextfor

educationinthecity.

Abigail McKnight hascontinuedher

researchontheempiricalanalysisof

assetholdingtoexaminetheeffectof

holdingfinancialassetsinearlyadult

lifeonarangeofoutcomeslaterinlife.

Thisresearch,partlyfundedbyEsmee

Fairbairn,isjointwithIPPRwhohave

conductedcomplimentaryqualitative

researchdesignedtoexplorearange

ofimportantpolicyquestions.Research

findingsontheassessmentofan‘asset-

effect’willbepublishedinearly2008.In

collaborationwithRichardDickens(CEP),

shehasbeenexamining‘laddersoutof

poverty’onaresearchprojectfundedby

theJosephRowntreeFoundation.This

projectmakesuseofalargeadministrative

databasewhichhastrackedthesame

individualssincethemid-�970s.They

areexaminingearningsprogressionand

routesoffin-andout-of-workbenefits

toinvestigatedifferenttrajectorieswitha

focusonthelowestpaidworkers.They

arealsomakinguseofalargesampleof

immigrantstoexaminetheeaseatwhich

theyassimilateintothelabourmarketand

howthishaschangedovertime.Results

willbepublishedinSpring2008(see

boxonp.22).In2008Abigailintendsto

continuedevelopingherresearchonasset-

basedpolicyandtheempiricalanalysisof

individualsearningsandbenefithistories

toexplorearangeofmethodologicaland

policyquestions.

David Piachaud iscurrentlyworkingin

twoareas.Oneisthecomparisonofthe

impactonchildpovertyofgovernment

spendingoncashtransfersandonchild

care.Oneoftheadvantagesclaimed

forextendingchildcareisitsimpacton

mother’semploymentandthusonchild

poverty.Howfarhavechangesinchild

careenabledmoremotherstotakepaid

work?Thisresearchtacklesthisquestion,

examiningindetailchangingpatterns

ofemploymentamongmotherswith

veryyoungchildren.Thesecondareaof

currentresearchistherelationshipbetween

growth,inequalityandpovertyintheUK

andtheUSA.Governmentdefinitionsof

povertyareverydifferentintheUKand

theUSAwiththelatterpersistingwith

anabsolutedefinitionadoptedinthe

�960s.YetonthismeasureUSpoverty

haschangedlittleoverthepast40years

despitesubstantialgrowthintheUS

economy.Thereasonforthisistheincrease

ininequalityintheUSA.Theaimofthe

researchistocomparerecordsongrowth,

inequalityandpovertyinthetwocountries,

usingbothabsoluteandrelativepoverty

standards.Hisfutureresearchwillfocus

ontheextenttowhichsocialexpenditure

islimitedbytaxpayers’willingnesstopay,

asmediatedbythepoliticalsystem.The

aimoffutureresearchistoexplorewhich

formsofpublicexpenditurearemost

cost-effectiveintermsoftheirimpacton

economicandsocialinequality.

Jörg Plöger hascontinuedhisworkon

theWeakMarketCitiesProgramme,

investigatinghowsevenEuropean

citiesfacethechallengeofeconomic

restructuringandurbancrisisandmanage

tofindinnovativeapproachesduringtheir

recoveryprocess.Jörghascarriedout

furtherresearchtripstohiscase-studycities

ofBilbao,Belfast,BremenandLeipzigin

2007andorganisedavisitoftheresearch

teamtoBremen.Preliminaryresearch

findingswerepresentedatthethird

meetingoftheCityReformersGroupat

LSEinSeptember.Heiscurrentlyfinishing

CityReportswhichwillbepublishedas

CASEreports.Jörghasalsobeeninvolved

inthesuccessfulbidtosecurethird-year

funding.In2008,hewillcontinuehis

researchandcomparefindingswithresults

fromtheUSaswellasdevelopa‘Recovery

Index’tomeasurethesuccessofWeak

MarketCities.

Anne Power’sresearchhasincluded

workoftheWeakMarketCities(WMC)

programme.TheWMCteamhave

completedsevenindividualcityreports

andanoverviewreportthatdraws

togetherevidenceofcommonproblems

andrecoverythemesacrossthecities,

includingwidely-consulted‘Strategic

Plans’,physicalupgradingprogrammes

oftenfocusedonthecity-centre,and

skillsprogrammesforpopulationswith

loweducationalattainment,following

onfromastrongmanufacturinghistory.

Fivecase-studyreportsonskillsprojects

havebeenproducedfortheAcademy

forSustainableCommunities.Following

thepublicationofJigsawCitiesinMarch

2007,Annecompletedthesecondbook

fromtheFamiliesstudy–City Survivors

(publishedNovember2007).City Survivors

isaboutbringingupchildrenintroubled

cityneighbourhoods,seenthroughthe

eyesofparents,mainlymothers.Where

youliveisallimportantforsurvival.Based

onevidencecollectedinthesevenyear

longitudinalstudy,thebookprovides

auniqueinsiderviewontheimpactof

neighbourhoodconditionsonfamilylife

andexplorestheprospectsforfamiliesfrom

thepointofviewofequality,integration,

schools,work,community,regeneration

andpublicservices.

34

Carol Propper,Liz Washbook,Paul

Gregg andLindseyMacMillanhavebeen

examiningthepathwaysbywhichlow

incomegetstranslatedintopoorchild

outcomesinmiddlechildhood.Using

asingleunifiedframework,theyhave

examinedfiveoutcomes:twocognitive,

twobehaviouralandonehealthrelated.

Theyhavefoundthattheriskfactors

associatedwithparentalpovertyvary

markedlyintheirassociationwithdifferent

outcomes.Unsurprisingly,schoolingdeficits

oflow-incomechildrenarestronglyrelated

tolackofparentaleducation.Poorparental

psychologicalfunctioningandpoorhealth-

relatedbehavioursaredriversbehindthe

greaterbehaviouralproblemsandriskof

obesityoflow-incomechildren.Butthey

alsofindimportantlinksinunexpected

places.Thepoorerschoolingoutcomesof

poorchildrenarejustascloselyrelatedto

thepoorerhealth-relatedbehavioursof

theirparents,suchasgreatersmoking,less

breastfeedingandfeedingtheirchildren

lessgooddiets,astheyaretotheirparent’s

lackofeducation.Thisfindingsupports

callsforbetterfoodasawayofimproving

notjustchildren’sdietsbutalsotheir

schoolingachievement.Andevenmore

surprisingly,someaspectsofpoorchildren’s

upbringingthataregenerallyviewedas

harmfulmayevenbeprotective(seebox

onp.�4).

Infuturework, Paul GreggandCarol

Propper willbeexaminingtherelationship

betweenmother’smentalhealthwhen

theywereintheirchildhoodandthe

mentalhealthandlabourmarket

outcomesoftheirchildrenintheir

adulthood.Theywillexaminethisacross

threeUKgenerations–thoseborninthe

�940s,the�950sandthe�970s.Carol

Propperalsoplanstocomparethese

associationswiththoseacrosstheAtlantic,

undertakingcomparisonsbetweenthe

experiencesofthe�958cohortandtheir

childrenintheUKandtheircounterparts

intheUSA(theNLSY).

Airbornepollutionisapotentialkillerand

isoneofthewaysinwhichthequalityof

wherepeoplelivemayaffecttheirlives.

Carol PropperandKatharina Janke

haveexaminedthisusinglocalauthority

leveldatafor�996-2004.Theirresearch

designallowsforthefactthatpollutionis

notdistributedrandomlyinspace,butis

associatedwithweather,industriallocation

andotheractivitythatalsomightbe

harmfultohealth,toattempttonetout

thedirecteffectofpollutionondeathrates.

Theyfindthatpollutionatlevelscurrently

permittedintheUKdoesappeartokill.

Infuturework,theywillinvestigatethe

impactofpollutiononhospitalisationfor

cardiacandpulmonaryconditions.

Tom Sefton wasonleaveintheUSand

Fijiduringthefirsthalfof2007.Onhis

return,hecontinuedwithhisresearch

fortheNuffieldFoundationonthe

relationshipbetweenwomen’sfamilyand

employmenthistoriesandtheirincomesin

laterlifewithinacomparativeframework,

usingretrospectivedatafromtheBritish

HouseholdPanelSurveyandequivalent

surveysfortwoothercountries.Hehas

completedtheanalysisfortheUK(seebox

onp.��)andisnowreplicatingthisfor

theUSandGermanyinordertoinvestigate

linksbetweenthelife-course,welfare

regimesandolderpeople’sincomes.This

projectisdueforcompletionearlyin2008.

Hyun ShinwasawardedhisPhDin

November2006.HisPhDthesisexamined

howdeveloper-ledpartnershipsinurban

redevelopmentinSeoulandBeijingtook

placeindifferenturbansettings,what

contributionsweremadebyparticipating

actorsandhowredevelopmentbenefits

weresharedamongtheexistingand

potentialresidentsinredevelopment

neighbourhoods.SinceJune2007,Hyun

Shinhasalsobeenapostdoctoralresearch

fellowattheWhiteRoseEastAsiaCentre,

UniversityofLeeds,whereheisfocusedon

disseminatinghisthesisfindingsintheform

ofpeer-reviewedjournalarticles.Aspart

ofhispostdoctoralresearch,Hyunhasalso

beenreviewingthepotentialconsequences

ofhostingtheOlympicGamesinBeijingon

urbanpoorresidents’housingsecurity.The

initialreviewisavailableasaconference

paper,andisexpectedtobepublishedas

partofaspecialeditionofapeer-reviewed

journalonAsianpublicpolicy.

Wendy Sigle-Rushtonvisitedthe

CentreforAdvancedStudiesinOslofor

twomonthsandco-authoredapaper

(withØysteinKravdalandFionaSteele)

whichusesregistrydatatoexaminethe

relationshipbetweenfamilydissolutionand

educationalattainmentinNorway..Results

suggestthatselectionontime-invariant

maternalcharacteristicsisimportantand

workstooverstatetheeffectsofdivorce

onachild’schancesofcontinuingin

education.Nevertheless,theexperience

ofmaritalbreakdownduringchildhoodis

associatedwithlowerlevelsofeducation,

andthattheeffectweakenswiththe

child’sageatdisruption.Theeffectsof

divorcearemostpronouncedforthe

transitionsduringorjustbeyondthehigh

schoollevel.Inmodelsthatdonotallow

forselection,childrenwhoexperienceda

father’sdeathappearlessdisadvantaged

thanchildrenwhoseparentsdivorced.

Aftercontrollingforselection,however,

differencesintheeducationalqualifications

ofchildrenfromdivorcedandbereaved

familiesnarrowsubstantiallyand,atmean

agesofdisruption,arealmostnon-existent.

Buildingonpreviousworkshehaswritten,

withJohn Hobcraft,apaperexploring

thestrengthsandweaknessesofusing

ClassificationandRegressionTreesto

identifyrelationshipsofresilience.She

hopestocontinuecarryingoutcomparative

workusingtheNCDSdataandtheBCS70

data,andexpectstoproduceapaper

examiningcross-cohortdifferencesinthe

gendereddivisionofhouseworkinthe

comingyear.

Kitty Stewartwasonmaternityleave

in2007.In2008,shewillcontinuework

ontheimpactofmothers’labourmarket

participationwhentheyhaveyoung

children,andontheimpactofpolicies

towardspovertyandsocialexclusion

since�997.

Sarah Thomas de Benitez submitted

herPhDthesisonsocialpolicyprocesses

and‘street’childreninPueblaCity,

35

Mexico;wrotetheState of the World’s

Street Children: Violence reportfor

theConsortiumforStreetChildren

(publishedbyPolicyPress),andcompleted

ethnographicfieldworkforathree

yearprojectunderESRCauspiceson

streetyouthandidentityinMexico,

co-authoringtwoarticles(onsuicide

andbodies)forrefereedjournals.During

2008,basedonfindingsfromtheESRC

programmesheplanstoauthortwo

articles(methodsandsocialpolicy)for

refereedjournals,andtoco-writeabook

withDrGarethJones(LSEGeography)on

StreetYouthandIdentity:Mexico.

Rebecca Tunstall workedonaproject

withcolleaguesfromCambridgeUniversity,

theInstituteofEducationandWarwick

UniversitytoevaluatetheDepartmentfor

CommunitiesandLocalGovernment’s

MixedCommunitiesInitiative,aswell

asaprojectforLondoncouncilsonthe

extracostsofmobilepopulations,an

environmentalstrategyforWimpeyHomes

plc,follow-uptoTunstallandCoulter2006,

aperiodworkingonurbanregenerationin

Kabul,andcollaborationwithLSE’sUrban

Ageproject.In2008,sheplanstocomplete

aseriesofarticlesandafull-lengthbook

covering80yearson20Englishcouncil

estates,tocontinueworkontheMixed

CommunitiesInitiative,andwithcolleagues

togainfundingandstartworkonafurther

pieceofresearchoncohortstudiesand

housingandneighborhoods.

Catalina Turcu continuedherdoctoral

research,focusingonhowsustainable

arecommunitiesinareasofurban

renewalintheNorthoftheUK,under

thegovernment’sHousingMarket

RenewalProgramme.Sheisanalysing

theimpactofurbanregenerationon

communitysustainabilityandwhether

regenerationhelpscreatesustainable

communities.Duringtheyear,sheworked

onconsolidatingthetheoreticalframework

ofherresearchwhichwaspresentedatthe

HousingStudiesAssociationConference

inYorkandEuropeanNetworkofHousing

ResearchConferenceinRotterdam.In

addition,shecarriedoutasurveyofover

�50residentsinthreeurbanrenewalareas

inManchester,NewcastleandLiverpool;

andsemi-structuredinterviewswithover

60keyactorsinvolvedintheregeneration

oftheseareas.Sheisnowintheprocess

ofanalysingdataandwritingherthesis,

withtheexpectationofsubmittingher

thesisinSpring2009.Inadditiontothis,

shealsoworkedasaconsultantforthe

BritishUrbanRegenerationAssociation

toauthor‘RegenerationMapsinthe

UK–thecaseofManchester/Salford’.

Finally,shewasagraduateteaching

assistantintheDepartmentofSocial

PolicyforthecourseonthePoverty,

SocialExclusionandSocialChange;and

ateachingfellowattheBartlettSchool

ofArchitectureforthecourseonthe

ProductionoftheBuiltEnvironment.

Yuka Uzukiiscarryingoutherdoctoral

researchontheintergenerational

persistenceofpovertyintheUK.Shehas

beendevelopinganalyticalframeworksto

investigatevaryingeconomicreturnsto

post-compulsorynon-tertiaryeducation

acrossbackgroundcharacteristics,

householdformationtypes,and

motivationsduringyouth.In2008,shewill

analysethreeBritishlongitudinaldatasets,

theNCDS,BCSandBHPS,withaview

toidentifyingconstraintstoberemoved

inorderforyoungpeoplegrowingupin

povertytomakeuseoftheireducational

attainmentinthelabourmarket.

Polly Vizard hascontinuedtowork

onpoverty,thecapabilityapproachand

humanrightsduring2007.Researchplans

for2008includetwoprojectsthatwill

focusonthedevelopmentandapplication

ofthecapabilityapproachasaframework

forinequalitymonitoringintheBritish

context.Thefirst(whichwillbeundertaken

jointlywithTania Burchardt)willfocuson

thefurtherdevelopmentandapplication

ofacapabilitymeasurementframework

asafoundationfortheworkofthenew

EqualityandHumanRightsCommission.

Thesecondwillexaminehownationally

representativesurveyevidenceonpublic

attitudescanprovideaninformational

basefordevelopingahumanrights-based

capabilitylist.

Jane Waldfogeliscontinuingtostudythe

effectsoftheUK’santi-povertyreforms.

Thispastyear,shewroteacomparative

paperontheeffectsofwelfarereformsin

theUSandUKonchildwell-being.This

year,sheisundertakingastudyofthelinks

betweenchildcareandchildpovertyinthe

UK.Sheisalsobeginningworkonanew

bookontheUK’santi-povertyreforms.

Stephen Wang’s researchthisyearhas

focusedontheprocessesofhousing

declineandrenewalinthePeople’s

RepublicofChina,withparticularemphasis

onthe‘shikumen lilong’housingtypein

Shanghai.In2008hewillconcludecurrent

analyticalworkontheimpactsofurban

restructuring,housingmarketisation,

andthesocialisthousinglegaciesonthe

‘shikumen lilong’,andcompletewriteup

forthethesis.

Astrid Winklerhascontinuedherresearch

fortheWeakMarketCitiesProgramme,

investigatingthecausesofdeclineand

recoveryofsevenindustrialcitiesacross

Europe(seeboxonp.�8).Shehas

conductedfurtherstakeholderinterviews

inhercase-studycitiesofSaint-Étienne,

SheffieldandTorino,andledaresearch

visittoSaint-Étienneduringwhichthe

teamvisitedresidentsonaperipheralgrand

ensemblehousingestateanddiscussed

recoverystrategieswiththeMayorof

Saint-Étienne.Theresearchisrevealinga

patternofheavystateinterventioninSaint-

Étienne’sregeneration,instarkcontrast

totheinnovativepartnership-based

approachinTorino,wheretheabsence

ofanynationalurbanpolicyinItaly,a

proactivecivilsocietyandthepowerful

mayoralrolehaveseentheemergence

ofentrepreneurialandwell-integrated

policiesatcitylevel.Astrid’sthreeCity

ReportsarebeingpublishedasCASE

ReportsinAutumn2007,andthenext

phaseofherresearchwillfocusonthemed

neighbourhood-levelrecoveryprojects.

36

(*)denotespublicationslargelyattributable

toworkoutsidethecentre.

Non-CASEauthorsindicatedbyitalics

A1 Books and reports Cassen,RandKingdon,G,Tackling

Low Achievement.ReporttotheJoseph

RowntreeFoundation.

Dorling, D, Rigby, J, Wheeler, B, Thomas,

B, Fahmy, E, Gordon, D andLupton,R,

Poverty, wealth and place in Britain, 1968

to 2005,Bristol:ThePolicyPressforthe

JosephRowntreeFoundation.(*)

Glennerster,H,British Social Policy: 1945 to

the present (3rdedn),Oxford:Blackwells.

Hills,J.,LeGrand,J.andPiachaud,D.

(eds),Making Social Policy Work: Essays

in Honour of Howard Glennerster,The

PolicyPress.

LeGrand,J.The Other Invisible Hand:

Delivering Public Services through

Choice and Competition,Princeton

UniversityPress.

LeGrand,J,Consistent Care Matters:

Exploring the Potential of Social Work

Practices,London:Departmentfor

EducationandSkills.(*)

Marin, B,Zaidi,A,Lelkes,Oet al,

Mainstreaming Aging: Indicators to

monitor sustainable policies,Aldershot.(*)

Power,AandHoughton,J,Jigsaw Cities:

big places, small spaces,Bristol:The

PolicyPress.

Power,A,City Survivors: bringing up

children in disadvantaged neighbourhoods,

Bristol:ThePolicyPress.

ThomasdeBenitez,S,State of the World’s

Street Children: Violence London,Policy

PressandConsortiumforStreetChildren.

Forthcoming Burchardt,T,Craig, G.andGordon, D (eds)

(2008)Social Justice and Public Policy:

seeking fairness in diverse societies,The

PolicyPress.

Magnuson, K andWaldfogel,J(eds),

Inequality and the Black-White Test Score

Gap,RussellSage.(*)

Richardson,L,DIYCommunity Action:

neighbourhood problems and community

self-help,ThePolicyPress.

A2 Book Chapters ThefollowingchaptersareinJHills,JLe

GrandandDPiachaud(eds)Making Social

Policy Work: essays in honour of Howard

Glennerster,PolicyPress:

Burchardt,T,‘Welfare:whatfor?’

Hills,J,‘Pensions,publicopinion

andpolicy’

Hills,J,LeGrand,JandPiachaud,D,

‘Introduction’

LeGrand,J,‘Quasi-marketsin

healthcare’

Piachaud,D,‘Therestructuringof

redistribution’

Power,A,‘Neighbourhoodrenewal,

mixedcommunities,andsocial

integration’

Brooks,S,‘‘Asquatterinmyown

country!’’Debatingthepoliticsofsocio-

spatialexclusioninaJamaicantourist

resorttown’.InMDayeandDChambers

(ed)New Perspectives on Caribbean

Tourism.Routledge.

Burgess,S,McConnell, B, Propper,C,

Wilson, D,‘Theimpactofschoolchoice

onsortingbyabilityandsocio-economic

factorsinEnglishsecondaryeducation’

forthcomingin:PPetersonandL

Woessman(eds),Schools and the equal

opportunity problem,MITPress.

Hills,J,‘Income,wealth,povertyand

progress’.InD.Utting(ed)Social

advancement: A continuing search for

change.JosephRowntreeFoundation.

Hobcraft,J,‘Genomicsandbeyond:

improvingunderstandingandanalysis

ofhuman(social,economicand

demographic)behavior’.InMWeinstein,

JWVaupelandKWWachter(eds)Biosocial

Surveys,WashingtonD.C.,National

AcademiesPress.

LeGrand,J.,Mossialos, E. andLong,

M,‘TheUnitedKingdom:moreofan

economicthanasocialEuropean’inJKvist

andJSaari(eds)The Europeanisation of

Social Protection,Bristol:PolicyPress.

Lupton,RandThrupp, M,Takinglocal

contextsmoreseriously:thechallengefor

educationalresearch,policyandpractice

inRTeese,MDuru-BellatandSLamb,

Social Inequality in Education: International

Perspectives on Theory and Policy,

Dordrecht:Springer.(*)

Power,A,‘Neighbourhoodrenewal,

mixedcommunitiesandsocialintegration’

inDUtting(ed)Social advancement: A

continuing search for change.York:JRF.

Power,A,‘Citiesasnestedhabitats

–homes,neighbourhoods,planet’inR

BurdettandDPSudjic(eds)The Endless

City,London:PhaidonLtd.

Paskell,C,‘Negotiatingcommunity-police

relations:theroleofPCSOsinpolicinglow-

incomeneighbourhoods’.InRAtkinson

andGHelms(eds)Securing an Urban

Renaissance: crime, community and British

urban policy.ThePolicyPress.

Shin,HB,‘Residentialredevelopmentand

socialimpactsinBeijing’.InFWu(ed)

China’s Emerging Cities: The Making of

New Urbanism.Routledge.

Sumar, K andLi,B,‘UrbanLaborMarket

ChangesandSocialProtectionforUrban

InformalWorkers:ChallengesforChina

andIndia’,InFWu(ed)China’s Emerging

Cities.Routledge.(*)

Waldfogel,J,‘Work-FamilyPolicies’.InH

HolzerandDNightingale(eds)Workforce

Policies for a Changing Economy,

Washington,DC:UrbanInstitutePress.(*)

Appendix 2 – List of Publications 2007

37

Waldfogel,JandLahaie, C,‘TheRoleof

PreschoolandAfter-SchoolPoliciesin

ImprovingtheSchoolAchievementof

ChildrenofImmigrants’.InJELansford,K

Deater-DeckardandMHBornstein(eds),

Immigrant Families in Contemporary

Society,NewYork:GuilfordPress.(*)

Waldfogel,J,Garfinkel, I andKelly,

B,‘PublicAssistancePrograms:How

MuchCouldBeSavedwithImproved

Education?’.InCliveR.BelfieldandHenry

M.Levin(eds)The Price We Pay: The

Economic and Political Consequences of

Inadequate Education,Washington,DC:

BrookingsInstitutionPress.(*)

Forthcoming Ahlburg, DandCassen,R,‘Populationand

Development’,inAKDuttandJRos,eds.,

International Handbook of Development

Economics,Cheltenham:EdwardElgar.

Glennerster,H,‘Funding2�stCentury

WelfareStates’.InThe Welfare State and

compatitiveness: European Experience

and the Latin American Agenda,Madrid:

FundacionCarolina.

Glennerster,H,‘WelfareReform’.InDByatt

(ed)Oxford Handbook of Politics,Oxford:

OxfordUniversityPress.

Glennerster,H,‘TheSustainabilityof

WesternWelfareStates’.InHObinger,C

Pierson,FGCastles,SLeibfriedandJLewis

(eds)Handbook on Comparative Welfare

States,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.

Lupton,RandSullivan, A,TheLondon

Context,inTBrighouseandLFullick

(eds)Education in a Global City: Essays

from London,London:BedfordWay

Publishing.(*)

Piachaud,D,‘SocialJusticeandSocial

Policy’,inBurchardt,T,Craig,G.and

Gordon,D(eds)(2008)Social Justice and

Public Policy: seeking fairness in diverse

societies,ThePolicyPress.

Piachaud,D,‘TimeandMoney’,inLister,R,

andStrelitz,J.(eds)Money Matters,Save

theChildren.

A3 Refereed journal articles Burgess,S,Propper,CandWilson, D,

‘TheimpactofschoolchoiceinEngland:

implicationsfromtheeconomicevidence’,

Policy Studies, 28 ,2,�29-�43(*)

Burgess,S,Bolster, A,Johnston, R,Jones, K,

Propper,CandSarker, R,‘Neighbourhoods,

householdsandincomedynamics:asemi-

parametricinvestigationofneighbourhood

effects’,Journal of Economic Geography.

January2007;7:�-38.(*)

Burgess,S,McConnell, B,Propper,C

andWilson, D,‘Girlsrock,boysroll:an

analysisoftheage�4-�6gendergapin

Englishschools’,Scottish Journal of Political

Economy.5�(2):209-229.(*)

Cowell,FandVictoria-Feser, M,‘Robust

stochasticdominance:asemi-parametric

approach’Journal of Economic Inequality,

5,2�-37.(*)

Curran, C,Burchardt,T,Knapp, M,McDaid,

D andLi,B,‘Challengesinmulti-disciplinary

systematicreviewing:astudyonsocial

exclusionandmentalhealthpolicy’,Social

Policy and Administration,4�(3):289-3�2.

Dixon, A,LeGrand,J.et al,‘IstheBritish

NationalHealthServiceequitable?The

evidenceonsocioeconomicdifferences

inutilization’,Journal of Health Services

Research and Policy,�2(2)�04-�09.

Hango,D,‘Parentalinvestmentin

childhoodandeducationalqualifications:

Cangreaterparentalinvolvement

mediatetheeffectsofsocioeconomic

disadvantage?’,Social Science Research,vol

36,pp�37�-�390.

Hobcraft,J,‘TheABCofdemographic

behaviour:howtheinterplaysofalleles,

brainsandcontextsoverthelifecourse

shouldshaperesearchonunderstanding

populationprocesses’,Population Studies,

60(2),pp�53-�88.

Hobcraft,J,‘Towardsascientific

understandingofdemographicbehaviour’,

Population-E 62(�):47-5�andas‘Pour

améliorernotrecompréhensiondes

comportementsdémographiques’,

Population-F 62(�):47-52.

Johnston, R, Jones, K,Propper,C,Burgess,

S,‘Region,LocalContextandVotingat

the�997GeneralElectioninEngland’,

American Journal of Political Science 51,3,

640-654(2007).(*)

Jones, G, Herrera, E andThomasde

Benitez,S,‘Tears,TraumaandSuicide:

everydayviolenceamongstreetstudentsin

Puebla,Mexico,Bulletin of Latin American

Research,vol26,no4,pp462-479.

Karagiannaki,E,‘Exploringtheeffects

ofintegratedbenefitsystemsandactive

labourmarketpolicies:evidencefrom

JobcentrePlus,intheUK’Journal of Social

Policy,vol36(2)pp�77-95.

Kaushal, N, Gao, Q andWaldfogel,J,

‘WelfareReformandExpenditureson

Children’,Social Service Review.

Kiernan,K,Barlow,AandMerlo,R,

CohabitationLawReformanditsimpact

onMarriage:EvidencefromAustraliaand

Europe,International Family Law,vol63,

pp.7�-74.

Magnuson, K, Meyers, M andWaldfogel,

J,‘TheEffectsofExpandedPublicFunding

forEarlyEducationandChildCareon

EnrollmentinFormalChildCareinthe

�990s’,Social Service Review,8�(�):

47-83.(*)

Magnuson, K, Ruhm, C andWaldfogel,

J,‘ThePersistenceofPreschoolEffects:

DoSubsequentClassroomExperiences

Matter?’,Early Childhood Research

Quarterly,22(�):�8-38.(*)

Magnuson, K, Ruhm, C andWaldfogel,

J,‘DoesPrekindergartenImproveSchool

PreparationandPerformance?’,Economics

of Education Review,26:33-5�.(*)

38

Morris,S,‘Mothers,childsupport

arrangements:acomparisonofroutes

throughwhichmothersobtainawardsfor

maintenanceinGreatBritain’,Benefits:

The Journal of Poverty and Social Justice,

�5(�),pp�7-32.

Nepomnyaschy, L andWaldfogel,J,

‘PaternityLeaveandFathers’Involvement

withTheirYoungChildren:Evidencefrom

theECLS-B’,Community, Work, and Family,

�0(4):425-45�.(*)

Plöger,J,‘Theemergenceofa‘City

ofCages’inLima:Neighbourhood

appropriationinthecontextofrising

insecurities’,Cybergeo (online journal),

article377.(*)

Power,A,‘KeyIssuesInfluencing

Planning:Howtomoveforward’.21st

Century Society: Journal of the Academy

of Social Sciences.

Sigle-Rushton,WandWaldfogel,J,

‘Motherhoodandwomen’searningsin

Anglo-American,continentalEuropean,

andNordiccountries’,Feminist Economics,

�3(2):55-9�.

Sigle-Rushton,WandWaldfogel,J,

‘MotherhoodandFamilyIncomes:Evidence

fromAnglo-American,Continental

European,andNordicCountries’,Journal

of European Social Policy,�7(4):299-3�8.

Propper,C,Damiani, M, Leckie, G

andDixon, J,‘Theimpactofpatients’

socioeconomicstatusonthedistances

travelledforhospitaladmissionsinthe

EnglishNHS’,Journal of Health Services

Research and Policy,�2,3,pp�53-�59.(*)

Propper,C,Burgess,S,Bolster, A, Leckie, G,

Jones, K andJohnston, R,‘Theimpactof

neighbourhoodontheincomeandmental

healthofBritishsocialrenters’,Urban

Studies,44,2,393-4�6.

Propper,C,Rigg,JandBurgess,S,‘Child

Health:EvidenceontherolesofFamily

IncomeandMaternalMentalHealthfroma

UKbirthcohort’,Health Economics �6(��):

�245-�269.

Propper,C,Wilson, D andBurgess,S,

‘ExtendingChoiceinEnglishHealthCare:

Theimplicationsoftheeconomicevidence

forthcoming,Journal of Social Policy.35,4,

537-557.

Tanaka, S andWaldfogel,J,‘Effectsof

ParentalLeaveandWorkingHourson

Fathers’InvolvementwithTheirBabies:

EvidencefromtheUKMillenniumCohort

Study’,Community, Work, and Family,

�0(4):407-424.

Vizard,P,‘SelectingandJustifyingaBasic

CapabilitySet:shouldtheInternational

HumanRightsFrameworkbegivenamore

directrole?’,Oxford Development Studies,

vol35,no3,pp225-250.

Zaidi,AandGrech,A,‘PensionPolicyin

EU25anditsImpactonPensionBenefits’,

Benefits – the Journal of Poverty and Social

Justice,vol�5,no3,pp299-3��.

Forthcoming Borgonovi,F,‘LowerPricesImproveDiversity

inthePerformingArts.IsthisTrueanddoes

itMatter?’,Journal of Social Policy.

Borgonovi,F,‘DividedWeStand,

UnitedWeFall:ReligiousPluralism,

GivingandVolunteering’,American

Sociological Review.

Borgonovi,F,‘DoingWellbyDoing

Good.TheRelationshipbetweenFormal

VolunteeringandWell-being’,Social

Science and Medicine.

Cowell,FandFlachaire, E,‘Income

DistributionandInequalityMeasurement:

TheProblemofExtremeValues’,Journal of

Econometrics,�4�,pp�044-�072.

Gregg, P, Gutierrez-Domenech, M and

Waldfogel,J,‘TheEmploymentofMarried

MothersinGreatBritain:�974-2000’,

Economica.(*)

Gregg, P, Washbrook, E,Propper,Cand

Burgess,S,‘MaternityRightsandMother’s

returntowork’,Labour Economics.(*)

Gregg,P,Waldfogel,JandWashbrook, E,

‘Familyexpenditurespost-welfarereform

intheUK:arelow-incomefamilieswith

childrenstartingtocatchup?’,Labour

Economics.(*)

Halonen, M andPropper,C,‘Competition

andDecentralisationinGovernment

Bureaucraciesforthcoming’,Journal of

Economic Behaviour and Organisation (*)

Johnston, R, Jones, K,Burgess,S,Bolster, A,

Propper,CandSarker, R,‘Fractalfactors?

Scale,factoranalysisandneighbourhood

effects’,Geographical Analysis.(*)

Jones, G, Herrera, EandThomasdeBenitez,

S,‘BodiesontheLine:identitymakers

amongMexicanstreetyouth’,Children’s

GeographiesSpecialIssueonContested

Bodies,vol26,no4,pp462-479.

Mensah, FandHobcraft,J,‘Childhood

deprivation,healthanddevelopment:

associationswithadulthealthinthe�958

and�970Britishprospectivebirthcohort

studies’,Journal of Epidemiology and

Community Health.

Plöger,J,‘Theemergenceofa‘City

ofCages’inLima:Neighbourhood

appropriationinthecontextofrising

insecurities’,Cybergeo (online journal),

article377.(*)

Plöger,J,‘Laformacióndeenclaves

residencialesenLimaenelcontextodela

inseguridad’,Urbes,3(�).(*)

Sigle-Rushton,WandWaldfogel,J,

‘FamilyGapsinIncome:ACrossNational

Comparison’,Journal of European Social

Policy,�7(4):299-3�8.

Waldfogel,J,‘WelfareReformsandChild

Well-BeingintheUSandUK’,Swedish

Economic Policy Review.

39

Waldfogel,J,‘ParentalWorkArrangements

andChildDevelopment’,Canadian Public

Policy/Analyse de Politiques.(*)

Waldfogel,JandZhai, F,‘EffectsofPublic

PreschoolExpendituresontheTestScores

of4thGraders:EvidencefromTIMSS’,

Educational Research and Evaluation.(*)

A4 Other journal articles Baumberg,BandAnderson,P,‘The

Europeanstrategyonalcohol:alandmark

andalesson[editorial]’,Alcohol and

Alcoholism,42(�).(*)

Burchardt,T‘Editorial:socialjusticeand

publicpolicy’,Benefits: The Journal of

Poverty and Social Justice,�5(2).

Cassen,R,‘LowAchievementinEnglish

Schools’,childRIGHT,no.240,October.

Cassen,R,‘TacklingUnderachievementin

EnglishSchools’,Social Science Teacher,

Vol.37,no.�,Winter.

Davidson,R,Mitchell,RandHunt,K,

‘Location,location,location:therole

ofexperienceofdisadvantageinlay

perceptionsofareainequalitiesinhealth,

Health and Place.(*)

Hills,J,‘Income,wealth,povertyand

progress’,Search,JosephRowntree

Foundation,February.

LeGrand,J,‘Thepoliticsofchoiceand

competitioninpublicservices’,Political

Quarterly,78(2)207-2�3.

Plöger,J,‘MakingInstitutionsWorkinPeru:

Democracy,DevelopmentandInequality

since�980’,bookreview,Bulletin of Latin

American Research,26(2).(*)

Plöger,J,‘Laformacióndeenclaves

residencialesenLimaenelcontextodela

inseguridad’,Urbes,3(�).(*)

Power,A,‘Smartgrowth,greenbeltsand

therenewalofexistingcommunities’,

Public Service Review.

Power,A,‘MakingCitiesWork’,Green

Places,February.

Power,A,‘LivingNeighbourhoods’,Search

45,February.

Power,A,‘Whatisthehousingcrisis?’,

House Magazine,LabourConferenceissue.

Power,A,‘AnurbanJigsaw’,Public Service

Review: Transport, Local Government and

the Regions,Issue�0.

Shin,H.B,‘UnderstandingChina’surban

transformationinpost-reformperiod:an

interviewwithFulongWu’inPlanning

and Policy,Marchedition,Seoul:Korean

ResearchInstituteforHumanSettlement.

A5 Other publications Burchardt,TandVizard,P(2007)

Definition of Equality and Framework for

Measurement.FinalRecommendations

ofEqualitiesReviewSteeringGroup

onMeasurementPaper�.www.

theequalitiesreview.org.uk

Hills,J,‘Foreword’,inCWhiteheadand

KScanlon(eds)Social Housing in Europe,

LSE,July2007.

Hills,J,‘Socialhousinginthetwenty-first

century?‘,Britain Today (2ndedn),ESRC.

Hobcraft,J,‘Childdevelopment,the

lifecourse,andsocialexclusion;arethe

frameworksusedintheUKrelevantfor

developingcountries?’,Chronic Poverty

Research Centre Working Paper72,

UniversityofManchester.

Power,A,‘Sport,familiesandchildren’,

Britain Today (2ndedn),ESRC.

Power,A,‘Lerôledeshabitantsdans

larénovationurbaine’,La Placé des

habitants dans les politiques urbaines

en Europe.Seine-Saint-Denis,France:

ProfessionBanlieue.

Power,A,‘Neighbourhoodrenewal,mixed

communitiesandsocialintegration’,Report

to Neighbourhood Renewal Unit.

Power,A,‘PaperfortheForesight

Programmeonenergyandthebuilt

environment:doesdemolitionor

refurbishmentofoldandinefficienthomes

helptoincreaseourenvironmental,social

andeconomicviability?’,Availableat

www.foresight.gov.uk

Vizard,PandBurchardt,T(2007)

Developing a Capability List.Final

RecommendationsofEqualitiesReview

SteeringGrouponMeasurementPaper2.

www.theequalitiesreview.org.uk

Forthcoming Feinstein,l;Lupton,R;Hammond,C;

Mujtaba,TandSorhaindo,AwithTunstall,

R;Richards,M;Kuh,DandJonson,J,

The public value of social housing: A

longitudinal analysis of the relationship

of housing and life chancesCentre

forResearchontheWiderBenefitsof

Learning,InstituteofEducation,University

ofLondon.

Hobcraft,J,Child development, the life

course, and social exclusion; are the

frameworks used in the UK relevant for

developing countries?.ChronicPoverty

ResearchCentreWorkingPaper.

Lupton,R;Heath,N;Fenton,A;Clarke,A;

Whitehead,C;Monk,S;Geddes,M;Fuller,

C;Tunstall,R;Hayden,CandRobinson,

J,Evaluation of the Mixed Communities

Initiative Demonstration projects: Baseline

Report June2007London:CLG(awaiting

CLGpublicationonwebsite).

40

CASE Papers

CASE/117 TomSefton UsingtheBritishHouseholdPanelSurveytoexplorechangesin housingtenureinEngland

CASE/118 RobertCassen,GeetaGandhiKingdon UnderstandinglowachievementinEnglishschools

CASE/119 StephenMorris ChildSupportAwardsinBritain:Ananalysisofdatafromthe FamiliesandChildrenStudy

CASE/120 TaniaBurchardt,PollyVizard Definitionofequalityandframeworkformeasurement:FinalRecommendationsoftheEqualitiesReviewSteeringGrouponMeasurement

CASE/121 TaniaBurchardt,PollyVizard Developingacapabilitylist:FinalRecommendationsoftheEqualitiesReviewSteeringGrouponMeasurement

CASE/122 KittyStewart Employmenttrajectoriesformothersinlow-skilledwork:EvidencefromtheBritishLoneParentCohort

CASE/123 VincentVandenberghe FamilyIncomeandTertiaryEducationAttendanceacrosstheEU:Anempiricalassessmentusingsiblingdata

CASE/124 ODebande,VincentVandenberghe RefinancingEurope’sHigherEducationthroughDeferredandIncome-ContingentFees:AnempiricalassessmentusingBelgian,GermanandUKdata

CASE/125 CarolPropper,JohnA.Rigg Socio-EconomicStatusandChildBehaviour:EvidencefromacontemporaryUKcohort

CASE/126 JaneWaldfogel WelfareReformsandChildWell-BeingintheUSandUK

CASE/127 DavidPiachaud FreedomtobeaChild:CommercialPressuresonChildren

CASE/128 KatharinaJanke,CarolPropper ArecurrentlevelsofairpollutioninEnglandtoohigh?The andJohnHenderson impactofpollutiononpopulationmortality

CASE/129 PaulGregg,CarolPropper Understandingtherelationshipbetweenparentalincomeand andElizabethWashbrook multiplechildoutcomes:adecompositionanalysisfora

UKcohort

4�

Other CASE publications

CASEreport 34 JohnHills EndsandMeans:ThefuturerolesofsocialhousinginEngland

CASEreport 35 RosemaryDavidson,AnnePower Families’andchildren’sexperienceofsportandinformalactivityinOlympicareasoftheEastEnd

CASEreport 36 AnnePower ReportontheconsultationwithtenantsonthefutureofsocialhousingatTraffordHall

CASEreport 37 CASEAnnualReport2006

CASEreport 38 AnnePower,HelenWillmot SocialCapitalwithintheNeighbourhood

CASEreport 39 JorgPlöger BremenCityReport

CASEreport 40 AstridWinkler StEtienneCityReport

CASEreport 41 AstridWinkler TorinoCityReport

CASEreport 42 JorgPlöger LeipzigCityReport

CASEreport 43 JorgPloger BilbaoCityReport

CASEreport 44 JorgPloger BelfastCityReport

CASEreport 45 AstridWinkler SheffieldCityReport

CASEreport 46 AnnePower CommunitiesandDemolition:findingsfromaworkshopattheNationalCommunitiesResourceCentre

CASEreport 47 AnnePower TenantsandtheirCommunities:SummaryreporttotheDCLGontheconsultationwithtenantsonthefuturerolesofsocialhousing

42

A: Publications (excluding those largely attributable to work outside the Centre)

1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total

A�Booksandreports 2 4 9 6 �2 �� 4 4 9 7 68

A2Bookchapters† 4 7 20 �2 �5† �9 �0 �4 �0 �4 �25

A3Refereedjournalpapers 4 �� �9 �8 22 �6 �3 �6 �7 �9 �55

A4Otherpublications 32 36 37 49 37 3� 39 35 4� 47 384

Notes:�997/8to2000/�figuresareforacademicyears(October–September).200�/2figuresarefora�5monthperiodOctober200�toDecember2002.2003onwardsareforcalendaryears.2007figuresareprovisional.

†excludeschaptersinUnderstanding Social Exclusion, A More Equal Society? andMaking Social Policy Work

B: External relations*

1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

B�Membershipofcommittees �2 34 33 39 5� 57 68 82 75 74

B2Membershipofnetworks 6 7 �� �3 �4 �2 9 8 �5 �6

B3Overseasvisitors(morethan2days) 2 4 9 2 6 7 4 � 4 4

B4Overseasvisitors(over3months) 3 � Nil � � 2 3 2 5 �

B5Substantialadviceandconsultancy

(excludinggrantandjournalrefereeing)�0 �5 �0 7 �3 �3 �0 �2 �8 �8

B6Conferencepapersandseminar

presentations

64 ��2 ��� 95 �08 9� �30 �26 �03 �33

B7Mediacoverage:newspapers 6� 78 57 59 55 6� 54# 79# 27 �03

B8Mediacoverage:radioandTV 37 38 22 48 28 36 2� 3� 36 37

B9CASEevents:

Conferences:

Seminars:

�0

2�

6

2�

6

30

7

�5

7

25

8

20

7

�8

6

�5

6

�3

5

��

B�0Internationalcollaborative

researchprojects

5 3 �� �0 �0 �0 �2 �3 �5 5

Notes:�997/8to2000/�figuresareforacademicyears(October–September).200�/2figuresarefora�5monthperiodOctober200�toDecember2002.2003onwardsareforcalendaryears.

#DoesnotincludecoverageofPensionsCommissionreports.

*Figuresfor2007areprovisional.

Appendix 3 – Key Performance Indicators

43

C: Financial resources (October-September, £000s)

1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

C�ESRCcorefunding 297 430 457 44� 496 492 564 570 625 434

C2OtherESRCfunding 5� �5 Nil 8 �4 67 39 83 29 76

C3Hostinstitution 95 �42 �42 �55 2�6 228 229 �92 �73 �98

C4Otherfunding

OSTandother

researchcouncils

UKfoundations

UKindustryand

commerce

UKlocalauthorities

UKcentralgovernment

UKvoluntarysector

EuropeanUnion

Otheroverseas

2�9

Nil

�43

2

Nil

72

Nil

2

Nil

�78

Nil

�2�

�

Nil

25

�6

�0

5

25�

Nil

�47

Nil

3

75

�2

2

�2

282

Nil

�87

Nil

2

77

6

Nil

�0

304

Nil

�79

Nil

Nil

��2

4

Nil

9

26�

Nil

�55

Nil

9

26

2

Nil

Nil

287

Nil

�65

Nil

27

93

3

Nil

Nil

384

Nil

�92

7

2

�42

4�

Nil

Nil

3�7

Nil

220

Nil

Nil

66

23

Nil

8

262

Nil

234

Nil

2

22

4

Nil

Nil

C5Overalltotal 660 764 85� 885 �,029 �,048 �,��9 �,229 �,�44 970

D: Staff Resources (October-September)

1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

D� Researchstaff

(ofwhichESRCfunded)

Individuals

Full-timeequivalents

�3(6)

9.7

(4.3)

�4(8)

��.5

(5.3)

�3(6)

�0.9

(4.5)

�4(6)

��.3

(4.�)

�8(9)

�4.3

(4.6)

�8(�4)

�3.4

(7.0)

25(�3)

�7.6

(8.3)

20(�0)

�3.6

(6.5)

�7(7)

�4.4

(5.4)

�2(5)

�0.2

(4.�)

D2 Associatedacademicstaff

(ofwhichESRCfunded)

Individuals

Full-timeequivalents

�2(7)

3.4

(2.2)

��(5)

3.2

(�.8)

�0(6)

2.8

(�.7)

��(6)

3.�

(�.5)

��(6)

3.�

(�.7)

�4(7)

3.0

(�.6)

�4(6)

4.�

(�.2)

�4(7)

3.6

(�.7)

�3(5)

3.2

(�.4)

�3(4)

2.6

(0.8)

D3 Supportstaff

Individuals

Full-timeequivalents

3

�.6

5

3.4

5

3.6

7

3.�

6

3.2

7

2.8

7

3.4

8

3.2

8

4.2

6

4.2

D4 Researchstudents 4 5 6 �0 �3 �� �2 �2 9 �3

D5 Staffdevelopmentdays 75 75 6� 53 42 90.5 83 68 53.5 7.5

30 metres

Entrance to Tower Two

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Lionel RobbinsBuilding and

Library

New Academic Building

St Clement’s Building

Old Building

East Building

Connaught House

Columbia House

Tower One

Clement House

Peacock Theatre

20 Kingsway

50 Lincoln’s Inn Fields

PS

G

LSE MAIN ENTRANCE Towers One,

Two and Three

Tower Two

Tower Three

Entrance to CASE

44

CASE is situated in the Research Laboratory, on the fifth floor of the Lionel Robbins Building, Portugal Street.

How to find us

44

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