TY - JOURT1 - Carbohydrate-electrolyte rehydration protects against intravascular volume contraction during colonic cleansing with orally administered sodium phosphateJO - Gastrointestinal EndoscopyVL - 56IS - 5SP - 633EP - 638PY - 2002/11//T2 - AU - Barclay, Robert L.AU - Depew, William T.AU - Vanner, Stephen J.SN - 0016-5107DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5107(02)70109-0UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016510702701090AB - Background: Colonic cleansing with sodium phosphate causes intravascular volume contraction in some patients. This study tested the hypothesis that carbohydrate-electrolyte oral rehydration would attenuate the hypovolemic changes associated with administration of sodium phosphate. Methods: Adult outpatients were randomized to ingest either regular clear fluids or a carbohydrate-electrolyte rehydration solution during precolonoscopy purgation by ingestion of aqueous sodium phosphate. Investigators were blinded to the treatment assignment of patients. Clinical hemodynamic measurements and biochemical tests were obtained at baseline and after bowel preparation. Tolerability and colonoscopic visualization were assessed with questionnaires. Results: One hundred sixty-eight patients completed the study (81 clear fluids, 87 rehydration). By comparison with clear fluids, rehydration resulted in significantly less intravascular volume contraction. Changes in estimated central venous pressure and orthostatic pulse were significantly greater in the clear fluid group versus the rehydration group (p < 0.03). Changes in biochemical parameters after purgation also suggested a greater degree of volume contraction in the clear fluid versus rehydration group. Colonoscopic visualization was superior in the rehydration versus clear fluid group (p < 0.01); tolerability of the preparations was similar between groups (p = 0.2). Conclusions: Carbohydrate-electrolyte rehydration protects against intravascular volume contraction during preparation for colonoscopy by ingestion of sodium phosphate. This approach is well tolerated by patients and improves colonic cleansing. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;56:633-8.)ER - TY - JOURT1 - Sports and Energy DrinksJO - Journal of Renal NutritionVL - 18IS - 2SP - e1EP - e8PY - 2008/3//T2 - AU - Kotke, KellyAU - Gehrke, KimSN - 1051-2276DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2007.10.034UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1051227607002592ER - TY - JOURT1 - Consumers Dive Into Fortified DrinksJO - Journal of the American Dietetic AssociationVL - 102IS - 11SP - 1602EP - 1604PY - 2002/11//T2 - AU - Brown, DamonSN - 0002-8223DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90340-8UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002822302903408ER - TY - JOURT1 - Exploring the influence of sports drink exposure on physical enduranceJO - Psychology of Sport and ExerciseVL - 9IS - 6SP - 749EP - 759PY - 2008/11//T2 - AU - Friedman, RonAU - Elliot, Andrew J.SN - 1469-0292DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.12.001UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1469029207001161KW - PrimingKW - MotivationKW - AutomaticityKW - PersistenceKW - AchievementKW - ChallengeAB - ObjectivesTo examine the role of automatic processes in sport and exercise settings. More specifically, the present studies tested the hypothesis that visual exposure to a sports drink would increase endurance by influencing perceptions of a physically demanding task.DesignAn experimental design was used, such that participants performed a physically demanding task both before and after exposure to either a popular sports drink, or a spring water control condition.MethodAcross three experiments (total N = 141 ), physical endurance was measured using amount of time spent persisting at the task.ResultsAcross three experiments, visual exposure to a sports drink, relative to a spring water control condition, led to greater persistence on physical tasks, consistent with the well-known association between sports drinks and endurance. Participants exhibited no awareness of the effect that viewing the sports drink had on their subsequent behavior. The observed effect was partially mediated by challenge construal, such that those exposed to a sports drink were more likely to perceive an achievement task as a positive challenge and this, in turn, led to greater persistence.ConclusionsFindings provide support for the notion that physical objects can alter athletic performance outside of conscious awareness. Results are discussed in terms of the subtle influence of environmental cues on behavior.ER - TY - JOURT1 - Drinking to winJO - The LancetVL - 338IS - 8772SP - 940EP - 941PY - 1991/10/12/T2 - Originally published as Volume 2, Issue 8772SN - 0140-6736DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)91798-YUR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/014067369191798YER - TY - JOURT1 - Effect of Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Sports Beverages on Urinary Stone Risk FactorsJO - The Journal of UrologyVL - 182IS - 3SP - 992EP - 997PY - 2009/9//T2 - AU - Sweeney, Danielle D.AU - Tomaszewski, Jeffrey J.AU - Ricchiuti, Daniel D.AU - Averch, Timothy D.SN - 0022-5347DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.05.020UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022534709011604KW - urolithiasisKW - risk factorsKW - dietAB - PurposeWe evaluated the effects of consuming carbohydrate-electrolyte sports beverages (Gatorade) on urinary stone risk factors.Materials and MethodsTwelve normal subjects (5 men, 7 women) and 12 hypercalciuric stone formers (2 men, 10 women) participated in a 4-week prospective, crossover study consisting of 3 study phases. In phase 1 subjects were placed on a monitored stone prevention diet that was continued throughout the study. In phase 2 subjects ingested 2 l Gatorade daily followed by a 7-day washout period. In phase 3 subjects ingested 2 l water daily. On the final day of phases 1, 2 and 3 a 24-hour urine collection and blood sample were analyzed for stone risk factors. Effects of group and phase were tested using repeated measures ANOVA and paired t tests.ResultsChanges in urinary risk factors after Gatorade consumption revealed no statistically significant difference between normal subjects and stone formers. However, intrasubject variation occurred in both groups. Gatorade consumption in both groups increased urinary pH (p = 0.006), urinary chloride (p = 0.044) and urinary sodium (p = 0.008), and decreased urinary potassium (p = 0.035) and urinary uric acid (p = 0.019) in a statistically significant manner. In response to Gatorade consumption urinary volume, calcium and citrate were unchanged compared to water consumption and baseline.ConclusionsGatorade increased mean urinary sodium and chloride levels compared to water and baseline. However, the results were within normal urinary parameters. The change did not appear to be clinically significant as urinary calcium was unchanged. Overall consumption of Gatorade does not increase or decrease urinary stone risk factors.ER - TY - JOURT1 - Ingestion of hypertonic NaCl vs. palatable drinks by sodium-depleted ratsJF - Physiology and BehaviorVL - 75IS - 4SP - 443EP - 448PY - 2002///AU - Nozaki, P.N.AU - Pereira, D.T.B.AU - Moura, F.V.AU - Menani, J.V.AU - De Luca Jr., L.A.AD - Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Paulista State University (FOAr-UNESP), 14801-903 Araraquara, BrazilAB - This work investigated whether the preference for NaCl solution is shifted to more palatable solutions in the adult male sodium-depleted rat (n=6-10 per group). Animals had daily access to three bottles, one containing water, another 1.8% NaCl (300 mM), and a third containing 0.9% NaCl (150 mM), Gatorade (orange - OG or grape flavored - GG), orange juice (sweetened or unsweetened, from concentrate), or 10% sucrose (no sodium). Sodium content in Gatorade and orange juice ranged from 7 to 14 mEq/l. Daily intakes were recorded for at least 5 days prior to sodium depletion. Then, the animals were depleted of sodium (diuretic plus sodium-deficient diet and water for 24 h). Then, the other two bottles were returned to the animals and the intakes were recorded for 120 min (sodium preference test, SPT). Daily intake from the third bottle (except for unsweetened orange juice) at least doubled the daily 1.8% NaCl intake. The average 1.8% NaCl intake (132 ml) in the SPT was higher than the intake of 10% sucrose (61 ml) or of any other solution (less than 6 ml). The intakes of 1.8% NaCl and 0.9% NaCl (103 ml) were similar during the SPT. The animals also preferred 0.9% NaCl (271 ml) to OG (31 ml) in the absence of 1.8% NaCl in the SPT. Therefore, the preference for sodium in sodium-depleted rats also applies when palatable and nutritive solutions are simultaneously available. 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.KW - DehydrationKW - GatoradeKW - Isotonic drinksKW - Orange juiceKW - Salt intakeKW - Sodium intakeKW - TasteN1 - Cited By (since 1996):7N1 - Export Date: 16 April 2013N1 - Source: ScopusUR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036535409&partnerID=40&md5=65753c1446b5f6f2d15e50fa09e3fa05ER - TY - JOURT1 - Glycemic Index of Popular Sport Drinks and Energy FoodsJO - Journal of the American Dietetic AssociationVL - 102IS - 3SP - 415EP - 417PY - 2002/3//T2 - AU - GRETEBECK, RANDALL J.AU - GRETEBECK, KIMBERLEE A.AU - TITTELBACH, THOMAS J.SN - 0002-8223DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90097-0UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002822302900970ER - TY - JOURT1 - Enamel erosion caused by beveragesJO - Dental AbstractsVL - 54IS - 1SP - 37EP - 39PY - 2009/1//Y2 - 2009/2//T2 - SN - 0011-8486DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.denabs.2008.08.033UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011848608004202ER - TY - JOURT1 - Dehydration rates and rehydration efficacy of water and sports drink during one hour of moderate intensity exercise in well-trained flatwater kayakersJF - Annals of the Academy of Medicine SingaporeVL - 37IS - 4SP - 261EP - 265PY - 2008///AU - Sun, J.M.F.AU - Chia, J.K.K.AU - Aziz, A.R.AU - Tan, B.AD - Changi Sports Medicine Centre, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, SingaporeAD - Exercise Physiology Department, Singapore Sports Council, Singapore, SingaporeAD - Changi General Hospital, Changi Sports Medicine Centre, 2 Simei Street 3, Singapore 529889, SingaporeAB - Introduction: The aim of this study is to investigate the amount of water loss and percentage dehydration experienced during 1 hour of paddling on the kayak ergometer so as to help coaches and athletes tailor a suitable and adequate rehydration regime. Also, rehydration efficacy between water and a well established, commercially available sports drink (Gatorade, Quaker Oats company, USA) was investigated in this cross-over study. Materials and Methods: Ten national flatwater kayakers were monitored in a controlled setting while paddling the kayak ergometer for 1 hour at an intensity sustainable for long distance marathon. They rehydrated themselves ad libitum with provided beverage. Post-void towel-dried body mass was measured before and after the exercise with percentage dehydration calculated. Body core temperature (tympanic temperatures), ratings of perceived exertion and thirst index were monitored every 15 minutes. The amount of fluid consumed, urine output and urine specific gravity were obtained after exercise. Results: The results [mean standard deviation (SD)] showed that kayakers underwent 1.10 0.52% dehydration while rehydrating with water as compared to 0.72 0.38% while rehydrating with Gatorade. Also, athletes on water rehydration had higher rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at the 30th and 60th minute mark of the exercise. Overall, athletes undergoing water rehydration lost significantly morebody mass (0.70 0.39 kg) as compared to rehydrating with Gatorade (0.46 0.27). Conclusion: Although the hydration efficacy of Gatorade proved superior to that of water, the athletes' hydration habits with either fluids did not provide adequate hydration. It is recommended that specific strategies be developed to address dehydration and rehydration issues of kayakers in Singapore.KW - CanoeKW - Fluid replacementKW - GatoradeKW - MarathonN1 - Cited By (since 1996):2N1 - Export Date: 16 April 2013N1 - Source: ScopusUR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-46349101852&partnerID=40&md5=8634029c23532835e8f455308553d397ER - TY - JOURT1 - Ingestion of hypertonic NaCl vs. palatable drinks by sodium-depleted ratsJF - Physiology and BehaviorVL - 75IS - 4SP - 443EP - 448PY - 2002///AU - Nozaki, P.N.AU - Pereira, D.T.B.AU - Moura, F.V.AU - Menani, J.V.AU - De Luca Jr., L.A.AD - Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Paulista State University (FOAr-UNESP), 14801-903 Araraquara, BrazilAB - This work investigated whether the preference for NaCl solution is shifted to more palatable solutions in the adult male sodium-depleted rat (n=6-10 per group). Animals had daily access to three bottles, one containing water, another 1.8% NaCl (300 mM), and a third containing 0.9% NaCl (150 mM), Gatorade (orange - OG or grape flavored - GG), orange juice (sweetened or unsweetened, from concentrate), or 10% sucrose (no sodium). Sodium content in Gatorade and orange juice ranged from 7 to 14 mEq/l. Daily intakes were recorded for at least 5 days prior to sodium depletion. Then, the animals were depleted of sodium (diuretic plus sodium-deficient diet and water for 24 h). Then, the other two bottles were returned to the animals and the intakes were recorded for 120 min (sodium preference test, SPT). Daily intake from the third bottle (except for unsweetened orange juice) at least doubled the daily 1.8% NaCl intake. The average 1.8% NaCl intake (132 ml) in the SPT was higher than the intake of 10% sucrose (61 ml) or of any other solution (less than 6 ml). The intakes of 1.8% NaCl and 0.9% NaCl (103 ml) were similar during the SPT. The animals also preferred 0.9% NaCl (271 ml) to OG (31 ml) in the absence of 1.8% NaCl in the SPT. Therefore, the preference for sodium in sodium-depleted rats also applies when palatable and nutritive solutions are simultaneously available. 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.KW - DehydrationKW - GatoradeKW - Isotonic drinksKW - Orange juiceKW - Salt intakeKW - Sodium intakeKW - TasteN1 - Cited By (since 1996):7N1 - Export Date: 16 April 2013N1 - Source: ScopusUR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036535409&partnerID=40&md5=65753c1446b5f6f2d15e50fa09e3fa05ER - TY - JOURT1 - Determination of periodontal ligament cell viability in the oral rehydration fluid gatorade and milks of varying fat contentJO - Journal of EndodonticsVL - 23IS - 11SP - 687EP - 690PY - 1997/11//T2 - AU - Harkacz Sr., Orest M.AU - Carnes Jr., David L.AU - Walker III, William A.SN - 0099-2399DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(97)80402-5UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0099239997804025AB - The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to determine if the oral rehydration fluid Gatorade could serve as a suitable temporary storage medium for maintenance of periodontal ligament (PDL) cell viability on avulsed teeth and 2) to determine if fat content is related to maintenance of cell viability when milk is used as the temporary storage medium. PDL cells were cultured from extracted human teeth then incubated over timed intervals from 15 to 210 min in the oral rehydration fluid Gatorade, milks of varing fat content, and saliva. Dulbeco's Modified Eagles Medium served as the positive control while tap water served as the negative control. Cell viability was determined using a colorimetric assay that used Cell Proliferation Reagent WST-1. Results using Gatorade yielded cell viability data similar to the negative control, tap water, indicating that this oral rehydration fluid was not suitable as a temporary storage medium for the avulsed tooth. However, the fat content of milk was found to have an effect on cell viability, suggesting that milks with lower fat content may be more appropriate for maintaining PDL cell viability than milks with higher fat content.ER - TY - JOURT1 - Pedialyte or Gatorade for viral gastroenteritis in adults: Controlled clinical trialJO - GastroenterologyVL - 124IS - 4, Supplement 1SP - A147EP - PY - 2003/4//T2 - Digestive Disease Week and the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Gastroenterological AssociationAU - Rao, SatishAU - Summers, RwAU - Gisolfi, C.AU - Rao, GrsAU - Ramana, S.AU - Devi, U.AU - Zimmerman, B.AU - Rotella, D.AU - Pratap, B.SN - 0016-5085DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(03)80727-8UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016508503807278ER - TY - JOURT1 - OR 36 Determining PDL cell viability in Gatorade and milks of varying fat contentJO - Journal of EndodonticsVL - 23IS - 4SP - 258EP - PY - 1997/4//T2 - AU - Harkacz, O.M.AU - Carnes JR., D.L.AU - Walker III, W.A.SN - 0099-2399DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(97)80093-3UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0099239997800933ER - TY - JOURT1 - Acidic beverages increase the risk of in vitro tooth erosionJO - Nutrition ResearchVL - 28IS - 5SP - 299EP - 303PY - 2008/5//T2 - AU - Ehlen, Leslie A.AU - Marshall, Teresa A.AU - Qian, FangAU - Wefel, James S.AU - Warren, John J.SN - 0271-5317DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2008.03.001UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271531708000444KW - BeveragesKW - ErosionKW - ToothKW - EnamelKW - RootKW - HumanKW - HSD, honestly significant differenceKW - KOH, potassium hydroxideAB - Acidic beverages are thought to increase the potential for dental erosion. We report pH and titratable acidities (ie, quantity of base required to bring a solution to neutral pH) of beverages popular in the United States and lesion depths in enamel and root surfaces after beverage exposure, and we describe associations among pH, titratable acidity, and both enamel and root erosive lesion depths. The pH of 100% juices, regular sodas, diet sodas, and sports drinks upon opening and the titratable acidity both upon opening and after 60 minutes of stirring were measured. Enamel and root surfaces of healthy permanent molars and premolars were exposed to individual beverages (4 enamel and 4 root surfaces per beverage) for 25 hours, and erosion was measured. Statistical analyses included 2-sample t tests, analyses of variance with post hoc Tukey studentized range test; and Spearman rank correlation coefficients. All beverages were acidic; the titratable acidity of energy drinks was greater than that of regular and diet sodas that were greater than that of 100% juices and sports drinks (P < .05). Enamel lesion depths after beverage exposures were greatest for Gatorade, followed by those for Red Bull and Coke that were greater than those for Diet Coke and 100% apple juice (P < .05). Root lesion depths were greatest for Gatorade, followed by Red Bull, Coke, 100% apple juice, and Diet Coke (P < .05). Lesion depths were not associated with pH or titratable acidity. Beverages popular in the United States can produce dental erosion.ER - TY - JOURT1 - Fluid replacement following dehydration reduces oxidative stress during recoveryJO - Biochemical and Biophysical Research CommunicationsVL - 383IS - 1SP - 103EP - 107PY - 2009/5/22/T2 - AU - Paik, Il-YoungAU - Jeong, Myung-HyunAU - Jin, Hwa-EunAU - Kim, Young-IlAU - Suh, Ah-RamAU - Cho, Su-YounAU - Roh, Hee-TaeAU - Jin, Chan-HoAU - Suh, Sang-HoonSN - 0006-291XDO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.135UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X09006214KW - DehydrationKW - Fluid replacementKW - Exercise performanceKW - Oxidative stressKW - DNA damageAB - To investigate the effects of hydration status on oxidative DNA damage and exercise performance, 10 subjects ran on a treadmill until exhaustion at 80% VO2max during four different trials [control (C), 3% dehydration (D), 3% dehydration + water (W) or 3% dehydration + sports drink (S)]. Dehydration significantly decreased exercise time to exhaustion (D < C and S). Plasma MDA levels were significantly higher at pre-exercise in D than C. Plasma TAS was significantly lower at pre-exercise in C and S than in D, and was significantly lower in S than D at 60 min of recovery. Dehydration significantly increased oxidative DNA damage during exercise, but fluid replacement with water or sports drink alleviated it equally. These results suggest that (1) dehydration impairs exercise performance and increases DNA damage during exercise to exhaustion; and (2) fluid replacement prolongs exercise endurance and attenuates DNA damage.ER - TY - JOURT1 - 381 Split-Dosed MiraLAX and Gatorade Is an Effective, Safe, and Tolerable Option for Bowel Preparation in Low Risk Patients: Results of a Randomized Controlled TrialJO - Gastrointestinal EndoscopyVL - 73IS - 4, SupplementSP - AB125EP - PY - 2011/4//T2 - DDW Abstract Issue 2011 Digestive Diease Week 2011AU - Samarasena, Jason B.AU - Farukhi, Mohammad U.AU - Muthusamy, V. RamanAU - Jamal, M. MazenSN - 0016-5107DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2011.03.047UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016510711002677ER - TY - JOURT1 - Carbohydrate intake during exercise and performanceJO - NutritionVL - 20IS - 78SP - 669EP - 677PY - 2004/7//Y2 - 2004/8//T2 - AU - Jeukendrup, Asker ESN - 0899-9007DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.017UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899900704001169KW - carbohydrate feedingKW - exercise performanceKW - exogenous oxidationKW - carbohydrate absorptionAB - It is generally accepted that carbohydrate (CHO) feeding during exercise can improve endurance capacity (time to exhaustion) and exercise performance during prolonged exercise (>2 h). More recently, studies have also shown ergogenic effects of CHO feeding during shorter exercise of high intensity (1 h at >75% of maximum oxygen consumption). During prolonged exercise the mechanism behind this performance improvement is likely to be related to maintenance of high rates of CHO oxidation and the prevention of hypoglycemia. Nevertheless, other mechanisms may play a role, depending on the type of exercise and the specific conditions. The mechanism for performance improvements during higher-intensity exercise is less clear, but there is some evidence that CHO can have central effects. In the past few years, studies have investigated ways to optimize CHO delivery and bioavailability. An analysis of all studies available shows that a single CHO ingested during exercise will be oxidized at rates up to about 1 g/min, even when large amounts of CHO are ingested. Combinations of CHO that use different intestinal transporters for absorption (e.g., glucose and fructose) have been shown to result in higher oxidation rates, and this seems to be a way to increase exogenous CHO oxidation rates by 20% to 50%. The search will continue for ways to further improve CHO delivery and to improve the oxidation efficiency resulting in less accumulation of CHO in the gastrointestinal tract and potentially decreasing gastrointestinal problems during prolonged exercise.ER - TY - JOURT1 - Fluid replacement following dehydration reduces oxidative stress during recoveryJO - Biochemical and Biophysical Research CommunicationsVL - 383IS - 1SP - 103EP - 107PY - 2009/5/22/T2 - AU - Paik, Il-YoungAU - Jeong, Myung-HyunAU - Jin, Hwa-EunAU - Kim, Young-IlAU - Suh, Ah-RamAU - Cho, Su-YounAU - Roh, Hee-TaeAU - Jin, Chan-HoAU - Suh, Sang-HoonSN - 0006-291XDO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.135UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X09006214KW - DehydrationKW - Fluid replacementKW - Exercise performanceKW - Oxidative stressKW - DNA damageAB - To investigate the effects of hydration status on oxidative DNA damage and exercise performance, 10 subjects ran on a treadmill until exhaustion at 80% VO2max during four different trials [control (C), 3% dehydration (D), 3% dehydration + water (W) or 3% dehydration + sports drink (S)]. Dehydration significantly decreased exercise time to exhaustion (D < C and S). Plasma MDA levels were significantly higher at pre-exercise in D than C. Plasma TAS was significantly lower at pre-exercise in C and S than in D, and was significantly lower in S than D at 60 min of recovery. Dehydration significantly increased oxidative DNA damage during exercise, but fluid replacement with water or sports drink alleviated it equally. These results suggest that (1) dehydration impairs exercise performance and increases DNA damage during exercise to exhaustion; and (2) fluid replacement prolongs exercise endurance and attenuates DNA damage.ER - TY - JOURT1 - Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic PerformanceJO - Journal of the American Dietetic AssociationVL - 109IS - 3SP - 509EP - 527PY - 2009/3//T2 - SN - 0002-8223DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2009.01.005UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002822309000066AB - It is the position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine that physical activity, athletic performance, and recovery from exercise are enhanced by optimal nutrition. These organizations recommend appropriate selection of foods and fluids, timing of intake, and supplement choices for optimal health and exercise performance. This updated position paper couples a rigorous, systematic, evidence-based analysis of nutrition and performance-specific literature with current scientific data related to energy needs, assessment of body composition, strategies for weight change, nutrient and fluid needs, special nutrient needs during training and competition, the use of supplements and ergogenic aids, nutrition recommendations for vegetarian athletes, and the roles and responsibilities of sports dietitians. Energy and macronutrient needs, especially carbohydrate and protein, must be met during times of high physical activity to maintain body weight, replenish glycogen stores, and provide adequate protein to build and repair tissue. Fat intake should be sufficient to provide the essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, as well as contribute energy for weight maintenance. Although exercise performance can be affected by body weight and composition, these physical measures should not be a criterion for sports performance and daily weigh-ins are discouraged. Adequate food and fluid should be consumed before, during, and after exercise to help maintain blood glucose concentration during exercise, maximize exercise performance, and improve recovery time. Athletes should be well hydrated before exercise and drink enough fluid during and after exercise to balance fluid losses. Sports beverages containing carbohydrates and electrolytes may be consumed before, during, and after exercise to help maintain blood glucose concentration, provide fuel for muscles, and decrease risk of dehydration and hyponatremia. Vitamin and mineral supplements are not needed if adequate energy to maintain body weight is consumed from a variety of foods. However, athletes who restrict energy intake, use severe weight-loss practices, eliminate one or more food groups from their diet, or consume unbalanced diets with low micronutrient density, may require supplements. Because regulations specific to nutritional ergogenic aids are poorly enforced, they should be used with caution, and only after careful product evaluation for safety, efficacy, potency, and legality. A qualified sports dietitian and in particular in the United States, a Board Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics, should provide individualized nutrition direction and advice subsequent to a comprehensive nutrition assessment.ER - TY - JOURT1 - Energy Beverages: Content and SafetyJO - Mayo Clinic ProceedingsVL - 85IS - 11SP - 1033EP - 1041PY - 2010/11//T2 - AU - Higgins, John P.AU - Tuttle, Troy D.AU - Higgins, Christopher L.SN - 0025-6196DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2010.0381UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025619611600943AB - Exercise is making a resurgence in many countries, given its benefits for fitness as well as prevention of obesity. This trend has spawned many supplements that purport to aid performance, muscle growth, and recovery. Initially, sports drinks were developed to provide electrolyte and carbohydrate replacement. Subsequently, energy beverages (EBs) containing stimulants and additives have appeared in most gyms and grocery stores and are being used increasingly by weekend warriors and those seeking an edge in an endurance event. Long-term exposure to the various components of EBs may result in significant alterations in the cardiovascular system, and the safety of EBs has not been fully established. For this review, we searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from 1976 through May 2010, using the following keywords: energy beverage, energy drink, power drink, exercise, caffeine, red bull, bitter orange, glucose, ginseng, guarana, and taurine. Evidence regarding the effects of EBs is summarized, and practical recommendations are made to help in answering the patient who asks, Is it safe for me to drink an energy beverage when I exercise?ER - TY - JOURT1 - Nutritional concerns for the child and adolescent competitorJO - NutritionVL - 20IS - 78SP - 620EP - 631PY - 2004/7//Y2 - 2004/8//T2 - AU - Petrie, Heather JAU - Stover, Elizabeth AAU - Horswill, Craig ASN - 0899-9007DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.002UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899900704000930KW - creatine monohydrateKW - strength trainingKW - nutritional supplementationKW - ergogenic aidKW - phosphocreatineAB - With exercise for sports competition in children and adolescents, acute nutrient needs will change. Fluid intake to ensure the replacement of water and minerals (electrolytes) lost in sweat is important. Energy needs also increase because of the elevated energy expenditure with physical activity. Arguably carbohydrate is the recommended source of training needs, although research has yet to be done to show performance benefits in young athletes on a high-carbohydrate diet. In the majority of sports, an increased intake of food naturally occurs to accommodate the day-to-day nutrient needs of young athletes, and unlike non-athlete, young competitors typically come closer to meeting their requirements for micronutrients. Nonetheless, certain athletic groups may be at risk for shortfalls in their diet. Compared to athletes in team sports, participants in weight-control sports may be at greater risk of failing to meet requirements for energy, protein, and some micronutrients. Endurance athletes, particularly female distance runners, may have intake deficits for the minerals iron and calcium. Acute issues such as heat illness and chronic concerns that include impaired growth and development, and the risk of injuries that include stress fractures may be an outcome of inadequate nutrition during physical training.ER - TY - JOURT1 - Functional drinks for athletesJO - Trends in Food Science & TechnologyVL - 8IS - 12SP - 414EP - 421PY - 1997/12//T2 - AU - Brouns, F.AU - Kovacs, E.SN - 0924-2244DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(97)01098-4UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224497010984AB - Over the past few decades, numerous studies have been carried out to establish the optimal composition of drinks that are designed to rehydrate the body rapidly. These studies have led to the insight that drinks should contain carbohydrate (CHO) and sodium to stimulate fluid absorption and fluid retention. However, the CHO content as well as the osmolality of the drink should be relatively low. According to these findings, the composition criteria for rehydration drinks have quite a narrow range. Drinks that are designed to supply energy or substances that stimulate energy metabolism differ considerably in their composition. This review highlights the most relevant aspects.ER - TY - JOURT1 - Energy-drink consumption in college students and associated factorsJO - NutritionVL - 27IS - 3SP - 316EP - 322PY - 2011/3//T2 - AU - Attila, SemaAU - akir, BanuSN - 0899-9007DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2010.02.008UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899900710000675KW - Energy drinksKW - Young adultsKW - College studentsAB - ObjectiveTo investigate the frequency of energy-drink consumption and associated factors in a group of college students.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Hacettepe University (Ankara, Turkey) and included 439 students pursuing a career in medicine, sports, and arts. Only fourth-year students were approached. Data were collected using a self-administered standard questionnaire.ResultsIn bivariate analyses, frequency of energy-drink consumption was higher in students of arts and sports and in those who did not have breakfast on a regular basis, ever smoked cigarettes, drank alcoholic beverages, and regularly engaged in sports compared with their counterparts. Many students who had ever tried an energy drink did so the first time because they wondered about its taste. Of regular users of energy drinks, reasons for using such drinks varied across the three selected groups of students and included obtaining getting energy, staying awake, boosting performance while doing sports, or mixing with alcoholic beverages. About 40% of all current users of energy drinks reported that they mixed those with alcoholic beverages. In multivariate analyses, statistically significant predictors of energy-drink consumption were faculty type, presence of any health insurance, use of alcoholic beverages, and monthly income, controlling for gender. Most students could not correctly define the ingredients of energy drinks or their potential hazardous health effects, and they could not distinguish energy and sports drinks when they were requested to select them from a list of commercial names of various drinks.ConclusionConsumption of energy drinks, despite the variation in the reason for choosing such drinks, is quite common in college students. Awareness of university students of the ingredients and potential health hazards of energy drinks, in particular in mixing with alcoholic beverages, should be increased.ER - TY - JOURT1 - Environmental Illness in AthletesJO - Clinics in Sports MedicineVL - 24IS - 3SP - 695EP - 718PY - 2005/7//T2 - Training Room Management of Medical ConditionsAU - Seto, Craig K.AU - Way, DeniseAU - O'Connor, NinaSN - 0278-5919DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2005.03.002UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278591905000086ER - TY - JOURT1 - Impact of beverage acceptability on fluid intake during exerciseJO - AppetiteVL - 35IS - 3SP - 219EP - 229PY - 2000/12//T2 - AU - Passe, D.H.AU - Horn, M.AU - Murray, R.SN - 0195-6663DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/appe.2000.0352UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195666300903520AB - These two studies investigated the impact of beverage acceptability on voluntary fluid intake during exercise and the subsequent impact of exercise on the perception and liking of beverages. In Experiment 1, 49 triathletes and runners first tasted an array of 10 commercially available flavors of a 6% carbohydrate-electrolyte drink (CE) and water (W) to determine the most-acceptable flavor (M) and least-acceptable flavor (L) for each subject. Subjects were subsequently given M, L, or W ad libitum during 180 min of exercise. Drink acceptability was again measured after 90 and 180 min of exercise. Drink intake was measured at 15-min intervals. Intake of M was significantly greater than L and W throughout the first 75 min and significantly greater than W throughout the entire exercise period. In Experiment 2, subjects were given M+W, or L+W, in a two-bottle procedure. Voluntary intake of M and L exceeded W by 318% and 233%, respectively. An unexpected finding was a strong interaction between drink acceptability and exercise state. The acceptability of L increased substantially from sedentary to exercise conditions. These data demonstrated that the flavored, sweetened beverages used in this study, substantially increased voluntary fluid intake over W.ER - TY - JOURT1 - Powering Up With Sports and Energy DrinksJO - Journal of Pediatric Health CareVL - 21IS - 6SP - 413EP - 416PY - 2007/11//Y2 - 2007/12//T2 - AU - Meadows-Oliver, MikkiAU - Ryan-Krause, PatriciaSN - 0891-5245DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2007.08.005UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891524507003033ER -