Zionism

their efforts in alliance with other social movements, partic- ularly with Mexican "workers, campesinos teachers, students, employees . . . the workers of the city and the countryside." Nevertheless, the EZLN has recently criticized certain polit- ical candidates and exhibited a loss of interest in the electoral process and a loss of confidence in Mexican civil society.

There are several possibilities for the future regarding this conflict. On one hand, it is evident that the EZLN will reinforce the "other campaign" that it launched as a new strategy based on listening in order to seek alliances with the Mexican civil society. The EZLN's role in Mexican politics during the electoral period has been cautious, though decisive in Chiapas. On the other hand, the Mex- ican government has again diminished the Chiapas conflict and the indigenous people's demands. It would not be a surprise to see new popular movements or rebellions occur- ring in Mexico in the near future.

SEE ALSO Mayan Genocide in Guatemala; Viohce against Indigenous People, Latin America.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y Canal 6 de Julio. 1998. Acteal Masacre de Muerte. Documentary

video. Mexico: Canal 6 de Julio Collier, George. 1994. Basta! Land and the Zapatista Rebellion in

Chiapas. Oakland, CA: Food First. EjCrcito Zapatista de Liberaci6n Nacional (EZLN). Available

from http://www.ezln.org/. The texts of the six Declarations of the Lacandon Jungle &n be found at http:l/www.aln.org/ documentos.

Holloway, John, and Eloina Pelia, eds. 1998. Zapatista!: Reinventing Revolution i n Mexico. London: Pluto Press.

Garcia de Le6n, Antonio. 1989. Resistencia y utopia. Memorial de a p v i o s y cro'nica de revueltas y proficias acaecih m la provincia de Chiapas durante los tiltimos 500 arios de su historia. Mexico City: Editorial ERA.

~ u i i b z Ramira, Gloria. 2003. EZLN 20 y 10, el&ego y la palabra. Mexico City: Desarrollo de Medios.

Ordbiiez, Carlos Salvador. 1996. "Derechos humanos de 10s pueblos indios." In Etnicidad y Derecho un diilogo postergado mtre cimtifios sociales, edited by Josk Ord66a. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autbnoma de Mkxico.

Peace Brigades International. 1996. "Massacre in Acteal (Chenalho), Chiapdaramil i tary group kills 45 Tzozil Indians." Available from http://www.peacebrigades.org/ernl ernchiapas.hun1.

Ruiz HernLnda, Margarito. 1999. "La Asarnblea Nacional Indigena Plural por la Autonomia. (ANIPA) Proceso de consuucci6n de una propuesta legislativa auton6mica nacional." In M&ico Experiencias de Autonomia Indkma, edited by Aracely Burguete Cal y Mayor. Copenhagen, Denmark: Grupo Internacional de Trabajo Sobre Asuntos Indigenas.

Sewicio Internacional para la Paz (SIPAZ). "Brief History of the Conflict in Chiapas." Available from hnp://www.sipaz.org/ fini-eng.htm.

V k q u a Montalvk, Manuel. 2001. Marcos: Elseiior de los espgos. Madrid, Spain: Aguilar.

Womack, John, ed. 1999. Regellion in Chapas: An HistO,.iCal Reader. New York: New Press.

ZIONISM Zionism is the political movement created to foster he establishment of a Jewish state. It is based on he idea that Jews, wherever they live, constitute a single people. lt developed in Europe in the late nineteenth ten against a backdrop of rising nationalism and anti-Jewish sentiment, especially in areas ruled by vhere he greatest number of Jews lived, but alsl :e, where the Dr9&s case revealed widespread ~ L , L L I L , , I C ~ ~ C of J~

even in a modern democracy where tl : cornpara- t i d y assimilated. Because it defines /I 'y religious observance, language, place of birth, ire, but by descent, Zionism is an ideology of race.

the car, o in Franc

hey werc rw not t or cult1

To many early Zionists, the location of the future Jewish state was of no importance; among the areas con- templated were Argentina and Uganda. The first World Zionist Congress, organized by Theodore Herzl and held in Basel, Switzerland, in 1897, set its sights on Palestine in order to draw upon the religious tradition that holds that with the coming of the Messiah, Jews will be reunited there and the kingdom of God will be accomplished for the whole of humankind.

MODERN PALESTINE

In 1868 there were 13,000 Jews in Palestine, out of an estimated population of 400,000; the majority were reli- gious pilgrims supported by charity from overseas. In 1882 the Frenchman Baron Edmond de Rothschild, combining philanthropy and investment, began to support Jewish settlers from eastern Europe who were brought to Palestine to build a plantation system along the model the ~rench had set up in Algeria. By 1895 the number of Jews had grown to 50,000; they spoke Yiddish, Arabic, Persian* Georgian, and other languages. Hebrew was a liml$d, language, spoken in daily life by no one. As late as 19072 / Jews made up only 80,000 out of a population of 700,000-

In 19 17, Lord Balfour, the British foreign m i d s i seeking support for Britain's efforts in World War 1, issued' a declaration expressing sympathy with effom to s t a b ~ l I

a Jewish homeland in Palestine, then under ~r idsh rule.i He also vowed that such a homeland 1 ham the/ interests of the Arab majority. The Z ted upon1 this statement, interpreting it to mean : c a J ~ I I

state. At the time of the Balfour Dec~araclv~l, J ews an-,

stituted less than 10 percent of the and oanod I

2.5 percent of the land in Palestine. I

vould not ionists sei: