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Page 1: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

AsABridgeForLiteracy

Page 2: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

Reading About DNA As An Extension

This is not a presentation about any single tech tool (clickers) – It is

supposed to be about how a technology has unlocked another

world that can bridge our disciplines-

Page 3: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

Do Any Of These Interest You?1- Can you be addicted to cat urine2- Who were the other humans ?3- Can there be a Champanzee ?4- Can you get your sister arrested for murder ?5- Can twins have different dads ?6- Darwin’s ‘finches’ ?7- Can I turn into The Hulk or Spiderman ?8- Is Bigfoot real ?9- Are you my mother ? (mitochondrial DNA)10- Am I eating Shrimp or Shramp ?11- President Jefferson’s children ?12- Why am I lactose intolerant ?13- Native Americans & the introduction of alcohol14- What did The Plague have to do with the development of Europe ?15- How related are you to Kevin Bacon16- Is there a DNA basis for Race ?17- When was North America actually settled ?18- What killed Napoléon's soldiers ?19- Genetic diversity of humans in the Valley of Mexico20- How accurate, really is DNA (for crime cases etc..)

Page 4: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

Darwin’sFinches

Page 5: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

OrAreThey?Tanagers?

Page 6: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell – This gene can protect you

from malaria –So – People who come from parts of the world where malaria is prevalent tend to carry the gene in higher

frequencies (math)

Page 7: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

TheBiologyOfSkinColorMelanin

Page 8: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

TheBiologyOfSkinColor

Page 9: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

TheBiologyOfSkinColorVitaminDDeficiency

Page 10: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

DNA As A Cross-Curricular Bridge(history; stats; writing; art; social, cultural)

a. Common Knowledge About DNAb. How has technology changed how

we can study DNA ?c. How can we use this to link our

classrooms together?

Page 11: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

Picture of mother and child in an embrace after what is termed ‘China’s Pompeii’.

Page 12: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

DNA proved that the child and the mother are not directly related-

Page 13: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

The Boy King

Page 14: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

King Tut Was Disabled, Malarial, and Inbred "Frail boy" needed cane, says study, which also

found oldest genetic proof of malaria.

Page 15: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

Roy Criner TX, was sentenced with circumstantial evidence to 99 years for the rape & murder of a 16 year old girl. Years later, DNA testing excluded him from being the contributor of genetic material found on the girl. He remained in prison because the appeals judges had no confidence that DNA evidence would have weight over witness testimony. After a reporter found additional evidence that implicated another person, Criner was finally set free.

Page 16: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

Family Matters : The ‘Other Humans’

Page 17: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

EveryonelivingoutsideofdirectAfricaoriginstodayhasasmallamountofNeanderthalinthem,carriedasalivingrelicoftheseancientencounters.Ateamof

scientistscomparingthefullgenomesofthetwospeciesconcludedthatmostEuropeansandAsianshave

between1to4percentNeanderthalDNA.Indigenoussub-SaharanAfricanshavenoNeanderthalDNAbecause

theirancestorsdidnotmigratethroughEurasia

Page 18: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

Super-QuickDNABackground

Page 19: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

Super-QuickDNAExtraction

Page 20: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

HowDoYou‘See’YourResults?

AverycoolprocesswhichcopiestheDNAmillionsoftimes

Page 21: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

WhatMightWeDoWithThisProcess&TheKnowledgeThatIt

Unlocks?

Page 22: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

We are testing food (fish) at the store (H-Mart) to see what it is -

Page 23: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

In our example it’s sharks/rays –

First of all – What is it !?

Page 24: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

Why would we study this ?

Students can study the ecological impact of fishing-

Are organisms endangered ?How many are left ?

How diverse are they ?

Page 25: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

What’s ‘a’ next step ?

Students can study the paternity of organisms

Do two babies in the same uterus have different dads ?

Page 26: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

What’s the math behind this ?

Given a regular phone number771-1981

How many ‘possible’ phone numbers could you get from this configuration ?

Page 27: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

What happens when we run out of phone numbers ?

Page 28: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

What happens when we run out of phone numbers ?

We just add area code –Each code

630 or 778 lets you restart the numbers -

Page 29: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

DNA codes can be thought of as ‘phone numbers’

Just as each phone number reaches a person- Each DNA number reaches a

species –(if not an individual)

Page 30: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

The DNA Phone Number

A T C GEach place only has four ‘digits’

So a 7 place digit DNA code

ATC-CGTA

Page 31: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

So a 7 place digit DNA code

ATC-CGTA

Codes for how many variations?

4x4x4x4x4x4x4

Page 32: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

Typically the length of the sequence that we look at is 400 to 600 bp

So4 to 400th power ?

Page 33: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

This allows us to look at a relatively small piece of DNA and determine what

species a sample is and then by using multiple samples – What individual a

sample is -

Page 34: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

The Database Is HUUUGEEE

Which means that we could not even begin to do these types of study without

some control over the data –

This is where computers enter the story-

Page 35: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

Here is a DNA sequence from the samples that our students worked with -

Page 36: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

TACCTAATCTTTGGTGCCTGAGCAGGTATAGTCGGAACTGGCCTAAGTCTTTTAATTCGAGCAGAGTTGAGCCAGCCCGGATCACTTCTAGGTGATGATCAGATTTATAATGTCCTTGTTACAGCCCATGCCTTAGTAATAATCTTTTTTATGGTTATACCAATTATAATTGGAGGGTTTGGCAATTGACTCGTCCCTTTAATGATTGGCTCTCCAGACATAGCCTTTCCCCGCATGAATAATATGAGCTTTTGACTTTTACCACCTTCATTTCTTCTTCTCCTAGCCTCCGCTGGAGTTGAAGCTGGGGCGGGGACAGGTTGAACTGTCTACCCCCCTCTAGCAGGCAATCTAGCCCACGCGGGGGCCTCCGTAGACTTAACAATTTTCTCTCTCCATTTGGCAGGTATCTCCTCCATCCTAGCTTCCATTAACTTCATCACCACAATTATTAACATAAAACCCCCAGCAATCTCTCAATACCAAACACCTCTATTCGTATGATCAATCCTTGTTACAACTGTCTTACTTCTTATAGCCCTCCCAGTTCTAGCAGCTGGCATTACTATGCTTCTCACAGATCGTAACCTCAATACAACTTTCTTTGACCCAGCAGGAGGAGGAGACCCCATTCTTTACCAGCACCTGTTCTGATTTTTTGGG

Page 37: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

This sample was taken from a fishpurchased at H-Mart- DNA was

extracted and then copied and then sequenced –

Students were given the raw sample data and what did they do with it ?

http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi

Page 38: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –
Page 39: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –
Page 40: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

How Is Alcohol Metabolized ?

You need two enzymes –Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) & Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)

Native Chinese and Japanese populations produce a lot of ADH. 85% of their population produces unusual high activities of this enzyme. Where Caucasians score less than 21%, African Descent Americans less than 10% and Native Americans as well as Asian Indians 0%.

Don’t jump to any conclusions yet --Now about half of the Chinese and Japanese (Koreans way less by the way) lack the normal amount of this second enzyme (ALDH). The result is that in many cases a byproduct builds up very fast when these individuals start drinking. First of all because of the big amount of ADH and second because of the lack of ALDH 2. This is very unfortunate since this byproduct makes you way more sick than ethanol itself. This genetic disadvantage is the reason that you can’t hold your liquor. A clear sign of a high acetaldehyde-level is that the face turns extremely red.

Page 41: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –
Page 42: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –
Page 43: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –
Page 44: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

Tsutomu Yamaguchi-san, the first officially recognized survivor of BOTH atomic blasts in Japan.

Page 45: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

How Closely Are We Related To Kevin Bacon ?

Genetic studies tend to support the ‘out of Africa’ model. The highest levels of genetic variation? in humans are found in Africa. In fact there is more genetic diversity in Africa compared with the rest of the world put together. In addition, the origin of modern DNA in the mitochondria (the ‘powerhouses’ of our cells) has been tracked back to just one African woman who lived between 50,000 and 500,000 years ago –'Mitochondrial Eve'.

Page 46: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

You Can Get Your Sister Caught

This might be a little messed up (kind of like time travel)

Scenario: If your sister commits a crimeAnd she leaves DNA at the scene of the crime But- She is not in any DNA database (never been caught)It is possible to ‘tell’ the computer to look for a theoretical sibling of known sample taken from the crime –There are lots of DNA databases out there --Then a list is generated and even though you are innocent you could be visited by law enforcement asking you if you have a sibling and details about them -

Page 47: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

A Single Letter Out Of Billions

Tay-Sachs A terrible condition where the neurons in the brain are choked by

too much of a malformed protein-This protein is made incorrectly because of single error in a single

letter in a strand of DNA that you inherited –There are more than a few variations of Tay-Sachs and they are

prevalent in multiple groups of people (culture)

What’s weird is that this terrible condition actually confers resistance to another disease called TB or tuberculosis so there is a genetic reason why this condition continues to persist in our genetic

code -

Page 48: As A Bridge For Literacy - Northwestern University...Some (a lot) of people carry a gene which codes for a disease called Sickle Cell –This gene can protect you from malaria –

Do Any Of These Interest You?http://www.forbes.com/sites/kristinakillgrove/2015/10/27/mysteries-of-the-black-death-shroud-of-turin-and-origins-of-early-americans-solved-with-dna/#184402ae7584

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/02/100216-king-tut-malaria-bones-inbred-tutankhamun/#/12801.ngsversion.1421960076665.jpg

http://forensicoutreach.com/library/5-real-life-cases-where-dna-profiling-changed-everything/

https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/neanderthal/

http://thebrainscoop.tumblr.com/post/139191025076/darwins-tanagers-dyk-darwins-finches-arent

http://www.yourgenome.org/stories/evolution-of-modern-humans