articulaniones membri superioris art. sternoclavicularis …anat.lf1.cuni.cz/praktika/prak01.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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www.lf1.cuni.cz
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http://anat.lf1.cuni.cz/english/index.php
anat.lf1.cuni.cz
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Compulsory Course of Anatomy for Students of General
Medicine
Course Head: Prof. Karel Smetana, MD, DSc.
Head of English-taught courses: prof. David Sedmera,MD,DSc.
Curricular timing: Anatomy is taught mainly in the first and
second semesters containing following parts: lectures (120 hrs),
practical classes (60 hrs), seminars (30 hrs) and two dissection
blocks (together 58 hrs). Advanced course of clinically oriented
anatomy is taught in the beginning of winter semester of the 4th
year (36 hrs). Total teaching hrs: 344.
Attendance to practical lessons and dissections is obligatory,
attendance to lectures is recommended.
Content: macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of organs and
organ systems, their development, regional anatomy with respect
to functional and clinical applications. Neuroanatomy includes
macro- and micro-scopic structure and pathways of the central
nervous system.
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Lectures: 4 hrs per week in each of semesters according to
syllabus.
First semester: Anatomical terminology, locomotor apparatus
including limbs, basic anatomical concept of vessels and nerves,
central lymphatic organs, regional anatomy of limbs including their
blood supply and innervation, gastrointestinal system and
respiratory system including their blood supply and innervation.
Second semester: Urogenital system, heart, endocrine system,
central and peripheral nervous system, regional anatomy of the
head and neck, sensory organs, skin.
Attendance at lectures is recommended.
Seventh semester (4th year) clinically oriented topographical
(regional) anatomy.
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Practical classes/seminars: 3 hrs per week in the first and
second semesters according to syllabus. The main goal is
demonstration of organs, evaluation of students knowledge by
means of written tests and oral examinations. Clinically relevant
seminars are given by students themselves.
Attendance is obligatory; first semester is closed by the credit,
second semester by the credit and final exam, seventh semester
by the credit with mark.
Gross anatomy dissection courses 1, 2: Courses are organized
in the afternoon during both semesters according to syllabus and
take together 58 hours. Attendance is obligatory; each dissection
course is closed by the credit (oral examination, identification and
description of dissected structures).
The goal of dissection is to dissect and learn all structures of the
body and their topographical relations.
Anatomic dissection 1 is focused on all anatomical limb structures
and trunk muscles;
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Requirements for successfully passing the Anatomy Course1) The study of Anatomy 1, Anatomic Dissections 1, 2 are
concluded by the credit, Anatomy 2 is concluded by credits.
Anatomy 2 is concluded by the credit and final exam.
2) Requirements for receiving the credit
a) obligatory attendance (absences must be substituted
immediately as possible)
b) Knowledge demonstrated during the practical classes,
seminars and tests (this means, that ALL the tests must be
successfully passed). Failed tests could be corrected according
to agreement with the respective teachers; but no more than
two re-tests are permitted.
c) Credits: in case the credit has not been obtained at the end
of a particular semester during the last practical of the semester
or at the end of dissection course, the student is entitled to two
re-examinations during examination period (written test -
Anatomy 1, 2; oral test - Dissections)
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3) Prerequisites for the admission to the final exam: credit
from Anatomy 1 and Anatomy 2, credit from Anatomic Dissections
1 and 2,
4).The final exam is organized during summer examination
period. It consists of three parts:
a) written test
b) practical part: dissection of selected region and demonstration
of selected organs including their X-ray, MR and CT pictures
c) theoretical part based on the list of questions.
Satisfactory result of written test is prerequisite for the admission
to other parts of the exam. The exam can be terminated at any
part without even commencing the oral part and evaluates the
student failed. This provision will not apply in case of a second
re-examination, when the exam continues even in case of
unsatisfactory result of the written test.
Successfully written test and practical part of the final exam is not
necessary to retake in case of re-examination, they are valid
during the whole exam period, however at longest for 4 months.
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5) Students with Individual Study Plan are
recommended to discuss the extent and schedule of
the subject with the Head of the Institute (Prof.
Smetana) at the beginning of particular semester.
6) For each examination (credit or exam), the students are
always obliged to bring the University Study Report book
(Index). Without this, no examination will be performed.
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Anatomic Dissections 1 (B80617) for students of General Medicine
The course is held from December 8 (Thu) to December 15, 2016 (last
day - credit test).
Dissections are held from 14:30 to 17:45. Introductory lectures, held in
the lecture hall from 14:30, explain the dissection steps and are
constituent part of the course.
The goal of dissection is to learn the topography of limbs and thoracic
and abdominal wall. During the course the students take turns in
dissecting the above-mentioned regions.
Requirements for the credit:
a) full attendance and active participation on dissection,
b) successful final oral credit test passing the test involves
identification of all dissected structures.
Head of the course: Pavel najdr, MD., Ph.D.
September 21, 2016 Prof. Karel Smetana, MD, DrSc.
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Recommended Textbooks
Platzer: Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy. Vol.1
Locomotor System, Thieme
Platzer, Kahle, Leonhardt: Color Atlas and Textbook of
Human Anatomy. Vol.2 Internal Organ, Thieme
Kahle, Frotscher: Color Atlas and Textbook of Human
Anatomy . Vol. 3 Nervous System and Sensory Organs,
or Snell: Clinical Anatomy by systems, Lippincott Williams
and Wilkins 2007
Sadler: Langmans Medical Embryology, Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins, 11th Edition, 2010
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Josef Stingl, Milo Grim, Rastislav Druga
Regional anatomy
Neuroanatomy: An Illustrated
Colour Text, 4e
Alan R. Crossman, David Neary
http://www.galen.cz/idistrik/vydav/?module=katalog&page[backbook]=5037&page[search][2]=#Josef+Stinglhttp://www.galen.cz/idistrik/vydav/?module=katalog&page[backbook]=5037&page[search][2]=#Milo%9A+Grimhttp://www.galen.cz/idistrik/vydav/?module=katalog&page[backbook]=5037&page[search][2]=#Rastislav+Druga
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Atlases
Netter F.H.: Atlas of Human Anatomy, 5th edition, Elsevier,
2010
or
Grim, Naka, Helekal: Atlas of Human Anatomy I, Grada,
2014
Agur, Dalley: Grants Atlas of Anatomy, Williams and Wilkins
2005
or Kpf-Maier: Wolf-Heideggers Atlas of Human Anatomy
Vol.1+2, Karger 2001
or Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol.1+2, Williams and
Wilkins 2000
Grant's Dissector, Williams and Wilkins 1999
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http://uvi.lf1.cuni.cz/en
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http://ebooks.thieme.com/bookshelf
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http://terminologia-anatomica.org/en/
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Anatomy 1 (82238) for Students of General Medicine
Schedule of Practices and Seminars - 1st semester 2016/2017
WEEK TOPIC
1. Anatomical nomenclature. Upper limb skeleton I.
2. Upper limb skeleton II. Skeleton of lower limb I.
3.
Skeleton of lower limb II. Joints and connections of upper limb. S1: Derivatives of germ
layers, Innervation and vessels of bones. Growth and healing of bones. Ossification of bones and
bone age. Test 1: Introduction to organogenesis, General anatomy of bones and joints.
Skeleton of upper limb.
4.Pelvic girdle. Joints and connections of lower limb. S2: Synovial joint. Biomechanics of knee joint.
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). , Test 2: Skeleton of lower limb.
5. Muscles, main vessels and nerves of the upper limb Test 3: Joints of extremities. S3:
Innervation of muscle, muscular atrophy, varicose veins of lower extremity.
6.
Muscles, main vessels and nerves of the lower limb. S4: The vessels of extremities palpation,
pressure points, punctures; palsy of median, ulnar, radial and common peroneal nerves; limb
defects.
7.
Vertebrae, costae, sternum, connections on vertebral column and thorax. Bones of the skull 1.
Test 4: Muscles of limbs, main vessels and nerves of limbs. S5: Bone marrow; curvatures of
vertebral column; vertebral column and thoracic cage defects.
8.
Muscles of the thorax and abdomen. Inguinal canal. Muscles of the back. S 6: diapham
dvelopment and diaphramatic hernias; inguinal hernias, femoral hernia; layers of the abdominal
wall and its innervation and blood supply; ventral body wall defects.
9. Bones of the skull. Test 5: Axial skeleton, muscles vesels and nerves of the trunk.
10.
Cavities and spaces of the skull. Connections on the skull bones, temporomandibular joint. The
skull of the newborn. S7: The skull of newborn and its size. Growth of the skull. Craniofacial
defects
11.Muscles and vessels of the head and neck.S 8: The vessels of head and neck palpation,
pressure points, punctures. Test 6: The skull.
12.
Teeth. Tongue. Palate. Salivary glands. Tonsils. Pharynx. Oesophagus.. S 9: Birth defects
involving the pharyngeal region. Cleft defects. Teeth eruption. Test 7: Muscles of head, neck
and trunk.
13.
Stomach. Small and large intestine. Pancreas. Liver. Bile duct. Gallbladder. S 10: Oesophageal
atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Oesophageal varices. Positions of vermiform appendix. Pyloric stenosis. Gut atresias and stenosis.
. Situs viscerum abdominis. S 11: Blood supply of the liver. Innervation and motility of the
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Anatomy 1 (B82238) for Students of General Medicine
Introduction to Seminars - 1st semester 2016/2017
Objectives: to show importance of the anatomy in practice.
Seminars are focused on the presentation of the anatomic
background applied on selected clinical cases. (Diagnosis and
treatment methods are not object of these presentations). It is
recommended to discuss seminar lecture with course teacher.
Form: spoken lecture performance (7 min maximum).
Method: diagrams drawn on the board, power-point projection, back
projection, videoprojection, practical demonstration of the specimens,
X-ray pictures.
Active participation in the seminars is one of the aspects to grant
a semester credit.
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Study room of bone specimens,
Open: Monday - Thursday
13:30 16:30h, You need ID card
Rental sets of bones to the home study
is possible in these hours by our technicians (in the lobby of
the Institute on the left). Only one box for each group. You
need ID card.
Tuesday 13:00-16:00
Thursday 13:00-16:00
Friday 13:00-16:00
Input code: practice, dissecting rooms - 1563
protective footwear for dissection room, medical coat,
disposable medical gloves, anatomical forceps
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General terms
Principal planes
Median plane the plane through
the longitudinal axis, it divides the
body into two almost equal halves
Sagital plane any plane which is
parallel to the median sagital plane
Frontal (coronal) plane any plane
which is parallel to the forehead and
perpendicular to the sagital planes
Transverse plane any plane which
lie perpendicular to the sagital planes
and to the coronal planes
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Directions in space
Cranial toward the head
Caudal toward the
buttocks
Superior upward
Inferior downward
Medial toward the
middle, toward the median
plane
Lateral away from the
middle, away from the
median plane
Medius in the middline
Median in the median
plane
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Directions in space
Anterior toward the
front
Ventral toward the
abdomen
Posterior toward the
back
Dorsal toward the
back
Proximal toward the
trunk
Distal farther away
from the trunk
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Directions in space
Ulnar toward the ulna
Radial toward the radius
Tibial - toward the tibia
Fibular - toward the fibula
Palmar on the palm of the
hand
Plantar on or toward the
sole fo the foot
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Directions of movement
Flexion the act of
bending
Extension the act of
straightening
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Directions of movement Abduction movement away
from the median plane
Adduction movement toward
the median plane
Rotation movement around an
axis
Circumduction circular
movement
Pronation movement of
forearm, rotation of the radius
around the ulna bones cross
over each other
Supination bones lies parallel
to one another
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flexion/extension
pronation/supination
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Long bones are tubular
structures (e.g., humerus in the
arm; phalanges in the fingers).
Short bones are cuboidal and
are found in the ankle (tarsus)
and wrist (carpus).
Flat bones usually serve
protective functions (e.g., those
of the cranium protect the brain).
Irregular bones, such as those
in the face, have various shapes
Bones are classified according to their shape
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BONE MARKINGSBone markings appear wherever tendons, ligaments, and fascia
are attached or where arteries or nerves lie adjacent to bones.
Other formations occur in relation to the passage of a tendon
(often to direct the tendon or improve its leverage) or to control the
type of movement occurring at a joint.
Condyle: rounded articular area (e.g., condyles of the femur).
peripheral part of long bone with
Epicondyle: eminence superior to a condyle (e.g., epicondyles of
the humerus).
Crest: ridge of bone (e.g., iliac crest).
Facet: smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a
bone articulates with another bone (e.g., articular facets of a
vertebra).
Foramen: passage through a bone (e.g., obturator foramen).
Fossa: hollow or depressed area (e.g., infraspinous fossa of the
scapula).
Line (linea): linear elevation (e.g., soleal line of the tibia).
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BONE MARKINGSMalleolus: rounded prominence (e.g., lateral malleolus of the
fibula).
Notch: indentation at the edge of a bone (e.g., greater sciatic
notch in the posterior border of the hip bone).
Process: projecting spine-like part (e.g., spinous process of a
vertebra).
Protuberance: projection of bone (e.g., external occipital
protuberance of the cranium).
Spine: thorn-like process (e.g., spine of the scapula).
Trochanter: large blunt elevation (e.g., greater trochanter of the
femur).
Tubercle: small raised eminence (e.g., greater tubercle of the
humerus).
Tuberosity: large, rounded elevation (e.g., ischial tuberosity,
calcaneal tuberosity).
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VASCULATURE AND INNERVATION OF BONESBones are richly supplied with blood vessels . The arterial
supply is from:
Nutrient arteries (one or more per bone) that arise outside
the periosteum, pass through the shaft of a long bone
via nutrient foramina, and split in the medullary cavity into
longitudinal branches. These vessels supply the bone
marrow, spongy bone, and deeper portions of the compact
bone.
Small branches from the periosteal arteries of the periosteum
supply most of the compact bone. Consequently, if the
periosteum is removed, the bone will die.
Metaphysial and epiphysial arteries supply the ends of the
bones. These vessels arise mainly from the arteries that
supply the joints.
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Bones of upper
limb
shoulder girdle
(scapula, clavicle)
+
free upper limb
(humerus, ulna, radius
carpal + metacarpal
bones + phalanx)
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Clavicle collar bone
Tuberosity for coracoclavicular ligament
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Scapula
Medial, lateral and
superior margin
Superior, inferior and
lateral angle
Anterior or costal surface
Posterior surface
spine of scapula
supraspinous and
infraspinous fossa
Acromion articular facet
for clavicle
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Scapula
Glenoid cavity
Supraglenoid tubercle
site of origin of long head
of biceps
Infraglenoid tubercle -
site of origin of long head
of triceps
Coracoid process - site
of origin of pectoralis
minor, coracobrachialis
and short head of biceps
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Head of humerus anatomical neck
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular groove- bicipital groove
Crest of greater tubercle
Crest of lesser tubercle
Surgical neck
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Body of humerus
Groove for radial nerve
Deltoid tuberosity
Medial margin
Medial supracondylar ridge
Lateral margin
Lateral supracondylar ridge
Condyle of humerus
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Condyle of humerustrochlea of humerus
Coronoid fossa
capitulum
radial fossa
Medial and lateral epicondyle
Groove for ulnar nerve
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i Interosseous membrane
Distal radio-ulnar joint
head of ulna-ulnar notch of R
compound together with prox. R-U joint
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Elbow joint complex of
3 articulations
humeroulnar joint : trochlea of humerus
trochlear notch
humeroradial joint : capitulum radial articular
fovea/facet,
proximal radioulnar joint : radial notch articular
circumference of the head of R
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Radius
Head
Articular facet
Articular circumference
Neck
Shaft; Body
Radial tuberosity
Anterior surface
Posterior surface
Lateral surface
Interosseus border
Radial styloid process
Dorsal tubercle
Groove for extensor
muscle tendons
Ulnar notch
Carpal articular surface
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Ulna
Olecranon
Coronoid process
Tuberosity of ulna
Radial notch
Trochlear notch
Shaft; Body
Anterior surface
Posterior surface
Medial surface
Interosseus border
Anterior border
Posterior border
Supinator crest
Head
Articular circumference
Ulnar styloid process
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