artificial mythology

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Artificial mythology (compare artificial language) is any invented mythology that, rather

than arising out of centuries of oral tradition, are penned over a short period of time by a

single author or small group of collaborators. While many literary works carry mythicthemes, only a few approach the dense self-referentiality of, for example,J. R. R. Tolkien,

William Blake orC.S. Lewis.

As opposed to fantasy worldsorfictional universe aimed at the evocation of detailed

worlds with well-ordered histories, geographies, and laws of nature, artificial mythologyaims at imitating real-world mythology, either as a reason in itself, or specifically created

to add credibility and literary depth to fictional worlds infantasy orscience fiction books,

movies and role-playing games.

Artificial mythology can be created entirely by an individual, like the world ofMiddle-

earth, or can be formed as a result of an amalgam of writings, like the Cthulhu Mythos.

Contents

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1 The place of artificial mythology in society 2 Literature

o 2.1 Antiquity

o 2.2 19th and 20th centuries

o 2.3 Collaborative efforts

o 2.4 Scholarship

3 Music

4 Other media

5 See also

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The place of artificial mythology in society

Works of artificial mythology are often treated as normal works offantasy orscience

fiction, but many hardcore fans relate to them as if these worlds were real. They study the

languages, histories andreligions depicted in the fiction.Joseph Campbell, a famousstudent of world mythology, spoke of aNietzschean world which has today outlived much

of the mythology of the past. He claimed that new myths must be created, but he believedthat present culture is changing too rapidly for society to be completely described by anysuch mythological framework until a later age. He did, however, use Star Wars as an

example of the creation of such fantasy worlds by which civilization will one day describe

itself. Without relevant mythology, Campbell claimed, society cannot function.

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Literature

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Antiquity

Perhaps the first attempt to construct mythology out of whole cloth was the book ofPherecydes of Syros, written inGreek Southern Italy in the 6th century BC. Pherecydes

transformed the Greek pantheon beyond recognition, withZas ("he who lives") rather than

Zeus as the king of the gods, and Chronos ("time") rather thanKronos as Zas's father.Pherecydes's book was a key turning-point in the Greek movement towards scientific and

philosophic thought.

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19th and 20th centuries

J. R. R. Tolkien'sMiddle-earth is perhaps the most well-known of contemporary artificialmythology. In his fictional works, Tolkien invented not only a cosmogony,anthropogony

and epic cycle, but also a fictive linguistics,geologyand geography. His close friend, C.S.

Lewis, followed suit with his fantasy world ofNarnia, as well as the planets of Perelandra,Malcandra and Thulcandra.

William Blake's "prophetic works" (e.g. Vala, or the Four Zoas) contain a rich panoply of

original gods, such as Urizen, Orc,Los, Albion,Rintrah, Ahania andEnitharmon. Blake

was an important influence onAleister Crowley's Thelemic writings, whose dazzlingpantheon of invented deities and radically re-cast figures fromEgyptian mythology and the

Book of Revelation constitute an artificial mythology of their own.

The repetitious themes ofJorge Luis Borges's fictional works (mirrors,labyrinths,tigers,

etc.) tantalizingly hint at a deeper underlying mythos and yet stealthily hold back from anydefinitive canonicity.

Thepulpworks ofEdgar Rice Burroughs andRobert Howard contain imagined worlds vast

enough to be universes in themselves, as does the science fiction ofFrank Herbert and E.E.

"Doc" Smith.

Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes, apart from genre, fit the definition; coteries of

dedicated fans perform close textual analysis, and real-world letters seeking help continueto be mailed to Holmes's fictional address.

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Collaborative efforts
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The Rosicrucian hysteria of the17th century arose out of a collective effort at "artificial

mythology", as multiple anonymous authors wove an innovativehagiography and founding

myth of the brotherhood in their tracts.

The Cthulhu Mythos ofH.P. Lovecraftwas likewise taken up by numerous collaborators

and admirers.

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Scholarship

Many students ofcomparative religionhave been accused of weaving their own mythsrather than honestly interpreting the ones they purport to study, includingClaude Lvi-

Strauss, Carl Jung,Joseph Campbell, Georges Dumzil, Jane Ellen Harrison, James Frazer

and Barbara Walker.T.S. Eliot's Waste Landwas a deliberate attempt to model a 20th

centuryartificial mythology patterned after the birth-rebirth motif described by Frazer.

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Music

In classical music,Richard Wagner's operas were a deliberate attempt to create a new kind

ofGesamtkunstwerk("total work of art"), transforming the legends of the Teutonic pastinto a new, nearly unrecognizable monument to theRomanticproject.

In popular music,George Clinton's Parliament-Funkadelic collective produced numerous

concept albums which tied together in what is referred to as P Funk mythology.

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Other media

George Lucas claims to have been consciously influenced by Joseph Campbell's theories in

making his Star Warsmovies. Both Star Wars and Star Trekhave become a sort of religion

for certain fans.

Comic books have been seen as the twentieth century's answer toepic. Perhaps the most

ambitious and deliberate effort at artificial mythology in the comic field wasJack Kirby'sFourth Worldseries, with the cosmic struggle between Darkseid'sApokalips and the gods

ofNew Genesis and Mister Miracle and Orion as messiah-figures.

Role-playing games often include artificial mythologies for their players to interact with.Examples include the Forgotten Realms setting ofDungeons & Dragons or the world of

White Wolf'sExalted. Their computer counterparts, computer role-playing games,

sometimes have elaborate fictional universes that continue to be explored over many
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sequels, such as the best selling Final Fantasy X which along with its sequel Final Fantasy

X-2sold 10 million copies and boasts a legion of enthusiasts of itsFictional Universe

Penny Arcadeattempted to create an "artificial artificial mythology" in the "TheElemenstor Saga", a fictitious series of books that parodied generic fantasy fiction. They

appear as of2006to have abandoned the project and moved on to other things.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_X-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_X-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_X-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spira_(Final_Fantasy_X)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spira_(Final_Fantasy_X)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Arcade_(webcomic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Arcade_(webcomic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Legends_Of_The_Hierarchs:_The_Elemenstor_Sagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Legends_Of_The_Hierarchs:_The_Elemenstor_Sagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_X-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_X-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spira_(Final_Fantasy_X)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Arcade_(webcomic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Legends_Of_The_Hierarchs:_The_Elemenstor_Sagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Legends_Of_The_Hierarchs:_The_Elemenstor_Sagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2006

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