Arthur Conan Doyle

Conan Doyle redirects here. For the professionalathlete, see Conan Doyle (rugby union).

Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle KStJ, DL (22 May1859 7 July 1930) was a Scottish writer and physician,most noted for his ctional stories about the detectiveSherlock Holmes, which are generally considered mile-stones in the eld of crime ction.He is also known for writing the ctional adventures of asecond character he invented, Professor Challenger, andfor popularising the mystery of the Mary Celeste.[1] Hewas a prolic writer whose other works include fantasyand science ction stories, plays, romances, poetry, non-ction and historical novels.

1 Life and career

1.1 Early life

Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle was born on 22 May 1859at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh.[2][3] His father, CharlesAltamont Doyle, was born in England of Irish Catholicdescent, and his mother, Mary (ne Foley), was IrishCatholic. His parents married in 1855.[4] In 1864 thefamily dispersed due to Charless growing alcoholism andthe children were temporarily housed across Edinburgh.In 1867, the family came together again and lived insqualid tenement ats at 3 Sciennes Place.[5]

Supported by wealthy uncles, Doyle was sent to the Jesuitpreparatory school Hodder Place, Stonyhurst, at the ageof nine (186870). He then went on to Stonyhurst Col-lege until 1875. From 1875 to 1876, he was educated atthe Jesuit school Stella Matutina in Feldkirch, Austria.[5]By the time he left, he had rejected religion and be-come an agnostic,[6] though he would eventually becomea spiritualist mystic.[7]

Doyles father died in 1893, in the Crichton Royal,Dumfries, after many years of psychiatric illness.[8][9]

1.2 Name

Although Doyle is often referred to as Conan Doyle, hisbaptism entry in the register of St Marys Cathedral, Ed-inburgh, gives Arthur Ignatius Conan as his Christiannames, and simply Doyle as his surname. It also namesMichael Conan as his godfather.[10] The cataloguers of

the British Library and the Library of Congress treatDoyle alone as his surname.[11]

Steven Doyle, editor of the Baker Street Journal, has writ-ten, Conan was Arthurs middle name. Shortly after hegraduated from high school he began using Conan as asort of surname. But technically his last name is simply'Doyle'.[12] When knighted he was gazetted as Doyle, notunder the compound Conan Doyle.[13] Nevertheless, theactual use of a compound surname is demonstrated by thefact that Doyles second wife was known as Jean ConanDoyle rather than Jean Doyle.[14]

1.3 Medical career

Portrait of Doyle by Herbert Rose Barraud, 1893

From 1876 to 1881 he studied medicine at theUniversity of Edinburgh Medical School, including peri-ods working in Aston, Sheeld and Ruyton-XI-Towns,Shropshire.[15] While studying, Doyle began writingshort stories. His earliest extant ction, The HauntedGrange of Goresthorpe, was unsuccessfully submittedto Blackwoods Magazine.[5] His rst published piece,

1

2 1 LIFE AND CAREER

The Mystery of Sasassa Valley, a story set in SouthAfrica, was printed in Chamberss Edinburgh Journal on6 September 1879.[5][16] On 20 September 1879, he pub-lished his rst academic article, "Gelsemium as a Poisonin the British Medical Journal.[5][17][18]

Doyle was employed as a doctor on the Greenland whalerHope of Peterhead in 1880[19] and, after his graduationfrom university in 1881 asM.B., C.M., as a ships surgeonon the SSMayumba during a voyage to the West Africancoast.[5] He completed his M.D. degree (an advanced de-gree in England beyond the usual medical degrees) on thesubject of tabes dorsalis in 1885.[20]

In 1882 he joined former classmate George TurnavineBudd as his partner at a medical practice in Plymouth,but their relationship proved dicult, and Doyle soonleft to set up an independent practice.[5][21] Arrivingin Portsmouth in June 1882 with less than 10 (900today[22]) to his name, he set up a medical practice at 1Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea.[23] The practice wasinitially not very successful. While waiting for patients,Doyle again began writing ction.In 1890 Doyle studied ophthalmology in Vienna, andmoved to London, rst living in Montague Place andthen in South Norwood. He set up a practice as anophthalmologist at No. 2 Upper Wimpole St, LondonW1.[24] (A Westminster Council plaque in place over thefront door can be seen today.)

1.4 Literary career

1.4.1 Sherlock Holmes

Doyle struggled to nd a publisher for his work. Hisrst work featuring Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson,A Study in Scarlet, was taken by Ward Lock & Co on 20November 1886, giving Doyle 25 for all rights to thestory. The piece appeared later that year in the BeetonsChristmas Annual and received good reviews inThe Scots-man and the Glasgow Herald.[5] Holmes was partiallymodelled on his former university teacher Joseph Bell.Doyle wrote to him, It is most certainly to you that I oweSherlock Holmes ... round the centre of deduction and in-ference and observation which I have heard you inculcateI have tried to build up a man.[25] Dr. (John) Watsonowes his surname, but not any other obvious character-istic, to a Portsmouth medical colleague of Doyles, DrJames Watson.[26]

Robert Louis Stevenson was able, even in faraway Samoa,to recognise the strong similarity between Joseph Belland Sherlock Holmes: My compliments on your veryingenious and very interesting adventures of SherlockHolmes. ... can this be my old friend Joe Bell?"[27] Otherauthors sometimes suggest additional inuencesfor in-stance, the famous Edgar Allan Poe character C. AugusteDupin.[28]

Portrait of Sherlock Holmes by Sidney Paget, 1904

A sequel to A Study in Scarlet was commissioned andThe Sign of the Four appeared in Lippincotts Magazinein February 1890, under agreement with the Ward Lockcompany. Doyle felt grievously exploited by Ward Lockas an author new to the publishing world and he leftthem.[5] Short stories featuring Sherlock Holmes werepublished in the Strand Magazine. Doyle rst began towrite for the 'Strand' from his home at 2 Upper WimpoleStreet, now marked by a memorial plaque.[29]

Doyles attitude towards his most famous creation wasambivalent.[26] In November 1891 hewrote to hismother:I think of slaying Holmes ... and winding him up forgood and all. He takes my mind from better things.His mother responded, You won't! You can't! Youmustn't!".[30] In an attempt to deect publishers demandsfor more Holmes stories, he raised his price to a level in-tended to discourage them, but found they were willingto pay even the large sums he asked.[26] As a result, hebecame one of the best-paid authors of his time.In December 1893, to dedicate more of his time to hishistorical novels, Doyle had Holmes and Professor Mori-arty plunge to their deaths together down the ReichenbachFalls in the story "The Final Problem". Public outcry,however, led him to feature Holmes in 1901 in the novelThe Hound of the Baskervilles.In 1903, Doyle published his rst Holmes short storyin ten years, The Adventure of the Empty House, inwhich it was explained that only Moriarty had fallen; butsince Holmes had other dangerous enemiesespeciallyColonel Sebastian Moranhe had arranged to also be

1.5 Sporting career 3

Sherlock Holmes statue in Edinburgh, erected opposite the birth-place of Doyle which was demolished c.1970

perceived as dead. Holmes was ultimately featured in atotal of 56 short stories - the last published in 1927 - andfour novels by Doyle, and has since appeared in manynovels and stories by other authors.Jane Stanford compares some of Moriartys characteris-tics to those of the Fenian John O'Connor Power. 'TheFinal Problem' was published the year the Second HomeRule Bill passed through the House of Commons. 'TheValley of Fear' was serialised in 1914, the year HomeRule, the Government of Ireland Act (18 September) wasplaced on the Statute Book.[31]

1.4.2 Other works

Doyles rst novels were The Mystery of Cloomber, notpublished until 1888, and the unnished Narrative ofJohn Smith, published only in 2011.[32] He amassed aportfolio of short stories including The Captain of thePole-Star and "J. Habakuk Jephsons Statement", bothinspired by Doyles time at sea, the latter of which pop-ularised the mystery of the Mary Celeste and added c-tional details such as the perfect condition of the ship(which had actually taken on water by the time it was dis-covered) and its boats remaining on board (the one boatwas in fact missing) that have come to dominate popularaccounts of the incident.[1][5]

Between 1888 and 1906, Doyle wrote seven historicalnovels, which he and many critics regarded as his best

work.[26] He also authored nine other novels, and laterin his career (1912-1929) ve stories, two of novellalength, featuring the irascible scientist Professor Chal-lenger. The Challenger stories include what is probablyhis best-known work after the Holmes oeuvre, The LostWorld. He was a prolic author of short stories, includ-ing two collections set in Napoleonic times featuring theFrench character Brigadier Gerard.Doyles stage works include Waterloo, the reminiscencesof an English veteran of the NapoleonicWars, the charac-ter of Gregory Brewster being written for Henry Irving;The House of Temperley, the plot of which reects hisabiding interest of boxing; The Speckled Band, after theshort story of that name; and the 1893 collaboration withJ.M. Barrie on the libretto of Jane Annie.[33]

1.5 Sporting career

While living in Southsea, Doyle played football as agoalkeeper for Portsmouth Association Football Club,an amateur side, under the pseudonym A. C. Smith.[34](This club, disbanded in 1896, has no connection withthe present-day Portsmouth F.C., which was founded in1898.) Doyle was a keen cricketer, and between 1899 and1907 he played 10 rst-class matches for the MaryleboneCricket Club (MCC). He also played for the amateurcricket team the Allahakbarries alongside authors J. M.Barrie and A. A. Milne.[35]

His highest score, in 1902 against London County, was43. He was an occasional bowler who took just one rst-class wicket (although one of high pedigreeit was W.G. Grace).[36] Also a keen golfer, Doyle was elected cap-tain of the Crowborough Beacon Golf Club in Sussex for1910. (He had moved to Little Windlesham house inCrowborough with his second wife, Jean Leckie, livingthere with his family from 1907 until his death in July1930.[37])

1.6 Marriages and family

In 1885 Doyle married Mary Louise (sometimes calledLouisa) Hawkins, the youngest daughter of J. Hawkins,of Minsterworth, Gloucestershire, and sister of one ofDoyles patients. She suered from tuberculosis and diedon 4 July 1906.[38] The following year he married JeanElizabeth Leckie, whom he had rst met and fallen in lovewith in 1897. He had maintained a platonic relationshipwith Jean while his rst wife was still alive, out of loyaltyto her.[39] Jean died in London on 27 June 1940.[40]

Doyle fathered ve children. He had two with his rstwife: Mary Louise (28 January 1889 12 June 1976) andArthur Alleyne Kingsley, known as Kingsley (15 Novem-ber 1892 28 October 1918). He also had three with hissecond wife: Denis Percy Stewart (17 March 1909 9March 1955), second husband of Georgian Princess Nina

4 1 LIFE AND CAREER

Mdivani; Adrian Malcolm (19 November 1910 3 June1970); and Jean Lena Annette (21 December 1912 18November 1997).[41]

1.7 Political campaigning

Doyles house in South Norwood, London

Following the Boer War in South Africa at the turn of the20th century and the condemnation from some quartersover the United Kingdoms role, Doyle wrote a short worktitled The War in South Africa: Its Cause and Conduct,which justied the UKs role in the Boer War and waswidely translated. Doyle had served as a volunteer doctorin the Langman Field Hospital at Bloemfontein betweenMarch and June 1900.[42] Doyle believed that this publi-cation was responsible for his being knighted as a KnightBachelor by King Edward VII in 1902[13] and for his ap-pointment as a Deputy-Lieutenant of Surrey.[43] Also in1900 he wrote a book, The Great Boer War.He twice stood for Parliament as a Liberal Unionistin1900 in Edinburgh Central and in 1906 in the HawickBurghsbut although he received a respectable vote, hewas not elected.[44] In May 1903 he was appointed aKnight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of SaintJohn of Jerusalem.[45]

Doyle was a supporter of the campaign for the reform ofthe Congo Free State, led by the journalist E. D. Moreland diplomat Roger Casement. During 1909 he wroteThe Crime of the Congo, a long pamphlet in which hedenounced the horrors of that colony. He became ac-quainted withMorel and Casement, and it is possible that,together with Bertram Fletcher Robinson, they inspiredseveral characters in the 1912 novel The Lost World.[46]Doyle broke with both Morel and Casement when Morelbecame one of the leaders of the pacist movement dur-ing the First World War. When Casement was foundguilty of treason against the Crown during the Easter Ris-ing, Doyle tried unsuccessfully to save him from facingthe death penalty, arguing that Casement had been drivenmad and could not be held responsible for his actions.[47]

1.8 Correcting injustice

Doyle statue in Crowborough, East Sussex

Doyle was also a fervent advocate of justice and per-sonally investigated two closed cases, which led to twomen being exonerated of the crimes of which they wereaccused. The rst case, in 1906, involved a shy half-British, half-Indian lawyer named George Edalji who hadallegedly penned threatening letters and mutilated ani-mals in Great Wyrley. Police were set on Edaljis con-viction, even though the mutilations continued after theirsuspect was jailed.[48]

It was partially as a result of this case that the Court ofCriminal Appeal was established in 1907. Apart fromhelping George Edalji, his work helped establish a way tocorrect other miscarriages of justice. The story of Doyleand Edalji was dramatised in an episode of the 1972 BBC

1.9 Spiritualism, Freemasonry 5

television series, The Edwardians. In Nicholas Meyerspastiche The West End Horror (1976), Holmes managesto help clear the name of a shy Parsi Indian characterwronged by the English justice system. Edalji was ofParsi heritage on his fathers side. The story was ction-alised in Julian Barnes's 2005 novel Arthur & George,which was adapted into a three-part drama by ITV in2015.The second case, that of Oscar Slater, a Yekke andgambling-den operator convicted of bludgeoning an 82-year-old woman in Glasgow in 1908, excited Doyles cu-riosity because of inconsistencies in the prosecution caseand a general sense that Slater was not guilty. He endedup paying most of the costs for Slaters successful appealin 1928.[49]

1.9 Spiritualism, Freemasonry

One of the ve photographs of Frances Griths with the allegedfairies, taken by Elsie Wright in July 1917

Doyle had a longstanding interest in mystical subjects. In1887 he joined the Society for Psychical Research andwas also initiated as a Freemason (26 January 1887) at thePhoenix LodgeNo 257 in Southsea. He resigned from theLodge in 1889, but returned to it in 1902, only to resignagain in 1911.[50]

Following the death of his wife Louisa in 1906, the deathof his son Kingsley just before the end of the First WorldWar, and the deaths of his brother Innes, his two brothers-in-law (one of whom was E. W. Hornung, creator of theliterary character Raes) and his two nephews shortly af-ter the war, Doyle sank into depression. He found solacesupporting spiritualism and its attempts to nd proof ofexistence beyond the grave. In particular, according tosome,[51] he favoured Christian Spiritualism and encour-aged the Spiritualists National Union to accept an eighthprecept that of following the teachings and example ofJesus of Nazareth. He was a member of the renownedsupernatural organisation The Ghost Club.[52]

On 28 October 1918, Kingsley Doyle died from pneu-

Doyle with his family in New York City, 1922

monia, which he contracted during his convalescence af-ter being seriously wounded during the 1916 Battle ofthe Somme. Brigadier-General Innes Doyle died, alsofrom pneumonia, in February 1919. Sir Arthur be-came involved with Spiritualism to the extent that hewrote a novella on the subject, The Land of Mist, fea-turing the character Professor Challenger. The Com-ing of the Fairies (1922)[53] appears to show that ConanDoyle was convinced of the veracity of the ve CottingleyFairies photographs (which decades later were exposed asa hoax). He reproduced them in the book, together withtheories about the nature and existence of fairies and spir-its.In 1920, Doyle debated the notable sceptic Joseph Mc-Cabe on the claims of Spiritualism at Queens Hall inLondon. McCabe later published his evidence againstDoyle and Spiritualism in a booklet entitled Is Spiri-tualism Based on Fraud? which claimed Doyle hadbeen duped into believing Spiritualism by mediumshiptrickery.[54]

Doyle was friends for a time with Harry Houdini, theAmerican magician who himself became a prominentopponent of the Spiritualist movement in the 1920s fol-lowing the death of his beloved mother. Although Hou-dini insisted that Spiritualist mediums employed trickery(and consistently exposed them as frauds), Doyle becameconvinced that Houdini himself possessed supernatural

6 1 LIFE AND CAREER

powersa view expressed in Doyles The Edge of the Un-known. Houdini was apparently unable to convince Doylethat his feats were simply illusions, leading to a bitter pub-lic falling out between the two.[55] A specic incident isrecounted in memoirs by Houdinis friend Bernard M.L.Ernst, in which Houdini performed an impressive trick athis home in the presence of Conan Doyle. Houdini as-sured Conan Doyle the trick was pure illusion and thathe was attempting to prove a point about Doyle not en-dorsing phenomena simply because he had no explana-tion. According to Ernst, Conan Doyle refused to believeit was a trick.[56]

In 1922, the psychical researcher Harry Price accused thespirit photographer William Hope of fraud. Doyle de-fended Hope, but further evidence of trickery was ob-tained from other researchers.[57] Doyle threatened tohave Price evicted from the National Laboratory of Psy-chical Research and claimed if he persisted to writesewage about spiritualists, he would meet the samefate as Harry Houdini.[58] Price wrote Arthur ConanDoyle and his friends abused me for years for exposingHope.[59] Because of the exposure of Hope and otherfraudulent spiritualists, Doyle in the 1920s led a mass res-ignation of eighty-four members of the Society for Psy-chical Research, as they believed the Society was opposedto spiritualism.[60]

Doyle and spiritualist William Thomas Stead were dupedinto believing Julius and Agnes Zancig had genuine psy-chic powers. Both Doyle and Stead claimed the Zancigsperformed telepathy. In 1924 Julius and Agnes Zancigconfessed that that their mind reading act was a trick andpublished the secret code and all the details of the trickmethod they had used under the title of Our Secrets!! in aLondon newspaper.[61] In his book The History of Spiritu-alism (1926), Doyle praised the psychic phenomena andspirit materializations produced by Eusapia Palladino andMina Crandon, who were both exposed as frauds.[62] In1927, Doyle spoke in a lmed interview about SherlockHolmes and spiritualism.[63]

Richard Milner, an American historian of science, haspresented a case that Doylemay have been the perpetratorof the Piltdown Man hoax of 1912, creating the counter-feit hominid fossil that fooled the scientic world for over40 years. Milner says that Doyle had a motivenamely,revenge on the scientic establishment for debunking oneof his favourite psychicsand that The Lost World con-tains several encrypted clues regarding his involvement inthe hoax.[64][65] Samuel Rosenberg's 1974 book Naked isthe Best Disguise purports to explain how, throughout hiswritings, Doyle left open clues that related to hidden andsuppressed aspects of his mentality.[66]

1.10 Death

Doyle was found clutching his chest in the hall ofWindle-sham Manor, his house in Crowborough, East Sussex,

Doyle in 1930, the year of his death, with his son Adrian

Doyles grave at Minstead, England

on 7 July 1930. He died of a heart attack at the age of71. His last words were directed toward his wife: Youare wonderful.[67] At the time of his death, there was

7some controversy concerning his burial place, as he wasavowedly not a Christian, considering himself a Spiritu-alist. He was rst buried on 11 July 1930 in Windleshamrose garden.He was later reinterred together with his wife in Minsteadchurchyard in the New Forest, Hampshire.[5] Carvedwooden tablets to his memory and to the memory of hiswife are held privately and are inaccessible to the public.That inscription reads, Blade straight/Steel true/ArthurConan Doyle/Born May 22nd 1859/Passed on 7th July1930.The epitaph on his gravestone in the churchyardreads, in part: Steel true/Blade straight/Arthur ConanDoyle/Knight/Patriot, Physician, and man of letters.[68]

Undershaw, the home near Hindhead, Haslemere, whichDoyle had built and lived in between October 1897 andSeptember 1907,[69] was a hotel and restaurant from 1924until 2004. It was then bought by a developer and stoodempty while conservationists and Doyle fans fought topreserve it.[38] In 2012 the High Court ruled the redevel-opment permission be quashed because proper procedurehad not been followed.[70]

A statue honours Doyle at Crowborough Cross in Crow-borough, where he lived for 23 years.[71] There is a statueof Sherlock Holmes in Picardy Place, Edinburgh, closeto the house where Doyle was born.[72]

2 BibliographyMain article: Arthur Conan Doyle bibliography

3 See also Physician writer

William Gillette, a personal friend who performedthe most famous stage version of Sherlock Holmes

List of notable Freemasons

4 References[1] MacdonaldHastings,Mary Celeste, (1971); ISBN 0-7181-

1024-2

[2] Scottish writer best known for his creation of the detec-tive Sherlock Holmes. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Re-trieved 30 December 2009.

[3] Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Biography. sherlockholmeson-line.org. Archived from the original on 2 February 2011.Retrieved 13 January 2011.

[4] The details of the births of Arthur and his siblings are un-clear. Some sources say there were nine children, somesay ten. It seems three died in childhood. See Owen Dud-ley Edwards', Doyle, Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan (18591930)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, OxfordUniversity Press, 2004; Encyclopdia Britannica; ArthurConan Doyle: A Life in Letters, Wordsworth Editions,2007 p. viii; ISBN 978-1-84022-570-9

[5] Owen Dudley Edwards, Doyle, Sir Arthur Ignatius Co-nan (18591930)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biog-raphy, Oxford University Press, 2004

[6] Golgotha Pres (2011). The Life and Times of Arthur Co-nan Doyle. BookCaps Study Guides. ISBN 978-1-62107-027-6. In time, he would reject the Catholic religion andbecome an agnostic.

[7] Pascal, Janet B. (2000). Arthur Conan Doyle: BeyondBaker Street. Oxford University Press, p. 139

[8] Lellenberg, Jon; Daniel Stashower; Charles Foley (2007).Arthur Conan Doyle: A Life in Letters. HarperPress. pp.89. ISBN 978-0-00-724759-2.

[9] Stashower, pp. 2021.

[10] Stashower says that the compound version of his surnameoriginated from his great-uncle Michael Conan, a distin-guished journalist, from whom Arthur and his elder sis-ter, Annette, received the compound surname of ConanDoyle (Stashower 2021). The same source points outthat in 1885 he was describing himself on the brass name-plate outside his house, and on his doctoral thesis, as A.Conan Doyle (Stashower 70). However, the 1901 censusindicates that Conan Doyles surname was Doyle, lead-ing some sources to assert that the form Conan Doylewas used as a surname only in his later years.

[11] Christopher Redmond, Sherlock Holmes Handbook (Dun-durn, 2nd edition 2009), p. 97

[12] Steven Doyle & David A. Crowder, Sherlock Holmes forDummies (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), p.51

[13] The London Gazette: no. 27494. p. 7165. 11 November1902. Retrieved 28 May 2013.

[14] Cutis, vols. 5354 (1994), p. 312: A large stonecross stands over a simple half-oval white stone, inscribed:Steel True, Blade Straight, Arthur Conan Doyle, Knight,Patriot, Physician&Man of Letters, 22May 1859 7 July1930, And His Beloved, His Wife, Jean Conan Doyle ...

[15] Brown, Yoland (1988). Ruyton XI Towns, Unusual Name,Unusual History. Brewin Books. pp. 9293. ISBN 0-947731-41-5.

[16] Stashower, Daniel (2000). Teller of Tales: The Life ofArthur Conan Doyle. Penguin Books. pp. 3031. ISBN0-8050-5074-4.

[17] Doyle, Arthur Conan (20 September 1879). Arthur Co-nan Doyle takes it to the limit (1879)". British MedicalJournal. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Retrieved 2 Febru-ary 2014. (subscription required)

8 4 REFERENCES

[18] Doyle, Arthur Conan (20 September 1879). Letters,Notes, and Answers to Correspondents. British MedicalJournal. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Retrieved 2 Febru-ary 2014. (subscription required)

[19] Conan Doyle, Arthur (Author), Lellenberg, Jon (Editor),Stashower, Daniel (Editor) (2012). Dangerous Work: Di-ary of an Arctic Adventure. University Of Chicago Press;ISBN 0-226-00905-X; ISBN 978-0-226-00905-6.

[20] Available at the Edinburgh Research Archive.

[21] Stashower, pp. 5259.

[22] UK CPI ination numbers based on data available fromGregory Clark (2014), "What Were the British Earningsand Prices Then? (New Series)" MeasuringWorth.

[23] Stashower, pp. 55, 5859.

[24] Stashower, p. 118.

[25] Independent, 7 August 2006.

[26] Carr, John Dickson (1947). The Life of Sir Arthur ConanDoyle.

[27] Letter from R L Stevenson to Doyle 5 April 1893 TheLetters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 2/Chapter XII.

[28] Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York:Checkmark Books, 2001. pp. 162163. ISBN 0-8160-4161-X.

[29] City of Westminster green plaques; accessed 22 March2014.

[30] Panek, LeRoy Lad (1987). An Introduction to the Detec-tive Story. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State Uni-versity Popular Press. p. 78. ISBN 0-87972-377-7. Re-trieved 4 January 2012.

[31] Stanford Jane, That Irishman: The Life and Times of JohnO'Connor Power, pp. 30, 124127, History Press Ireland,May 2011; ISBN 978-1-84588-698-1

[32] Saunders, Emma (6 June 2011). First Conan Doyle novelto be published. BBC. Archived from the original on 7June 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011.

[33] "Jane Annie J.M. Barrie and Doyles Libretto RatherPuzzles London, The New York Times, 28 May 1893, p.13

[34] Juson, Dave; Bull, David (2001). Full-Time at The Dell.Hagiology Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 0-9534474-2-1.

[35] What is the connection between Peter Pan, SherlockHolmes, Winnie the Pooh and the noble sport of cricket?.BBC. Retrieved 25 November 2014

[36] London County v Marylebone Cricket Club at CrystalPalace Park, 2325 Aug 1900. Static.cricinfo.com. Re-trieved 2 March 2010.

[37] Arthur Conan Doyle. Memories and Adventures, p.222. Oxford University Press, 2012; ISBN 1441719288.

[38] Leeman, Sue, Sherlock Holmes fans hope to save Doyleshouse from developers, Associated Press, 28 July 2006.

[39] Janet B. Pascal (2000). Arthur Conan Doyle:BeyondBaker Street: Beyond Baker Street. p. 95. Oxford Uni-versity Press; ISBN 0195122623.

[40] The London Gazette: no. 35171. p. 2977. 23 May 1941.Retrieved 2 June 2014.

[41] Obituary: Air Commandant Dame Jean Conan Doyle.The Independent; retrieved 6 November 2012

[42] Miller, Russell. The Adventures of Arthur Conan Doyle.New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2008. pp. 211217;ISBN 0-312-37897-1.

[43] The London Gazette: no. 27453. p. 4444. 11 July 1902.Retrieved 28 May 2013.

[44] Arthur Conan Doyle: 19 things you didn't know. TheTelegraph. Retrieved 25 November 2014

[45] The London Gazette: no. 27550. p. 2921. 8 May 1903.Retrieved 2 June 2014.

[46] Spiring, Paul. B. Fletcher Robinson& 'The LostWorld'".Bfronline.biz. Retrieved 2 October 2011.

[47] Rajiva Wijesinha (2013). Twentieth Century Classics:Reections onWriters and Their Times. CambridgeUni-versity Press,

[48] International Commentary on Evidence, Volume 4, Issue2 2006 Article 3, Boxes in Boxes: Julian Bardes, ConanDoyle, Sherlock Holmes and the Edalji Case, D. MichaelRisinger

[49] Roughead, William (1941). Oscar Slater. In Hodge,Harry. Famous Trials 1. Penguin Books. p. 108.

[50] Beresiner, Yasha (2007). Arthur Conan Doyle, Spiritual-ist and Freemason. Masonic papers. PIETRE-STONESREVIEW OF FREEMASONRY. Retrieved 13 March2015.

[51] Price, Leslie (2010). Did Conan Doyle Go Too Far?".Psychic News (4037).

[52] Ian Topham (31 October 2010). The Ghost Club AHistory by Peter Underwood. Mysteriousbritain.co.uk.Retrieved 28 May 2013.

[53] The Coming of the Fairies. British Library catalogue.British Library. Retrieved 12 June 2013.

[54] JosephMcCabe. (1920). Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud?The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drasti-cally Examined. London Watts & Co.

[55] Massimo Polidoro. (2003). Secrets of the Psychics: In-vestigating Paranormal Claims. Prometheus Books. pp.120-124. ISBN 1-59102-086-7

[56] Polidoro, Massimo. Houdinis Impossible Demonstra-tion. Skeptical Inquirer. The Committee For SkepticalInquiry. http://www.csicop.org/SI/show/houdinirsquos_impossible_demonstration/ (August 2006).

[57] Massimo Polidoro (2011). Photos of Ghosts: The Bur-den of Believing the Unbelievable by Massimo Polidoro.Csicop.org. Retrieved 5 December 2013.

9[58] William Kalush, Larry Ratso Sloman. (2006). The SecretLife of Houdini: The Making of Americas First Superhero.Atria Books. pp. 419420. ISBN 978-0-7432-7208-7

[59] Massimo Polidoro. (2001). Final Sance: TheStrange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle.Prometheus Books. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-57392-896-0

[60] G. K. Nelson. (2013). Spiritualism and Society. Rout-ledge. p. 159; ISBN 978-0-415-71462-4

[61] John Booth. (1986). Psychic Paradoxes. PrometheusBooks. p. 8; ISBN 978-0-87975-358-0

[62] William Kalush, Larry Ratso Sloman. (2006). The SecretLife of Houdini: The Making of Americas First Superhero.Atria Books. ISBN 978-0-7432-7208-7

[63] 1927 Conan Doyle interview

[64] ""Piltdown Man: Britains Greatest Hoax 17 February2011 BBC. Retrieved 5 October 2014.

[65] ""PiltdownMan: British archaeologys greatest hoax TheGuardian 5 February 2012. the Guardian. Retrieved 5October 2014.

[66] Samuel Rosenberg. (1974). Naked is the Best Disguise:The Death and Resurrection of Sherlock Holmes. Bobbs-Merrill. ISBN 0-14-004030-7

[67] Stashower, p. 439.

[68] Johnson, Roy (1992). Studying Fiction: A Guide andStudy Programme, p. 15. Manchester University Press;ISBN 0719033977.

[69] Duncan, Alistair (2011). AnEntirely NewCountry: ArthurConan Doyle, Undershaw and the Resurrection of SherlockHolmes. MX Publishing. ISBN 978-1-908218-19-3.

[70] Sir Arthur Conan Doyle house development appeal up-held. BBC News. 12 November 2012. Retrieved 12November 2012.

[71] Arthur Conan Doyle (18591930), author database), li-brarything.com; retrieved 17 March 2012.. Retrieved 5October 2014.

[72] Sherlock Holmes statue reinstated in Edinburgh aftertram works, bbc.co.uk; retrieved 6 November 2012.

5 Further reading Martin Booth. (2000). The Doctor and the Detec-tive: A Biography of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Mino-taur Books. ISBN 0-312-24251-4

John Dickson Carr. (2003 edition, originally pub-lished in 1949). The Life of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.Carroll and Graf Publishers.

Arthur Conan Doyle, Joseph McCabe. (1920).Debate on Spiritualism: Between Arthur ConanDoyle and Joseph McCabe. The Appeals Pocket Se-ries.

Bernard M. L. Ernst, Hereward Carrington. (1932).Houdini and Conan Doyle: The Story of a StrangeFriendship. Albert and Charles Boni, Inc.

Kelvin Jones. (1989). Conan Doyle and the Spirits:The Spiritualist Career of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.Aquarian Press.

Jon Lellenberg, Daniel Stashower, Charles Foley.(2007). Arthur Conan Doyle: A Life in Letters.HarperPress. ISBN 978-0-00-724759-2

Andrew Lycett. (2008). The Man Who CreatedSherlock Holmes: The Life and Times of Sir ArthurConan Doyle. Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-7523-3

Russell Miller. (2008). The Adventures of ArthurConan Doyle: A Biography. Thomas Dunne Books.

Pierre Nordon. (1967). Conan Doyle: A Biography.Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Ronald Pearsall. (1977). Conan Doyle: A Biograph-ical Solution. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd.

Massimo Polidoro. (2001). Final Sance: TheStrange Friendship Between Houdini and ConanDoyle. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-896-0

Daniel Stashower. (2000). Teller of Tales: The Lifeof Arthur Conan Doyle. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-8050-5074-4

6 External links Arthur Conan Doyle Online Exhibition Conan Doyle in Birmingham The Arthur Conan Doyle Society Archival material relating to Arthur Conan Doylelisted at the UK National Archives

Works by Arthur Conan Doyle at Project Gutenberg Works by Arthur Conan Doyle at Project GutenbergAustralia

Works by or about Arthur Conan Doyle at InternetArchive

Works by Arthur Conan Doyle at LibriVox (publicdomain audiobooks)

Online works available from the University of Ade-laide Library

Works of Arthur Conan Doyle available as freelydownloadable eBooks at University of VirginiaEText Center

10 6 EXTERNAL LINKS

Arthur Conan Doyle at the Internet Speculative Fic-tion Database

Arthur Conan Doyle is available for free downloadat the Internet Archive

C. Frederick Kittles Collection of Doyleana at theNewberry Library

DOYLE, Sir Arthur Conan, Knt. Cr. 1902, Thecounty families of the United Kingdom or Royalmanual of the titled and untitled aristocracy of Eng-land, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, (Volume ed.59,yr.1919) (page 109 of 415) by Edward Walford

11

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